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Kirchkeszner C, Petrovics N, Széles A, Koshman Y, Szabó BS, Nyiri Z, Novák M, Rikker T, Eke Z. Comprehensive study of retention influencing gas chromatographic parameters affecting linear retention indices. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1729:465052. [PMID: 38852268 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Retention in gas chromatographic systems has a central role in the identification of compounds even if detectors providing spectral information are used. But linear retention indices (LRI) of a single compound originating from multiple sources tend to vary greatly, probably due to differences in the experimental settings of the determinations. The effect of gas chromatographic parameters on LRI has been investigated using 41 compounds - previously identified from food contact plastics - and n-alkanes (n-C7-n-C40) used as reference series. As the reproducibility of LRIs under the same conditions is generally very good, the smallest changes in the settings often caused statistically significant, though irrelevant changes in the LRI values. Therefore, a multicriterial scoring-ranking system has been worked out to highlight the LRI value differences. Our results highlight that column length, heating rate, and film thickness can all be the reasons of the varying published LRI values. We also demonstrated that for the reproduction of LRI data, the chemistry (and not simply the polarity) of the stationary phase is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Kirchkeszner
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Petrovics
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aliz Széles
- Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yelena Koshman
- Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Sámuel Szabó
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Nyiri
- Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Novák
- Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Rikker
- Wessling International Research and Educational Center, Anonymus u. 6, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Eke
- Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Wessling International Research and Educational Center, Anonymus u. 6, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary.
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Mazur DM, Artaev VB, Lebedev AT. GC × GC-HRMS with complementary ionization methods in the suspect screening analysis of fragrance allergens: overwhelming or justified? Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05436-0. [PMID: 39001903 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Modern gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) allows for the analysis of complex samples, such as fragrances. However, identifying all the constituents in natural fragrance mixtures, especially allergens that need to be listed on product labels, is a significant challenge. This is primarily due to the high complexity of the sample and the fact that electron ionization, the most commonly used ionization method in GC-MS, produces numerous nonspecific fragment ions, often resulting in the absence or very low abundance of the molecular ion. These factors affect confidence in assigning the analyte. In this study, we demonstrate that the combination of GC × GC separation, with high mass resolution and accurate mass measurements, as well as chemical ionization in addition to traditional electron ionization, becomes an efficient tool for reliable qualitative analysis of a mixture containing 100 fragrance allergens, even when many of them are closely related species or isomers. The proposed approach expands the applicability of the comprehensive GC × GC-HRMS method, which includes complementary ionization techniques, from studies on anthropogenic priority pollutants and emerging contaminants to the analysis of natural products. Although targeted qualitative and quantitative analysis of allergens in the modern laboratories is well organized, GC × GC-HRMS, being a useful complement to routine quality control of volatile allergens in fragrances, definitely gives an additional contribution to the analytical cases when conventional 1D-GC-MS faces some problems or uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii M Mazur
- Department of Materials Science, MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 517182, China
| | | | - Albert T Lebedev
- Department of Materials Science, MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 517182, China.
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Karnaeva AE, Sholokhova AY. Validation of the identification reliability of known and assumed UDMH transformation products using gas chromatographic retention indices and machine learning. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142679. [PMID: 38909863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Thirty two commercially available standards were used to determine chromatographic retention indices for three different stationary phases (non-polar, polar and mid-polar) commonly used in gas chromatography. The selected compounds were nitrogen-containing heterocycles and amides, which are referred to in the literature as unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) transformation products or its assumed transformation products. UDMH is a highly toxic compound widely used in the space industry. It is a reactive substance that forms a large number of different compounds in the environment. Well-known transformation products may exceed UDMH itself in their toxicity, but most of the products are poorly investigated, while posing a huge environmental threat. Experimental retention indices for the three stationary phases, retention indices from the NIST database, and predicted retention indices are presented in this paper. It is shown that there are virtually no retention indices for UDMH transformation products in the NIST database. In addition, even among those compounds for which retention indices were known, inconsistencies were identified. Adding retention indices to the database and eliminating erroneous data would allow for more reliable identification when standards are not available. The discrepancies identified between experimental retention index values and predicted values will allow for adjustments to the machine learning models that are used for prediction. Previously proposed compounds as possible transformation products without the use of standards and NMR method were confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia E Karnaeva
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Yu Sholokhova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Uc-Cachón AH, Calvo-Irabien LM, Dzul-Beh ADJ, Dzib-Baak HE, Grijalva-Arango R, Molina-Salinas GM. Potential Anti-Infectious Activity of Essential Oil Chemotypes of Lippia origanoides Kunth on Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1172. [PMID: 38732387 PMCID: PMC11085919 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections are prevalent in healthcare and community environments. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is catalogued as a superbug of high priority among the pathogens. This Gram-positive coccus can form biofilms and produce toxins, leading to persistent infection and antibiotic resistance. Limited effective antibiotics have encouraged the development of innovative strategies, with a particular emphasis on resistance mechanisms and/or virulence factors. Medicinal aromatic plants have emerged as promising alternative sources. This study investigated the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antihemolysis properties of three different chemotypes of Lippia origanoides essential oil (EO) against susceptible and drug-resistant S. aureus strains. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed using GC-MS, revealing high monoterpene concentrations, with carvacrol and thymol as the major components in two of the chemotypes. The third chemotype consisted mainly of the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene. The MIC values for the two monoterpene chemotypes ranged from 62.5 to 500 µg/mL for all strains, whereas the sesquiterpene chemotype showed activity against seven strains at concentrations of 125-500 µg/mL, which is the first report of its anti-S. aureus activity. The phenolic chemotypes inhibited biofilm formation in seven S. aureus strains, whereas the sesquiterpene chemotype only inhibited biofilm formation in four strains. In addition, phenolic chemotypes displayed antihemolysis activity, with IC50 values ranging from 58.9 ± 3.8 to 128.3 ± 9.2 µg/mL. Our study highlights the importance of L. origanoides EO from the Yucatan Peninsula, which has the potential for the development of anti-S. aureus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Humberto Uc-Cachón
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida 97150, Yucatán, Mexico; (A.H.U.-C.); (A.d.J.D.-B.); (H.E.D.-B.)
| | - Luz María Calvo-Irabien
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97204, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Angel de Jesús Dzul-Beh
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida 97150, Yucatán, Mexico; (A.H.U.-C.); (A.d.J.D.-B.); (H.E.D.-B.)
| | - Haziel Eleazar Dzib-Baak
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida 97150, Yucatán, Mexico; (A.H.U.-C.); (A.d.J.D.-B.); (H.E.D.-B.)
| | - Rosa Grijalva-Arango
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97204, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Gloria María Molina-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida 97150, Yucatán, Mexico; (A.H.U.-C.); (A.d.J.D.-B.); (H.E.D.-B.)
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Pinto L, Cervellieri S, Netti T, Lippolis V, Baruzzi F. Antibacterial Activity of Oregano ( Origanum vulgare L.) Essential Oil Vapors against Microbial Contaminants of Food-Contact Surfaces. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:371. [PMID: 38667047 PMCID: PMC11047463 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial effect of eight essential oils' vapors against pathogens and spoilage bacteria was assayed. Oreganum vulgare L. essential oil (OVO) showed a broad antibacterial effect, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from 94 to 754 µg cm-3 air, depending on the bacterial species. Then, gaseous OVO was used for the treatment of stainless steel, polypropylene, and glass surfaces contaminated with four bacterial pathogens at 6-7 log cfu coupon-1. No viable cells were found after OVO treatment on all food-contact surfaces contaminated with all pathogens, with the exception of Sta. aureus DSM 799 on the glass surface. The antimicrobial activity of OVO after the addition of beef extract as a soiling agent reduced the Sta. aureus DSM 799 viable cell count by more than 5 log cfu coupon-1 on polypropylene and glass, while no viable cells were found in the case of stainless steel. HS-GC-MS analysis of the headspace of the boxes used for the antibacterial assay revealed 14 different volatile compounds with α-Pinene (62-63%), and p-Cymene (21%) as the main terpenes. In conclusion, gaseous OVO could be used for the microbial decontamination of food-contact surfaces, although its efficacy needs to be evaluated since it depends on several parameters such as target microorganisms, food-contact material, temperature, time of contact, and relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Federico Baruzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (S.C.); (T.N.); (V.L.)
