Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of Dezful sesame cake extracts obtained by classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods

Green synthesis of magnetic silver nanocomposite: the photocatalytic performance of nanocomposite to decolorize organic dyes

The magnetite-silver nanocomposites (Fe3O4-Ag NCs) were synthesized via a facile and green process by Citrus sinensis peel extract. The deposition of silver nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by observing an absorption peak at the maximum wavelength at 422 nm in the suspension solution of samples, which is related to silver surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The characteristic diffraction patterns of Fe3O4 and Ag phases were characterized utilizing the XRD patterns and the average size of the crystals was 21 nm. The photocatalytic behavior of Fe3O4-Ag NCs was studied for the destruction of three organic dyes methyl green (MG), methyl orange (MO), and methylene blue (MB) below UV radiation. The effect of the amount of photocatalyst and volume of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in the process of dye degradation was also investigated. The complete degradation time of dyes MB, MG, and MO under UV irradiation in the presence of 0.002 g Fe3O4-Ag NCs were 57, 33, and 49 min, respectively. The time of degradation reactions showed the high photocatalytic performance of Fe3O4-Ag NCs. These results proved that the synergistic effect of magnetite in the role of supporting the silver NPs was a significant contribution to the excellent decolorization behavior of Fe3O4-Ag NCs.

Rapeseed-An Important Oleaginous Plant in the Oil Industry and the Resulting Meal a Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds

Rapeseeds (Brassica napus), cultivated widely as a source of oil, generate substantial by-products after oil extraction. Unfortunately, rapeseed meal is considered a waste product and as such is discharged into environment as compost or used as animal feed. However, this meal is rich in bioactive compounds (proteins, minerals, fibers and polyphenols), indicating its potential for the development of value-added products. The meal shows a higher content of minerals, total dietary fibers and proteins. Rapeseed meal contains a proportion of oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, predominately linoleic and α-linolenic acid. The amino acid proportion in the meal is higher than that in the seeds and contains essential amino acids, predominately valine. The analyses show the presence of valuable components in the cake, which makes it suitable for use in obtaining value-added products.

Encapsulation of felty germander (Teucrium polium L.) extract using the freeze-drying method

Extracts with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are limited in their application in food products due to their inability to withstand harsh environmental conditions, such as high temperatures and oxygen exposure. Therefore, the present study investigated the nanoencapsulation of Teucrium polium L. extract using the freeze-drying method to facilitate its application and protection against environmental factors. In this regard, an emulsion containing Teucrium polium L. extract at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% and a mixture of maltodextrin/Persian gum in three ratios of 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 as the coating wall were produced and then dried in a freeze dryer. In the following, the properties of emulsions and produced nanocapsules were studied. According to the results, emulsions with high amounts of Persian gum showed more stability, zeta potential, and viscosity. However, their particle size and polydisparity index were lower than those of other emulsions. As the extract concentration increased, there was a decrease in stability, zeta potential, and viscosity, accompanied by an increase in particle size and polydispersity index. Concurrently, elevated concentrations of maltodextrin, Persian gum, and extract resulted in higher humidity, density, encapsulation efficiency, and antioxidant activity of the capsules. The most optimal properties of emulsions and nanocapsules were achieved at the 10% concentration of Teucrium polium L. extract and the 1:1 ratio of maltodextrin/Persian gum mixture as the wall material. It is noteworthy that the release rate of phenolic compounds reached its maximum value (88%) after 60 days.

Sesame cake extract attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis through inhibition of oxidative stress in mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease occurring in the gut causing chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain with severe complications. Sesame cake is a by-product of sesame oil production, possessing various beneficial properties; however, little is known about the effect of sesame cake extract (SCE) against IBD. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of SCE against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Administration of SCE was first performed at 7 days before treating mice with 2.5% DSS to induce colitis for 7 days. SCE pretreatment improved symptoms of DSS-induced colitis. In addition, SCE ameliorated histopathological damages of the mucus layer in colon tissues and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in colitis-induced mice. SCE also suppressed apoptosis and oxidative stress in colitis-induced colon tissues. Together, these findings suggest that SCE could be potential nutraceuticals for treating colitis.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01367-1.

Effect of ultrasound-assisted cold plasma pretreatment on cell wall polysaccharides distribution and extraction of phenolic compounds from hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.)

