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Coelho NDS, Menezes HC, Cardeal ZDL. Development of new PDMS in tube extraction microdevice for enhanced monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in water. Talanta 2024; 281:126882. [PMID: 39298806 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an urgent environmental concern, given its atmospheric dispersion and deposition in water bodies and soils. These compounds and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives, which can exhibit high toxicities, are prioritized in environmental analysis contexts. Amid the demand for precise analytical techniques, comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GCxGC/Q-TOFMS) has emerged as a promising tool, especially in the face of challenges like co-elution. This study introduces an innovation in the pre-concentration and detection of PAHs using an extraction fiber based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), offering greater robustness and versatility. The proposed technique, termed in-tube extraction, was developed and optimized to effectively retain PAHs and their derivatives in aqueous media, followed by GCxGC/Q-TOFMS determination. Fiber characterization, using techniques such as TG, DTG, FTIR, and SEM, confirmed the hydrophobic compounds retention properties of the PDMS. The determination method was validated, pointing to a significant advancement in the detection and analysis of PAHs in the environment, and proved effective even for traces of these compounds. The results showed that the detection limits (LOD) and quantification limits (LOQ) ranged from 0.07 ng L-1 to 1.50 ng L-1 and 0.33 ng L-1 to 6.65 ng L-1, respectively; recovery ranged between 72 % and 117 %; and the precision intraday and interday ranged from 1 % to 20 %. The fibers were calibrated in the laboratory, with exposure times for analysis in the equilibrium region ranging from 3 to 10 days. The partition coefficients between PDMS and water were also evaluated, showing logarithm values ranging from 2.78 to 5.98. The fibers were applied to the analysis of real water samples, demonstrating high capacity. Additionally, given the growing demand for sustainable methods, the approach presented here incorporates green chemistry principles, providing an efficient and eco-friendly solution to the current chemical analysis scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan de Souza Coelho
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Costa Menezes
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Zenilda de Lourdes Cardeal
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Lei P, Chen M, Rong N, Tang W, Zhang H. A passive sampler for synchronously measuring inorganic and organic pollutants in sediment porewater: Configuration and field application. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:201-212. [PMID: 37923430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In situ measurement of multiple pollutants coexisting in sediment porewater is an essential step in comprehensively assessing the bioavailability and risk of pollutants, but to date, this needs to be better developed. In this study, a passive sampler, consisting of an "I-shaped" supporting frame and inorganic/organic sampling units, incorporating equilibrium dialysis theory and kinetic/equilibrium sorption principle, was developed for the synchronous measurement of inorganic (e.g., phosphorus and metal(loid)s) and organic pollutants (e.g., parent and substituted PAHs). The equilibrium time and sampling rates were explored in laboratory tests to support in situ application. Profiles of pollutants in porewater within a vertical resolution of centimeters, i.e., 1 cm and 2 cm for inorganic and organic pollutants, respectively, were obtained by field deployment of the sampler for further estimation of diffusive fluxes across the sediment-water interface. The results suggested that the role of sediments for a specific pollutant may change (e.g., from "sink" to "source") during the sampling time. This study demonstrated the feasibility of synchronous measurement of inorganic and organic pollutants in sediment porewater by the passive sampler. In addition, it provided new insight for further investigation into the combined pollution effects of various pollutants in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lei
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Mingying Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nan Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Wenzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Garza-Rubalcava U, Smith AV, Thomas C, Mills MA, Jackson WA, Reible DD. Long-term monitoring and modeling of PAHs in capped sediments at the Grand Calumet River. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121633. [PMID: 37075922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of a cap for remediation of sediments requires long-term monitoring because of the slow migration of contaminants in porous media. In this study, coring and passive sampling tools were used to assess the transport and degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an amended cap (sand + Organoclay® PM-199) in the Grand Calumet River (Indiana, USA) during four sampling events from 2012 to 2019. Measurements of three PAHs (phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), representing low, medium, and high molecular weight compounds, respectively) showed a difference of at least two orders of magnitude between bulk concentrations in the native sediments and the remediation cap. Averages of pore water measurements also showed lower levels in the cap respective to the native sediments by a factor of at least 7 for Phe and 3 for Pyr. In addition, between the baseline (BL), which corresponds to observations from 2012 to 2014, and the measurements in 2019, there was a decrease in depth-averaged pore water concentrations of Phe (C2019/CBL=0.20-0.07+0.12 in sediments and 0.27-0.10+0.15 in cap) and Pyr (C2019/CBL=0.47-0.12+0.16 in sediments and 0.71-0.20+0.28 in the cap). In the case of BaP in pore water, no change was observed in native sediments (C2019/CBL=1.0-0.24+0.32) and there was an increase in the cap (C2019/CBL=2.0-0.54+0.72). Inorganic anions and estimates of pore water velocity along with measurements of PAHs were used to model the fate and transport of contaminants. The modeling suggested that degradation of Phe (t1/2=1.12-0.11+0.16 years) and Pyr (t1/2=5.34-1.8+5.3 years) in the cap is faster than migration, thus the cap is expected to be protective of the sediment-water interface indefinitely for these constituents. No degradation was noted in BaP and the contaminant is expected to reach equilibrium in the capping layer over approximately 100 years if there exists sufficient mass of BaP in the sediments and there is no deposition of clean sediment at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex V Smith
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, USA
| | | | | | - W Andrew Jackson
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, USA
| | - Danny D Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, USA.