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Gaida M, Stefanuto PH, Focant JF. Theoretical modeling and machine learning-based data processing workflows in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1711:464467. [PMID: 37871505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) has been gradually gaining prominence as a preferred method for the analysis of complex samples due to its higher peak capacity and resolution power compared to conventional gas chromatography (GC). Nonetheless, to fully benefit from the capabilities of GC × GC, a holistic approach to method development and data processing is essential for a successful and informative analysis. Method development enables the fine-tuning of the chromatographic separation, resulting in high-quality data. While generating such data is pivotal, it does not necessarily guarantee that meaningful information will be extracted from it. To this end, the first part of this manuscript reviews the importance of theoretical modeling in achieving good optimization of the separation conditions, ultimately improving the quality of the chromatographic separation. Multiple theoretical modeling approaches are discussed, with a special focus on thermodynamic-based modeling. The second part of this review highlights the importance of establishing robust data processing workflows, with a special emphasis on the use of advanced data processing tools such as, Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. Three widely used ML algorithms are discussed: Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Partial Least Square-Discriminate Analysis (PLS-DA), highlighting their role in discovery-based analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Gaida
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys Research Unit, Liège University, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys Research Unit, Liège University, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group (OBiAChem), MolSys Research Unit, Liège University, Belgium
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Bizzo HR, Brilhante NS, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Use and abuse of retention indices in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464376. [PMID: 37717451 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The value of the concept of retention indices (RI) to the practice of gas chromatography (GC) is highlighted, where the RI of a compound is one component of the strategy to identify the compound. The widespread reliance on GC and then on mass spectrometry for 'identification', may result in inadequate confirmation of molecular identity. However, RI do provide a useful tentative indication of the possible molecule(s). Thus, the RI value is a useful first measure of the molecule identity, and shown here to be valuable provided limitations are recognised. An author has a responsibility to correctly calculate the index and then use the values for (tentative) identification. Tables of reference RI values are useful in this respect, but finding an 'exact match' RI value does not confirm the identity. Hence, it is necessary to understand how the RI value may be incorrectly used in this respect. The reviewer of written research is charged with ensuring the index values are applied in a rigorous manner. Selected case studies from our own work, support the care that must be exercised when reporting RI values. In terms of advanced GC operations, mention is made of multidimensional gas chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to acquire RI values on both the first and second columns in the two-column separation experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto R Bizzo
- Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos - Avenida das Américas, 29501, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 23020-470, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970, Brazil
| | - Nathália S Brilhante
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970, Brazil
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Herrera-López MG, Richomme P, Peña-Rodríguez LM, Calvo-Irabien LM. Bee Species, Botanical Sources and the Chemical Composition of Propolis from Yucatan, Mexico. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:408-417. [PMID: 37097511 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Propolis is used by corbiculated bees to protect the bee hive; it is mostly used to seal cracks, to reduce or prevent microbial growth and to embalm invaders. Different factors have been reported to influence the chemical composition of propolis, including bee species and the flora surrounding the hive. Nevertheless, the majority of the studies are focused on propolis produced by Apis mellifera, while studies on the chemical composition of propolis produced by stingless bees are still limited. In this investigation, the chemical composition of 27 propolis samples collected in the Yucatan Peninsula from A. mellifera beehives, together with 18 propolis samples from six different species of stingless bees, were analyzed by GC-MS. Results showed that lupeol acetate and β-amyrin were the characteristic triterpenes in propolis samples from A. mellifera, while grandiflorenic acid and its methyl ester were the main metabolites present in samples from stingless bees. Multivariate analyses were used to explore the relationship between bee species and botanical sources on the chemical composition of the propolis samples. Differences in body size and, therefore, foraging abilities, as well as preferences for specific botanical sources among bee species, could explain the observed variation in propolis chemical composition. This is the first report on the composition of propolis samples from the stingless bees Trigona nigra, Scaptotrigona pectoralis, Nannotrigona perilampoides, Plebeia frontalis and Partamona bilineata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Guadalupe Herrera-López
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo , 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130,Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Pascal Richomme
- SONAS EA921, SFR4207 QUASAV, University of Angers, 42, rue Georges Morel, 49070, Beacourzé, France
| | - Luis Manuel Peña-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo , 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luz María Calvo-Irabien
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130,Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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Sun L, Zhang Z, Xia H, Zhang Q, Zhang J. Typical Aroma of Merlot Dry Red Wine from Eastern Foothill of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, China. Molecules 2023; 28:5682. [PMID: 37570652 PMCID: PMC10420285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aroma is an important aspect of wine quality and consumer appreciation. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and olfactory profiles of Merlot dry red wines from the Eastern Foothill of Helan Mountain (EFHM) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that Merlot wines from EFHM were characterized by intense flavors of drupe and tropical fruits compared with the Gansu region. Nineteen VOCs were defined as essential compounds contributing to the aroma characteristics of the Merlot wines through gas chromatography-olfactometry/mass spectrometry and odor activity value analysis. Predominantly, geranyl isovalerate, which contributed to the herbal odors of the Merlot wines, was detected in the grape wine of EFHM for the first time. The addition experiment revealed that geranyl isovalerate influenced the aroma quality of wine by increasing herbal odors and enhancing the olfactory intensities of tropical fruits. These results are helpful for further understanding the aroma of Merlot wines from EFHM and improving the quality of wine aromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (L.S.); (H.X.)
| | - Zhong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
| | - Hongchuan Xia
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (L.S.); (H.X.)
- Yinchuan Wine Industry Development Service Center, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qingchen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- School of Food and Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Cáceres M, Hidalgo W, Stashenko EE, Torres R, Ortiz C. Metabolomic Analysis of the Effect of Lippia origanoides Essential Oil on the Inhibition of Quorum Sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050814. [PMID: 37237719 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can communicate through quorum sensing, allowing them to develop different survival or virulence traits that lead to increased bacterial resistance against conventional antibiotic therapy. Here, fifteen essential oils (EOs) were investigated for their antimicrobial and anti-quorum-sensing activities using Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 as a model. All EOs were isolated from plant material via hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC/MS. In vitro antimicrobial activity was determined using the microdilution technique. Subinhibitory concentrations were used to determine anti-quorum-sensing activity by inhibition of violacein production. Finally, a possible mechanism of action for most bioactive EOs was determined using a metabolomic approach. Among the EOs evaluated, the EO from Lippia origanoides exhibited antimicrobial and anti-quorum activities at 0.37 and 0.15 mg/mL, respectively. Based on the experimental results, the antibiofilm activity of EO can be attributed to the blockage of tryptophan metabolism in the metabolic pathway of violacein synthesis. The metabolomic analyses made it possible to see effects mainly at the levels of tryptophan metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, arginine metabolism and vitamin biosynthesis. This allows us to highlight the EO of L. origanoides as a promising candidate for further studies in the design of antimicrobial compounds against bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Cáceres
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - William Hidalgo
- Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Elena E Stashenko
- Escuela de Química, Centro de Cromatografía y Espectrometría de Masas (CROM-MASS), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Claudia Ortiz
- Escuela de Microbiología y Bioanálisis, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
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Kessler JC, Vieira V, Martins IM, Manrique YA, Ferreira P, Calhelha RC, Afonso A, Barros L, Rodrigues AE, Dias MM. The potential of almonds, hazelnuts, and walnuts SFE-CO 2 extracts as sources of bread flavouring ingredients. Food Chem 2023; 417:135845. [PMID: 36924720 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuts have been part of the human diet since our early ancestors, and their use goes beyond nutritional purposes, for example, as aromatic sources for dairy products. This work explores the potential of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb), hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), and walnut (Juglans regia L.) extracts as sources of food flavouring agents, suggesting a new added-value application for lower quality or excess production fruits. The extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide and characterized by: quantification of the volatile fraction by HS-SPME GC-MS; sensory perception and description; and cytotoxicity against Vero cells. All extracts revealed potential as flavouring ingredients due to terpene abundance. No significant differences were observed for the minimal sensory perception, in which the odour threshold values ranged from 8.3 × 10-4 to 6.9 × 10-3 μg·mL-1 for walnuts and almonds extracts, respectively. In contrast, the cytotoxic potential differed significantly among the extracts, and P. dulcis extract presented lower cytotoxicity. Notes as woody, fresh, and green were identified in the volatile intensifiers obtained from the P. dulcis extract. Thus, almond extract was identified as the most promising ingredient to increase the sensory value of food products, namely bread. This potential was verified by an increase in the odour perception of bread after adding 4 μL of extract to each 100 g of bread dough. The quantified eucalyptol and d-limonene terpenes - found in the P. dulcis extract - have improved the release of the pleasant and natural volatile compounds from bread crust and crumb compared to the control bread chemical and sensory profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia C Kessler
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Vanessa Vieira
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Deifil Technology Lda., Rua do Talho 80 - Serzedelo, 4830-704 Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal.
| | - Isabel M Martins
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Yaidelin A Manrique
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Ferreira
- Deifil Technology Lda., Rua do Talho 80 - Serzedelo, 4830-704 Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo C Calhelha
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Afonso
- Deifil Technology Lda., Rua do Talho 80 - Serzedelo, 4830-704 Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal.