Hyssopus officinalis L (Hyssop) is a good source of phenolic compounds. However, conventional methods for extraction of these compounds typically take a long time and have relatively low recovery rates. This study focused on cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) pretreatment and investigated its effects on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from hyssop. Hyssop was treated at dielectric barrier discharge plasma with air and nitrogen gases for 5, 10, and 15 min. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to evaluate present active species in the plasma. The water contact angle changes, cell wall polysaccharides distribution, and structural variations of the treated samples were determined after treatment. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents (TPC) of the extracts were also evaluated. The results showed that CAP treatment reduced the contact angle making surface more hydrophilic. Compared with hyssop, overall no significant changes in the basic structure of all treated samples or the formation of new functional groups were recognized. In addition, CAP pretreatment before UAE increased the antioxidant activity of extracts according to the FRAP assay than the un-pretreated sample and conventional solvent extraction method. Also, TPC increased in samples treated with nitrogen plasma.

Valorization of mustard and sesame oilseed cakes for food application through eco-innovative technologies

Agricultural waste valorization is currently getting attention across the world owing to its environmental impact and rich phytochemistry. The mandate of the current investigation was the extraction and characterization of bioactive moieties from the mustard oilseed cake/meal MOC and sesame oilseed cake/meal SOC through ultrasound extraction (UE) techniques due to its higher yield and less burden on the environment as compared to conventional extraction (CE). Purposely, the MOC and SOC were initially subjected to compositional analysis. Thereafter, bioactive moieties were extracted by using different solvents, that is, ethanol and distilled water, and by applying conventional and ultrasonic extraction techniques. The outcomes indicated that among the techniques, ultrasound exhibited the highest results, and in solvents, ethanol performed better. The treatment extracted with ethanol with UE at 10 min showed the best result for total phenolic contents (TPC) as (6.07 ± 0.03 09 g GAE/100 g MOC) and (7.09 ± 0.04 g GAE/100 g SOC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (67.3 ± 1.9 TE/100 g MOC) & (72.68 ± 1.9 TE/100 g SOC), and FRAP was recorded as (2.83 ± 0.02 g TE/100 g MOC) & (3.56 ± 0.03 g TE/100 g SOC). The higher antioxidant potential showed that the mustard and sesame waste holds significant therapeutic potential owing to its rich antioxidant profile and thus should be utilized for the development of functional products against lifestyle-related disorders. In conclusion, ultrasound is a better technique for maximum as well as accurate extraction, with ethanol exhibiting as a better solvent for this process with more yields as compared to distilled water.

The Impact of Za'atar Antioxidant Compounds on the Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Disorders: Insights for Future Clinical Applications

Since the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in host homeostasis and energy balance, changes in its composition can be associated with disease states through the promotion of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders and increasing intestinal permeability, ultimately leading to the impairment of intestinal barrier function. Za'atar is one of the most popular plant-based foods in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Za'atar is a mixture of different plant leaves, fruits, and seeds and contains hundreds of antioxidant compounds, especially polyphenols, and fiber, with pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggesting health-promoting effects in cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Za'atar compounds have also been studied from a gastrointestinal perspective, concerning both gut microbiota and gastrointestinal diseases. Antioxidants such as Za'atar polyphenols may provide beneficial effects in the complex interplay between the diet, gut microbiota, and intestinal permeability. To our knowledge, no studies have reported the effects of the whole Za'atar mixture, however, based on the pre-clinical studies published on components and single compounds found in Za'atar, we provide a clinical overview of the possible effects on the gastrointestinal tract, focusing mainly on carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, and other polyphenols. We also cover the potential clinical applications of Za'atar mixture as a possible nutraceutical in disorders involving the gastrointestinal tract.

Antioxidant Properties of Dried Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) var. Bentong

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a popular culinary herb used in the Eastern culture. The essential cultivar of the Zingiber genus is rich in antioxidants and is crucial in the fight against oxidative stress-related diseases. The antioxidant properties of dried ginger were evaluated and compared for their efficacy from different drying processes (sun-, oven-, vacuum- and freeze-drying) and using three extraction solvents: hot water, aqueous ethanol (80%, v/v) and ethanol. The drying process demonstrated a positive effect on the antioxidant activities of ginger. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the extracting ability of each solvent. Sun-dried ginger extracted with ethanol performed better than the fresh ginger extract in the form of increased yield (3.04-fold), TFC values (12.25-fold), reducing power (FRAP) (15.35-fold), total antioxidant activity (TAA) (6.82-fold) and inhibition of ABTS•+ radical cation (3.51-fold) and DPPH• radical (95%). Meanwhile, freeze-dried aqueous ginger extracts demonstrated significantly higher TPC (1.66-fold), TFC (3.71-fold), FRAP (3.26-fold), TAA (2.97-fold), ABTS•+ scavenging activity (1.48-fold) and DPPH• radical inhibition (77%), compared to fresh ginger extracts. In addition, it was found that ethanol was significantly superior to aqueous ethanol in phenolic content recovery, despite the lower yield. Furthermore, ethanol ginger extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity than aqueous ethanol extracts. On the other hand, hot water was the least potent solvent for extraction. In summary, there was an excellent correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity. Sun-drying is the most desirable method for preserving and enhancing ginger quality due to its cost effectiveness and bioactive compound efficacy.