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Wang S, Lao W, Li H, Guo L, You J. Assessing bioaccumulation potential of sediment associated fipronil degradates in oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus based on passive sampler measured bioavailable concentration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160514. [PMID: 36442630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The degradates of fipronil have equivalent or even more toxicity to non-target aquatic invertebrates. To assess their environmental risks, information of bioaccumulation is required. Currently, little is known about the bioaccumulative property of fipronil degradates in sediment, while it is well known that passive sampler may measure bioavailable concentration (Cfree) which links with the environmental effect more tightly than the total environment concentration. The goal of the present study was to characterize bioaccumulation potential in oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus for a fipronil degradate sulfide. The sediment organic carbon-water partition coefficient (KOC) was measured with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film passive sampler, and KOC was used to bridge the gap between biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and bioconcentration factor (BCF). The bioavailable concentration (Cfree)-based KOC values were 5371 ± 152 and 5013 ± 152 (mL/g OC) for fipronil sulfide (FSI) and sulfone (FSO), respectively. Since the two fipronil degradates were produced continuously in sediment by the parent compound, the time-weighted-average (TWA) concentration of FSI in the sediment was estimated from a bioassay with L. variegatus to calculate BSAF value (0.581 ± 0.211 g OC/g lipid) and BCF (3046 ± 1103 or log 3.48 ± 0.16 mL/g). This approach is able to estimate the Cfree-based KOC and BCF values of fipronil degradate in sediment with ongoing degradation of the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhui Wang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, 511443; State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China, 610500.
| | - Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coast Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California, United States, 92626
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, 511443.
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China, 610500
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, 511443
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Mohammed R, Zhang ZF, Hu YH, Jiang C, He ZQ, Wang WJ, Li YF. Temporal-spatial variation, source forensics of PAHs and their derivatives in sediment from Songhua River, Northeastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4031-4043. [PMID: 34820731 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The distribution patterns and health risk assessment of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs), and regular 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment from the Songhua River in northeastern China were investigated in this research. During dry seasons, concentrations of 16 USEPA priority PAHs, OH-PAHs, and NPAHs were extremely high, with average values of 1220 ± 288, 317 ± 641, 2.54 ± 3.98, and 12.2 ± 22.1 ng/g (dry weight, dw). The dry period level was confirmed to be 4 times greater than the wet period concentration. Modeling with positive matrix factorization (PMF) and estimation of diagnostic isomeric ratios were applied for identifying sources, according to the positive matrix factorization model: vehicle emissions (38.1%), biomass burning (25%), petroleum source (23.4%), and diesel engines source (13.5%) in wet season as well as wood combustion (44.1%), vehicle source (40.2%), coke oven (10.8%), and biomass burning (4.9%) in the dry season. The greatest seasonal variability was attributed to high molecular weight compounds (HMW PAHs). BaP was confirmed to be 81% carcinogenic in this study, which offers convincing proof of the escalating health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Mohammed
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Polar Academy, Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China.