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Alírio E Rodrigues
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M Dias
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Horváth V, Guirao-Rico S, Salces-Ortiz J, Rech GE, Green L, Aprea E, Rodeghiero M, Anfora G, González J. Gene expression differences consistent with water loss reduction underlie desiccation tolerance of natural Drosophila populations. BMC Biol 2023; 21:35. [PMID: 36797754 PMCID: PMC9933328 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change is one of the main factors shaping the distribution and biodiversity of organisms, among others by greatly altering water availability, thus exposing species and ecosystems to harsh desiccation conditions. However, most of the studies so far have focused on the effects of increased temperature. Integrating transcriptomics and physiology is key to advancing our knowledge on how species cope with desiccation stress, and these studies are still best accomplished in model organisms. RESULTS Here, we characterized the natural variation of European D. melanogaster populations across climate zones and found that strains from arid regions were similar or more tolerant to desiccation compared with strains from temperate regions. Tolerant and sensitive strains differed not only in their transcriptomic response to stress but also in their basal expression levels. We further showed that gene expression changes in tolerant strains correlated with their physiological response to desiccation stress and with their cuticular hydrocarbon composition, and functionally validated three of the candidate genes identified. Transposable elements, which are known to influence stress response across organisms, were not found to be enriched nearby differentially expressed genes. Finally, we identified several tRNA-derived small RNA fragments that differentially targeted genes in response to desiccation stress. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results showed that basal gene expression differences across individuals should be analyzed if we are to understand the genetic basis of differential stress survival. Moreover, tRNA-derived small RNA fragments appear to be relevant across stress responses and allow for the identification of stress-response genes not detected at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Horváth
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC, UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Gabriel E Rech
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC, UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llewellyn Green
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC, UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugenio Aprea
- Agriculture Food Environment Centre (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele All'adige (TN), Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige (TN), Italy
| | - Mirco Rodeghiero
- Agriculture Food Environment Centre (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele All'adige (TN), Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige (TN), Italy
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Agriculture Food Environment Centre (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele All'adige (TN), Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige (TN), Italy
| | - Josefa González
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC, UPF, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Polito JT, Lange BM. Standard operating procedures for the comprehensive and reliable analysis of cannabis terpenes. Methods Enzymol 2023; 680:381-419. [PMID: 36710020 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are the primary determinants of cannabis flower aroma, and ongoing research tests their potential for impacting the overall experience. Frustratingly, despite the importance of terpenes in cannabis physiology and commercial uses, literature reports vary widely regarding the major constituents of volatile blends and the concentrations of individual terpenes. In this article, we provide detailed descriptions of complementary approaches that will allow researchers to determine the identity and quantity of cannabis terpenes unequivocally and reliably. These standard operating procedures will guide decisions about which method to employ to address specific analytical goals. We are including two application examples to illustrate the utility of different approaches for tackling the analysis of terpenes in cannabis flower samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Polito
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Dewey Scientific LLC, Pullman, WA, United States.
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14
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Liu R, Wu X, Zhang W, Chen Y, Fu J, Ou H. Volatile organic compounds generation pathways and mechanisms from microplastics in water: Ultraviolet, chlorine and ultraviolet/chlorine disinfection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129813. [PMID: 36063714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection in water treatments induces microplastics (MPs) to produce various derivative products, among which the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are still poorly understood. Ultraviolet (UV), chlorine and UV/chlorine disinfections were used to treat polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) in this study. Modifications were observed on the MP surfaces, including melting, cracks, folds, and even forming oxygen-containing structures, resulting in the release of a diversity of VOCs. The polymer types of MPs influenced the VOCs characteristics. PP released alkanes, alkenes and aldehydes, while PVC released alkanes, alkenes and halogenated hydrocarbons. VOCs from PS were dominated by unique aromatic alkanes, alkenes and aldehydes. These derived VOCs are generated during different disinfections with distinct mechanisms. UV-C at 254 nm induced direct scission and radical oxidation on MPs. The derived VOCs were mainly bond-breaking fragments. Chlorination relied on HOCl/OCl- electrophilic reactions, resulting fewer VOCs since C-C skeleton MPs have strong resistance to electrophilic reactions. UV/chlorination promotes the generation of chlorine radicals and hydroxyl radicals, thereby causing oxidative damage. Various oxidized VOCs, such as benzaldehyde and acetophenone, were formed. The disinfection reactions can produce various VOCs from MPs, posing potential risks to the ecological environment and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinni Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wanhui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Building Research Group Go., Ltd, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yuheng Chen
- Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jianwei Fu
- Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huase Ou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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15
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Giovannoni S, Lancioni C, Vaccarini C, Sedan D, Andrinolo D, Castells C. Determination of variability of terpenes and terpenoids in Cannabis sativa by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463669. [PMID: 36463647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Absolute content of terpenes in inflorescences of two strains of Cannabis sativa L., CAT 1 and CAT 3, has been determined. Twenty terpenes commonly present in these samples were quantified by solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (SPME/GC-FID). High amounts of β-myrcene, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, (E)-nerolidol, and linalool, were found in both strains. Lower concentrations (< 20 µg·g-1) of other terpenes were also determined. Only (E)-β-ocimene was detected at 50 µg·g-1 in CAT 3 whereas it was below the LOD in CAT 1. Concentrations of other compounds for which standards were not available, were estimated based on a response factor obtained from the calibration curves of compounds with similar chemical structures. Fingerprints of both CAT strains were obtained and the identities of most volatile compounds were assigned using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS). Additionally, an assessment of variability of terpenes was achieved by analyzing ten plants of each strain grown under controlled conditions and harvested at the same time. This variability was about 20%, considering terpenes at concentration above 20 µg·g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Giovannoni
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, (Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA), 47 y 115 (B1900AJL), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlina Lancioni
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, (Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA), 47 y 115 (B1900AJL), La Plata, Argentina; División Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 (B1900AJL), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Cristian Vaccarini
- Centro de Investigación en Medioambiente, CIM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
| | - Daniela Sedan
- Centro de Investigación en Medioambiente, CIM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
| | - Dario Andrinolo
- Centro de Investigación en Medioambiente, CIM, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata
| | - Cecilia Castells
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, (Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA), 47 y 115 (B1900AJL), La Plata, Argentina; División Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 (B1900AJL), La Plata, Argentina.
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16
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Retention Indices for Naturally-Occurring Chiral and Achiral Compounds on Common Gas Chromatography Chiral Stationary Phases. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Sholokhova AY, Grinevich OI, Matyushin DD, Buryak AK. Machine learning-assisted non-target analysis of a highly complex mixture of possible toxic unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products with chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135764. [PMID: 35863423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) is a toxic and environmentally hostile compound that was massively introduced to the environment during previous decades due to its use in the space and rocket industry. The compound forms multiple transformation products, and many of them are as dangerous as UDMH or even more dangerous. The danger includes, but is not limited to, acute toxicity, chronic health hazards, carcinogenicity, and environmental damage. UDMH transformation products are poorly investigated. In this work, the mixture formed by long storage of the waste that contained UDMH was studied. Even a preliminary screening of such a mixture is a complex task. It consists of dozens of compounds, and most of them are missing in chemical and spectral databases. The complete preparative separation of such a mixture is very laborious. We applied several methods of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and several machine learning and chemoinformatics methods to make a preliminary but informative screening of the mixture. Machine learning allowed predicting retention indices and mass spectra of candidate structures. The combination of various ion sources and a comparison of the observed with the predicted spectra and retention was used to propose confident structures for 24 compounds. It was demonstrated that neither high-resolution mass spectrometry nor mass spectral library matching is enough to elucidate the structures of unknown UDMH transformation products. At the same time, the use of machine learning and a combination of methods significantly improves the identification power. Finally, machine learning was applied to estimate the acute toxicity of the discovered compounds. It was shown that many of them are comparable to or even more toxic than UDMH itself. Such an extremely wide and still underestimated variety of easily formed derivatives of UDMH can lead to a significant underestimation of the potential hazard of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Yu Sholokhova
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia.