The impact of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) extract on activation of endosomal toll like receptors and their downstream signaling pathways

OBJECTIVES

From the ancient, medicinal benefits of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) have been implicated for respiratory and digestive diseases despite the effects of Hyssop on viral infections have not been mechanistically investigated. In this study, we examined whether the Hyssop extract activated anti-viral innate immunity, as a sentinel for immune system, through activation of endosomal TLRs recognizing nucleic acids and their downstream signaling. The Hyssop herb extracts was prepared and co-cultured with healthy individual's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). After viability assay, gene expression levels of TLR3,7,8,9, as well as MyD88 and NF-κB, were evaluated in treated PBMCs using Real-time PCR. Next, the secretion level of immune related cytokines was quantified via ELISA.

RESULTS

Post 24 h, 40 µg/ml of the extract significantly inhibited the viability of less than 50% of cells compared to the control and had a maximum effect on cellular function. The Hyssop-treated PBMCs demonstrated an elevated expression of endosomal TLRs genes, as well as MyD88 and NF-κB. Moreover, the release of INF-α and β notably enhanced in cell culture supernatant, while the content of inflammatory cytokines remarkably diminished (P < 0.05). The Hyssop extract was capable of inducing antiviral innate immune responses so can be promising in antiviral drug strategies.

Mycochemical screening reveals exopolysaccharide secretion, antioxidant and larvicidal activities of three oyster mushrooms

BACKGROUND

Higher fungi such as oyster mushrooms have been well reported to have vast therapeutic and nutritive importance due to their bioactive constituents. Today, many interesting facts are also emerging regarding their importance in pest control. In this study, Pleurotus floridanus, P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju were studied for exopolysacharide (EPS) and antioxidant production under different carbon sources, and assayed for larvicidal properties.

RESULTS

We observed a positive response of these mushrooms to carbon sources. The highest EPS was produced by P. sajor-caju under sucrose carbon source, whereas P. ostreatus and P. floridanus preferred glucose. The antioxidant activity of their EPS was confirmed using radical scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and potassium ferricyanide reduction methods. We also established the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the EPS produced by these mushrooms, although this was concentration dependent, while P. floridanus EPS had the highest antioxidant properties. An EPS concentration of 100 mg L^-1 from all the mushrooms was sufficient for inhibition of lipid peroxidation; this also showed a significant difference from the scavenging effect of butylated hydroxytoluene. All the mushroom extracts in this study had positive inhibitory effects on the late third and early fourth stages of Anopheles gambiae. However, they were significantly different from each other as P. floridanus recorded a lethal concentration (LC₅₀ ) of 0.0.563, P. ostreatus had an LC₅₀ of 0.352, while P. sajor-caju had an LC₅₀ of 0.715.

CONCLUSION

This study affirms the influence of carbon source on EPS production by selected oyster mushrooms, and reveals their antioxidant properties and potential applications in pest control. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Changes in Physicochemical, Free Radical Activity, Total Phenolic and Sensory Properties of Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) Juice Fortified with Different Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) Extracts

