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Dehnert GK, White AM, Karasov WH. The effects of commercial 2,4-D herbicide on game fish species: Natural lake water vs. laboratory system water. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142412. [PMID: 38801899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic herbicides with active ingredient 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacteic acid (2,4-D) are commonly used to control and combat aquatic non-native species that cause detrimental impacts including habitat destruction, strained resources among biota, and biodiversity loss. While many (eco)toxicology studies are performed in the laboratory under highly controlled circumstances, these studies may disregard the nuances and disorder that come with the complexity of natural aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, we conducted a series of laboratory experiments using laboratory system water, different lake waters, and different water parameters to determine the effects of ecologically relevant concentrations of 2,4-D (0.00-4.00 ppm a.e.) on the development and survival of two freshwater game species (Sander vitreus and Esox lucius). For 2,4-D exposures using different water sources, there were significant main effects of 2,4-D concentration and water source on walleye embryo and larval survival, however, there was no significant interaction between 2,4-D exposure and water source. For 2,4-D exposures and pH (5-9 pH), there were significant main effects of 2,4-D concentration and pH on walleye and northern pike embryo survival and a significant interaction between 2,4-D exposure and pH. Our results indicate that 2,4-D exposures in controlled laboratory system water can predict similar outcomes as 2,4-D exposures in natural lake water. Moreover, individual water parameters, such as pH, play a significant role in the toxicity of 2,4-D. Taken together, these results suggest that highly controlled laboratory studies are a useful tool for predicting impacts on survival of non-target fish in natural waters, but it is crucial for management agencies to consider individual water sources and specific lake water parameters in herbicide risk assessments to minimize the impacts to non-target organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin K Dehnert
- Wisconsin Sea Grant, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Amber M White
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - William H Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Saleem R, Campbell S, Fletcher MT, Kalaipandian S, Adkins SW. Chemical Management Strategies of Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. Using Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1342. [PMID: 38794412 PMCID: PMC11125264 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. is a native Australian forb responsible for livestock poisoning and reducing the productivity and sustainability of grazing enterprises. This study was conducted as a pot trial under controlled conditions to investigate an effective chemical management strategy for P. trichostachya, a method that did not leave standing dead plant material, as such material can also be toxic to grazing cattle. Three herbicides, including one pre-emergence (tebuthiuron) and two post-emergence herbicides (2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl), were tested in pot trials for their efficacy on P. trichostachya. Results showed that tebuthiuron applied as either a granular (10% active ingredient, a.i.) or pelleted (20% a.i.) form efficiently reduced the emergence of P. trichostachya seedlings. Although some seedlings emerged, they perished within 7 days post treatment, leaving no residual plant matter. Testing now needs to be undertaken under field conditions to validate the findings within vegetation communities where potential non-target impacts need to be accounted for as well. The post-emergence application of 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl demonstrated that the highest efficacy and reduced application rates were achieved by treating earlier growth stages (i.e., seedlings) of P. trichostachya plants. In addition, the amount of toxic dead plant material was minimized due to the faster degradation of these small plants. These findings offer practical, cost-effective solutions for sustaining grazing lands from P. trichostachya challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Saleem
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (S.C.); (S.W.A.)
| | - Shane Campbell
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (S.C.); (S.W.A.)
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia;
| | - Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (S.C.); (S.W.A.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Steve W. Adkins
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (S.C.); (S.W.A.)