| | - Oksana I Grinevich
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia
| | - Dmitriy D Matyushin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia
| | - Aleksey K Buryak
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, GSP-1, 119071, Russia
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18
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Kirchkeszner C, Petrovics N, Nyiri Z, Sámuel Szabó B, Eke Z. Role of gas chromatography–single quadrupole mass spectrometry in the identification of compounds migrating from polypropylene-based food contact plastics. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Courregelongue M, Shinkaruk S, Prida A, Darriet P, Pons A. Identification and Distribution of New Impact Aldehydes in Toasted Oak Wood ( Quercus petraea). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11667-11677. [PMID: 36069166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify aroma compounds associated with the toasting intensity of oak wood (Quercus petraea). Crude organic extracts from oak wood samples (toasted at different temperature-time couples) were analyzed by a sensory-guided approach using GC-O-TOFMS, followed by purification with semipreparative HPLC (reverse phase). This approach revealed two specific odorous zones (OZs) reminiscent of metal and puff pastry. The first OZ was identified as trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal (1) by coinjection of the commercial product, whereas identification of (2E,4E,6Z)-nonatrienal (2) associated with puff pastry OZ was validated by a multistep chemical synthesis approach (Wittig reaction) followed by semipreparative HPLC purification (chiral phase). Their detection thresholds in model wine solution were 60 ng/L (1) and 16 ng/L (2). Their distribution in toasted oak wood samples [GC-NCI-MS (NH3) analysis] ranged from some ng/g to 210 ng/g for (1) and 85 ng/g for (2). Finally, additional sensory experiments demonstrated the impact of newly identified aldehydes in toasted oak wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Courregelongue
- Tonnellerie Seguin Moreau, Cognac France 16100, France
- UMR ŒNOLOGIE (OENO)─ISVV─UMR 1366─Université de Bordeaux─INRAE─Bordeaux INP, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex 33882, France
| | - Svitlana Shinkaruk
- UMR ŒNOLOGIE (OENO)─ISVV─UMR 1366─Université de Bordeaux─INRAE─Bordeaux INP, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex 33882, France
| | - Andrei Prida
- Tonnellerie Seguin Moreau, Cognac France 16100, France
| | - Philippe Darriet
- UMR ŒNOLOGIE (OENO)─ISVV─UMR 1366─Université de Bordeaux─INRAE─Bordeaux INP, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex 33882, France
| | - Alexandre Pons
- Tonnellerie Seguin Moreau, Cognac France 16100, France
- UMR ŒNOLOGIE (OENO)─ISVV─UMR 1366─Université de Bordeaux─INRAE─Bordeaux INP, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex 33882, France
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20
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Poda SB, Buatois B, Lapeyre B, Dormont L, Diabaté A, Gnankiné O, Dabiré RK, Roux O. No evidence for long-range male sex pheromones in two malaria mosquitoes. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1676-1686. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Gu X, Zhang X, Wang K, Lv X, Li R, Ma W. GC-MS Untargeted Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Four Red Grape Varieties ( Vitis vinifera L. cv) at Different Maturity Stages near Harvest. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182804. [PMID: 36140932 PMCID: PMC9497989 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape volatile compounds directly determine the aroma quality of wines. Although the aroma profile of grapes evolved greatly at different maturity stages, there were less considerations for aroma status when determining grape harvest time. In the present study, several maturation indicators, namely, sugars/acids ratio, free volatile compounds, bound volatile compounds and IBMP (3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine) content were monitored in four red wine grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L. cv Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischet, Cabernet Franc and Merlot) near harvest time (42 days) in Ningxia, China. The results showed that the highest sugars/acids ratio was reached on day 21 and day 28 for Merlot and the other three varieties, respectively. For both free and bound volatile compounds, the content of carbonyl compounds decreased continuously in the process of ripening. The contents of free alcohols, esters and terpenes increased in the ripening stage and decreased in the stage of over-ripening. The accumulation of favorable bound aroma compounds peaked at day 35. The content of IBMP presenting a green smell in all four varieties descended continuously and kept steady from day 28. Therefore, the present findings revealed that the best aroma maturity time of four studied grape varieties was later than the sugars/acids ratio in Ningxia region. Aroma maturity should be taken into account during harvest time determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Gu
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Wine Institution of Ningxia Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Wine Institution of Ningxia Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Keqing Wang
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Wine Institution of Ningxia Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xi Lv
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Wine Institution of Ningxia Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ruyi Li
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Wine Institution of Ningxia Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Wen Ma
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Wine Institution of Ningxia Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence:
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22
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Průchová K, Grégrová A, Helísková H, Kružík V, Čížková H. Enantioselective HS-SPME-GC-MS for Authentication of Natural and Synthetic Strawberry Flavour in Syrups. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/152237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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Effect of Gaseous Citral on Table Grapes Contaminated by Rhizopus oryzae ITEM 18876. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162478. [PMID: 36010478 PMCID: PMC9407198 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus oryzae is responsible for rapidly producing a deliquescent appearance in grape berries, generally favoured by cold chain interruptions. To counteract fruit spoilage and to meet consumer acceptance, innovative strategies based on the application of natural compounds are ongoing. Due to their biological activities, including antimicrobial ones, natural flavour compounds extend the shelf life and improve the nutritional value as well as the organoleptic properties of foods. Thus, in this work, the application of the antimicrobial citral, a flavor component of monoterpenes identified in plant and fruit essential oils, was developed and validated against one spoiler of R. oryzae. Citral, as pure compound, was first investigated in vitro against R. oryzae ITEM 18876; then, concentrations equal to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 4-fold MIC (4MIC) value were applied on the table grape cv Italia infected with this strain and stored. The MIC value was equal to 0.0125 μL/cm3; both citral concentrations (0.0125 and 0.05 µL/cm3) were effective in counteracting the microbial decay of infected table grapes over the storage period. The HS-SPME/GC-MS method showed citral persistence in the head space of plastic trays with the infected samples; as expected, a higher content of citral isomers was found in the sample treated with 4MIC value. In conclusion, citral revealed its efficacy to counteract the onset of soft rot by R. oryzae ITEM 18876 under storage conditions. Thus, it could be successfully exploited to develop an active packaging or natural preservatives to extend table grape shelf life without affecting its quality and sensory characteristics, whilst also satisfying the consumer demand for natural preservative agents.