In Iran and other parts of Western Asia, the oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) fruit is processed in the dried powdery form, and in recent times, increasingly applied/sprinkled in fruit juices such as those made from oranges (Citrus sinensis L.). To our best knowledge, the effectiveness of oleaster fruit extract in fortifying the orange juice has not yet been reported and the knowledge of this will greatly benefit the consumers, particularly those around the Western Asia region. This current work, therefore, investigated the changes in physicochemical, free radical activity, total phenolic compounds, and sensory properties of orange juice fortified with different oleaster fruit extracts. The orange juice mix formulation comprised different concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) of oleaster (alcoholic, aqueous, and hydro-alcoholic) extracts. The control comprised orange concentrate (4% w/v), sugar (8.5% w/v), and citric acid (0.1% w/v) brought to the desirable volume with water. As the free radical activity depicted the antioxidant properties, the physicochemical aspects of this work involved the determinations of Brix, density, ash, pH, total acidity, sucrose, and total sugar, whereas the sensory aspects involved the determinations of color and taste. Whilst the aqueous oleaster 20 and 25% extracts produced notable physicochemical differences in the orange juice mix, both free radical activity, and phenolic compounds significantly increased (p < 0.05) after 30 days despite resembling (p > 0.05) those of control at day 1. More so, the increases in aqueous, alcoholic, and hydro-alcoholic oleaster extracts would decrease (p < 0.05) the sensory color and taste of the orange juice mix in this study.

Simultaneous Optimization of Extraction Yield, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Moroccan Propolis Extracts: Improvement of Ultrasound-Assisted Technique Using Response Surface Methodology

Propolis has given rise to refreshing interest in recent years in the field of conventional medicine. Its extraction represents an important process that requires optimal conditions, which strongly affect the yield of extraction, total polyphenols, flavonoid content, and radical scavenging capacity markers. The objective of the present study was to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of Moroccan propolis. The studied responses were the extraction yield, total polyphenols, flavonoid contents (TPC, TFC), and antioxidant activity of the extract evaluated by DPPH-IC50 and FRAP-EC50 assays. The response surface methodology (RSM) and specifically the Box–Behnken design (BBD) were used, taking into account three variables: sonication time (min), solvent/propolis ratio (mL/g), and ethanol concentration (%). After the realization of experiments and data analysis, optimal response values were 15.39%, 192 mg GAE/g of propolis,45.15 mg QEq/g, 29.8 µg/mL, and 128.3 µmol Fe2+/g for extraction yield, TPC, TFC, DPPH-IC50, and FRAP-EC50, respectively. Besides, optimal ultrasound extraction conditions were 15 min for sonication time, 30 mL/g for solvent/propolis ratio, and 40% for ethanol concentration. All obtained experimental values were in good agreement with the predicted values, suggesting that using an experimental design in the ultrasound-assisted extraction process and optimization was prudently chosen.

Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of free/bound phenolic compounds of sesame and properties of encapsulated nanoparticles in different wall materials

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of free and bound flavonoid or phenolic compounds extracted from the sesame seed (Oltan and Yekta varieties) as natural antioxidants and to demonstrate the properties of nanoparticles. The total phenolic content (TPC) of Oltan was higher (864.70 mg GAE/100 g seed) than that of Yekta (629.23 mg GAE/100 g seed). Oltan took up higher amounts of free (516.86 mg GAE/100 g seed) and bound (347.83 mg GAE/100 g seed) phenolics than Yekta. Also, the Yekta variety exhibited lower amounts of free (45.89 mg CE/100 g seed) and bound flavonoids (21.51 mg CE/100 g seed) and the total flavonoid content (TFC) (67.40 mg CE/100 g seed). Chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic compound present in the sesame seed. In both the DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, the highest antioxidant activity was observed in the Oltan variety. Free phenolics showed the highest antioxidant activity, followed by bound phenolics, free and bound flavonoids. Therefore, free phenolics of the Oltan variety were encapsulated in Portulaca oleracea and Trigonella foenum-graecum seed gums. All nanoparticles showed nanometric size from 236.1 to 680.7 nm, negative zeta potential from -35.4 to -18.3 mV, high encapsulation efficiency from 61.35% to 74.49%, and desirable polydispersity index (PDI) between 0.315 and 0.332. Higher release of phenolics and sedimentation rate were observed in phenolic compounds encapsulated in Khorfeh and Shanbalileh, respectively. The gradual release of phenolic compounds, as well as sedimentation rate of composite coating during 40 days of storage, demonstrated that nanoencapsulated phenolics of sesame within the composite gum coating could be used as natural antioxidants in food systems.

