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Silva CR, Masini JC. Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is an efficient and alternative passive sampler of hydrophobic organic contaminants. A comparison with silicone rubber. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121258. [PMID: 36775134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for assessing the concentrations of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants (HOCs) in aquatic environments, including Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). The hydrophobicity of POPs challenges their quantification in waters due to the sub-trace concentrations, especially when using conventional spot sampling. The results from the conventional samples are only a "snapshot" of the concentrations (if detected) at the specific sampling moment. Contrary, passive sampling provides average concentration levels over weeks or months from the quantification of accumulated pollutants during the deployment period. The present work compared ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and silicon rubber (SR) as monophasic passive samplers to measure dissolved concentrations of HOCs. Four classes of POPs were studied: (i) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), (ii) polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), (iii) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including the dioxin-like congeners, and (iv) the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The polymer-water partition coefficients (Kpw), determined by the cosolvent and crossed calibrations, were, on average, one logarithmic unit larger in EVA than in the SR. The diffusion coefficients (Dp) estimated by the "film-stacking" method were, on average, two orders of magnitude smaller in the EVA than in the SR. For both polymers, the theoretical model of mass transfer resistance confirmed that the water boundary layer controlled the absorption, thus allowing the use of Performance Reference Compounds (PRCs) to estimate the in-situ sampling rates. Larger Kpw's in EVA may be an advantage because they imply longer time scales to reach equilibrium, higher absorption capacities and hence a higher absorbed contaminant mass, especially for compounds that reach equilibrium relatively faster (log Kow < 5). In addition, the longer times to attain equilibrium for EVA maintain this sampler longer in the linear phase of absorption, and the time-weighted average concentration may only be assessed in this phase when the compounds have not yet reached equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila R Silva
- CETESB - Environmental Company of São Paulo State, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr 345, 05459-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jorge C Masini
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Zhu T, Gu Y, Cheng H, Chen M. Versatile modelling of polyoxymethylene-water partition coefficients for hydrophobic organic contaminants using linear and nonlinear approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138881. [PMID: 32361362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fate or transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) depends on the partitioning properties of compounds within various environmental phases. Due to the wide application of polyoxymethylene (POM) in the passive sampling technique, several in silico models were developed to predict POM-water partition coefficients (KPOM-w) in accordance with the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It is an attempt to combine conventional linear method (multiple linear regression, MLR) and popular nonlinear algorithm (artificial neural network, ANN) for estimating partition coefficients of HOCs. All models were performed on a dataset of 210 chemicals from 13 different classes. The polyparameter linear free energy relationship (pp-LFER) model included 5 molecular descriptors, namely, E, S, A, B and V, and predicted log KPOM-w with R2adj of 0.825. The values of statistical parameters including R2adj, Q2ext, RMSEtra and RMSEext for quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR)-MLR and QSPR-ANN models with four descriptors (ALOGP, MeanDD, E1m and Mor24s) were: (0.928, 0.877, 0.498 and 0.649) and (0.943, 0.905, 0.443 and 0.571), with high similarity for both models, which confirmed the robustness, significance, and remarkable prediction accuracy of the QSPR models. Moreover, the mechanism interpretation revealed that the molecular volume and hydrophobicity had a major impact on distribution procedure of HOCs. The models developed herein, with the broad applicability domain (AD), provide suitable tools to fill the experimental data gap for untested chemicals and help researchers better understand the mechanistic basis of adsorption behavior of POM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haomiao Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
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3
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Taylor VF, Buckman KL, Burgess RM. Preliminary investigation of polymer-based in situ passive samplers for mercury and methylmercury. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:806-814. [PMID: 31247490 PMCID: PMC6742538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Development of an in situ passive sampler for mercury (Hg), and its toxic form, methylmercury (MeHg), using simple polymer films, was explored for the potential to make an efficient and environmentally relevant monitoring tool for this widespread aquatic pollutant. The sulfur-containing polymers polysulfone (PS), and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), were found to accumulate both MeHg and inorganic Hg (iHg), whereas polyethylene (PE) sorbed iHg but not MeHg, and polyoxymethylene (POM) and polyethersulfone (PES) films had low affinity for both Hg species. Uptake rates of Hg species into polymers were linear over two weeks, and dissolved organic matter at natural levels had no effect on partitioning of MeHg or iHg to the polymers. Sorption of MeHg to PS and PPS from three estuarine sediments correlated with uptake into diffusive gel-type samplers over time, and in PPS, with accumulation by the estuarine amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus. These polymers had lower MeHg adsorption rates, but are simpler to assemble, than diffusive gel-type samplers. Higher contaminant concentrations in polymer and gel-type samplers corresponded with porewater concentrations across sediments, suggesting they sample the dissolved MeHg pool, whereas MeHg levels in amphipods were more elevated with higher bulk sediment MeHg, which may reflect feeding strategy. While polymers with higher affinity for MeHg and iHg are needed for some environmental applications, this work suggests a simple sampling approach has potential for time-integrated, environmentally-meaningful MeHg monitoring in contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien F Taylor
- Department of Earth Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Kate L Buckman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
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4
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Taylor AC, Fones GR, Vrana B, Mills GA. Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:20-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1675043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Taylor
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary R. Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Graham A. Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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5
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Jeong Y, Schäffer A, Smith K. A comparison of equilibrium and kinetic passive sampling for the monitoring of aquatic organic contaminants in German rivers. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 145:248-258. [PMID: 30142522 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performances of an equilibrium and a kinetic passive sampler for monitoring a range of organic contaminants (Log KOW from -0.03 to 6.26) were evaluated in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, the receiving river Saar as well as the river Mosel in Germany. The polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and a new mixed polymer sampler (MPS) were selected as kinetic and equilibrium passive samplers, respectively. Concentrations were described in terms of a time-weighted average concentration (CTWA) from the POCIS measurements and as an equilibrium concentration from the MPS (CEquil-MPS) and POCIS membrane (CEquil-PES) analyses. Twenty-seven compounds could be detected, including eight priority substances of the EU Water Framework Directive. Both sampler types detected a similar range of compounds in the low ng/L to μg/L range, with a high proportion of pharmaceuticals being detected at all sampling sites. To account for uncertainty in the POCIS sampling rates, a range in CTWA was estimated by applying low and high sampling rates. For the compounds that were detected in the POCIS this range was within a factor of 3.5. Interestingly, the MPS extracts showed lower ionisation artefacts than the POCIS extracts during the LC-MS/MS analysis. Finally, total water concentrations (CTotal) were estimated from the dissolved concentrations, literature organic carbon partition coefficients (KOC) and the total organic carbon levels measured in the rivers. For the compounds in this study, negligible differences between CTotal and the passive sampler-derived dissolved concentrations were found with a maximum difference of 15% for diclofenac. Overall, this study demonstrated that the parallel application of kinetic and equilibrium passive samplers can improve the description of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonah Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kilian Smith
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Ivanovsky A, Belles A, Criquet J, Dumoulin D, Noble P, Alary C, Billon G. Assessment of the treatment efficiency of an urban stormwater pond and its impact on the natural downstream watercourse. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 226:120-130. [PMID: 30114571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During the last few decades, stormwater ponds have become an alternative management practice in order to avoid flooding and to contain rainwater and runoff in urban areas where impervious land cover has increased. A second purpose of stormwater ponds is to improve the quality of runoff water that is usually contaminated with nitrogen, phosphorus, metals and organic micropollutants. Processes used are based on natural methods such as settlement and contribute to minimize the impact of these inputs to the natural aquatic system. This study aims to better understand the behavior of a wet stormwater pond, Heron Lake (33 ha) located in the city of Villeneuve d'Ascq in northern France through various indicators [trace metals, PAHs, PCBs, caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CBZ), nutrients and pathogens]. For that purpose, water quality was monitored for 1 year, mainly at the entrance and at the outlet of the lake. Sampling have also been done in the downstream aquatic environment, the Marque River. Sediments were sampled in the lake to evaluate the pollution trapped during sedimentation. Our results of both water and sediment sampling highlight: (i) the wastewater input into the Heron Lake is estimated to be equivalent to that of roughly 3800 inhabitants; (ii) the removal rates observed at the outlet, relative to concentrations at the entrance channel, vary as follows for these dissolved species: 24% for NO3- and PO43-, 28% for CBZ, 35% for Cu, 63% for Pb, 78% for CAF, 84% for Zn and up to 93% for NH4+; (iii) there are high levels of sediment contamination with metals, PAHs and PCBs at the entrance channel; (iv) the eutrophication of this pond is attributed to persistent high nutrient concentrations in both water and sediment, and has contributed to the development of an invasive macrophyte, the Elodea nuttallii; and (v) there appears to be only a negligible impact of the discharge from the lake to the natural watercourse, contributing annual loads of <2 up to 6% of the total amount of Cu, Pb, Zn, CAF, CBZ and nutrients measured in the Marque River, and having a slight diluting effect on concentrations in the Marque River.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ivanovsky