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Polar Academy, Harbin, 150090, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Ying-Hua Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Harbin, 150028, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Harbin, 150028, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang He
- Heilongjiang Pony Testing Technical Co.,Ltd, Harbin, 150028, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Heilongjiang Pony Testing Technical Co.,Ltd, Harbin, 150028, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Polar Academy, Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
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6
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Lotufo GR, Michalsen MM, Reible DD, Gschwend PM, Ghosh U, Kennedy AJ, Kerns KM, Rakowska MI, Odetayo A, MacFarlane JK, Yan S, Bokare M. Interlaboratory Study of Polyethylene and Polydimethylsiloxane Polymeric Samplers for Ex Situ Measurement of Freely Dissolved Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Sediment Porewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1885-1902. [PMID: 35512673 PMCID: PMC9545451 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the precision and accuracy of multilaboratory measurements for determining freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree ) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment porewater using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polymeric samplers. Four laboratories exposed performance reference compound (PRC) preloaded polymers to actively mixed and static ex situ sediment for approximately 1 month; two laboratories had longer exposures (2 and 3 months). For Cfree results, intralaboratory precision was high for single compounds (coefficient of variation 50% or less), and for most PAHs and PCBs interlaboratory variability was low (magnitude of difference was a factor of 2 or less) across polymers and exposure methods. Variability was higher for the most hydrophobic PAHs and PCBs, which were present at low concentrations and required larger PRC-based corrections, and also for naphthalene, likely due to differential volatilization losses between laboratories. Overall, intra- and interlaboratory variability between methods (PDMS vs. LDPE, actively mixed vs. static exposures) was low. The results that showed Cfree polymer equilibrium was achieved in approximately 1 month during active exposures, suggesting that the use of PRCs may be avoided for ex situ analysis using comparable active exposure; however, such ex situ testing may not reflect field conditions. Polymer-derived Cfree concentrations for most PCBs and PAHs were on average within a factor of 2 compared with concentrations in isolated porewater, which were directly measured by one laboratory; difference factors of up to 6 were observed for naphthalene and the most hydrophobic PAHs and PCBs. The Cfree results were similar for academic and private sector laboratories. The accuracy and precision that we demonstrate for determination of Cfree using polymer sampling are anticipated to increase regulatory acceptance and confidence in use of the method. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1885-1902. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R. Lotufo
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | - Mandy M. Michalsen
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | - Danny D. Reible
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Philip M. Gschwend
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alan J. Kennedy
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | | | - Magdalena I. Rakowska
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Adesewa Odetayo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - John K. MacFarlane
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Songjing Yan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Mandar Bokare
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Wu Z, Lin T, Hu L, Guo T, Guo Z. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment-porewater system from the East China Sea: Occurrence, partitioning, and diffusion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112755. [PMID: 35134381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The distribution, partitioning behavior, and diffusion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within sediment-porewater system were determined in two cores obtained from the Min-Zhe coastal mud of the East China Sea (ECS). Depth profiles of apparently dissolved PAH levels exhibited greater variabilities, with their elevated levels at depth and a high abundance of two-to three-ring PAHs observed. These distribution and composition patterns were inconsistent with the corresponding sediment PAHs, indicating differences in controlling factors for PAHs present in the system. In addition to compound's hydrophobicity, low detection of heavier PAHs in porewater was possibly correlated with the sediment transport process, as indicated by a relatively high weathering ratio in southern Min-Zhe coastal mud. PAH sorption affinity to the collected core sediments exhibited a generally decreasing trend downcore, as expressed by sediment-porewater partition coefficients. This was consistent with the higher content of porewater PAHs in deep core sediment. The established sediment total organic carbon (TOC)-porewater partitioning profiles in cores were predicted with amorphous organic carbon (AOC)-, coal tar-, and TOC-based distribution models, suggesting a dominant nonlinear sorption of PAHs to AOC. Through activity determinations, PAH diffusion within porewater was elucidated, with significant upward and downward mass transfer for PAHs occurring in both cores. The upward diffusion in the core collected from northern Min-Zhe coastal mud was in significant association with sediment TOC. This suggests that sediment TOC (especially AOC)-desorption of lighter PAHs into porewater, and therefore the possibility of their participation in environmental cycling. Baseline toxicity potential and toxic unit calculations indicated a relatively low exposure risk for benthic organisms to porewater PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilan Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Limin Hu
