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Allen DS, Wiencek MM, Kelly MM, Solomons KS, Sellin Jeffries MK. Exploring Alternatives for Marine Toxicity Testing: Initial Evaluation of Fish Embryo and Mysid Tests. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1285-1299. [PMID: 38558477 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Current regulations require that toxicity assessments be performed using standardized toxicity testing methods, often using fish. Recent legislation in both the European Union and United States has mandated that toxicity testing alternatives implement the 3Rs of animal research (replacement, reduction, and refinement) whenever possible. There have been advances in the development of alternatives for freshwater assessments, but there is a lack of analogous developments for marine assessments. One potential alternative testing method is the fish embryo toxicity (FET) test, which uses fish embryos rather than older fish. In the present study, FET methods were applied to two marine model organisms, the sheepshead minnow and the inland silverside. Another potential alternative is the mysid shrimp survival and growth test, which uses an invertebrate model. The primary objective of the present study was to compare the sensitivity of these three potential alternative testing methods to two standardized fish-based tests using 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), a common reference toxicant. A secondary objective was to characterize the ontogeny of sheepshead minnows and inland silversides. This provided a temporal and visual guide that can be used to identify appropriately staged embryos for inclusion in FET tests and delineate key developmental events (e.g., somite development, eyespot formation, etc.). Comparison of the testing strategies for assessing DCA indicated that: (1) the standardized fish tests possessed comparable sensitivity to each other; (2) the mysid shrimp tests possessed comparable sensitivity to the standardized fish tests; (3) the sheepshead minnow and inland silverside FET tests were the least sensitive testing strategies employed; and (4) inclusion of sublethal endpoints (i.e., hatchability and pericardial edema) in the marine FETs increased their sensitivity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1285-1299. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton S Allen
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Maddie M Wiencek
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Michaela M Kelly
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Katie S Solomons
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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2
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Weiner AMJ, Irijalba I, Gallego MP, Ibarburu I, Sainz L, Goñi-de-Cerio F, Quevedo C, Muriana A. Validation of a zebrafish developmental defects assay as a qualified alternative test for its regulatory use following the ICH S5(R3) guideline. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 123:108513. [PMID: 38016617 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a popular toxicology model and provides an ethically acceptable small-scale analysis system with the complexity of a complete organism. Our goal is to further validate this model for its regulatory use for reproductive and developmental defects by testing the compounds indicated in the "Guideline on detection of reproductive and developmental toxicity for human pharmaceuticals" (ICH S5(R3) guideline.) To determine the embryotoxic and developmental risk of the 32 reference compounds listed in the ICH S5(R3) guideline, the presence of morphological alterations in zebrafish embryos was analyzed at two different stages to calculateLC50 and EC50 values for each stage. Teratogenic Indexes were established as the ratio between LC50 and EC50 critical for the proper compound classification as teratogenic when it is ≥ 2. A total of three biological replicates have been conducted to study the reproducibility of the assay. The chemicals' concentration in the medium and internally in the zebrafish embryos was evaluated. In this study, the 3 negative compounds were properly categorized while 23 compounds out of the 29 reference ones (sensitivity of 79.31%) were classified as teratogenic in zebrafish. The 6 that had false-negative results were classified 4 as inconclusive, 1 as not toxic, and 1 compound resulted toxic for zebrafish embryos under testing conditions. After the bioavailability experiments, some of the obtained inconclusive results were refined. The developmental defects assay in zebrafish gives an accuracy of 89.66%, sensitivity of 88.46%, specificity and repeatability of 100% compared to mammals; therefore, this is a well-integrated strategy using New Alternative Methods, to minimize the use of animals in developmental toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M J Weiner
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - I Irijalba
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M P Gallego
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - I Ibarburu
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - L Sainz
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - F Goñi-de-Cerio
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - C Quevedo
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A Muriana
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain.
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Scott J, Mortensen S, Minghetti M. Alternatives to Fish Acute Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing: Predictability of RTgill-W1 Cells and Fathead Minnow Embryos with Actual Wastewater Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13721-13731. [PMID: 37672649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity assays using fish cells and embryos continue to gain momentum as a more ethical and informative alternative to fish acute toxicity testing. The goal of our study was to test the accuracy of RTgill-W1 cells and the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos to predict actual whole effluent toxicity (WET) in the fathead minnow larvae. The three models were compared concurrently using samples of various origins and treatment types. Additionally, the toxicity of reference toxicants (Cd, Cu, NH3-N, 3,4-dichloraniline, and benzalkonium chloride) spiked into a nontoxic wastewater was compared. The toxicity of reference toxicants was tested in isosmotic and hypoosmotic exposure media in RTgill-W1 cells. Of the 28 wastewater samples, 14 induced a toxic response in fish larvae. Embryos predicted 11 of the 14 wastewater samples toxic to the larvae, whereas RTgill-W1 cells predicted the toxicity of all 14 toxic samples to the larvae. In addition, embryos and RTgill-W1 cells predicted toxicity in two and six additional samples, respectively, that were nontoxic to larvae. Exposures in hypoosmotic medium significantly increased sensitivity of RTgill-W1 cells to all reference toxicants, excluding benzalkonium chloride, compared to exposures in isosmotic medium and showed toxicity levels similar to that in larvae. Thus, hypoosmotic exposure medium should be considered for aquatic toxicity testing applications. Overall, both gill cell and embryo models predicted toxicity in the majority of wastewater samples toxic to larvae and demonstrated their applicability for regulatory WET testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
- Cove Environmental, 3400 W. Lakeview Rd. Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075, United States
| | - Shannon Mortensen
- Cove Environmental, 3400 W. Lakeview Rd. Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075, United States
| | - Matteo Minghetti
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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Billat PA, Brochot C, Brion F, Beaudouin R. A PBPK model to evaluate zebrafish eleutheroembryos' actual exposure: bisphenol A and analogs' (AF, F, and S) case studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7640-7653. [PMID: 36044144 PMCID: PMC9894996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish eleutheroembryo model is increasingly used to assess the toxicity and developmental adverse effects of xenobiotics. However, the actual exposure is seldom measured (poorly accessible), while a predictive model could estimate these concentrations. The predictions with a new eleutheroembryo physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model have been evaluated using datasets obtained from literature data for several bisphenols. The model simulated the toxicokinetics of bisphenols A (BPA), AF, F, and S through the eleutheroembryo tissues while considering the body and organ growth. We further improved the predictions by adding dynamic flows through the embryo and/or its chorion, impact of experimental temperature, metabolic clearance, and saturation of the absorption by Bayesian calibration. The model structure was determined using the BPA dataset and generalized to the other bisphenols. This model revealed the central role of the chorion in the compound uptake in the first 48 h post-fertilization. The predictions for the BPA substitutes estimated by our PBPK model were compared to available toxicokinetics data for zebrafish embryos, and 63% and 88% of them were within a twofold and fivefold error intervals of the corresponding experimental values, respectively. This model provides a tool to design new eleutheroembryo assays and evaluate the actual exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-André Billat
- Experimental Toxicology and Modeling Unit (TEAM), INERIS, Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Céline Brochot
- Experimental Toxicology and Modeling Unit (TEAM), INERIS, Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - François Brion
- Ecotoxicology of Substances and Environments Unit (ESMI), INERIS, Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, INERIS, Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Experimental Toxicology and Modeling Unit (TEAM), INERIS, Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France.