- Univ. Lille CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIR, Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - A Belles
- IMT Mines Douai, LGCgE, GCE, 59500, Douai, France
| | - J Criquet
- Univ. Lille CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIR, Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - D Dumoulin
- Univ. Lille CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIR, Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - P Noble
- Univ. Lille CNRS, UMR 8198 EEP, F-59000, Lille, France; DGSE - University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89503, USA
| | - C Alary
- IMT Mines Douai, LGCgE, GCE, 59500, Douai, France
| | - G Billon
- Univ. Lille CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIR, Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Joyce AS, Burgess RM. Using performance reference compounds to compare mass transfer calibration methodologies in passive samplers deployed in the water column. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2089-2097. [PMID: 29744915 PMCID: PMC6122610 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Performance reference compounds (PRCs) are often added to passive samplers prior to field deployments to provide information about mass transfer kinetics between the sampled environment and the passive sampler. Their popularity has resulted in different methods of varying complexity to estimate mass transfer and better estimate freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree ) of targeted compounds. Three methods for describing a mass transfer model are commonly used: a first-order kinetic method, a nonlinear least squares fitting of sampling rate, and a diffusion method. Low-density polyethylene strips loaded with PRCs and of 4 different thicknesses were used as passive samplers to create an array of PRC results to assess the comparability and reproducibility of each of the methods. Samplers were deployed in the water column at 3 stations in New Bedford Harbor (MA, USA). Collected data allowed Cfree comparisons to be performed in 2 ways: 1) comparison of Cfree derived from one thickness using different methods, and 2) comparison of Cfree derived by the same method using different thicknesses of polyethylene. Overall, the nonlinear least squares and diffusion methods demonstrated the most precise results for all the PCBs measured and generated Cfree values that were often statistically indistinguishable. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) for total PCB measurements using the same thickness and varying model types ranged from 0.04 to 12% and increased with sampler thickness, and RSDs for estimates using the same method and varying thickness ranged from 8 to 18%. Environmental scientists and managers are encouraged to use these methods when estimating Cfree from passive sampling and PRC data. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2089-2097. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Joyce
- National Research Council Post-Doctoral Research Associate, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, NHEERL, AED, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, NHEERL, AED, 27 Tarzwell Dr., Narragansett, RI, USA
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Belles A, Alary C, Laguerre N, Franke C. Analyzing the uncertainty of diffusive gel-based passive samplers as tools for evaluating the averaged contamination of surface water by organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20231-20240. [PMID: 29748810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Agarose gel-based passive samplers are nowadays one of the most effective sampling devices able to provide a quantitative evaluation of water contamination level for a broad range of organic contaminants. These devices show significant improvements in comparison to the previous passive samplers dedicated to hydrophilic compounds because they tend to reduce the effect of hydrodynamic flow conditions on the uptake rate of compounds and thus subsequently to improve their accuracy. However, albeit their effects minimized, hydrodynamic water flow and temperature are reported as variables likely to change the uptake rate of compounds that may lead to some inaccuracy if they are not adequately taken into account. This work aims to investigate the magnitude of effects of such uncorrected variables on the bias of the deduced water contamination level. The analysis of the error structure shows that the uncertainty on the diffusivity of contaminants in agarose gel and its dependency on temperature are the most inferring factors. At 8 °C, these factors are, respectively, responsible of 34 and 33% of the squared uncertainty on the final deduced contamination level. The overall uncertainty for a single exposed passive sampler is in the order of 39% and drops to 23% if threesamplers are co-exposed (at 8 °C). Despite this uncertainty, we present results for a set of pesticides and personal care products throughout a field monitoring conducted over a 4-month period, which show the potential of passive samplers to allow assessing the temporal trend of water contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Belles
- Geosciences-Centre for Geosciences and Geoengineering, MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, 35 rue St. Honoré, 77305, Fontainebleau Cedex, France.