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da Silva AP, Poquioma Hernández HV, Comelli CL, Guillén Portugal MA, Moreira Delavy F, de Souza TL, de Oliveira EC, de Oliveira-Ribeiro CA, Silva de Assis HC, de Castilhos Ghisi N. Meta-analytical review of antioxidant mechanisms responses in animals exposed to herbicide 2,4-D herbicide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171680. [PMID: 38479529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a low-cost herbicide to eradicate broadleaf weeds. Since the development of 2,4-D resistant transgenic crops, it has been described as one of the most widely distributed pollutants in the world, increasing concern about its environmental impacts. This study aimed to elucidate the antioxidant system response in animals exposed to 2,4-D by different routes of exposure. It focused on determining if tissue, phylogenetic group, and herbicide formulation would influence the antioxidant mechanisms. A careful literature search of Scopus, WoS, and Science Direct retrieved 6983, 24,098, and 20,616 articles, respectively. The dataset comprised 390 control-treatment comparisons and included three routes of exposure: transgenerational, oral, and topical. The data set for transgenerational and oral exposure revealed oxidative stress through a decrease in enzymatic activities and the level of molecules of the antioxidant system. In contrast, topical exposure increased the oxidative stress. Tissue-specific analyses revealed that the transgenerational effects reduced hepatic catalase (CAT) activity. Oral exposure caused a variety of effects, including increased CAT activity in the prostate and decreased activity in various tissues. Mammals predominate in the transgenerational and oral groups, showing a significantly reduced activity of the antioxidant system. In contrast, in the topical exposure, an increased activity of oxidative stress biomarkers was observed in fish, earthworms, and mollusks. The effects of the 2,4-D formulation on oxidative stress responses showed significant differences between pure and commercial formulations, with oral exposure resulting in decreased activity and topical exposure increasing responses. In summary, orally exposed animals exhibited a clear decrease in enzyme activities, transgenerational exposure elicited tissue-specific prompted biochemical reductions, and topical exposure induced increased responses, emphasizing the need for unbiased exploration of the effects of 2,4-D on biomarkers of oxidative stress while addressing publication bias in oral and topical datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula da Silva
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas (PPGSIS), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil.
| | - Hilda Vanessa Poquioma Hernández
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil
| | - Camila Luiza Comelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Guillén Portugal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia (PPGZOO), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil
| | - Fernanda Moreira Delavy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia (PPGZOO), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil
| | - Tugstênio Lima de Souza
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Elton Celton de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas (PPGSIS), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil
| | - Ciro Alberto de Oliveira-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBIOTEC), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Brazil.
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Hook SE, Smith RA, Waltham N, Warne MSJ. Pesticides in the Great Barrier Reef catchment area: Plausible risks to fish populations. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023. [PMID: 37994614 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Waterways that drain the Great Barrier Reef catchment area (GBRCA) transport pollutants to marine habitats, provide a critical corridor between freshwater and marine habitats for migratory fish species, and are of high socioecological value. Some of these waterways contain concentrations of pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) that exceed Australian ecotoxicity threshold values (ETVs) for ecosystem protection. In this article, we use a "pathway to harm" model with five key criteria to assess whether the available information supports the hypothesis that PAIs are or could have harmful effects on fish and arthropod populations. Strong evidence of the first three criteria and circumstantial weaker evidence of the fourth and fifth criteria are presented. Specifically, we demonstrate that exceedances of Australian and New Zealand ETVs for ecosystem protection are widespread in the GBRCA, that the PAI contaminated water occurs (spatially and temporally) in important habitats for fisheries, and that there are clear direct and indirect mechanisms by which PAIs could cause harmful effects. The evidence of individuals and populations of fish and arthropods being adversely affected species is more circumstantial but consistent with PAIs causing harmful effects in the freshwater ecosystems of Great Barrier Reef waterways. We advocate strengthening the links between PAI concentrations and fish health because of the cultural values placed on the freshwater ecosystems by relevant stakeholders and Traditional Owners, with the aim that stronger links between elevated PAI concentrations and changes in recreationally and culturally important fish species will inspire improvements in water quality. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-24. © 2023 Commonwealth of Australia and The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachael A Smith
- Office of the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Waltham
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael St J Warne