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, INERIS, Parc ALATA BP2, Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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Scott J, Grewe R, Minghetti M. Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity Testing and the RTgill-W1 Cell Line as In Vitro Models for Whole-Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing: An In Vitro/In Vivo Comparison of Chemicals Relevant for WET Testing. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2721-2731. [PMID: 35942926 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test was compared to the fish gill cells (RTgill-W1) in vitro assay and to the fish larvae acute toxicity test to evaluate their sensitivity for whole-effluent toxicity (WET) testing. The toxicity of 12 chemicals relevant for WET testing was compared as proof of principle. The concentrations lethal to 50% of a population (LC50) of embryos were compared to those in fish larvae and to the 50% effect concentration (EC50) in RTgill-W1 cells from previous literature. Along with traditional FET endpoints (coagulation, somite development, tail detachment, and heartbeat), cardiotoxicity was evaluated for WET applicability. Heart rate was measured at LC20 and LC50 values of six subselected chemicals (Cd, Cu, Ni, ammonia, 3,4-dichloraniline, and benzalkonium chloride). In addition, the toxicity of Cd and Ni was evaluated in RTgill-W1 cells exposed in a hypoosmotic medium to evaluate the effect that osmolarity may have on metal toxicity. A significant correlation was found between the FET and larvae LC50 values but not between the RTgill-W1 EC50 and FET LC50 values. Although sensitivity to Ni and Cd was found to increase with hypoosmotic conditions for FET and RTgill-W1 cells, a correlation was only found with removal of Ni from the analysis. Hypoosmotic conditions increased sensitivity with a significant correlation between RTgill-W1 cells and larvae. Cardiotoxicity was shown in three of the five subselected chemicals (Cd, Cu, and 3,4-dichloroaniline). Overall, both in vitro alternative models have shown good predictability of toxicity in fish in vivo for WET chemicals of interest. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2721-2731. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Scott
- Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Cove Environmental, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ryan Grewe
- Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Cove Environmental, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Matteo Minghetti
- Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Wang H, Dong F, Zhao Y, Fu S, Zhao H, Liu S, Zhang W, Hu F. Exposure to diclofenac alters thyroid hormone levels and transcription of genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 257:109335. [PMID: 35351617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF), one of typical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), has been frequently detected in various environmental media. Nevertheless,the potential endocrine disrupting effects of DCF on fish were poorly understood. In the present study, zebrafish embryos/larvae were used as a model to evaluate the adverse effects of DCF on development and thyroid system. The results demonstrated that DCF only significantly decreased the heart rate at 72 h post-fertilization (hpf), exhibiting limited influence on the embryonic development of zebrafish. Treatment with DCF significantly reduced whole-body thyroxine (T4) levels, and changed transcriptional levels of several genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. These findings provide important information regarding to the mechanisms of DCF-induced developmental toxicity and thyroid disruption in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Feilong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shirong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haocheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shangshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weini Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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7
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Wang YYL, Li P, Ohore OE, Wang Y, Zhang D, Bai Y, Su T, You J, Jin X, Liu W, Wang Z. Life stage and endpoint sensitivity differences of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to chemicals with various modes of action. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117995. [PMID: 34419860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test was proposed as an alternative to the traditional test methods using larval or adult fish. However, whether fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryo is appropriate for FET remains uncertain. In the present study, ecological threshold of toxicological concern (ecoTTC) values and uncertainty factors (UFs) for each Verhaar et al. category in P. promelas were identified by employing probabilistic ecological risk assessment (PERA) approach with chemical toxicity distributions (CTDs). The sensitivity among different life stages and toxicity among different mode of actions (MOAs) classes were comprehensively compared by CTD comparisons. The results showed that embryo exhibited the less or similar sensitivity compared to larva or adult for Verhaar et al. MOA classes (1-4) while adults were more sensitive, followed by embryo than larval for non-classified chemicals. Considering growth effect as endpoint to class 1, class 3, and non-classified chemicals on P. promelas embryo and larva was more sensitive than mortality. Non-classified chemicals especially inorganic compounds were most toxic to P. promelas embryo for the four concerned Verharr et al. MOA-specific chemical classes. This study also derived uncertainty factors (UFs) as 26.5 (9.8, 109) for embryo-to-larva, 6.26 (3.94, 11.0) for embryo-to-adult, 15.6 (10.1, 36.1) for mortality-to-growth, and 3.03 (1.86, 7.08) for mortality-to-reproduction, which can be applied for extrapolations of life stage-to-life stage and effect-to-effect to reduce the underestimating and overestimating risk by the use of default UF such as 10, 100 or 1000. Our findings are vital for feasibility of FET test of P. promelas for ecotoxicity testing and ecological risk assessment for chemicals with different MOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolina Yu Lin Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Okugbe Ebiotubo Ohore
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yunfei Bai
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tenghui Su
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- Department of Analytical Technique, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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García-Cambero JP, Corpa C, Lucena MA, Méndez P, Sierra P, Galán-Madruga D, Aguayo S. Presence of diclofenac, estradiol, and ethinylestradiol in Manzanares River (Spain) and their toxicity to zebrafish embryo development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49921-49935. [PMID: 33948840 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF), 17-β-estradiol (E2), and 17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) are emerging pollutants included in the first watch list agreed by European countries and set in the EU Water Directive. The objective of the present study was the analytical monitoring of DCF, E2, and EE2 in surface water and sediment of the Manzanares River in a stretch that crosses the city of Madrid, Spain, and to assess whether such environmental levels could affect the development of aquatic vertebrates through a zebrafish embryo-larval assay. Samples taken during two campaigns in the spring of 2015 were analyzed for DCF, E2, and EE2 by LC-MS or GC-MS. The levels of E2 and EE2 measured in surface water and sediments of the Manzanares were within the ranges reported in other Spanish and European studies; however, DCF levels were higher in the present study. The zebrafish embryos exposed to the Manzanares River water (0-144h) showed lethal effects and sublethal effects (developmental delay, bradycardia, and reduced locomotion). Nevertheless, these effects were not primarily associated with the levels of DCF, E2, and EE2 present in the Manzanares River, because representative mixtures of the field study prepared in the laboratory did not exhibit such toxicity to the zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Pablo García-Cambero