Bioactive metabolites of Blumea lacera attenuate anxiety and depression in rodents and computer-aided model

Blumea lacera is an edible plant with imperative medicinal values. However, the anxiolytic and antidepressant roles of B. lacera have not been well-explained. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the impending bioactive metabolites and roles of B. lacera methanol leaf extract (Me-BLL) in attenuating anxiety and depression through several experimental and computer-aided approaches. The chemical characterization of Me-BLL was performed through standard phytochemical and GC-MS analyses. To explore the neuropharmacological insights, Swiss albino mice were treated with Me-BLL at doses of 200-400 mg/kg, p.o. The anxiolytic effects were observed employing elevated plus maze (EPM), light-dark box (LDB), and hole-board (HBT) tests, while antidepressant effects were evaluated using forced swimming (FST) and tail suspension tests (TST). Diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and fluoxetine HCl (20 mg/kg, p.o.) were used as the reference standard. The phytochemical analyses revealed several bioactive metabolites, including higher contents of total phenolics and flavonoids. The EPM and LDB tests demonstrated an increased time spent in open arms and light box, and the HBT showed an increased number of head dipping, indicating the anxiolytic effects of Me-BLL. The TST and FST revealed a decrease in immobility time, meaning the persuasive antidepressant effects. The antioxidative effects of Me-BLL have also been observed prominently. Correspondingly, the computer-aided investigation confirmed several bioactive lead molecules. Specifically, thymol and cuminol revealed potential anxiolytic and antioxidant effects, while stigmast-5-en-3.beta.-ol and gamma-sitosterol possessed promising antidepressant effects. Taken these results as a base, the plant has imperative potentials in managing anxiety and depression-like disorders.

Efficacy of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in the Management of Incomplete Abortion: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND

Incomplete abortion is a common complication of pregnancy. Sesamum indicum L. is a widely used emmenagogue herb.

OBJECTIVES

We designed a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of sesame for the removal of retained products of conception (RPOC).

METHODS

In this randomized, open-label, and controlled trial, 45 patients received sesame powder as an intervention group and 45 patients received expectant management as a control group for 5 days. The primary outcome measure was complete resolution of RPOC assessed by sonography. Secondary outcome measures were severity of patients' vaginal bleeding and pain.

RESULTS

84.1% had complete resolution of RPOC in the sesame group, while 26.2% had complete resolution of RPOC in the control group, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Moreover, patients in the sesame group showed a significantly more decreasing trend in pain and vaginal bleeding compared to the control group (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Sesame had a significant effect on the removal of RPOC and the reduction of pain and vaginal bleeding.

Development of an ultrasonic system for industrial extraction of unheated sesame oil cake

Sesame is a popular functional food in Asia. However, research on sesame seed oil cake compounds and their extraction methods is lacking. Ultrasound technology was applied to develop an efficient extraction method for this purpose. First, pilot-scale extraction from sesame oil cake was performed and optimized using response surface methodology. The extract obtained using optimized conditions (0% ethanol for 4 h at 20°C) showed the highest yield (45.1%) and inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS; 55.1%). Compared to extracts obtained by conventional extraction methods, those obtained by ultrasound technology exhibited a higher extraction yield, greater antioxidant effect, and increased lignan content. Based on pilot-scale experiments, an industrial-scale ultrasonic extraction system was designed to extract a 2.1-ton solution at once. The extract contained sesaminol 1,2-diglucoside (4.6 mg/g) as the major component and showed 28.3% ROS inhibition activity. Our industrial ultrasound-assisted extraction method has potential application for other compounds.

Extraction of pumpkin peel extract using supercritical CO2 and subcritical water technology: Enhancing oxidative stability of canola oil

In this study, subcritical water extraction (SWE) and the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods were used for the extraction of pumpkin peel extract. Total phenolic content and carotenoid compounds of extracts were measured. The extracts were added to canola oil at a concentration of 400 ppm and were stored at 30 °C for 60 days. The peroxide, carbonyl and acid values of the oil samples were measured, then compared with 100 ppm of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) synthetic antioxidants. The results showed that the total phenol content of obtained extract by SFE (353.5 mg GA/100 g extract) was higher than by SWE (213.6 mg GA/100 g extract), while the carotenoid content was higher for obtained extract by SWE (15.22 mg/100 g extract) compared to SFE (11.48 mg/100 g extract). The result of oil oxidation showed that the oxidative stability of the oil containing the mixed extract (SFE-SWE) is higher than the separate extract, consequently showing higher performance in preventing oil oxidation compared to TBHQ.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of defatted Moringa oleifera seed meal extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction and application as a natural antimicrobial coating for raw chicken sausages