- Reef Catchments Science Partnership, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Water Quality and Investigations, Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, West Midlands, UK
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Loken LC, Corsi SR, Alvarez DA, Ankley GT, Baldwin AK, Blackwell BR, De Cicco LA, Nott MA, Oliver SK, Villeneuve DL. Prioritizing Pesticides of Potential Concern and Identifying Potential Mixture Effects in Great Lakes Tributaries Using Passive Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:340-366. [PMID: 36165576 PMCID: PMC10107608 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To help meet the objectives of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative with regard to increasing knowledge about toxic substances, 223 pesticides and pesticide transformation products were monitored in 15 Great Lakes tributaries using polar organic chemical integrative samplers. A screening-level assessment of their potential for biological effects was conducted by computing toxicity quotients (TQs) for chemicals with available US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Aquatic Life Benchmark values. In addition, exposure activity ratios (EAR) were calculated using information from the USEPA ToxCast database. Between 16 and 81 chemicals were detected per site, with 97 unique compounds detected overall, for which 64 could be assessed using TQs or EARs. Ten chemicals exceeded TQ or EAR levels of concern at two or more sites. Chemicals exceeding thresholds included seven herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, diuron, metolachlor, acetochlor, atrazine, simazine, and sulfentrazone), a transformation product (deisopropylatrazine), and two insecticides (fipronil and imidacloprid). Watersheds draining agricultural and urban areas had more detections and higher concentrations of pesticides compared with other land uses. Chemical mixtures analysis for ToxCast assays associated with common modes of action defined by gene targets and adverse outcome pathways (AOP) indicated potential activity on biological pathways related to a range of cellular processes, including xenobiotic metabolism, extracellular signaling, endocrine function, and protection against oxidative stress. Use of gene ontology databases and the AOP knowledgebase within the R-package ToxMixtures highlighted the utility of ToxCast data for identifying and evaluating potential biological effects and adverse outcomes of chemicals and mixtures. Results have provided a list of high-priority chemicals for future monitoring and potential biological effects warranting further evaluation in laboratory and field environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:340-366. Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. Loken
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Steven R. Corsi
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - David A. Alvarez
- US Geological SurveyColumbia Environmental Research CenterColombiaMissouriUSA
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureGreat Lakes Toxicology and Ecology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Brett R. Blackwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureGreat Lakes Toxicology and Ecology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Laura A. De Cicco
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Michele A. Nott
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Samantha K. Oliver
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureGreat Lakes Toxicology and Ecology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
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6
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Girotto L, Freitas IBF, Yoshii MPC, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Schiesari LC, Espíndola ELG, Freitas JS. Using mesocosms to evaluate the impacts of pasture intensification and pasture-sugarcane conversion on tadpoles in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21010-21024. [PMID: 36264462 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of environmental contamination caused by pasture intensification and pasture-sugarcane conversion on oxidative stress, biotransformation, esterase enzymes, and development of Scinax fuscovarious and Physalaemus nattereri. Tadpoles were exposed in mesocosms allocated in three treatments: (1) untreated extensive pasture (EP); (2) intensive-pasture conversion (IP) (2,4-D herbicide + fertilizers); and (3) pasture-sugarcane conversion (SC) (fipronil + 2,4-D + fertilizers). After 7 days of exposure, IP reduced catalase (CAT) and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in P. nattereri, while this treatment decreased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and CAT activities in S. fuscovarious. SC decreased CAT, G6PDH, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in P. nattereri. In S. fuscovarius, SC reduced G6PDH, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and carboxylesterase (CbE) activities. MDA was raised in both tadpole species exposed to SC, evidencing oxidative stress. Integrated biomarker responses showed higher scores in both species exposed to SC. Our results warn that management practices currently applied to sugarcane cultivation in Brazil can negatively impact the functional responses of amphibians at natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Girotto
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13, São Carlos, 560-970, Brazil
| | - Isabele Baima Ferreira Freitas
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13, São Carlos, 560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13, São Carlos, 560-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis César Schiesari
- EACH, USP - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13, São Carlos, 560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas
- Department of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), R. Ver. Geraldo Moisés da Silva, S/N - Universitário, Ituiutaba, MG, 38302-192, Brazil.