- Area of Environmental Toxicology, National Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Cristina Corpa
- Unity of Antibacterial Resistance, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Lucena
- Quality Assurance Programme, National Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Paloma Méndez
- Unity of Antibacterial Resistance, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sierra
- Unity of Antibacterial Resistance, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Galán-Madruga
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Environment Health Center, Carlos III Health Institute, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo, km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Aguayo
- Unity of Antibacterial Resistance, Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, Madrid, Spain
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Krzykwa JC, King SM, Sellin Jeffries MK. Investigating the Predictive Power of Three Potential Sublethal Endpoints for the Fathead Minnow Fish Embryo Toxicity Test: Snout-Vent Length, Eye Size, and Pericardial Edema. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6907-6916. [PMID: 33914518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test is known to be less sensitive than the fish acute test for some chemicals, including neurotoxicants. Thus, there is an interest in identifying additional endpoints that can improve FET test performance. The goal of this project was to advance alternative toxicity testing methods by determining whether select developmental abnormalities-snout-vent length, eye size, and pericardial area-are linked to adverse alterations in ecologically-relevant behaviors and delayed mortality. Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) FET tests were conducted with 3,4-dicholoroaniline, cadmium, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and developmental abnormalities were quantified. Surviving eleutheroembryos were reared in clean water to 14 days post fertilization (dpf), during which time behaviors and mortality were evaluated. None of the abnormalities evaluated were predictive of behavioral alterations; however, embryos with ≥14% reductions in length or ≥3.54-fold increases in pericardial area had an 80% chance of mortality by 14 dpf. When these abnormalities were used as markers of mortality, the LC50s for cadmium and PFOS were less than those calculated using only standardized FET test endpoints and similar to those obtained via larval fish tests, indicating that the snout-vent length and pericardial area warrant consideration as standard FET test endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Sarah M King
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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10
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Lovin LM, Kim S, Taylor RB, Scarlett KR, Langan LM, Chambliss CK, Chatterjee S, Scott JT, Brooks BW. Differential influences of (±) anatoxin-a on photolocomotor behavior and gene transcription in larval zebrafish and fathead minnows. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2021; 33:40. [PMID: 34367861 PMCID: PMC8345817 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-021-00479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though anatoxin-a (antx-a) is a globally important cyanobacterial neurotoxin in inland waters, information on sublethal toxicological responses of aquatic organisms is limited. We examined influences of (±) antx-a (11-3490 μg/L) on photolocomotor behavioral responses and gene transcription associated with neurotoxicity, oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity, in two of the most common alternative vertebrate and fish models, Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow). We selected environmentally relevant treatment levels from probabilistic exposure distributions, employed standardized experimental designs, and analytically verified treatment levels using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Caffeine was examined as a positive control. RESULTS Caffeine influences on fish behavior responses were similar to previous studies. Following exposure to (±) antx-a, no significant photolocomotor effects were observed during light and dark transitions for either species. Though zebrafish behavioral responses profiles were not significantly affected by (±) antx-a at the environmentally relevant treatment levels examined, fathead minnow stimulatory behavior was significantly reduced in the 145-1960 μg/L treatment levels. In addition, no significant changes in transcription of target genes were observed in zebrafish; however, elavl3 and sod1 were upregulated and gst and cyp3a126 were significantly downregulated in fathead minnows. CONCLUSION We observed differential influences of (±) antx-a on swimming behavior and gene transcription in two of the most common larval fish models employed for prospective and retrospective assessment of environmental contaminants and water quality conditions. Sublethal responses of fathead minnows were consistently more sensitive than zebrafish to this neurotoxin at the environmentally relevant concentrations examined. Future studies are needed to understand such interspecies differences, the enantioselective toxicity of this compound, molecular initiation events within adverse outcome pathways, and subsequent individual and population risks for this emerging water quality threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M. Lovin
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | | | - Laura M. Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - J. Thad Scott
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W. Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
- Correspondence:
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Krzykwa JC, Sellin Jeffries MK. Comparison of behavioral assays for assessing toxicant-induced alterations in neurological function in larval fathead minnows. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:126825. [PMID: 32381281 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroactive compounds are routinely detected in surface waters at concentrations that pose potential threats to wildlife. Exposure to neurotoxicants can adversely affect exposed organism by altering ecologically-important behaviors (e.g., feeding and predator response) that are likely to have important repercussions for populations. These compounds can elicit behavioral effects at concentrations lower than those that induce overt toxicity as indicated by mortality or decreased growth. Though a wide variety of methods have been employed to assess the behavior of early life stage fish, it is unclear which assays are best suited for identifying ecologically-relevant behavioral changes following exposures to neurotoxicants. The goal of the present study was to promote the use of behavioral assays for assessing the behavioral impacts of exposure to neurotoxic compounds by comparing the performance of different behavioral assays in larval fish. To achieve this goal, the sensitivity and practicality of three behavioral assays (i.e., feeding, optomotor response, and C-start assays) were compared in larval fathead minnows exposed to a known neurotoxicant, chlorpyrifos. There were significant alterations in the performance of fathead minnow larvae in all three behavioral assays in response to a 12-d embryo-larval exposure to chlorpyrifos. However, feeding and C-start were the most practical of the selected assays, as they took less time and allowed for larger samples sizes. Further work to standardize behavioral testing methods, and to link alterations to ecologically-relevant behaviors, will help promote the use of these assays when investigating the potential environmental impacts of neurotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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12