- College of Marine Geosciences, Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tianfeng Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Logemann A, Reininghaus M, Schmidt M, Ebeling A, Zimmermann T, Wolschke H, Friedrich J, Brockmeyer B, Pröfrock D, Witt G. Assessing the chemical anthropocene - Development of the legacy pollution fingerprint in the North Sea during the last century. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119040. [PMID: 35202763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The North Sea and its coastal zones are heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities, which has resulted in significant chemical pollution ever since the beginning of the industrialization in Europe during the 19th century. In order to assess the chemical Anthropocene, natural archives, such as sediment cores, can serve as a valuable data source to reconstruct historical emission trends and to verify the effectiveness of changing environmental legislation. In this study, we investigated 90 contaminants covering inorganic and organic pollutant groups analyzed in a set of sediment cores taken in the North Seas' main sedimentation area (Skagerrak). We thereby develop a chemical pollution fingerprint that records the constant input of pollutants over time and illustrates their continued great relevance for the present. Additionally, samples were radiometrically dated and PAH and PCB levels in porewater were determined using equilibrium passive sampling. Furthermore, we elucidated the origin of lead (Pb) contamination utilizing non-traditional stable isotopic analysis. Our results reveal three main findings: 1. for all organic contaminant groups covered (PAHs, OCPs, PCBs, PBDEs and PFASs) as well as the elements lead (Pb) and titanium (Ti), determined concentrations decreased towards more recent deposited sediment. These decreasing trends could be linked to the time of introductions of restrictions and bans and therefor our results confirm, amongst possible other factors, the effectiveness of environmental legislation by revealing a successive change in contamination levels over the decades. 2. concentration trends for ΣPAH and ΣPCB measured in porewater correspond well with the ones found in sediment which suggests that this method can be a useful expansion to traditional bulk sediment analysis to determine the biologically available pollutant fraction. 3. Arsenic (As) concentrations were higher in younger sediment layers, potentially caused by emissions of corroded warfare material disposed in the study area after WW II.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Logemann
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Department of Earth Sciences, Bundesstraße 55, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Reininghaus
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Department of Engineering, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany; RWTH University Aachen, Department of Ecosystem Analysis (ESA), Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Schmidt
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Earth Sciences, Bundesstraße 55, 20146, Hamburg, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - A Ebeling
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Zimmermann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - H Wolschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - J Friedrich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Carbon Cycles, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - B Brockmeyer
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - G Witt
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Department of Engineering, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
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Burgess RM, Grossman S, Ball G, Kady T, Sprenger M, Nevshehirlian S. Evaluating sedimentary PAH bioavailability based on equilibrium partitioning and passive sampling at the Dover Gas Light Superfund Site (Dover, Delaware, USA). INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:1215-1228. [PMID: 33710767 PMCID: PMC8823283 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
From 1859 to 1948, the Dover Gas Light plant produced combustible gas for industrial, commercial, and residential applications using pine resin, coking coal, oil, and wood, and finally, a coal-gas process. Waste coal tar was discharged into the St. Jones River in Dover, Delaware (USA), via a ditch and culvert and, following plant closure in the 1940s, through groundwater flow from structures buried on the site. By the end of the 20th century, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of the sediments in the St. Jones River was suspected to have occurred, and state and federal agencies initiated environmental assessments of the newly designated Superfund site. The current study investigated the spatial distributions of total PAHs in St. Jones River sediments adjacent to the site and evaluated their bioavailability. In 2017, 34 sediment cores were collected, sectioned, and analyzed using an on-site fluorometric screening technology indicating total PAH sediment concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 15 000 mg/kg (wet). A subset of cores involving 20 samples of various depths was selected and further analyzed by conventional GC/MS analysis for 16 parent PAHs. In addition, a 34-day in situ deployment of polyethylene passive samplers was performed to measure vertical bioavailability profiles of parent PAHs in sediments at three locations and overlying waters at four stations. Freely dissolved concentrations (C free ) of total PAHs were estimated based on equilibrium partitioning (EqP) of the GC/MS results and the passive sampling findings. C free values were used to calculate acute and chronic toxic units ranging from 1.4 to 56, based on EqP and 1.3 to 15 based on passive sampling. For six samples where comparative data were available, EqP calculations overestimated bioavailability by < 2- to 54-fold. Combining rapid field measurements with more accurate analyses of sediment concentrations and bioavailability in a tiered framework supported a time-efficient and cost-effective site investigation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1215-1228. © Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Burgess
- US EPA ORD, CEMM, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Scott Grossman
- US EPA OLEM, OSRTI, Environmental Response Team, Edison, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gerald Ball
- US EPA OLEM, OSRTI, Environmental Response Team, Edison, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas Kady
- US EPA OLEM, OSRTI, Environmental Response Team, Edison, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mark Sprenger
- US EPA OLEM, OSRTI, Environmental Response Team, Edison, New Jersey, USA
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