| | - Claire Alary
- EA 4515-LGCgE-Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, IMT Lille Douai, University Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nellaïdeve Laguerre
- EA 4515-LGCgE-Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, IMT Lille Douai, University Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Christine Franke
- Geosciences-Centre for Geosciences and Geoengineering, MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, 35 rue St. Honoré, 77305, Fontainebleau Cedex, France
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Belles A, Franke C, Alary C, Aminot Y, Readman JW. Understanding and predicting the diffusivity of organic compounds in polydimethylsiloxane material for passive sampler applications using a simple quantitative structure-property relationship model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1291-1300. [PMID: 29359815 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The diffusivity of 145 compounds in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material was determined in the laboratory using a film stacking technique. The results were pooled with available literature data, providing a final data set of 198 compounds with diffusivity (DPDMS ) spanning over approximately 5 log units. The principal variables controlling the diffusivity of penetrants were investigated by comparing DPDMS within and between different homologous series. The dipole moment, molecular size, and flexibility of penetrants appear to be the most prevalent factors controlling a compound's diffusivity. A nonlinear quantitative structure-property relationship is proposed using as predicting variables the molecular volume, the number of rotatable bonds, the topological polar surface area, and the number of O and N atoms. The final relationship has a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.81 and a mean absolute error of 0.26 m2 s-1 (log unit), approaching the average error for the experimentally determined values (0.12 m2 s-1 ). The model, based on a heuristic approach, is ready for use by analytical chemists with no specific background in theoretical chemistry (notably for passive sampler development). Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1291-1300. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Belles
- École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris (MINES ParisTech), Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre de Géosciences, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Christine Franke
- École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris (MINES ParisTech), Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre de Géosciences, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Claire Alary
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement, École Nationale Supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yann Aminot
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - James W Readman
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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Martin A, Margoum C, Jolivet A, Assoumani A, El Moujahid B, Randon J, Coquery M. Calibration of silicone rubber rods as passive samplers for pesticides at two different flow velocities: Modeling of sampling rates under water boundary layer and polymer control. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1208-1218. [PMID: 29193239 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to determine time-weighted average concentrations of polar contaminants such as pesticides by passive sampling in environmental waters. Calibration data for silicone rubber-based passive samplers are lacking for this class of compounds. The calibration data, sampling rate (Rs ), and partition coefficient between silicone rubber and water (Ksw ) were precisely determined for 23 pesticides and 13 candidate performance reference compounds (PRCs) in a laboratory calibration system over 14 d for 2 water flow velocities, 5 and 20 cm s-1 . The results showed that an in situ exposure duration of 7 d left a silicone rubber rod passive sampler configuration in the linear or curvilinear uptake period for 19 of the pesticides studied. A change in the transport mechanism from polymer control to water boundary layer control was observed for pesticides with a log Ksw of approximately 3.3. The PRC candidates were not fully relevant to correct the impact of water flow velocity on Rs . We therefore propose an alternative method based on an overall resistance to mass transfer model to adjust Rs from laboratory experiments to in situ hydrodynamic conditions. We estimated diffusion coefficients (Ds ) and thickness of water boundary layer (δw ) as adjustable model parameters. Log Ds values ranged from -12.13 to -10.07 m2 s-1 . The estimated δw value showed a power function correlation with water flow velocity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1208-1218. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jérôme Randon
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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11
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Qian J, Jennings B, Cwiertny DM, Martinez A. Emerging investigator series: development and application of polymeric electrospun nanofiber mats as equilibrium-passive sampler media for organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1445-1456. [PMID: 29086783 PMCID: PMC5687983 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a suite of polymeric electrospun nanofiber mats (ENMs) and investigated their performance as next-generation passive sampler media for environmental monitoring of organic compounds. Electrospinning of common polymers [e.g., polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS), among others] yielded ENMs with reproducible control of nanofiber diameters (from 50 to 340 nm). The ENM performance was investigated initially with model hydrophilic (aniline and nitrobenzene) and hydrophobic (selected PCB congeners and