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Gauthier PT, Vijayan MM. Municipal wastewater effluent exposure disrupts early development, larval behavior, and stress response in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113757. [PMID: 31896476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While wastewater treatment standards have been progressively increasing, emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals can nonetheless pass through treatment and end up in our watersheds. Pharmaceuticals in the parts-per-billion range can impact fish behavior, survival, and recruitment in the wild. However, the ecological risk posed by whole municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE), a complex mixture, is not clear. This knowledge gap is particularly evident for early lifestages (ELS) of fish, and because effluent discharge events are typically short, the effects of short-term MWWE exposures to ELS fish are particularly important from an environmental perspective. Here we tested the effects of rapid 30-min exposures, and short-term 24- and 72-h exposures to MWWE on development, behaviors, and stress response in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, larvae, and juveniles. We obtained 24-h composite samples of tertiary-treated MWWE that contained a mixture of chemicals with affinities for serotonergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, and ion-channel receptors. Embryos exposed to 5%, 10%, and 50% MWWE experienced developmental delays in somitogenesis and hatching rate, although there was no effect on survival. Embryonic photomotor responses were affected following 30-min and 24-h exposures to 10% and 50% MWWE, and larval visual motor responses were reduced from 24-h exposure to 10% MWWE. Exposure to 10% MWWE dulled the juvenile cortisol and lactate response following an acute air-exposure. Compromised behavioral and stress performances demonstrate the capacity of MWWE to impact phenotypes critical to the survival of fish in the environment. Taken together, we found that zebrafish were sensitive to toxic effects of MWWE at multiple life-stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Gauthier
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mathilakath M Vijayan
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada.
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13
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Abutaha N, Al-Mekhlafi FA, Farooq M. Target and Nontarget Toxicity of Cassia fistula Fruit Extract Against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), Lung Cells (BEAS-2B) and Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:493-502. [PMID: 31691818 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit serious diseases, which threaten humans and severely affect livestock. The half-lethal concentration (LC50) was calculated by log probit analysis. The LC50 and LC90 values of larvicidal activity of Cassia fistula Linn. hexane-methanol soluble fraction (HMSF) after 24 h of exposure were 21.04 and 34.68 µg/ml, respectively. The LC50 values after 24 h of exposure were 84.09 µg/ml and 108.08 µg/ml for chloroform-methanol soluble fraction (CMSF) and ethyl acetate-methanol soluble fraction (EMSF) respectively. The percent hatchability of eggs exposed to the hexane extract was 90 ± 5.0, 68.33 ± 7.6, 46.6 ± 11.5, 10 ± 0.0, and 0 ± 0.0% at 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 ppm, respectively. The pupicidal activity of the hexane extract at 40 µg/ml was 0.0%. The LC50 value of adulticidal activity of the hexane extract was 12.8 mg/test tube. The biosafety of the hexane extract was assessed in nontarget organisms, i.e., zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and normal lung cells (BEAS-2B). The hexane extract of C. fistula was well tolerated by zebrafish embryos, and no mortality or toxicity was found in the embryos exposed to the highest tested concentration of 300 µg/ml. Similarly, all the concentrations tested against the normal lung cells (BEAS-2B) showed more than 95% survival. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis identified 12 compounds, and 2-methyl hexanoic acid and 2-methyl butanoic acid were the major compounds identified in the hexane extract. The larvicidal activity of C. fistula extracts will help in the development of natural substitutes for vector management of mosquito populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nael Abutaha
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd A Al-Mekhlafi
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Li X, Xiong D, Ding G, Fan Y, Ma X, Wang C, Xiong Y, Jiang X. Exposure to water-accommodated fractions of two different crude oils alters morphology, cardiac function and swim bladder development in early-life stages of zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:423-433. [PMID: 31272002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the developmental toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of Oman crude oil (OCO) and Merey crude oil (MCO) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) in early-life stages (ELS). Based on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), LC50 values manifested that OCO WAF was 1.2-fold more lethal to zebrafish embryos than MCO WAF. As for hatching rate, EC50 value for OCO WAF was 5.7-fold lower than that for MCO WAF. To evaluate the sublethal morphological effects, semi-quantitative extended general morphological score (GMS) and general teratogenic score (GTS) systems were adopted. The GMS and GTS scores indicated that the WAFs caused remarkable developmental delay and high frequencies of malformation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, OCO and MCO WAFs exposure exhibited severe bradycardia (reduced heart rate) and overt reduction of stroke volume, with a concomitant decrease in the cardiac output. Meanwhile, the WAFs also induced dose-dependent down-regulated expressions of several key functional genes of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes, including ryr2, atp2a2a, atp2a2b, ncx1h, and kcnh2. For key gene markers of swim bladder development, results showed that high dose of TPH induced significant down-regulation of hb9 and anxa5 with no obvious change of acta2, suggesting that the WAFs could affect the specification and development of epithelium and outer mesothelium of swim bladder in zebrafish ELS. A strong negative relationship between the failure of swim bladder inflation and cardiac dysfunction via cardiac output was found. All these findings provide novel insights into the complicated mechanisms of the developmental toxicity of crude oil on fish in ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Deqi Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Guanghui Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Youmei Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xinrui Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yijun Xiong
- Biological Chemistry & Statistics, Grinnell College, IA, 50112, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- China Railway No.9 Group Fourth Engineering Co., Ltd, Shenyang, 110013, China
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15
