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Luo K, Yuan X, Zuo J, Xue Y, Zhang K, Chen P, Li Y, Lin P, Wang X, Yang W, Flexas J, Yong T. Light recovery after maize harvesting promotes soybean flowering in a maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:2188-2201. [PMID: 38581688 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Moving from sole cropping to intercropping is a transformative change in agriculture, contributing to yield. Soybeans adapt to light conditions in intercropping by adjusting the onset of reproduction and the inflorescence architecture to optimize reproductive success. Maize-soybean strip intercropping (MS), maize-soybean relay strip intercropping (IS), and sole soybean (SS) systems are typical soybean planting systems with significant differences in light environments during growth periods. To elucidate the effect of changes in the light environment on soybean flowering processes and provide a theoretical basis for selecting suitable varieties in various planting systems to improve yields, field experiments combining planting systems (IS, MS, and SS) and soybean varieties (GQ8, GX7, ND25, and NN996) were conducted in 2021 and 2022. Results showed that growth recovery in the IS resulted in a balance in the expression of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in the meristematic tissues of soybeans, which promoted the formation of new branches or flowers. IS prolonged the flowering time (2-7 days) and increased the number of forming flowers compared with SS (93.0 and 169%) and MS (67.3 and 103.3%) at the later soybean flowering stage. The higher carbon and nitrogen content in the middle and bottom canopies of soybean contributed to decreased flower abscission by 26.7 and 30.2%, respectively, compared with SS. Canopy light environment recovery promoted branch and flower formation and transformation of flowers into pods with lower flower-pod abscission, which contributed to elevating soybean yields in late-maturing and multibranching varieties (ND25) in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears/Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, 07122, Spain
| | - Xiaoting Yuan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Zuo
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kejing Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiling Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Lin
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears/Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, 07122, Spain
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Eco- Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Chengdu, China
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Sun X, Zhang EZ, Yu L, Du JB, Yang WY. Nitrogen allocation for CO 2 fixation promotes nitrogen use in the photosynthetic compensation of soybean under heterogeneous light after a pre-shading. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1755-1762. [PMID: 38162920 PMCID: PMC10754808 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distribution of sunlight around plants is constantly changing in natural and farmland environments. Previous studies showed that the photosynthesis of crops responds significantly to heterogeneous light conditions in fields. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, soybean plants were treated by heterogeneous light after a pre-shading (SH-HL) to simulate the light condition in relay strip intercropping. Gas exchange and nitrogen (N) of leaves were measured to evaluate the photosynthetic performance, as well as photosynthetic N- and water-use efficiency (PNUE and PWUE). Chlorophylls (Chl) and Rubisco were analyzed as representative photosynthetic N components. Results suggest that SH-HL treated soybean exhibited evident photosynthetic compensation as the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) increased significantly in unshaded leaves, from which the export of photosynthates was enhanced. Under SH-HL, leaf N concentration remained relatively stable in unshaded leaves. While Chl concentration decreased but Rubisco concentration increased in unshaded leaves, indicating preferential allocation of leaf N for CO2 fixation. Results also showed that PNUE increased and PWUE decreased in unshaded leaves under SH-HL. Therefore, we suggest that within-leaf N allocation for CO2 fixation in unshaded leaves rather than within-plant N distribution to unshaded leaves drives the photosynthetic compensation under heterogeneous light after a pre-shading. However, enhanced water loss from unshaded leaves is a cost for efficient N-use under these conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01392-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - En-Ze Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Liang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Jun-Bo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Wen-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130 China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, 611130 China