Moringa oleifera is a medicinal plant, and its seed oil is known to have high antioxidant properties. The byproduct obtained after oil extraction is called Moringa oleifera seed meal (MoSM), whose potential bioactivity has not been sufficiently documented. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the aim of identifying Moringa oleifera seed meal extract (ME) as a natural antibacterial and antioxidant alternative. First, the effect of solvent extraction of MoSM with 60% (v/v) ethanol combined with ultrasound (UAE) was determined at the sample-to-solvent ratio of 1: 10, with different time and power combinations of UAE. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) exhibited by ME at 200 W and 20 min (ME_200/20) against both Escherichia coli among the gram-negative bacteria and Bacillus cereus among the gram-positive bacteria was 3.12 mg/g. The leakage of intracellular constituents as well as the damage of the B. cereus cells after being treated with ME were confirmed by measuring the absorbance of the supernatant at 260 and 280 nm and observation of the cells under a scanning electron microscope. Moreover, the highest total phenolic content was also recorded with ME_200/20 at 460 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract, and the subsequent significantly higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity was determined to be 11.18 and 9.20 mg acetic acid equivalent/g of extract by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays, respectively. The high-performance liquid chromatography results showed that gallic acid and vanillic acid were predominantly present in the extract, followed by quercetin, sinapic acid and chlorogenic acid. Interestingly, caffeic acid appeared in the sample treated with UAE only. The extract was finally applied with a chitosan-based coating to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against E. coli and B. cereus on raw chicken sausages in the concentration range of 1-5%. Incorporating 3% extract could inactivate B. cereus and E. coli for a 1.4 log reduction on day 3 and a 1.78 log reduction on day 6 of storage and, further, could significantly suppress the growth of both bacteria until day 9. Thus, this study confirmed the strong antibacterial and antioxidant properties of ME and its potential use in real food systems as a natural food antibacterial agent.

Oil Press-Cakes and Meals Valorization through Circular Economy Approaches: A Review

The food industry generates a large amount of waste every year, which opens up a research field aimed at minimizing and efficiently managing this issue to support the concept of zero waste. From the extraction process of oilseeds results oil cakes. These residues are a source of bioactive compounds (protein, dietary fiber, antioxidants) with beneficial properties for health, that can be used in foods, cosmetics, textile, and pharmaceutical industries. They can also serve as substrates for the production of enzymes, antibiotics, biosurfactants, and mushrooms. Other applications are in animal feedstuff and for composites, bio-fuel, and films production. This review discusses the importance of oilseed and possible valorization methods for the residues obtained in the oil industry.

Influence of ultrasonic amplitude, temperature, time and solvent concentration on bioactive compounds extraction from propolis

An ultrasound assisted method was investigated to extract bioactive compounds from propolis. This method was based on a simple ultrasound treatment using ethanol as an extraction medium to facilitate the disruption of the propolis cells. Four different variables were chosen for determining the influence on the extraction efficiency: ultrasonic amplitude, ethanol concentration, temperature and time; the variables were selected by Box-Behnken design experiments. These parameters were optimised in order to obtain the highest yield, and the results exhibited the optimum conditions for achieving the goal as 100% amplitude of ultrasonic treatment, 70% solvent concentration, 58 °C and 30 min. The extraction yield under modified optimum extraction conditions was, as follows: 459.92 mg GAE/g of TPC, 220.62 mg QE/g of TFC and 1.95% of balsam content. The results showed that the ultrasound assisted extraction was suitable for bioactive compounds extraction from propolis. The most abundant phenolic compound was kaempferol (228.8 mg/g propolis) followed by myricetin (115.5 mg/g propolis), luteolin (27.2 mg/g propolis) and quercetin (25.2 mg/g propolis).

The effect of encapsulated plant extract of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) in biopolymer nanoemulsions of Lepidium perfoliatum and Orchis mascula on controlling oxidative stability of soybean oil

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of encapsulation method on antioxidant properties of Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.) extract. The extracts of the Hyssop were obtained by ultrasound assisted techniques, and the amount of phenolic compounds was 117.43 ± 9.22 (mg of gallic acid per 100 g of extract). The antioxidant activity of extracts in concentrations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm was measured using DPPH free radical scavenging method and compared with 100 ppm of TBHQ synthetic antioxidants. The results showed that by increasing in concentration of the extract, the antioxidant activity of the extract increased. The Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum and Orchis mascula were chosen as coating material. Encapsulation was performed by emulsion production method. The antioxidant effects of nanocapsules in oil during 40 days of storage at 60°C were measured, which increased the oxidation of oil over time. The lowest amount of oil oxidation during storage compared to control samples was observed in samples containing nano encapsulated Hyssop extract due to reducing in release rate of the extract during storage and more protection of the extract. The results of this study suggest that encapsulation is an effective way to increase the antioxidant activity of the extract and could be increased the shelf life of edible oils with natural antioxidants.