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Kohl A, Golan N, Cinnamon Y, Genin O, Chefetz B, Sela-Donenfeld D. A proof of concept study demonstrating that environmental levels of carbamazepine impair early stages of chick embryonic development. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:583-594. [PMID: 31174146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug used for epilepsy and other disorders. Prescription of CBZ during pregnancy increases the risk for congenital malformations. CBZ is ubiquitous in effluents and persistent during wastewater treatment. Thus, it is re-introduced into agricultural ecosystems upon irrigation with reclaimed wastewater. People consuming produce irrigated with reclaimed wastewater were found to be exposed to CBZ. However, environmental concentrations of CBZ (μgL-1) are magnitudes lower than its therapeutic levels (μgml-1), raising the question of whether and how environmental levels of CBZ affect embryonic development. The chick embryo is a powerful and highly sensitive amniotic model system that enables to assess environmental contaminants in the living organism. Since the chick embryonic development is highly similar to mammalians, yet, it develops in an egg, toxic effects can be directly analyzed in a well-controlled system without maternal influences. This research utilized the chick embryo to test whether CBZ is embryo-toxic by using morphological, cellular, molecular and imaging strategies. Three key embryonic stages were monitored: after blastulation (st.1HH), gastrulation/neurulation (st.8HH) and organogenesis (st.15HH). Here we demonstrate that environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ impair morphogenesis in a dose- and stage- dependent manner. Effects on gastrulation, neural tube closure, differentiation and proliferation were exhibited in early stages by exposing embryos to CBZ dose as low as 0.1μgL-1. Quantification of developmental progression revealed a significant difference in the total score obtained by CBZ-treated embryos compared to controls (up to 5-fold difference, p<0.05). Yet, defects were unnoticed as embryos passed gastrulation/neurulation. This study provides the first evidence for teratogenic effect of environmental-relevant concentrations of CBZ in amniotic embryos that impair early but not late stages of development. These findings call for in-depth risk analysis to ensure that the environmental presence of CBZ and other drugs is not causing irreversible ecological and public-health damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Kohl
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Naama Golan
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyon 7528809, Israel
| | - Olga Genin
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization - The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyon 7528809, Israel
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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16
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Krzykwa JC, Saeid A, Jeffries MKS. Identifying sublethal endpoints for evaluating neurotoxic compounds utilizing the fish embryo toxicity test. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:521-529. [PMID: 30557710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fish embryos are increasingly being utilized in aquatic toxicity testing, as evidenced by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's approval of the fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test. However, the FET test only allows for the estimation of acute toxicity, whereas other test methods such as the larval growth and survival (LGS) test allow for the estimation of both acute and chronic toxicity. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the FET test is less sensitive than other test methods for some neurotoxic compounds. To address these limitations, efforts to identify sublethal endpoints that increase FET test sensitivity and allow for the prediction of sublethal adverse effects have begun. As such, the objectives of the current study were 1) to compare estimated LC50 values from the FET and LGS test for three known neurotoxicants: fluoride (F), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) and 2) to evaluate the responsiveness of potential sublethal endpoints for the FET test related to growth (i.e., wet weight and snout-vent length), neurological development (i.e., spontaneous contraction frequency and eye size), and cardiovascular function (i.e., heart rate and pericardial area). The calculated LC50 values from the F and Cd FET test were significantly higher than those from the LGS test, demonstrating that the FET test is less sensitive than the LGS test for neurotoxic compounds. Only Cd exposure resulted in alterations in any of the sublethal endpoints investigated. Embryos/eleutheroembryos exposed to Cd displayed alterations in length, eye size, and pericardial area at concentrations five-fold less than the estimated LC50 value, suggesting that for Cd the inclusion of these sublethal endpoints would improve the sensitivity of the FET test. Overall, these results provide evidence that for some neurotoxicants, the inclusion of sublehtal endpoints may improve the utility of the FET test; however, further research utilizing a broader range of neurotoxicants with differing mechanisms of action, is needed to fully establish such endpoints in the context of routine FET test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Asal Saeid
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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17
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Stelzer JAA, Rosin CK, Bauer LH, Hartmann M, Pulgati FH, Arenzon A. Is fish embryo test (FET) according to OECD 236 sensible enough for delivering quality data for effluent risk assessment? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2925-2932. [PMID: 29926976 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the fish embryo test (FET) has become widely accepted as an animal-friendly protocol for ecotoxicological research. As Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 236, the FET has been widely applied for simple mixture exposures under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals regulation of the European Union; and now its use is spreading worldwide as a supposedly reliable whole-effluent test (i.e., the testing of complex mixture exposures). However, comparative peer-reviewed data regarding the FET's efficiency for whole-effluent tests are virtually nonexistent. The primary objective of the present study was to make the first comparative test between the FET according to OECD 236 and other standard and slightly modified standard fish protocols used worldwide for whole-effluent tests. For that, we used an untreated hospital effluent considered to be highly toxic but disposed of in municipal sewerage. The base methods were OECD 203 (juvenile), US Environmental Protection Agency method 2000.0 (larvae), and OECD 236 (embryo). We also evaluated the addition of 3 virtually costless sublethal metrics (immobility, nonhatching, and pericardial edema) that could enhance the sensitivity of OECD 236. We observed acute toxicity in all 8 methodologies tested, with a clear escalation in sensitivity (larvae > juvenile ≥ embryo). Larvae were the most sensitive life stage for whole-effluent tests. The addition of sublethal metrics to OECD 236 enhanced its previous sensitivity in over 30%. Thus we conclude that OECD 236 acts below its potential and that the embryonic stage (as used in the FET) may not be the most sensitive life stage for whole-effluent tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2925-2932. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alberto Alegre Stelzer
- Freshwater Division, Finnish Environmental Institute, Jyväskylä, Keski-Suomi, Finland
- Department F.-A Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences & Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Center of Ecology-Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Catiusa Kuchak Rosin
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Center of Ecology-Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luana Hainzenreder Bauer
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Center of Ecology-Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marilia Hartmann
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hepp Pulgati
- Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Arenzon
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Center of Ecology-Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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18