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Beladghame O, Bouchikhi N, Lerari D, Charif IE, Soppera O, Maschke U, Bedjaoui-Alachaher L. Elaboration and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymer films based on acrylate for recognition of 2,4-D herbicide analogue. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-023-01143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Gaaied S, Oliveira M, Barreto A, Zakhama A, Banni M. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) affects DNA integrity and retina structure in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85402-85412. [PMID: 35794326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the potential risk of herbicides in non-target organisms is a crucial issue for environmental safety. 2,4-D is an herbicide of high environmental relevance that has been shown to exert toxic effects to soil and aquatic biota. In the present study, we investigated the possible genotoxic and retinal development effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide in early life stages zebrafish (Danio rerio). Genotoxicity was evaluated by measuring DNA damage using the comet assay and also by the mRNA expression of genes implicated in apoptosis and/or DNA repair. Retinal development toxicity was evaluated with histological approach. The results obtained revealed that 2,4-D alters DNA integrity of zebrafish larvae. Moreover, transcriptomic data showed a significant induction of p-53 and casp-3 genes and a significant decrease of lig-4 in larvae exposed to the highest tested concentration of 2,4-D (0.8 mg/L). This suggested that p-53 gene regulates the process of DNA repair and apoptosis with increased levels of 2,4-D. The histopathological analysis revealed that early exposure to 2,4-D damaged the structure of larvae retina. Overall, this study is the first to report the DNA damage, casp-3, lig-4 and p-53 regulation, as well as the ocular developmental toxicity in zebrafish larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations of 2,4-D herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gaaied
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology "LR02AGR21", ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Angela Barreto
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Abdelfattah Zakhama
- Department of Pathology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology "LR02AGR21", ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
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Da Silva AP, Morais ER, Oliveira EC, Ghisi NDC. Does exposure to environmental 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations increase mortality rate in animals? A meta-analytic review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119179. [PMID: 35314208 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is an auxinic herbicide widely used in agriculture that is effective in controlling weeds. It is directly applied to the soil, to ponds or sprayed onto crops; thus, it can progressively accumulate in environmental compartments and affect non-target organisms. The aim of the present meta-analytic review is to investigate the toxic effects of 2,4-D, based on a compilation of results from different studies, which were synthesized to form a statistically reliable conclusion about the lethal effect of potentially ecological concentrations of 2,4-D in several animal species. The search was carried out in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. After the selection process was over, 87 datasets were generated and analyzed. The overall effect has indicated significant increase in the mortality rate recorded for animals exposed to environmental concentrations of 2,4-D compared to the control in the experiment (unexposed animals). The segregation of animals into taxonomic categories has shown that fish and birds presented higher mortality rates after exposure to the investigated substance. The present meta-analysis indicated larval and adult animals were susceptible among the ontogenetic development stages. Juvenile individuals exposed to different 2,4-D concentrations did not show significant difference in comparison to the control. Organisms exposed to 2,4-D immersion were the most impacted compared to those exposed by oral, spray and contact. Animals subjected to commercial formulation presented higher mortality rate than the analytical standard. Thus, 2,4-D can, in fact, increase mortality rate in animals, but it depends on species sensitivity, life stage and exposure route. This is the first meta-analytical study evaluating the mortality rate after 2,4-D exposure in several animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, S/n, Km 04, CEP:85660-000, Caixa Postal 157, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
| | - Elizete Rodrigues Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, S/n, Km 04, CEP:85660-000, Caixa Postal 157, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
| | - Elton Celton Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, S/n, Km 04, CEP:85660-000, Caixa Postal 157, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
| | - Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, S/n, Km 04, CEP:85660-000, Caixa Postal 157, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
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10
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Nanni W, Porto GDS, Pereira JNB, Gonçalves ARN, Marinsek GP, Stabille SR, Favetta PM, Germano RDM, Mari RDB. Evaluation of myenteric neurons in the colon of rats exposed to 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:421-429. [PMID: 35440284 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2064674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the enteric nervous system provides a better understanding of the effects that contaminants can have on the health and well-being of organisms. It has been reported that 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a highly persistent herbicide in the environment that is responsible for neurotoxic changes in different myenteric neuronal subpopulations. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2,4-D on myenteric neurons in the colon of Rattus norvegicus for the first time. A dose of 2,4-D (5 mg/kg/day) was administered to the experimental group (2,4-D) for 15 days. Then, the proximal colon was collected and submitted to Giemsa and NADPH-d histochemical techniques for the disclosure of total and nitrergic neurons. The 2,4-D group presented a higher density of total neurons (p = 0.05, t-test), which together with the maintenance of nitrergic neuronal density, may be related to the increase in the expression of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by colocalization, responsible for stimulating the intestinal smooth muscle and increasing the chances of the expulsion of the harmful content present in the lumen. Over 15 days, the neurotoxic effects of 2,4-D in the myenteric plexus influenced an increase in the general population of myenteric neurons in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Nanni