The antioxidant and physicochemical properties of microencapsulated bioactive compounds in Securigera securidaca (L.) seed extract by co-crystallization

Securigera securidaca seed is a good source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant properties. Preservation and maintenance of natural antioxidants have always been a challenge and microencapsulation is a suitable method for this purpose. In this study, the chemical compounds of the plant seed extract were identified by GC/MS device. Bioactive compounds from the seed ethanolic extract were microencapsulated in the sucrose matrix during the co-crystallization process. The evaluations included total phenolic compounds, radical scavenging ability, production efficiency, moisture content, and flowability characteristics of the produced powders, such as compressibility index, Hausner ratio, and angle of repose. The results showed significant differences in the phenolic compounds and the radical scavenging ability between the control sample and the co-crystallized powder (P &lt; 0.05). The production efficiency and the moisture content of extract-containing co-crystallized powder were 84% and 0.14%, respectively. The particle size difference of the microencapsulated powder could significantly affect the powder flowability characteristics (P &lt; 0.05), and particles with a size of 1 mm showed better flowability behaviour. FT-IR charts for samples revealed chemical bonds specific to saccharose molecule indicating no changes in covalent bonds present in saccharose molecule structure after the process. Scanning electron microscope images showed the presence of vacant spaces and porosity in the structure of saccharose crystals formed during the process of crystallization. As a result, the co-crystallized powder obtained from the plant extract can be used as an appropriate antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical formulations.

Optimization of High Intensity Ultrasound Treatment of Proso Millet Bran to Improve Physical and Nutritional Quality§

Millet is an unexploited cereal with potential in the food industry due to its nutritional value and resistance to harsh climate conditions. Nutritious millet byproducts have a potential application in the development of functional cereal products, but require processing in order to improve their physical and nutritional quality. Therefore, we investigated high intensity ultrasound as a pretreatment to increase the amount of freely available bioactives from proso millet bran. We also analysed the effect of high intensity ultrasound on enzymatic browning, water retention and protein digestibility, which are crucial for the utilization in the bakery and pasta industry. A 15% millet bran suspension in water was treated with 400-W ultrasound probe for 5, 12.5 or 20 min, with the 60, 80 or 100% amplitude. High intensity ultrasound treatment with 80% amplitude for 12.5 min improved most significantly the nutritive value; the antioxidant activity measured by FRAP test increased by 15% (p<0.05), and total phenolic content by 16% (p<0.05). Still, the impact on the increase of water-soluble and ethanol-insoluble dietary fibre by 38% was evident after the treatment for 20 min at 100% amplitude. High intensity ultrasound treatment at 100% amplitude for 5 min caused the largest improvements in water retention and limited browning of the sample. High intensity ultrasound treatment activated polyphenol oxidase, regardless of the applied heating of the sample. Due to its ambiguous impact on proso millet bran characteristics, the treatment required an optimization, which showed that the optimal pretreatment of a 15% millet bran suspension in water is at 100% amplitude for 9.3 min.

Elicitation of silver nanoparticles enhanced the secondary metabolites and pharmacological activities in cell suspension cultures of bitter gourd

This study describes the influence of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on phytochemicals and their pharmacological activities in the cell suspension cultures (CSC) of bitter gourd. To standardize the effect of sucrose, plant growth regulators, medium, AgNPs and growth kinetics for the biomass and bioactive compounds accumulation in CSC of bitter gourd. The medium comprising MS salts, sucrose (30 g/L) with 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L) and TDZ (0.1 mg/L) at 28 days of CSC was appropriate for biomass and bioactive compound accumulation. The contents of silver, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were highly elevated in AgNPs (10 mg/L)-elicited CSC when compared with non-elicited CSC. AgNPs (5 mg/L) elicited CSC extracts had significantly enhanced the production of total phenolic (3.5 ± 0.2 mg/g), and flavonoid (2.5 ± 0.06 mg/g) contents than in the control CSC extracts (2.5 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.05 mg/g). AgNPs (5 mg/L) elicited CSC showed a higher amount of flavonols (1822.37 µg/g), hydroxybenzoic (1713.40 µg/g) and hydroxycinnamic (1080.10 µg/g) acids than the control CSC (1199, 1394.42 and 944.52 µg/g, respectively). Because of these metabolic changes, the pharmacological activities (antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer) were high in the AgNPs (5 mg/L)-elicited CSC extracts in bitter gourd. The study suggested the effectiveness of elicitation process in enhancing the accumulation of phenolic compounds and pharmacological activities. AgNPs-elicited CSC offered an effective and favorable in vitro method to improve the production of bioactive compounds for potential uses in pharmaceutical industries.