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Krzykwa JC, Olivas A, Sellin Jeffries MK. Development of cardiovascular and neurodevelopmental metrics as sublethal endpoints for the Fish embryo toxicity test. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2530-2541. [PMID: 29920761 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity (FET) test has been proposed as a more humane alternative to current toxicity testing methods as younger organisms are thought to experience less distress during toxicant exposure. However, the FET test protocol does not include endpoints that allow for the prediction of sublethal adverse outcomes, limiting its utility relative to other test types. Researchers have proposed the development of sublethal endpoints for the FET test to increase its utility. The present study 1) developed methods for previously unmeasured sublethal metrics in fathead minnows (i.e., spontaneous contraction frequency and heart rate) and 2) investigated the responsiveness of several sublethal endpoints related to growth (wet wt, length, and growth-related gene expression), neurodevelopment (spontaneous contraction frequency, eye size, and neurodevelopmental gene expression), and cardiovascular function and development (pericardial area, heart rate, and cardiovascular system-related gene expression) as additional FET test metrics using the model toxicant 3,4-dichloroaniline. Of the growth, neurological, and cardiovascular endpoints measured, length, eye size, and pericardial area were found to be more responsive than the other endpoints evaluated. Future studies linking alterations in these endpoints to longer-term adverse impacts are needed to fully evaluate the predictive power of these metrics in chemical and whole-effluent toxicity testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2530-2541. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Alexis Olivas
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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19
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Li X, Ding G, Xiong Y, Ma X, Fan Y, Xiong D. Toxicity of Water-Accommodated Fractions (WAF), Chemically Enhanced WAF (CEWAF) of Oman Crude Oil and Dispersant to Early-Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:314-319. [PMID: 30105540 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on comparing the lethal and sublethal toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAF) and chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF) of crude oil to zebrafish (Danio rerio) on early life stages (ELS). Results showed that the addition of GM-2 dispersant caused an increase in the levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and total priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ΣPAHs). Based on ΣPAHs, the LC20 estimates for WAF and CEWAF were 4.88 µg L-1 and 1.19 µg L-1, respectively, indicating that CEWAF was approximately four times more toxic. CEWAF exposure caused markedly lower hatching rates and higher malformation frequencies than WAF. Meanwhile, the general morphology score (GMS) values in CEWAF were about fourfold lower than that in WAF, indicating that CEWAF exposure induced more significant developmental delay. The results suggested that chemical dispersant enhanced the toxicity of crude oil to zebrafish on ELS and its application could increase the exposure of fishes to crude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian, 116026, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian, 116026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Xiong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Grinnell College, 1115 8th Avenue, Grinnell, IA, 50112, USA
| | - Xinrui Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian, 116026, People's Republic of China
| | - Youmei Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian, 116026, People's Republic of China
| | - Deqi Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian, 116026, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Belanger SE, Rawlings JM, Stackhouse R. Advances in understanding the response of fish to linear alcohols in the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:539-548. [PMID: 29778079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Short to long chain alcohols have a range of ecotoxicity to aquatic life driven by hydrophobic interactions with biological membranes. Carbon chain length and octanol:water partitioning coefficients are surrogates for hydrophobicity and strongly relate to aquatic toxicity. In these investigations, the toxicity of ethanol to 1-n-dodecanol to juvenile fish in standard acute toxicity tests is reviewed. Toxicity tests employing fish embryos (zebrafish Danio rerio and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas) in the Fish Embryo Test (OECD 236) format were conducted from C2 to C10 to compare against standard juvenile fish toxicity. Quantitative structure activity relationships for FET and fish individually and combined demonstrate that embryos are not different in sensitivity to juvenile fish. A combined QSAR was developed of the form Log 96 h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.925*log Kow + 2.060 (R2 10 = 0.954). Alcohols of 11-12 carbons show a deflection in the QSAR as toxicity approaches the solubility limit. Alcohols with longer chain lengths may only be tested at lower exposures relevant for chronic toxicity. Decanol was evaluated in a 33-d fish early life stage test (OECD 210) and survival was the most sensitive endpoint (EC10 = 0.43 mg/L, 0.0027 mM/L). This study suggests a reasonable acute to chronic ratio of 6.5 in line with historical literature for non-polar narcotic compounds. Fish are not uniquely more sensitive than Daphnia magna which suggests estimations of environmental hazard can be confidently made with either taxon. The overall environmental risk assessments for the longer chain alcohols included in this research remain largely unchanged primarily due to previous research demonstrating a very minimal environmental exposure even for highly toxic members of the category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Belanger
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
| | - Jane M Rawlings
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Ricky Stackhouse
- Toxicology & Risk Assessment, Performance Chemicals, Sasol (USA) Corporation, 2201 Old Spanish Trail, Westlake, LA 70669, USA
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21
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Souders CL, Liang X, Wang X, Ector N, Zhao YH, Martyniuk CJ. High-throughput assessment of oxidative respiration in fish embryos: Advancing adverse outcome pathways for mitochondrial dysfunction. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:162-173. [PMID: 29631217 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prevalent molecular event that can result in multiple adverse outcomes. Recently, a novel high throughput method to assess metabolic capacity in fish embryos following exposure to chemicals has been adapted for environmental toxicology. Assessments of oxygen consumption rates using the Seahorse XF(e) 24/96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Agilent Technologies) can be used to garner insight into toxicant effects at early stages of development. Here we synthesize the current state of the science using high throughput metabolic profiling in zebrafish embryos, and present considerations for those wishing to adopt high throughput methods for mitochondrial bioenergetics into their research. Chemicals that have been investigated in zebrafish using this metabolic platform include herbicides (e.g. paraquat, diquat), industrial compounds (e.g. benzo-[a]-pyrene, tributyltin), natural products (e.g. quercetin), and anti-bacterial chemicals (i.e. triclosan). Some of these chemicals inhibit mitochondrial endpoints in the μM-mM range, and reduce basal respiration, maximum respiration, and spare capacity. We present a theoretical framework for how one can use mitochondrial performance data in zebrafish to categorize chemicals of concern and prioritize mitochondrial toxicants. Noteworthy is that our studies demonstrate that there can be considerable variation in basal respiration of untreated zebrafish embryos due to clutch-specific effects as well as individual variability, and basal oxygen consumption rates (OCR) can vary on average between 100 and 300 pmol/min/embryo. We also compare OCR between chorionated and dechorionated embryos, as both models are employed to test chemicals. After 24 h, dechorionated embryos remain responsive to mitochondrial toxicants, although they show a blunted response to the uncoupling agent carbonylcyanide-4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP); dechorionated embryos are therefore a viable option for investigations into mitochondrial bioenergetics. We present an adverse outcome pathway framework that incorporates endpoints related to mitochondrial bioenergetics. High throughput bioenergetics assays conducted using whole embryos are expected to support adverse outcome pathways for mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Xuefang Liang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Naomi Ector