- Post-graduate Programme in Animal Science, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gisele da Silva Porto
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Regina Stabille
- Post-graduate Programme in Animal Science, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo de Melo Germano
- Post-graduate Programme in Animal Science, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata de Britto Mari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang X, Wang J, Li Y, Li X, Zheng Y, Arif M, Ru S. Environmental relevant herbicide prometryn induces developmental toxicity in the early life stages of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) and its potential mechanism. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 243:106079. [PMID: 35065453 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides have been widely detected in marine environments because of their extensive usage in agriculture, but their impact on marine organisms is unclear. In this study, marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos were exposed to 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L prometryn, one of the most detected triazine herbicides, to investigate its potential effects. The results showed that 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L prometryn not only induced yolk sac shrinkage and heart malformations, but also significantly delayed the hatching time and increased the heart rate and hatching failure rate of embryos. Moreover, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L prometryn caused obvious malformations and decreased the body length of the newly hatched larvae. After 21 d of exposure, increased larval death rate, decreased body length and width, and higher lipid accumulation were observed in the larvae from all prometryn groups. Furthermore, prometryn exposure upregulated the expression levels of cardiac development-related genes GATA, COX, ATPase, SmyD1, EPO, FGF8, NKX2, and BMP4 in the larvae. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 10 μg/L prometryn upregulated 604 genes, and the topmost pathways of differentially expressed genes were the complement and coagulation cascades and AMPK signaling pathways. qPCR results confirmed that prometryn exposure significantly increased the expression levels of the complement and coagulation cascade genes f2, f5, c3, and c5. This study demonstrated that environmentally relevant concentrations of prometryn induced significant toxicity in the early life stages of marine medaka. Therefore, the health risks of herbicides to marine organisms are of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yuejiao Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuqi Zheng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Freitas IBF, Ogura AP, Cunha DGF, Cossolin AS, Ferreira MDS, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG. The Longitudinal Profile of a Stream Contaminated With 2,4-D and its Effects on Non-Target Species. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:131-141. [PMID: 34797381 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides can cause harmful effects to aquatic communities, even at concentrations below the threshold limit established as guidelines for the water bodies by environmental agencies. In this research, an input of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (i.e., 2,4-D) was simulated under controlled conditions in a 500-m-long reach of a first-order tropical stream in Southeastern Brazil. Two water samplings at eight stations investigated the stream longitudinal contamination profile. The ecotoxicological effects were analyzed using Eruca sativa L. seed germination assays and the acute and chronic toxicity tests with the neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Physicochemical parameters of water quality were evaluated to characterize the study area and quantify 2,4-D concentrations along the stream to assess pesticide retention. The 2,4-D concentration was reduced by approximately 50% downstream in the samplings, indicating that the herbicide was retained along the stream. Moreover, C. silvestrii reproduction in long-term assays decreased approximately 50% in the stations with higher concentrations of 2,4-D than the laboratory control. After contamination, E. sativa L. showed a lower average root growth (1.0 cm), statistically different from the control (2.2 cm). On the other hand, similar growth values were obtained among the background and the most downstream stations. Our study highlighted the relevance of reviewing and updating herbicide guidelines and criteria to prevent possible ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabele Baima Ferreira Freitas
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Cossolin
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo de Souza Ferreira
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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13
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Zhou J, Li H, Wang F, Wang H, Chai R, Li J, Jia L, Wang K, Zhang P, Zhu L, Yang H. Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy-related proteins as well as the protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in neonatal rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:2454-2466. [PMID: 34464015 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has neurotoxic effects, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, a 2,4-D (75 mg/kg. b.w) exposure model was established in SD rats with colostrum. Lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg b.w) was used as the positive control, and Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP, 50 mg/kg b.w) was used as an intervention factor to explore the neurotoxic effect of 2,4-D and the neuroprotective effect of LBP. Our research results show that 2,4-D causes a decrease in the number of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells and pyknosis in nuclei with a triangular or irregular shape and that rats show signs of anxiety or depression. In rat