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Kessler JC, Vieira V, Martins IM, Manrique YA, Ferreira P, Calhelha RC, Afonso A, Barros L, Rodrigues AE, Dias MM. Chemical and organoleptic properties of bread enriched with Rosmarinus officinalis L.: The potential of natural extracts obtained through green extraction methodologies as food ingredients. Food Chem 2022; 384:132514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Cervellieri S, Lippolis V, Mancini E, Pascale M, Logrieco AF, De Girolamo A. Mass spectrometry-based electronic nose to authenticate 100% Italian durum wheat pasta and characterization of volatile compounds. Food Chem 2022; 383:132548. [PMID: 35413754 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with mass spectrometry-based electronic nose (MS-eNose), in combination with multivariate statistical analysis was used as untargeted method for the rapid authentication of 100% Italian durum wheat pasta. Among the tested classification models, i.e. PCA-LDA, PLS-DA and SVMc, SVMc provided the highest accuracy results in both calibration (90%) and validation (92%) processes. Potential markers discriminating pasta samples were identified by HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis. Specifically, the content of a pattern of 8 out of 59 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was significantly different between samples of 100% Italian durum wheat pasta and pasta produced with durum wheat of different origins, most of which were related to different lipidic oxidation in the two classes of pasta. The proposed MS-eNose method is a rapid and reliable tool to be used for authenticating Italian pasta useful to promote its typicity and preserving consumers from fraudulent practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cervellieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lippolis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Erminia Mancini
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Francesco Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Girolamo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Oteri M, Rigano F, Micalizzi G, Casale M, Malegori C, Dugo P, Mondello L. Comparison of lipid profile of Italian Extra Virgin Olive Oils by using rapid chromatographic approaches. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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27
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Remy P, Sarrazin E, Pérès C, Dugay J, David N, Vial J. Identification of novel compounds in rose absolute with gas chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Alain Remy
- Chanel, Laboratoire Recherche et Analyses France
- LSABM, UMR CBI 8231 ESPCI Paris‐PSL Research University‐CNRS Paris France
| | | | | | - José Dugay
- LSABM, UMR CBI 8231 ESPCI Paris‐PSL Research University‐CNRS Paris France
| | | | - Jérôme Vial
- LSABM, UMR CBI 8231 ESPCI Paris‐PSL Research University‐CNRS Paris France
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28
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Kessler JC, Vieira VA, Martins IM, Manrique YA, Afonso A, Ferreira P, Mandim F, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L, Rodrigues AE, Dias MM. Obtaining Aromatic Extracts from Portuguese Thymus mastichina L. by Hydrodistillation and Supercritical Fluid Extraction with CO 2 as Potential Flavouring Additives for Food Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030694. [PMID: 35163959 PMCID: PMC8838556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Humans often respond to sensory impulses provided by aromas, and current trends have generated interest in natural sources of fragrances rather than the commonly used synthetic additives. For the first time, the resulting aroma of a selected culture of Thymus mastichina L. was studied as a potential food ingredient. In this context, dried (DR) and fresh (FR) samples were submitted to carbon dioxide (CO2) supercritical extraction (SFE) and hydrodistillation (HD) methods. The extracts were characterised according to their volatile composition by GC-MS, cytotoxicity against a non-tumour cell culture, and sensory attributes (odour threshold and olfactive descriptors). The most abundant aromas were quantified, and the analysis performed by GC-MS revealed an abundance of terpenoids such as thymol chemotype, followed by the precursors α-terpinene and p-cymene. DR and FR extracts (EX) obtained from SFE-CO2 show the highest content of thymol, achieving 52.7% and 72.5% of the isolated volatile fraction. The DR essential oil (EO) contained the highest amount of terpenoids, but it was also the most cytotoxic extract. In contrast, SFE-CO2 products showed the lowest cytotoxic potential. Regarding FR-OE, it had the lowest extraction yield and composition in aroma volatiles. Additionally, all samples were described as having green, fresh and floral sensory notes, with no significant statistical differences regarding the odour detection threshold (ODT) values. Finally, FR-EX of T. mastichina obtained by SFE-CO2 presented the most promising results regarding food application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia C. Kessler
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.K.); (V.A.V.); (Y.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (M.M.D.)
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (Mountain Research Center) (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (F.M.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Vanessa A. Vieira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.K.); (V.A.V.); (Y.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (M.M.D.)
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- DEIFIL-Deifil Technology, Serzedelo, 4839-704 Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal; (A.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Isabel M. Martins
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.K.); (V.A.V.); (Y.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (M.M.D.)
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-508-1686
| | - Yaidelin A. Manrique
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.K.); (V.A.V.); (Y.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (M.M.D.)
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Afonso
- DEIFIL-Deifil Technology, Serzedelo, 4839-704 Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal; (A.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Patrícia Ferreira
- DEIFIL-Deifil Technology, Serzedelo, 4839-704 Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal; (A.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Filipa Mandim
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (Mountain Research Center) (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (F.M.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (Mountain Research Center) (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (F.M.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (Mountain Research Center) (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (F.M.); (I.C.F.R.F.); (L.B.)
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.K.); (V.A.V.); (Y.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (M.M.D.)
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena M. Dias
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.K.); (V.A.V.); (Y.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (M.M.D.)
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Ortega-Gavilán F, García-Mesa JA, Marzal-Fernández JC, Moreno-Ballesteros FJ, Rodríguez-García FP, González-Casado A, Cuadros-Rodríguez L. Innovative and thorough practice to certify reference materials for sensory defects of olive oil. Food Chem 2022; 380:132195. [PMID: 35086013 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An important problem in the olive sector is the occasional mismatch of results obtained by different tasting panels when the same olive oil sample is analysed. These discrepancies could be minimised by using reference materials (RM) for taster training. A comprehensive protocol based on the combined use of sensory and instrumental analysis for the certification of olive oil batches as RMs, developed within the framework of the project 'Operational Group INTERPANEL', is proposed. Similarity indices (R2, cosθ and NEAR) applied on GC-MS fingerprints, allow a successful homogeneity and stability assessment of produced batches. Furthermore, the use of robust statistics combined with a set of instructions developed to remove outliers were applied with excellent results on sensory data set provided by supra-panel composed by more than 100 qualified tasters. This work is the first to provide a comprehensive protocol for certification of real olive oil samples as RM for sensory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidel Ortega-Gavilán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Antonio García-Mesa
- Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research & Training (IFAPA) "Venta del Llano", Crta. Nacional Bailén-Motril Km 18.5, E-23620 Mengíbar, Jaén, Sapin
| | - José Carlos Marzal-Fernández
- Foundation for the Promotion and Development of the Olive Grove and Olive Oil from Andalusia, GEOLIT Technological Park, C/ Sierra Morena 13a, E-23620 Mengíbar, Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco J Moreno-Ballesteros
- Regulatory Council of the Protected Designation of Origin "Sierra de Segura", Industrial Park "Llanos de Armijo" s/n, E-23360, La Puerta de Segura, Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco P Rodríguez-García
- Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research & Training (IFAPA) "Venta del Llano", Crta. Nacional Bailén-Motril Km 18.5, E-23620 Mengíbar, Jaén, Sapin
| | - Antonio González-Casado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Cuadros-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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30
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Koelmel JP, Xie H, Price EJ, Lin EZ, Manz KE, Stelben P, Paige MK, Papazian S, Okeme J, Jones DP, Barupal D, Bowden JA, Rostkowski P, Pennell KD, Nikiforov V, Wang T, Hu X, Lai Y, Miller GW, Walker DI, Martin JW, Godri Pollitt KJ. An actionable annotation scoring framework for gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. EXPOSOME 2022; 2:osac007. [PMID: 36483216 PMCID: PMC9719826 DOI: 10.1093/exposome/osac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Omics-based technologies have enabled comprehensive characterization of our exposure to environmental chemicals (chemical exposome) as well as assessment of the corresponding biological responses at the molecular level (eg, metabolome, lipidome, proteome, and genome). By systematically measuring personal exposures and linking these stimuli to biological perturbations, researchers can determine specific chemical exposures of concern, identify mechanisms and biomarkers of toxicity, and design interventions to reduce exposures. However, further advancement of metabolomics and exposomics approaches is limited by a lack of standardization and approaches for assigning confidence to chemical annotations. While a wealth of chemical data is generated by gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS), incorporating GC-HRMS data into an annotation framework and communicating confidence in these assignments is challenging. It is essential to be able to compare chemical data for exposomics studies across platforms to build upon prior knowledge and advance the technology. Here, we discuss the major pieces of evidence provided by common GC-HRMS workflows, including retention time and retention index, electron ionization, positive chemical ionization, electron capture negative ionization, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization spectral matching, molecular ion, accurate mass, isotopic patterns, database occurrence, and occurrence in blanks. We then provide a qualitative framework for incorporating these various lines of evidence for communicating confidence in GC-HRMS data by adapting the Schymanski scoring schema developed for reporting confidence levels by liquid chromatography HRMS (LC-HRMS). Validation of our framework is presented using standards spiked in plasma, and confident annotations in outdoor and indoor air samples, showing a false-positive rate of 12% for suspect screening for chemical identifications assigned as Level 2 (when structurally similar isomers are not considered false positives). This framework is easily adaptable to various workflows and provides a concise means to communicate confidence in annotations. Further validation, refinements, and adoption of this framework will ideally lead to harmonization across the field, helping to improve the quality and interpretability of compound annotations obtained in GC-HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyu Xie
- Department of Environmental Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elliott J Price
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Paul Stelben
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew K Paige
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefano Papazian
- Department of Environmental Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Facility for Exposomics, Metabolomics Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Joseph Okeme
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dinesh Barupal
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Thanh Wang
- MTM Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Xin Hu
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yunjia Lai
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Environmental Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Facility for Exposomics, Metabolomics Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (Krystal J. Godri Pollitt) and (Douglas I. Walker)
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31
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Gas chromatography of essential oil: State-of-the-art, recent advances, and perspectives. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:94-112. [PMID: 34897986 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review is an overview of the recent advances of gas chromatography in essential oil analysis; in particular, it focuses on both the new stationary phases and the advanced analytical methods and instrumentations. A paragraph is dedicated to ionic liquids as gas chromatography stationary phases, showing that, thanks to their peculiar selectivity, they can offer a complementary contribution to conventional stationary phases for the analysis of complex essential oils and the separation of critical pairs of components. Strategies to speed-up the analysis time, thus answering to the ever increasing request for routine essential oils quality control, are also discussed. Last but not least, a paragraph is dedicated to recent developments in column miniaturization in particular that based on microelectromechanical-system technology in a perspective of developing micro-gas chromatographic systems to optimize the energy consumption as well as the instrumentation dimensions. A number of applications in the essential oil field is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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32
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Radiolytic degradation of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin in water: Reactive radical species and transformation pathways. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Deep Learning Based Prediction of Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices for a Wide Variety of Polar and Mid-Polar Liquid Stationary Phases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179194. [PMID: 34502099 PMCID: PMC8430916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of gas chromatographic retention indices based on compound structure is an important task for analytical chemistry. The predicted retention indices can be used as a reference in a mass spectrometry library search despite the fact that their accuracy is worse in comparison with the experimental reference ones. In the last few years, deep learning was applied for this task. The use of deep learning drastically improved the accuracy of retention index prediction for non-polar stationary phases. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the use of deep learning for retention index prediction on polar (e.g., polyethylene glycol, DB-WAX) and mid-polar (e.g., DB-624, DB-210, DB-1701, OV-17) stationary phases. The achieved accuracy lies in the range of 16–50 in terms of the mean absolute error for several stationary phases and test data sets. We also demonstrate that our approach can be directly applied to the prediction of the second dimension retention times (GC × GC) if a large enough data set is available. The achieved accuracy is considerably better compared with the previous results obtained using linear quantitative structure-retention relationships and ACD ChromGenius software. The source code and pre-trained models are available online.