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yuan H Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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22
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Roush KS, Krzykwa JC, Malmquist JA, Stephens DA, Sellin Jeffries MK. Enhancing the fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity test: Optimizing embryo production and assessing the utility of additional test endpoints. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:45-53. [PMID: 29407737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity (FET) test has been identified as a potential alternative to toxicity test methods that utilize older fish. However, several challenges have been identified with the fathead minnow FET test, including: 1) difficulties in obtaining appropriately-staged embryos for FET test initiation, 2) a paucity of data comparing fathead minnow FET test performance to the fathead minnow larval growth and survival (LGS) test and 3) a lack of sublethal endpoints that could be used to estimate chronic toxicity and/or predict adverse effects. These challenges were addressed through three study objectives. The first objective was to optimize embryo production by assessing the effect of breeding group composition (number of males and females) on egg production. Results showed that groups containing one male and four females produced the largest clutches, enhancing the likelihood of procuring sufficient numbers of embryos for FET test initiation. The second study objective was to compare the performance of the FET test to that of the fathead minnow LGS test using three reference toxicants. The FET and LGS tests were similar in their ability to predict the acute toxicity of sodium chloride and ethanol, but the FET test was found to be more sensitive than the LGS test for sodium dodecyl sulfate. The last objective of the study was to evaluate the utility and practicality of several sublethal metrics (i.e., growth, developmental abnormalities and growth- and stress-related gene expression) as FET test endpoints. Developmental abnormalities, including pericardial edema and hatch success, were found to offer the most promise as additional FET test endpoints, given their responsiveness, potential for predicting adverse effects, ease of assessment and low cost of measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Roush
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jacob A Malmquist
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Dane A Stephens
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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23
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Kristofco LA, Haddad SP, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW. Differential uptake of and sensitivity to diphenhydramine in embryonic and larval zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1175-1181. [PMID: 29274281 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish fish embryo toxicity (FET) test is increasingly employed for alternative toxicity studies, yet our previous research identified increased sensitivity of zebrafish slightly older than embryos employed in FET methods (0-4 d postfertilization [dpf]). We identified rapid steady-state accumulation of diphenhydramine across zebrafish embryo and larval stages. However, significantly (p < 0.05) lower accumulation was observed at 48 h compared to 96 h in chorionated and dechorionated embryos (0-4 dpf), but not in zebrafish at 7 to 11 and 14 to 18 dpf. Increased uptake and toxicity of diphenhydramine was further observed in zebrafish at 7 to 11 and 14 to 18 dpf compared with 0-4 dpf embryos with chorion or dechorionated, which indicates that differential zebrafish sensitivity with age is associated with accumulation resulting from gill and other toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic changes during development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1175-1181. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel P Haddad
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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24
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Wang Y, Wu S, Chen J, Zhang C, Xu Z, Li G, Cai L, Shen W, Wang Q. Single and joint toxicity assessment of four currently used pesticides to zebrafish (Danio rerio) using traditional and molecular endpoints. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:14-23. [PMID: 29091792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides usually present in mixtures in surface waters, although they are traditionally regulated on an individual basis in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we aimed to investigate the lethal and transcriptional responses of individual and combined pesticides (iprodione, pyrimethanil, pyraclostrobin and acetamiprid) on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Semi-static toxicity test indicated that the greatest toxicity to the four life stages (embryonic, larval, juvenile and adult stages) of D. rerio was detected from pyraclostrobin, followed by iprodione and pyrimethanil. In contrast, the lowest toxicity to the organisms was found from acetamiprid. Most of the selected pesticides exerted greater toxicities to D. rerio of embryonic stage compared with other life stages. Synergistic responses were observed from all binary mixtures of iprodione in combination with pyrimethanil or acetamiprid and ternary mixtures of iprodione+pyraclostrobin in combination with pyrimethanil or acetamiprid. The expressions of 16 genes related to cell apoptosis pathway, oxidative stress response, innate immunity and endocrine disruption at the mRNA level showed that zebrafish embryos were affected by the individual or combined pesticides. The expressions of P53, Tnf, TRβ, Tsh and Cyp19a exhibited greater changes upon exposure to combined pesticides compared with individual pesticides. Taken together, increased toxicity might be triggered by the simultaneous presence of several pesticides in the aquatic environment, which seriously damaged the non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenggan Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jine Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenlan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiming Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weifeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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25
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Alves RN, Mariz CF, Paulo DVD, Carvalho PSM. Toxicity of effluents from gasoline stations oil-water separators to early life stages of zebrafish Danio rerio. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:224-230. [PMID: 28329712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Used petroleum hydrocarbons and gasoline stations runoff are significant sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to aquatic ecosystems. Samples of the final effluent of oil-water-separators were collected at gasoline stations in the metropolitan region of Recife, Brazil, before release to sewage or rainwater systems. Effluent soluble fractions (ESF) were prepared and bioassays were performed according to the Fish Embryo Toxicity Test. The test involved exposing zebrafish Danio rerio embryos to dilutions of the ESFs for 96 h, with daily examination of lethality and sublethal morphological effects integrated through the General Morphology Score (GMS), based on the achievement of developmental hallmarks. Frequencies of abnormalities were recorded after exposures. ESF LC50-96h (lethal concentration to 50% of exposed embryos) in the most toxic effluent achieved 8.9% (v/v), equivalent to 11 μg phenanthrene equivalents L-1. GMS scores indicated significantly delayed embryo-larval development at ESF dilutions of 10% and 20% from effluents of all gas stations. Major abnormalities detected after the 96 h exposure included the presence of a yolk sac not fully absorbed coupled with the lack of an inflated swim bladder, lack of both pectoral fins, and the failure to develop a protruding mouth. Effective equivalent PAH concentrations that induce a 50% frequency of larvae without an inflated swim bladder (EC50) were 4.9 μg phenanthrene L-1, 21.8 μg naphthalene L-1, and 34.1 μg chrysene L-1. This study shows that PAHs in ESFs from gas stations oil water separators are toxic to zebrafish, contributing to the toxicity of urban storm waters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Célio Freire Mariz