Stabilization of sunflower oil with pussy willow (Salix aegyptiaca) extract and essential oil

The aim of present study was to evaluate antioxidant efficacy of pussy willow extract (PWE) and essential oil (PWEO) in stabilization of sunflower oil (SFO) during ambient storage (60 days at 25°C). Initially, total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents were evaluated. Then, PWE, PWEO, and TBHQ were added to SFO. Peroxide value (PV), carbonyl value (CV), total polar compound (TPC), acid value (AV), and Oxidative stability index (OSI) were measured every 15 days. The results showed that PWE had higher TP and TF than PWEO (TP: 966.72 mg GAE/g and 355.8472 mg GAE/g, respectively; TF: 619.45 mg/100 g and 195.45 mg/100 g, respectively). Furthermore, according to all stabilization parameters, PWE had higher antioxidant efficacy followed by TBHQ, PWEO, and control, respectively. Therefore, PWE has antioxidant activity and it may be recommended as natural strong antioxidants to suppress lipid oxidation.

Comparing the effect of encapsulated and unencapsulated fennel extracts on the shelf life of minced common kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculated in the mince

The quality of minced kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) with gum arabic encapsulated (0.3% and 0.5% w/w) and unencapsulated fennel extract (FE) (0.3% and 0.5% w/w) stored at 4°C was examined over a storage period of 15 days. The control and the treated fish samples were analyzed periodically for microbiological (total viable count [TVC] and total psychrotrophic count [TPC]) and chemical (peroxide value (PV) and total volatile nitrogen (TVB-N)) parameters. Also the inhibitory effect of encapsulated and unencapsulated FE was evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inoculated in minced kilka. According to the results, encapsulated FE samples showed the lowest amount of lipid oxidation and microbial deterioration during the storage period compared with the control and pure extract treatments. Although, the encapsulated FE at 0.5% showed drastic bacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to others. Generally, gum arabic encapsulation could help to obtain higher antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in lower FE concentrations in minced fish.

The effect of encapsulated fennel extracts on the quality of silver carp fillets during refrigerated storage

The effect of fennel extract on the quality of silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) fillets, and the possible efficacy of liposomal encapsulation in the improvement of its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity during chilled storage (4 + 1°C) of the fillets were examined over a period of 15 days. Silver carp fillets were treated with pure fennel extract (0.3% and 0.5% w/v) and liposomal encapsulated fennel extract (0.3% and 0.5% w/v), and their quality changes in terms of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), microbial counts, and sensory properties were investigated. Fennel extract could retard the deterioration of silver carp fillets, as reflected in lower TVB-N, PV and TBA value. Moreover, the efficacy of fennel extract was improved when it was encapsulated into liposome. Silver carp fillets treated with the encapsulated fennel extract showed the lowest amount of lipid oxidation and microbial deterioration during the storage period compared with the control and pure extract treatments. Sensory evaluation revealed that shelf life of silver carp fillet was longest for samples treated with encapsulated fennel extract at 0.5% (15 days), as compared to the control (6 days) (P < 0.05).

Frying stability of sunflower oil blended with jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) leaf extract

The aim of present study was to compare the effects of ultrasound‐assisted and microwave‐assisted extraction with solvent extraction method on antioxidant activities of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) leaf extracts in stability of sunflower oil during deep frying. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by using 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH˙) radical scavenging and β‐carotene bleaching assays. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction was the most effective method on antioxidant activities of extracts and extraction yield of phenolic compounds compared to other extraction techniques. Protective effect of methanol–water extract of jujube leaf obtained with ultrasound‐assisted extraction (ULMW) at 500 and 700 ppm in stability of sunflower oil was compared to synthetic antioxidants by measuring total polar compounds (TPC), carbonyl value (CV), peroxide value (PV), free fatty acids (FFA), oxidative stability index (OSI), conjugated dienes (CD), and trienes values (CT). Results showed ULMW at 700 ppm had higher stabilization efficiency than synthetic antioxidants.