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Ruiz-Hernández V, Joubert L, Rodríguez-Gómez A, Artuso S, Pattrick JG, Gómez PA, Eckerstorfer S, Brandauer SS, Trcka-Rojas CGI, Martínez-Reina L, Booth J, Lau-Zhu A, Weiss J, Bielza P, Glover BJ, Junker RR, Egea-Cortines M. Humans Share More Preferences for Floral Phenotypes With Pollinators Than With Pests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:647347. [PMID: 34497617 PMCID: PMC8419516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.647347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the selection of floral traits usually consider pollinators and sometimes herbivores. However, humans also exert selection on floral traits of ornamental plants. We compared the preferences of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), and humans for flowers of snapdragon. From a cross of two species, Antirrhinum majus and Antirrhinum linkianum, we selected four Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs). We characterised scent emission from whole flowers and stamens, pollen content and viability, trichome density, floral shape, size and colour of floral parts. We tested the preferences of bumblebees, thrips, and humans for whole flowers, floral scent bouquets, stamen scent, and individual scent compounds. Humans and bumblebees showed preferences for parental species, whereas thrips preferred RILs. Colour and floral scent, in combination with other floral traits, seem relevant phenotypes for all organisms. Remarkably, visual traits override scent cues for bumblebees, although, scent is an important trait when bumblebees cannot see the flowers, and methyl benzoate was identified as a key attractant for them. The evolutionary trajectory of flowers is the result of multiple floral traits interacting with different organisms with different habits and modes of interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ruiz-Hernández
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lize Joubert
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Amador Rodríguez-Gómez
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Silvia Artuso
- Department of Biosciences, University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jonathan G. Pattrick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Perla A. Gómez
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Luis Martínez-Reina
- Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura y Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Josh Booth
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Lau-Zhu
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Weiss
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Pablo Bielza
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Beverley J. Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Department of Biosciences, University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography as a boosting technology in food‐omic investigations. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1592-1611. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Stephen E. Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
- GC Image Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
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Tettey JNA, Crean C, Rodrigues J, Angeline Yap TW, Lee Wendy Lim J, Shirley Lee HZ, Ching M. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: Recommended methods for the Identification and Analysis of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists in Seized Materials. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2021; 3:100129. [PMID: 33665591 PMCID: PMC7902557 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justice N A Tettey
- Laboratory and Scientific Services, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria
| | - Conor Crean
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joao Rodrigues
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Mei Ching
- Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
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Electrophysiological Responses of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata, to the Cera Trap® Lure: Exploring Released Antennally-Active Compounds. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:265-279. [PMID: 33656626 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, is a worldwide pest of agriculture able to use olfactory cues to locate habitat, food sources, mates and oviposition sites. The sensitivity of medfly olfaction has been exploited to develop olfactory-based attractants that are currently important tools for detection, control and eradication of its populations. Among these is Cera Trap® (BIOIBERICA, S.A.U.), a cost-effective bait. Here we used coupled gas chromatography/electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approaches to characterize the medfly antennally-active compounds released by this lure. We identified GC peaks corresponding to chemicals belonging to six different classes including heterocyclic aromatic compounds, aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, esters, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and aromatic alcohols. We tested ten potential candidate volatiles belonging to these classes and predicted to be emitted by the lure and found that they were eliciting electroantennographic responses in medfly adults. These results will help in unravelling the physiological mechanisms of odor perception in both sexes, especially in relation to Cera Trap® attractant activity, which in the field has been shown to be female-specific. These findings and their developments will ultimately expand the toolbox for medfly control in the field.
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Standardization of chromatographic signals - Part I: Towards obtaining instrument-agnostic fingerprints in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461983. [PMID: 33611124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the main causes for the sparse use of multivariate analytical methods in routine laboratory work is the dependency on the measuring instrument from which the analytical signal is acquired. This issue is especially critical in chromatographic equipment and results in limitations of their applicability. The solution to this problem is to obtain a standardized instrument-independent signal -or instrument-agnostic signal- regardless of the measuring instrument or of the state of the same instrument from which it has been acquired. The combined use of both internal and external standard series, allows us to have external and transferable references for the normalization of both the intensity and the position of each element of the data vector being arranged from the raw signal. From this information, a simple mathematical data treatment process is applied and instrument-agnostic signals can be secured. This paper describes and applies the proposed methodology to be followed for obtaining standardized instrumental fingerprints from two significant fractions of virgin olive oil (volatile organic compounds and triacylglycerols), obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and analysed with two temperature conditions (conventional and high-temperature, respectively). The results of both case studies show how the instrument-agnostic fingerprints obtained are coincidental, regardless of the state of the chromatographic system or the time of acquisition.
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Lee YG, Choi WS, Yang SO, Hwang-Bo J, Kim HG, Fang M, Yi TH, Kang SC, Lee YH, Baek NI. Volatile Profiles of Five Variants of Abeliophyllum distichum Flowers Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) Analysis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020224. [PMID: 33498954 PMCID: PMC7912044 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abeliophyllum distichum (Oleaceae), which is the only species in the monotypic genus and is grown only on the Korean peninsula, has a high scarcity value. Its five variants (white, pink, round, blue, and ivory) have different morphological characteristics in terms of the color of petals and sepals or shape of the fruits. Despite its high value, there has been no study on variant classification except in terms of their morphological characteristics. Thus, we performed a volatile component analysis of A. distichum flowers and multivariate data analyses to reveal the relationship between fragments emitted from five variants of A. distichum flowers with their morphological characteristics. As a result, 66 volatile components of this plant were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), showing unique patterns for each set of morphological characteristics, especially the color of the petals. These results suggest that morphological characteristics of each variant are related to the volatile composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (J.H.-B.); (H.-G.K.); (M.F.); (T.-H.Y.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Won-Sil Choi
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (S.-O.Y.)
| | - Seung-Ok Yang
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (W.-S.C.); (S.-O.Y.)