dioxin) compounds, generally revealing fast chemical uptake into all of these ENMs, which was well described by a one compartment, first-order kinetic model. Typical times to reach 90% equilibrium (t90%) were ≤7 days under mixing conditions for all the ENMs and <0.5 days for the best performing materials under static (i.e., no mixing) conditions. Collectively, these short equilibrium timescales suggest that ENMs may be used in the field as an equilibrium-passive sampler, at least for our model compounds. Equilibrium partitioning coefficients (KENM-W, L kg-1) averaged 2 and 4.7 log units for the hydrophilic and hydrophobic analytes, respectively. PAN, PMMA and PS were prioritized for additional studies because they exhibited not only the greatest capacity for simultaneous uptake of the entire model suite (log KENM-W ∼1.5-6.2), but also fast uptake. For these optimized ENMs, the rates of uptake into PAN and PMMA were limited by aqueous phase diffusion to the nanofiber surface, and the rate-determining step for PS was analyte specific. Sorption isotherms also revealed that the environmental application of these optimized ENMs would occur within the linear uptake regime. We examined the ENM performance for the measurement of pore water concentrations from spiked soil and freshwater sediments. Soil and sediment studies not only yielded reproducible pore water concentrations and comparable values to other passive sampler materials, but also provided practical insights into ENM stability and fouling in such systems. Furthermore, fast uptake for a suite of structurally diverse hydrophilic and moderately hydrophobic compounds was obtained for PAN and PS, with t90% ranging from 0.01 to 4 days with mixing and KENM-W values ranging from 1.3 to 3.2 log units. Our findings show promise for the development and use of ENMs as equilibrium-passive samplers for a range of organic pollutants across soil/sediment and water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Qian
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brandon Jennings
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David M. Cwiertny
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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12
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Aminot Y, Belles A, Alary C, Readman JW. Near-surface distribution of pollutants in coastal waters as assessed by novel polyethylene passive samplers. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:92-101. [PMID: 28341294 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel and inexpensive method to provide high resolution vertical measurements of temporally integrated organic contaminants in surface and sub-surface waters in polluted coastal environments. It employs a strip of polyethylene deployed as a passive sampler. Verifications are confirmed via conventional spot sample analyses and against Performance Reference Compound (PRC) calibration methods. Analytes targeted include 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 15 personal care products, 8 organophosphorus flame retardants, 4 antifouling 'booster' biocides and 15 n-alkanes. Whilst all contaminants typically revealed homogeneous concentrations from 10 cm to 3 m depth in the selected harbour (<30% variations), many increased sharply at the air-sea interface. The passive sampler was shown to afford better resolution than could be achieved using conventional analytical techniques at the surface microlayer (SML). Whilst hydrophobicity appeared to be a key factor for the enrichment of many determinants, less correlation was found for the emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Aminot
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom.
| | - Angel Belles
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, EA 4515 - LGCgE - Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claire Alary
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, EA 4515 - LGCgE - Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - James W Readman
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
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13
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Belles A, Alary C, Aminot Y, Readman JW, Franke C. Calibration and response of an agarose gel based passive sampler to record short pulses of aquatic organic pollutants. Talanta 2017; 165:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Belles A, Alary C, Criquet J, Ivanovsky A, Billon G. Assessing the transport of PAH in the surficial sediment layer by passive sampler approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:72-81. [PMID: 27866736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new method based on passive samplers has been developed to assess the diffusive flux of fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene in the sediment bed and across the sediment-water interface. The dissolved compound concentration gradient in the sediment in the vertical direction was measured at the outlet of a storm water pond by using polyethylene strips as passive samplers. Simultaneously, the dissipation of a set of tracer compounds preloaded in the passive samplers was measured to estimate the effective diffusion coefficients of the pollutants in the sediment. Both measurements were used to evaluate the diffusive flux of the compounds according to Fick's first law. The diffusive fluxes of the 3 studied compounds have been estimated with a centimetre-scale resolution in the upper 44cm of the sediment. According to the higher compound diffusion coefficient and the steeper concentration gradient in the surficial sediment layer, the results show that the net flux of compounds near the sediment interface (1cm depth) is on average 500 times higher than in the deep sediment, with average fluxes at 1cm depth on the order of 5, 0.1 and 0.1ng/m2/y for fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Belles
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508 Douai, France; Univ. Lille, F-59500 Lille, France.