serum, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity decreased, while malondialdehyde content increased. Protein and mRNA levels of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and p62 increased, while those of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin-1 decreased in hippocampal tissues. In conclusion, 2,4-D increased the oxidative stress level, induced neuroinflammatory response, and decreased the autophagy level in experimental rats. LBP may have upregulated the autophagy level in the body by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, thus playing a neuroprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Faxuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hengquan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ru Chai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiangping Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Leina Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pengju Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lingqin Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Kaur G, Verma R, Mukhopadhyay CS, Sethi R. Elevated pulmonary levels of Axin2 in mice exposed to herbicide 2,4-D with or without endotoxin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22912. [PMID: 34463001 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a member of the phenoxy family of herbicides is commonly used in agriculture for controlling broadleaf weeds but its uncontrolled and incoherent use has been linked to incidences of lung toxicity. The present study aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the 2,4-D alone or in combination with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) induced pulmonary toxicity. Blood and lung samples were collected from Swiss albino mice (n = 48) following chronic exposure to high (37 mg/kg; 1/10th of LD50 ) and low (18.5 mg/kg; 1/20th of LD50 ) doses of 2,4-D alone or in combination with endotoxin (80 µg/animal). Transcriptome analysis revealed Wnt Canonical signaling as one of the top dysregulated pathways in mice lung following exposure to 2,4-D with and without endotoxin (LPS) co-exposure. Global view of differentially expressed genes showed increased messenger RNA expression of Axin2 by 0.26, 2.58, 3.14, 2.59, and 2.97 folds following exposure to LPS, high dose alone or in combination with LPS and low dose alone or in combination with LPS, respectively. The microarray data were validated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the plasma concentration of Axin2 was elevated in the high dose group as revealed by Sandwich ELISA. The data taken together suggest a role of Axin2 to activate the Canonical Wnt signaling pathway in 2,4-D and or endotoxin-induced lung damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurvinder Kaur
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ramneek Verma
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Chandra Shekhar Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ramsaran Sethi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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15
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Carles L, Martin-Laurent F, Devers M, Spor A, Rouard N, Beguet J, Besse-Hoggan P, Batisson I. Potential of preventive bioremediation to reduce environmental contamination by pesticides in an agricultural context: A case study with the herbicide 2,4-D. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125740. [PMID: 33848793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems with pesticides is linked to the non-negligible proportion of the sprayed active ingredient that does not reach its intended target and contaminates environmental compartments. Here, we have implemented and provided new insights to the preventive bioremediation process based on the simultaneous application of the pesticide with pesticide-degrading microorganisms to reduce the risk of leaching into the environment. This study pioneers such a practice, in an actual farming context. The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide (2,4-D) and one of its bacterial mineralizing-strains (Cupriavidus necator JMP134) were used as models. The 2,4-D biodegradation was studied in soil microcosms planted with sensitive (mustard) and insensitive (wheat) plants. Simultaneous application of a 2,4-D commercial formulation (DAM®) at agricultural recommended doses with 105 cells.g-1 dw of soil of the JMP134 strain considerably accelerated mineralization of the herbicide since its persistence was reduced threefold for soil supplemented with the mineralizing bacterium without reducing the herbicide efficiency. Furthermore, the inoculation of the Cupriavidus necator strain did not significantly affect the α- and β-diversity of the bacterial community. By tackling the contamination immediately at source, the preventive bioremediation process proves to be an effective and promising way to reduce environmental contamination by agricultural pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Carles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Fabrice Martin-Laurent
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marion Devers
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Aymé Spor
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nadine Rouard
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jérémie Beguet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pascale Besse-Hoggan
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Batisson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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16
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Anton BJ, Dehnert GK, Karasov WH. Subchronic impacts of 2,4-D herbicide Weedestroy®AM40 on associative learning in juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105909. [PMID: 34273773 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic herbicides are commonly used to control a wide variety of invasive and nuisance plants. One common active ingredient used in commercial herbicide formulations in Midwestern states is 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Due to the stability of 2,4-D in aquatic environments, many non-target aquatic species experience prolonged exposure throughout critical developmental life stages that can affect essential behaviors. However, the impacts of 2,4-D exposure on learning behaviors in juvenile fish are poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a series of experiments using a maze environment to determine the effects of a commercial 2,4-D amine salt herbicide formulation (Weedestroy®AM40; WAM40; at 