| | - Jeon Hwang-Bo
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (J.H.-B.); (H.-G.K.); (M.F.); (T.-H.Y.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Hyoun-Geun Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (J.H.-B.); (H.-G.K.); (M.F.); (T.-H.Y.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Minzhe Fang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (J.H.-B.); (H.-G.K.); (M.F.); (T.-H.Y.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (J.H.-B.); (H.-G.K.); (M.F.); (T.-H.Y.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (J.H.-B.); (H.-G.K.); (M.F.); (T.-H.Y.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Youn-Hyung Lee
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (J.H.-B.); (H.-G.K.); (M.F.); (T.-H.Y.); (S.C.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-201-2661
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Rose AR, Staretz ME, Joshi M, Wood M, Brettell TA. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of eight aminoindanes: 2-Aminoindane, N-methyl-2-, 5-methoxy-, 5-methoxy-6-methyl-, 4,5-methylenedioxy-, 5,6-methylenedioxy- and 5-iodo-2-aminoindane, and rasagiline. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9207. [PMID: 34599535 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aminoindanes are one class of many new psychoactive substances that have emerged over the last decade. Analogues of 2-aminoindane (2-AI) are being encountered in crime laboratories and analytical data for most aminoindanes are limited. Interpretation and optimization of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data will enhance reliability in characterizing aminoindanes. METHODS This study focuses on the electron ionization mass spectrometric fragmentation of eight aminoindane analogues and the gas chromatographic separation of these eight aminoindane analogues using four different column stationary phases, Rxi®-1Sil MS, Rxi®-5Sil MS, Rxi®-35Sil MS, and Rxi®-624Sil MS. Split injection (25:1) was utilized and each column had the same configuration (30 m × 25 mm × 0.25 μm), with the exception of the Rxi®-624Sil MS column (30 m × 25 mm ×1.4 μm). RESULTS Mass spectra showed strong molecular ions for all aminoindanes, except for rasagiline that produced a uniquely abundant [M - 1] ion. Other characteristic fragmentation that was present for all the aminoindanes included indane and indene ions (m/z 115-117), the tropylium ion (m/z 91), and subsequent loss of diene to produce smaller ions that followed: phenyl (m/z 77), cyclopentadienyl (m/z 65), cyclobutadienyl (m/z 51), and cyclopropenyl (m/z 39). CONCLUSIONS Separation of eight aminoindanes was optimized, and linear retention indices were determined for the compounds on four capillary columns. Based on the retention data, all eight aminoindanes were resolved on an Rxi®-624Sil MS column. Each aminoindane exhibited unique fragmentation ions in the mass spectra to distinguish between similar analogues. The results of this study will strengthen the analytical profiles of 2-AI and seven analogues, assisting forensic scientists in their analysis and identification of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Rose
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Marianne E Staretz
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Monica Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Wood
- Ocean County Sheriff's Department, Toms River, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas A Brettell
- Forensic Science Program, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, Allentown, PA, USA
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Practical Considerations in Method Development for Gas Chromatography-Based Metabolomic Profiling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1336:139-157. [PMID: 34628631 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77252-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of gas chromatography (GC) to improve method development for metabolic profiling of complex biological samples. The selection of column geometry and phase ratio impacts analyte mass transfer, which must be carefully optimized for fast analysis. Stationary phase selection is critical to obtain baseline resolution of critical pairs, but such selection must consider important aspects of metabolomic protocols, such as derivatization and dependence of analyte identification on existing databases. Sample preparation methods are also addressed depending on the sample matrix, including liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase microextraction.
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Cannabis Sativa L.: a comprehensive review on the analytical methodologies for cannabinoids and terpenes characterization. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461864. [PMID: 33422797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The global Cannabis Sativa market, including essential oils, foods, personal-care products, and medical formulations has gained much attention over the last years due to the favorable regulatory framework. Undoubtedly, the enormous interest about cannabis cultivation mainly derives from the well-known pharmacological properties of cannabinoids and terpenes biosynthesized by the plants. In this review, the most recently used analytical methodologies for detecting both cannabinoids and terpenes are described. Well-established and innovative extraction protocols, and chromatographic separations, such as GC and HPLC, are reviewed highlighting their respective advantages and drawbacks. Lastly, GC × GC techniques are also reported for accurate identification and quantification of terpenes in complex cannabis matrices.
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Zacca JJ, Giudice GH, Souza MP, Caldas LNB, Vieira ML, Machado AHL. Development and validation of analytical method for identification of new psychoactive substances using linear retention indexes and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461783. [PMID: 33340744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) are quickly developing to evade legislation, posing unprecedented challenges to public health and law enforcement authorities around the world. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a simple and reliable non-target gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical method based on linear retention indexes for the expeditious identification of NPS without the need of analytical standards. The method was optimized and validated for 22 different drugs covering ten categories: phenethylamines (amphetamine, MDMA, methamphetamine, 25CNBOMe, 2-FA, 5-MAPB), "classic" drugs (cocaine, ephedrine, THC, heroine), synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-081, AM-2201, JWH-210, MAM-2201), piperazines (o-CPP, p-CPP), tryptamines (5-MeO-MiPT), synthetic cathinones (N-ethylpentylone), synthetic opioids (U-47700), aminoindanes (5-IAI), plant-based substances (Salvinorin-A) and "other" (methiopropamine). Three figures of merit (Selectivity, Precision and Robustness) were evaluated with retention index confidence intervals ranging from 0.5 to 20.6 i.u. and relative standard deviations in the range of 0.003% to 0.027% (repeatability) and 0.02% to 0.29% (intermediate precision). A general equation for estimating linear retention index variation as a function of retention time tolerance has been derived. This result in combination with a 2III6-3 fractional factorial design allowed to conclude column polarity to be only statistically relevant factor as compared to gas flow, split ratio, injection temperature, temperature program offset and column brand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Zacca
- National Institute of Criminalistics - Brazilian Federal Police (INC/PF) - SPO Lote 7 - Setores Complementares - Brasília/DF - 70.610-902, Brazil.
| | - Gabriella H Giudice
- Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) SIA - Trecho 5 - Área Especial 57 - Bloco D - 71.205.050 - Brasília/DF, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília (IQ/UnB), P.O. Box 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Mônica P Souza
- National Institute of Criminalistics - Brazilian Federal Police (INC/PF) - SPO Lote 7 - Setores Complementares - Brasília/DF - 70.610-902, Brazil.
| | - Luíza N B Caldas
- National Institute of Criminalistics - Brazilian Federal Police (INC/PF) - SPO Lote 7 - Setores Complementares - Brasília/DF - 70.610-902, Brazil.
| | - Maurício L Vieira
- National Institute of Criminalistics - Brazilian Federal Police (INC/PF) - SPO Lote 7 - Setores Complementares - Brasília/DF - 70.610-902, Brazil.
| | - Angelo H L Machado
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília (IQ/UnB), P.O. Box 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Pluta K, Jones PRH, Drabińska N, Ratcliffe N, Carrington SD, Lonergan P, Evans ACO. The potential of volatile organic compound analysis in cervicovaginal mucus to predict estrus and ovulation in estrus-synchronized heifers. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1087-1098. [PMID: 33189280 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cervicovaginal mucus is a mixture of mucins, ions, salts, and water, the proportions of which change during the reproductive cycle. It is suspected that this mucus emits an important volatile signal indicative of the reproductive state of the female. The objective of this study was to identify volatile organic compounds (VOC) in bovine cervicovaginal mucus that are modulated during the estrous cycle and could potentially be used as biomarkers of estrus and ovulation. Cervicovaginal mucus was collected from crossbred beef heifers (n = 8), which were synchronized using an 8-d controlled internal drug release (CIDR) protocol and in which onset of estrus and time of ovulation were determined by visual observation and ultrasonography, respectively. Mucus samples were collected between 0 and 96 h after CIDR removal (estrus onset occurred at 49.1 ± 3.3 h after CIDR removal). A validation study was performed on an independent group of 15 heifers from which cervicovaginal mucus samples were collected every 8 h from 40 to 80 h after CIDR removal. The VOC in mucus were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and selected compounds were quantified using selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry. The presence of 47 VOC was detected in mucus samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with those exhibiting highest abundance including 2-butanone, acetone, 2-pentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 1-(1-methylethoxy)-2-propanone, ethanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, and 2-butanol. All VOC peaked between 24 to 47 h after the onset of estrus (ovulation occurred 26.6 ± 5.6 h after estrus onset). Two VOC, 2-pentanone and 4-methyl-2-pentanone, exhibited a significant increase at the onset of estrus, whereas concentration of 2-butanone increased significantly just after estrus onset, indicating that these VOC may be used as putative biomarkers of estrus. The results of our study may contribute to the development of a sensor device based on VOC to aid the detection of estrus and ovulation in cattle, with particular relevance for the dairy industry where the majority of females are bred by artificial insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pluta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Peter R H Jones
- Indigo Science Ltd., Ashley Down, Bristol, BS7 9JS, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Drabińska
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Frenchay, Bristol, BS16 1QY, United Kingdom; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10 Tuwima Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Frenchay, Bristol, BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Carrington
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Patrick Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alexander C O Evans
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Hewett K, Drabińska N, White P, Avison MB, Persad R, Ratcliffe N, Costello BDL. Towards the Identification of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infections Using Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis-A Pilot Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110797. [PMID: 33187091 PMCID: PMC7697827 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an unprecedented threat to modern medicine. The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from bacteria potentially offers a rapid way to determine antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria. This study aimed to find the optimal conditions to obtain the maximum number of VOCs detected which next allowed the assessment of differences in VOC profiles between susceptible and resistant isolates of Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections. The analysis of VOCs in the headspace above the bacterial cultures allowed the distinguishing of resistant and susceptible bacteria based on the abundance of six VOCs with 85.7% overall accuracy. The results of this preliminary study are promising, and with development could lead to a practical, faster diagnostic method for use in routine microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Hewett
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (K.H.); (N.R.)
| | - Natalia Drabińska
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (K.H.); (N.R.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (B.d.L.C.); Tel.: +48-89-523-4641 (N.D.); +44-11-7328-2461 (B.d.L.C.)
| | - Paul White
- Applied Statistics Group, Department of Engineering, Design and Mathematics, Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;
| | - Matthew B. Avison
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Raj Persad
- Bristol Royal Infirmary and Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5BN, UK;
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (K.H.); (N.R.)
| | - Ben de Lacy Costello
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (K.H.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (B.d.L.C.); Tel.: +48-89-523-4641 (N.D.); +44-11-7328-2461 (B.d.L.C.)