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Raza MA, Din AMU, Zhiqi W, Gul H, Ur Rehman S, Bukhari B, Haider I, Rahman MHU, Liang X, Luo S, El Sabagh A, Qin R, Zhongming M. Spatial differences influence nitrogen uptake, grain yield, and land-use advantage of wheat/soybean relay intercropping systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16916. [PMID: 37805552 PMCID: PMC10560251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal/legume intercropping is becoming a popular production strategy for higher crop yields and net profits with reduced inputs and environmental impact. However, the effects of different spatial arrangements on the growth, grain yield, nitrogen uptake, and land-use advantage of wheat/soybean relay intercropping are still unclear, particularly under arid irrigated conditions. Therefore, in a three-year field study from 2018 to 2021, soybean was relay intercropped with wheat in different crop configurations (0.9 m, narrow strips; 1.8 m, medium strips; and 2.7 m, wide strips), and the results of intercropping systems were compared with their sole systems. Results revealed that intercrops with wide strips outperformed the narrow and medium strips, when the objective was to obtain higher total leaf area, dry matter, nitrogen uptake, and grain yield on a given land area due to reduced interspecific competition between intercrops. Specifically, at maturity, wide strips increased the dry matter accumulation (37% and 58%) and its distribution in roots (37% and 55%), straw (40% and 61%), and grains (30% and 46%) of wheat and soybean, respectively, compared to narrow strips. This enhanced dry matter in wide strips improved the soybean's competitive ability (by 17%) but reduced the wheat's competitive ability (by 12%) compared with narrow strips. Noticeably, all intercropping systems accumulated a significantly higher amount of nitrogen than sole systems, revealing that wheat/soybean relay intercropping requires fewer anthropogenic inputs (nitrogen) and exerts less pressure on the ecosystem than sole systems. Overall, in wide strips, intercropped wheat and soybean achieved 62% and 71% of sole wheat and soybean yield, respectively, which increased the greater total system yield (by 19%), total land equivalent ratio (by 24%), and net profit (by 34%) of wide strips compared to narrow strips. Our study, therefore, implies that the growth parameters, grain yields, nutrient accumulation, and land-use advantage of intercrop species could be improved with the proper spatial arrangement in cereal/legume intercropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Raza
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Atta Mohi Ud Din
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Wang Zhiqi
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hina Gul
- National Center for Industrial Biotechnology, Arid Agricultural University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sana Ur Rehman
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Birra Bukhari
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Imran Haider
- National Research Center of Intercropping, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Xue Liang
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Ayman El Sabagh
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Ruijun Qin
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
| | - Ma Zhongming
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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Chen P, Feng L, Yang F, Raza MA. Editorial: Ecological, efficient and low-carbon cereal-legume intercropping systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1273675. [PMID: 37692440 PMCID: PMC10484646 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1273675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyang Feng
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- National Research Center of Intercropping, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Su Y, Yang H, Wu Y, Gong W, Gul H, Yan Y, Yang W. Photosynthetic Acclimation of Shade-Grown Soybean Seedlings to a High-Light Environment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2324. [PMID: 37375949 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Soybean in relay intercropping is initially exposed to a shade environment, followed by exposure to full sunlight after the harvesting of primary crops, e.g., maize. Therefore, soybean's ability to acclimate to this changing light environment determines its growth and yield formation. However, the changes in soybean photosynthesis under such light alternations in relay intercropping are poorly understood. This study compared the photosynthetic acclimation of two soybean varieties with contrasting shade tolerance, i.e., Gongxuan1 (shade-tolerant) and C103 (shade-intolerant). The two soybean genotypes were grown in a greenhouse under full sunlight (HL) and 40% full sunlight (LL) conditions. Subsequently, after the fifth compound leaf expanded, half of the LL plants were transferred to a high-sunlight environment (LL-HL). Morphological traits were measured at 0 and 10 days, while chlorophyll content, gas exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence were assayed at 0, 2, 4, 7 and 10 days after transfer to an HL environment (LL-HL). Shade-intolerant C103 showed photoinhibition 10 days after transfer, and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) did not completely recover to that under a high light level. On the day of transfer, the shade-intolerant variety, C103, exhibited a decrease in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (E) in the low-light (LL) and low-light-to-high-light (LL-HL) treatments. Additionally, intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) increased in low light, suggesting that non-stomatal factors were the primary limitations to photosynthesis in C103 following the transfer. In contrast, the shade-tolerant variety, Gongxuan1, displayed a greater increase in Pn 7 days after transfer, with no difference observed between the HL and LL-HL treatments. Ten days after transfer, the shade-tolerant Gongxuan1 exhibited 24.1%, 10.9% and 20.9% higher biomass, leaf area and stem diameter than the intolerant C103. These findings suggest that Gongxuan1 possesses a higher capacity to adapt to variations in light conditions, making it a potential candidate for variety selection in intercropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Su