0.00, 0.50, 2.00, and 50.00 mg/L 2,4-D acid equivalent (a.e.)) exposure on juvenile yellow perch's ability to perform a feed associated learning behavior. We observed a significant decrease in the ability of yellow perch to correctly complete the feed associated learning behavior within 200 s when exposed to WAM40 at 2.00 and 50.00 mg/L 2,4-D as compared to controls (p = 0.0002; p < 0.0001, respectively) and within 600 s when exposed to WAM40 at 2.00 and 50.0 mg/L 2,4-D as compared to the controls (p = 0.0107 and p < 0.0001). These data suggest that exposure to 2,4-D in WAM40 can both increase the amount of time it takes for yellow perch to complete a feed associated learning behavior and/or obstruct the behavior altogether. Further experiments showed no significant decreases in locomotion (p > 0.05), hunger motivation (p > 0.05), and a visually guided startle response (p > 0.05), in all treatment groups tested as compared to controls. This suggests that 2,4-D in WAM40 does not inhibit feed associated learning behaviors via interaction with these mechanisms. Altogether, the results indicate that the use of 2,4-D herbicides for weed control in aquatic ecosystems could present risks to cognitive functions that control essential behaviors of yellow perch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Anton
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Gavin K Dehnert
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William H Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Kumar S, Mehta D, Chaudhary S, Chaudhary GR. Pr@Gd2O3 nanoparticles: An effective fluorescence sensor for herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dehnert GK, Freitas MB, Sharma PP, Barry TP, Karasov WH. Impacts of subchronic exposure to a commercial 2,4-D herbicide on developmental stages of multiple freshwater fish species. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127638. [PMID: 32828049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Invasive, nuisance aquatic species such as Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) are rapidly spreading across the United States. One common active ingredient used to control this invasive species is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Application of 2,4-D to aquatic environments typically occurs while many freshwater fish are spawning and due to 2,4-D stability in aquatic environments, many non-target species experience prolonged exposure throughout embryogenesis and larval development. The impacts of 2,4-D exposure on phylogenetically distant fish species is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the impacts of the 2,4-D commercial herbicide DMA4®IVM on nine freshwater fish species from six different families (four orders) at different points during ontogeny. Each species was exposed to ecologically relevant concentrations of a commercial 2,4-D herbicide (0.05, 0.50, and 2.00 ppm or mg/L 2,4-D a. e.), and effects on morphology, survival, and growth were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that exposure of embryonic and larval fish to ecologically relevant concentrations of a commercial 2,4-D herbicide reduced survival in early developmental stages of six freshwater species that spanned five phylogenetic families and three phylogenetic orders; however, sensitivity to 2,4-D exposure did not show correlation with phylogenetic proximity. Altogether, our results indicate that the use of 2,4-D herbicides in aquatic ecosystems at current recommended concentrations (≤2 ppm whole-lake treatment) could present risk to multiple freshwater fish species survival during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin K Dehnert
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Mariella B Freitas
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Vicosa - Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Terence P Barry
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William H Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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19
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Zuanazzi NR, Ghisi NDC, Oliveira EC. Analysis of global trends and gaps for studies about 2,4-D herbicide toxicity: A scientometric review. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125016. [PMID: 31683446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a herbicide that is used worldwide in agricultural and urban activities to control pests, reaching natural environments directly or indirectly. The research on 2,4-D toxicology and mutagenicity has advanced rapidly, and for this reason, this review summarizes the available data in Web of Science (WoS) to provide insights into the specific characteristics of 2,4-D toxicity and mutagenicity. Contrary to traditional reviews, this study uses a new method to quantitatively visualize and summarize information about the development of this field. Among all countries, the USA was the most active contributor with the largest publication and centrality, followed by Canada and China. The WoS categories 'Toxicology' and 'Biochemical and Molecular Biology' were the areas of greatest influence. 2,4-D research was strongly related to the keywords glyphosate, atrazine, water and gene expression. The studies trended to be focused on occupational risk, neurotoxicity, resistance or tolerance to herbicides, and to non-target species (especially aquatic ones) and molecular imprinting. In general, the authors have worked collaboratively, with concentrated efforts, allowing important advances in this field. Future research on 2,4-D toxicology and mutagenicity should probably focus on molecular biology, especially gene expression, assessment of exposure in human or other vertebrate bioindicators, and pesticide degradation studies. In summary, this scientometric analysis allowed us to make inferences about global trends in 2,4-D toxicology and mutagenicity, in order to identify tendencies and gaps and thus contribute to future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natana Raquel Zuanazzi
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 4, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Brazil.
| | - Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná - Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Estrada para (Road to) Boa Esperança, km 4, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Brazil.
| | - Elton Celton Oliveira
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos (UTFPR-DV), Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 4, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, Brazil.