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Chanotiya CS, Pragadheesh VS, Yadav A, Gupta P, Lal RK. Cyclodextrin-based Gas Chromatography and GC/MS methods for determination of chiral pair constituents in mint essential oils. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2020.1835744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan S Chanotiya
- Laboratory of Aromatic Plants and Chiral Separation, Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) , Lucknow, India
| | - VS Pragadheesh
- Laboratory of Aromatic Plants and Chiral Separation, Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) , Lucknow, India
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre , Bengaluru, India
| | - Anju Yadav
- Laboratory of Aromatic Plants and Chiral Separation, Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) , Lucknow, India
| | - Pankhuri Gupta
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) , Lucknow, India
| | - Raj K Lal
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) , Lucknow, India
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Di Martile M, Garzoli S, Ragno R, Del Bufalo D. Essential Oils and Their Main Chemical Components: The Past 20 Years of Preclinical Studies in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092650. [PMID: 32948083 PMCID: PMC7565555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the last years, targeted therapy and immunotherapy modified the landscape for metastatic melanoma treatment. These therapeutic approaches led to an impressive improvement in patients overall survival. Unfortunately, the emergence of drug resistance and side effects occurring during therapy strongly limit the long-term efficacy of such treatments. Several preclinical studies demonstrate the efficacy of essential oils as antitumoral agents, and clinical trials support their use to reduce side effects emerging during therapy. In this review we have summarized studies describing the molecular mechanism through which essential oils induce in vitro and in vivo cell death in melanoma models. We also pointed to clinical trials investigating the use of essential oils in reducing the side effects experienced by cancer patients or those undergoing anticancer therapy. From this review emerged that further studies are necessary to validate the effectiveness of essential oils for the management of melanoma. Abstract The last two decades have seen the development of effective therapies, which have saved the lives of a large number of melanoma patients. However, therapeutic options are still limited for patients without BRAF mutations or in relapse from current treatments, and severe side effects often occur during therapy. Thus, additional insights to improve treatment efficacy with the aim to decrease the likelihood of chemoresistance, as well as reducing side effects of current therapies, are required. Natural products offer great opportunities for the discovery of antineoplastic drugs, and still represent a useful source of novel molecules. Among them, essential oils, representing the volatile fraction of aromatic plants, are always being actively investigated by several research groups and show promising biological activities for their use as complementary or alternative medicine for several diseases, including cancer. In this review, we focused on studies reporting the mechanism through which essential oils exert antitumor action in preclinical wild type or mutant BRAF melanoma models. We also discussed the latest use of essential oils in improving cancer patients’ quality of life. As evidenced by the many studies listed in this review, through their effect on apoptosis and tumor progression-associated properties, essential oils can therefore be considered as potential natural pharmaceutical resources for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Di Martile
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.); (D.D.B.); Tel.: +39-0652666891 (M.D.M.); +39-0652662575 (D.D.B.)
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (R.R.)
| | - Rino Ragno
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (R.R.)
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.); (D.D.B.); Tel.: +39-0652666891 (M.D.M.); +39-0652662575 (D.D.B.)
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Darwish RS, Hammoda HM, Ghareeb DA, Abdelhamid ASA, Bellah El Naggar EM, Harraz FM, Shawky E. Efficacy-directed discrimination of the essential oils of three Juniperus species based on their in-vitro antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112971. [PMID: 32439404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Juniperus plants are considered important sources of cedar-wood oil which is used widely in folk medicine as antiseptic and in treatment of inflammatory disorders such as, rheumatoid arthritis but there is not enough scientific evidence to support the claimed uses and there is no specification of a certain Juniperus species as the most active. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is volatiles profiling of three Juniperus species; J. communis, J. horizontalis and J. chinensis in addition to efficacy-directed discrimination of the three studied essential oils based on their antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated WBCs (White blood cells) to investigate the inter-specific variability effect on the biological activities of each oil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Volatile components profiling of the three studied plants volatile oils was achieved using GC-FID (Gas chromatography - flame ionization detector) and GC-MS (Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry). The antimicrobial activity of the studied essential oils was investigated and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for oils. The production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated by ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Identification of the biomarkers responsible for each activity was attempted through construction of orthogonal projection to latent structures model using multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS Forty five components were identified in the volatile oils of the three studied plants. J. horizontalis oil displayed the highest activity against E. coli while J. communis showed the highest activity against S. aureus. OPLS model biplot showed the in-between class discrimination of J. chinensis oil sample from J. communis and J. horizontalis. The three oils were found to significantly decrease the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and gamma interferon (INF- γ) in lipopolysaccharide-activated white blood cells. All studied oils were similar in reduction of TNF-α, and INF-γ, while J. chinensis oil possessed the highest potency against IL-1β. The coefficient plots of TNF-α and INF-γ pro-inflammatory mediators showed that 1-terpineol, 4-terpineol, bornyl acetate, dl-limonene and α-pinene positive contributors to both activities while β-thujone, 3-carene and γ-muurolene were the positive contributors to IL-1β inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION The differences observed in the volatile profiles among the three studied oils demonstrate the effect of inter-specific variability on the biological activities of the tested oils. It was shown that the tested oils possessed good antibacterial activities against E.coli and S. aureus justifying its folk use as an a topical antiseptic while the observed anti-inflammatory effects in human WBCs is due at least in part to their inhibitory effect on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham S Darwish
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Hala M Hammoda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Biological Screening and Preclinical Trial Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ali S A Abdelhamid
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Fathallah M Harraz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Eman Shawky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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Li S, Hu Y, Liu W, Chen Y, Wang F, Lu X, Zheng W. Untargeted volatile metabolomics using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry – A solution for orange juice authentication. Talanta 2020; 217:121038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Stultz C, Jaramillo R, Teehan P, Dorman F. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography thermodynamic modeling and selectivity evaluation for the separation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in fish tissue matrix. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461311. [PMID: 32797814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is a powerful tool for complex separations. The selectivity and sensitivity benefits from thermally modulated GC×GC were applied to the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Thermodynamic indices of 50 PCDD/Fs, including the 17 toxic 2378-substituted congeners, were collected and used to model one-dimensional and two-dimensional separations with the Rtx-Dioxin2 and Rxi-17SilMS capillary GC columns. Thermodynamic modeling was used to determine the optimal conditions to take advantage of the selectivity differences between the Rxi-17SilMS and Rtx-Dioxin2 to separate all PCDD/Fs congeners from the 2378-substituted compounds by GC×GC. The modeled elution order patterns closely matched the experimental elution order in 40 of the 45 tetrachlorinated through hexchlorinated compounds analyzed. The heptachlorinated and octachlorinated congeners were not included in the elution order modeling as they are readily resolved from other dioxin congeners. The Rxi-17SilMS crossed with the Rtx-Dioxin2 was able to separate all 2378-substituted compounds in a single separation in a fish matrix. Thirty-three additional PCDD/F congeners were added to the fish matrix that coelute with the 2378-substituted congeners. The Rxi-17SilMS crossed with the Rtx-Dioxin2 was able to fully resolve 11 of the 2378-substituted congeners with the other six congeners exhibiting coelutions with only one other congener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner Stultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Roman Jaramillo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Paige Teehan
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Frank Dorman
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.
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