| | - Claire Alary
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508 Douai, France; Univ. Lille, F-59500 Lille, France
| | - Justine Criquet
- LASIR UMR CNRS 8516, Univ. Lille 1 Sciences and Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Anastasia Ivanovsky
- LASIR UMR CNRS 8516, Univ. Lille 1 Sciences and Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Gabriel Billon
- LASIR UMR CNRS 8516, Univ. Lille 1 Sciences and Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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15
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Belles A, Alary C, Mamindy-Pajany Y, Abriak NE. Relationship between the water-exchangeable fraction of PAH and the organic matter composition of sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:512-518. [PMID: 27262414 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of PAH on 12 different sediments was investigated and was correlated to their corresponding organic matter (OM) content and quality. For this purpose, the OM was precisely characterized using thermal analysis consisting in the successive combustion and quantification of the increasingly thermostable fractions of the OM. Simultaneously, the water-exchangeable fraction of the sorbed PAH defined as the amount of PAH freely exchanged between the water and the sediment (by opposition to the PAH harshly sorbed to the sediments particles) was determined using a passive sampler methodology recently developed. The water concentrations, when the sediment-water system is equilibrated, were also assessed which allows the determination of the sediment-water distribution coefficients without artifacts introduced by the non water-exchangeable fraction of PAH. Hence, the present study provides the distribution coefficients of PAH between the water and 4 different OM fractions combusted at a specific temperature range. The calculated distribution coefficients demonstrate that the sedimentary OM combusted at the intermediate temperature range (between 300 °C and 450 °C) drives the reversible sorption of PAH while the inferred sorption to the OM combusted at a lower and higher temperature range does not dominate the partitioning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Belles
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508 Douai, France; Lille University of Science and Technology, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Claire Alary
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508 Douai, France; Lille University of Science and Technology, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yannick Mamindy-Pajany
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508 Douai, France; Lille University of Science and Technology, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nor-Edine Abriak
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508 Douai, France; Lille University of Science and Technology, F-59000 Lille, France
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16
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Belles A, Alary C, Criquet J, Billon G. A new application of passive samplers as indicators of in-situ biodegradation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:347-354. [PMID: 27596821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a method for evaluating the in-situ degradation of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAH) in sediments is presented. The methodology is adapted from the passive sampler technique, which commonly uses the dissipation rate of labeled compounds loaded in passive sampler devices to sense the environmental conditions of exposure. In the present study, polymeric passive samplers (made of polyethylene strips) loaded with a set of labeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH were immersed in sediments (in field and laboratory conditions) to track the degradation processes. This approach is theoretically based on the fact that a degradation process induces a steeper concentration gradient of the labeled compounds in the surrounding sediment, thereby increasing their compound dissipation rates compared with their dissipation in abiotic conditions. Postulating that the degradation magnitude is the same for the labeled compounds loaded in polyethylene strips and for their native homologs that are potentially present in the sediment, the field degradation of 3 nitro-PAH (2-nitro-fluorene, 1-nitro-pyrene, 6-nitro-chrysene) was semi-quantitatively analyzed using the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Belles
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508, Douai, France; Univ. Lille, F-59500, Lille, France.
| | - Claire Alary
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508, Douai, France; Univ. Lille, F-59500, Lille, France
| | - Justine Criquet
- LASIR UMR CNRS 8516, University Lille 1 Sciences and Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Gabriel Billon
- LASIR UMR CNRS 8516, University Lille 1 Sciences and Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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