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Turbidity matters: differential effect of a 2,4-D formulation on the structure of microbial communities from clear and turbid freshwater systems. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02221. [PMID: 31463387 PMCID: PMC6710492 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of AsiMax 50®, a commercial formulation of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), on the structure of both micro + nano phytoplankton (>2 μm; species composition and abundance) and cytometric populations (photosynthetic picoplankton (PPP, 0.2–2 μm), which included prokaryotic phycocyanin-rich picocyanobacteria (PC-Pcy), phycoerythrin-rich picocyanobacteria (PE-Pcy) and eukaryotic phototrophs (PEuk); and bacterioplankton (HB), heterotrophic bacteria), using a microcosms-based approach and a single 7-day exposure. Assays were performed on two different microbial assemblages sampled from freshwater bodies of two contrasting turbidity status: clear (chlorophyll a = 7.6 μgL-1, turbidity = 1 NTU) and organic turbid systems (chlorophyll a = 25.0 μgL-1, turbidity = 9 NTU). For each system, the herbicide was applied to 500 mL-Erlenmeyer flasks, at seven concentration levels of the active ingredient (a.i.): 0 (control = no addition), 0.02, 0.2, 2, 20, 200 and 2,000 mg a.i.L−1. The impact of AsiMax 50® seemed to be greater in the turbid system. In this system, total abundance of living (live) micro + nano phytoplankton showed a significant increase at lower concentrations and data were fitted to a humped-shaped curve. For both clear and organic turbid systems, micro + nano phytoplankton decreased in species richness and abundance at higher herbicide concentrations. These results suggest that 2,4-D may mimic hormonal function. Some species, such as Ochromonas sp. and Chlamydomonas sp., showed different responses to herbicide exposure between water systems. In the turbid system, the increase in abundance of the PPP fraction observed at 7-d exposure was probably due to either an increase in PE-Pcy (thus suggesting the existence of auxin pathways) or a reduction in competitive pressure by micro + nano plankton. Our results provide some evidence of the importance of using community-scale approaches in ecotoxicological studies to predict changes in freshwater ecosystems exposed to a 2,4-D-based formulation. However, caution must be taken when extrapolating these effects to real scenarios, as assays were based on a laboratory microcosm experiment.
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21
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Giddings J, Habig C. Subchronic Toxicity of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) to Early Life Stages of Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1380-1381. [PMID: 31251844 PMCID: PMC6851986 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cliff Habig
- Compliance Services International, Lakewood, WA, USA
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22
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Dehnert GK, Freitas MB, De Quattro ZA, Barry T, Karasov WH. Effects of Low, Subchronic Exposure of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-d) and Commercial 2,4-d Formulations on Early Life Stages of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1382-1385. [PMID: 31251846 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin K Dehnert
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mariella B Freitas
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Zachary A De Quattro
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Terence Barry
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William H Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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23
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Dehnert GK, Karasov WH, Wolman MA. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid containing herbicide impairs essential visually guided behaviors of larval fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 209:1-12. [PMID: 30684730 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic herbicides are used worldwide to eradicate nuisance and invasive plants despite limited knowledge of their toxicity to non-target organisms. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common active ingredient in commercial herbicide formulations, which triggers plant cell death by mimicking the plant-specific hormone auxin. Application practices of 2,4-D commercial herbicides typically coincide with yearly freshwater fish spawning periods. This practice exposes fish to xenobiotics at their vulnerable larval stages. The full impacts of 2,4-D on larval fish remains poorly understood, and hence, whether it may alter larval survival, larval behavior, fish populations, and ecosystem dynamics. In the present study, we exposed embryonic and larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) to the active ingredient 2,4-D (pure 2,4-D) or a 2,4-D containing commercial herbicide DMA4®IVM (DMA4) and evaluated morphology, survival, behavior, and nervous system function. At 2,4-D concentrations producing no overt morphological defects during embryonic or early larval stages, we observed reduced survival throughout a 21-day larval assay (4-8 ppm DMA4 and 0.75-4 ppm pure 2,4-D). Notably, prey capture, a behavior essential to survival, was reduced in 2,4-D-exposed larval zebrafish (4-8 ppm DMA4 and 0.75-4 ppm pure 2,4-D) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) (4-20 ppm DMA4). In zebrafish, 8 ppm DMA4 exposure reduced prey capture when exposure was restricted to the period of visual system development. Consistent with these results, larval zebrafish exposed to 8 ppm DMA4 showed reduced neural activity within the optic tectum following prey exposure. Together, our results suggest that 2,4-D alters the development and function of neural circuits underlying vision of larval fish, and thereby reduces visually guided behaviors required for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin K Dehnert
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William H Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marc A Wolman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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