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yushan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wanzhuo Gong
- Crop Research Institute, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hina Gul
- National Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Yanhong Yan
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System in Southwest of China, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, China
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Xu C, Wu T, Yuan S, Sun S, Han T, Song W, Wu C. Can Soybean Cultivars with Larger Seed Size Produce More Protein, Lipids, and Seed Yield? A Meta-Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244059. [PMID: 36553799 PMCID: PMC9777928 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing soybean production and ensuring greater access to soybean protein and lipids is critical for global food security and human health. Seed size (i.e., seed weight) is one of the most important agronomic traits of soybean, which not only determines the seed yield, but can also affect the yield of protein and lipids. In China, farmers favor soybean cultivars with large seeds, which they believe produce more protein and lipids; however, experimental evidence supporting this belief is lacking. Therefore, we conducted field experiments from 2017 to 2020 at 35 locations across the Huang-Huai-Hai region (HHH) of China with 64 soybean cultivars. The seed yield, seed protein content, and seed lipids content of soybean, and their relationship with seed size were investigated. The highest seed yield (i.e., seed weight per unit area) was 2996.5 kg ha−1 in the north of HHH. However, the highest seed protein content was found in the south of HHH (42.5%) for the higher temperature, which was significantly higher than that of the middle (41.7%) and north of HHH (40.2%). In contrast, the highest seed lipids content was 20.7% in the north of HHH. Temperature, which had a path coefficient on seed yield of 0.519, can promote soybean seed yield. The correlation analysis indicated that the selection of the large seed size cultivar did not increase seed yield, and even led to a reduction of seed yield under high-yield environmental conditions. The seed protein content of soybean was not increased in the cultivars with large seed sizes. In addition, under different levels of seed lipids content (<20.30% or >20.30%), a significantly negative relationship was found between seed lipids content and hundred seed weight. Therefore, it is recommended that farmers choose to plant cultivars with smaller soybean seed sizes, so as to ensure high and stable soybean seed yield and obtain more vegetable protein and lipids per unit area.
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Wu Y, Chen P, Gong W, Gul H, Zhu J, Yang F, Wang X, Yong T, Liu J, Pu T, Yan Y, Yang W. Morphological and physiological variation of soybean seedlings in response to shade. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015414. [PMID: 36275582 PMCID: PMC9583947 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is a legume species that is widely used in intercropping. Quantitative analyses of plasticity and genetic differences in soybean would improve the selection and breeding of soybean in intercropping. Here, we used data of 20 varieties from one year artificial shading experiment and one year intercropping experiment to characterize the morphological and physiological traits of soybean seedlings grown under shade and full sun light conditions. Our results showed that shade significantly decreased biomass, leaf area, stem diameter, fraction of dry mass in petiole, leaf mass per unit area, chlorophyll a/b ratio, net photosynthetic rate per unit area at PAR of 500 μmol m-2 s-1 and 1,200 μmol m-2 s-1 of soybean seedling, but significantly increased plant height, fraction of dry mass in stem and chlorophyll content. Light × variety interaction was significant for all measured traits, light effect contributed more than variety effect. The biomass of soybean seedlings was positively correlated with leaf area and stem diameter under both shade and full sunlight conditions, but not correlated with plant height and net photosynthetic rate. The top five (62.75% variation explained) most important explanatory variables of plasticity of biomass were that the plasticity of leaf area, leaf area ratio, leaflet area, plant height and chlorophyll content, whose total weight were 1, 0.9, 0.3, 0.2, 0.19, respectively. The plasticity of biomass was positively correlated with plasticity of leaf area and leaflet area but significant negative correlated with plasticity of plant height. The principal component one account for 42.45% variation explain. A cluster analysis further indicated that soybean cultivars were classified into three groups and cultivars; Jiandebaimaodou, Gongdou 2, and Guixia 3 with the maximum plasticity of biomass. These results suggest that for soybean seedlings grown under shade increasing the capacity for light interception by larger leaf area is more vital than light searching (plant height) and light conversion (photosynthetic rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanzhuo Gong
- Crop Research Institute, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hina Gul
- National Center of Industrial Biotechnology (NCIB), PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Junqi Zhu
- Plant and Food Research, Blenheim, New Zealand
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhong Yan
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
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