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo S M Carvalho
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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26
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Corrales J, Kristofco LA, Steele WB, Saari GN, Kostal J, Williams ES, Mills M, Gallagher EP, Kavanagh TJ, Simcox N, Shen LQ, Melnikov F, Zimmerman JB, Voutchkova-Kostal AM, Anastas PT, Brooks BW. Toward the Design of Less Hazardous Chemicals: Exploring Comparative Oxidative Stress in Two Common Animal Models. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:893-904. [PMID: 27750016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable molecular design of less hazardous chemicals presents a potentially transformative approach to protect public health and the environment. Relationships between molecular descriptors and toxicity thresholds previously identified the octanol-water distribution coefficient, log D, and the HOMO-LUMO energy gap, ΔE, as two useful properties in the identification of reduced aquatic toxicity. To determine whether these two property-based guidelines are applicable to sublethal oxidative stress (OS) responses, two common aquatic in vivo models, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), were employed to examine traditional biochemical biomarkers (lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and total glutathione) and antioxidant gene activation following exposure to eight structurally diverse industrial chemicals (bisphenol A, cumene hydroperoxide, dinoseb, hydroquinone, indene, perfluorooctanoic acid, R-(-)-carvone, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide). Bisphenol A, cumene hydroperoxide, dinoseb, and hydroquinone were consistent inducers of OS. Glutathione was the most consistently affected biomarker, suggesting its utility as a sensitivity response to support the design of less hazardous chemicals. Antioxidant gene expression (changes in nrf2, gclc, gst, and sod) was most significantly (p < 0.05) altered by R-(-)-carvone, cumene hydroperoxide, and bisphenol A. Results from the present study indicate that metabolism of parent chemicals and the role of their metabolites in molecular initiating events should be considered during the design of less hazardous chemicals. Current empirical and computational findings identify the need for future derivation of sustainable molecular design guidelines for electrophilic reactive chemicals (e.g., SN2 nucleophilic substitution and Michael addition reactivity) to reduce OS related adverse outcomes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Corrales
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Lauren A Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - W Baylor Steele
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Gavin N Saari
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Jakub Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University , Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - E Spencer Williams
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Margaret Mills
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Evan P Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nancy Simcox
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Longzhu Q Shen
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Fjodor Melnikov
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Julie B Zimmerman
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Paul T Anastas
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University , Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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27
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Lillicrap A, Belanger S, Burden N, Pasquier DD, Embry MR, Halder M, Lampi MA, Lee L, Norberg-King T, Rattner BA, Schirmer K, Thomas P. Alternative approaches to vertebrate ecotoxicity tests in the 21st century: A review of developments over the last 2 decades and current status. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2637-2646. [PMID: 27779828 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The need for alternative approaches to the use of vertebrate animals for hazard assessment of chemicals and pollutants has become of increasing importance. It is now the first consideration when initiating a vertebrate ecotoxicity test, to ensure that unnecessary use of vertebrate organisms is minimized wherever possible. For some regulatory purposes, the use of vertebrate organisms for environmental risk assessments has been banned; in other situations, the number of organisms tested has been dramatically reduced or the severity of the procedure refined. However, there is still a long way to go to achieve a complete replacement of vertebrate organisms to generate environmental hazard data. The development of animal alternatives is based not just on ethical considerations but also on reducing the cost of performing vertebrate ecotoxicity tests and in some cases on providing better information aimed at improving environmental risk assessments. The present Focus article provides an overview of the considerable advances that have been made toward alternative approaches for ecotoxicity assessments over the last few decades. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2637-2646. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lillicrap
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Scott Belanger
- Environmental Safety and Sustainability, Global Product Stewardship, Procter & Gamble, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalie Burden
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michelle R Embry
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mark A Lampi
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lucy Lee
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Teresa Norberg-King
- National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Mid-Continent Ecology Division-Duluth, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, US Geological Survey, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag-Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Thomas
- Consultancy for Environmental & Human Toxicology & Risk Assessment (Lyon Agency), L'Isle d'Abeau, France
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28
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Sornambikai S, Hin LQ, Marimuthu K, Abdul Kadir MR. Fish embryo toxicity assessment of o-dianisidine in Clarias gariepinus and its electrochemical treatment in aquatic samples using super conductive carbon black. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00158k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested fish embryo toxicity (FET) of o-dianisidine (o-dian) on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and its electrochemical treatment through electro-oxidation of real aquatic samples for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaram Sornambikai
- Medical Devices & Technology Group
- Faculty of Biosciences & Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - Lim Qing Hin
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
- AIMST University
- Bedong
- Malaysia
| | - Kasi Marimuthu
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
- AIMST University
- Bedong
- Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- Medical Devices & Technology Group
- Faculty of Biosciences & Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
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