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Anayyat U, Ahad F, Muluh TA, Zaidi SAA, Usmani F, Yang H, Li M, Hassan HA, Wang X. Immunotherapy: Constructive Approach for Breast Cancer Treatment. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2023; 15:925-951. [PMID: 38116189 PMCID: PMC10729681 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s424624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel and rapid therapeutic approach is the treatment of human breast cancer by enhancing the host's immune system. In initial findings, program death one (PD-1) and program cell death ligand one (PD-L1) showed positive results towards solid tumors, but tumor relapse and drug resistance are the major concerns. Breast cancer therapy has been transformed by the advent of immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs). Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have exhibited enduring responses to clinical usage of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs) like atezolizumab and pembrolizumab. Nonetheless, a notable proportion of individuals with TNBC do not experience advantages from these treatments, and there is limited comprehension of the resistance mechanisms. Another approach to overcome resistance is cancer stem cells (CSCs), as these cells are crucial for the initiation and growth of tumors in the body. Various cancer vaccines are created using stem cells (dendritic, whole cell, bacterial) and focus primarily on targeting tumor-related antigens. The ultimate objective of cancer vaccines is to immunize the patients by active artificial immunity against cancer, though. In this review, we primarily focused on existing immunotherapeutic options, immune checkpoint blockers, the latest progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), advanced strategies to overcome resistance to ICBs, cancer stem cell antigens and molecular markers, ongoing clinical trials for BCs and cancer vaccines for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Anayyat
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Faiza Ahad
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tobias Achu Muluh
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Syed Aqib Ali Zaidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Faiza Usmani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengqing Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hammad Ali Hassan
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
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Effects of Human Papilloma Virus E6/E7 Oncoproteins on Genomic Structure in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246190. [PMID: 36551675 PMCID: PMC9777059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is highly prevalent within the U.S., with studies estimating that over 80% of individuals will contract the virus in their lifetime. HPV is considered a primary risk factor for the development and progression of oropharyngeal cancers. The impact of the HPV virus's E6 and E7 oncoproteins on cellular signaling pathways and genomic integration has been extensively characterized. Indirect genomic effects; however, remain relatively unidentified. In this study, we analyzed 83 HPV+ Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) patients of varying HPV types. Expression counts of the HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes were estimated across samples and correlated with genomic mutational classes. High expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins was associated with a greater number of total point mutations, especially on chromosomes 1, 11, and 17, which have been implicated in HPV-mediated cancers in previous studies. Samples with high E6 and E7 expression also exhibited more frequent non-clustered structural variation and a lack of clustered variation altogether. Copy number segments were present with fewer number of repeats in high E6 and E7 expression samples, which is known to correlate with decreased expression of affected genes. E6 and E7 expression was associated with increased activity of several cellular pathways associated in oncogenesis and telomere maintenance. In comprehensively characterizing the effects of the HPV oncoproteins on the human genome, potential mechanisms of HNSCC pathogenesis may be further elucidated.
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3
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Privitera AP, Barresi V, Condorelli DF. Aberrations of Chromosomes 1 and 16 in Breast Cancer: A Framework for Cooperation of Transcriptionally Dysregulated Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1585. [PMID: 33808143 PMCID: PMC8037453 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivative chromosome der(1;16), isochromosome 1q, and deleted 16q-producing arm-level 1q-gain and/or 16q-loss-are recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in breast cancer, but their exact role in determining the malignant phenotype is still largely unknown. We exploited The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data to generate and analyze groups of breast invasive carcinomas, called 1,16-chromogroups, that are characterized by a pattern of arm-level somatic copy number aberrations congruent with known cytogenetic aberrations of chromosome 1 and 16. Substantial differences were found among 1,16-chromogroups in terms of other chromosomal aberrations, aneuploidy scores, transcriptomic data, single-point mutations, histotypes, and molecular subtypes. Breast cancers with a co-occurrence of 1q-gain and 16q-loss can be distinguished in a "low aneuploidy score" group, congruent to der(1;16), and a "high aneuploidy score" group, congruent to the co-occurrence of isochromosome 1q and deleted 16q. Another three groups are formed by cancers showing separately 1q-gain or 16q-loss or no aberrations of 1q and 16q. Transcriptome comparisons among the 1,16-chromogroups, integrated with functional pathway analysis, suggested the cooperation of overexpressed 1q genes and underexpressed 16q genes in the genesis of both ductal and lobular carcinomas, thus highlighting the putative role of genes encoding gamma-secretase subunits (APH1A, PSEN2, and NCSTN) and Wnt enhanceosome components (BCL9 and PYGO2) in 1q, and the glycoprotein E-cadherin (CDH1), the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP2, the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD, and the transcription factor CBFB in 16q. The analysis of 1,16-chromogroups is a strategy with far-reaching implications for the selection of cancer cell models and novel experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenza Barresi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89-97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Daniele Filippo Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89-97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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Baslan T, Kendall J, Volyanskyy K, McNamara K, Cox H, D'Italia S, Ambrosio F, Riggs M, Rodgers L, Leotta A, Song J, Mao Y, Wu J, Shah R, Gularte-Mérida R, Chadalavada K, Nanjangud G, Varadan V, Gordon A, Curtis C, Krasnitz A, Dimitrova N, Harris L, Wigler M, Hicks J. Novel insights into breast cancer copy number genetic heterogeneity revealed by single-cell genome sequencing. eLife 2020; 9:e51480. [PMID: 32401198 PMCID: PMC7220379 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number alterations (CNAs) play an important role in molding the genomes of breast cancers and have been shown to be clinically useful for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. However, our knowledge of intra-tumoral genetic heterogeneity of this important class of somatic alterations is limited. Here, using single-cell sequencing, we comprehensively map out the facets of copy number alteration heterogeneity in a cohort of breast cancer tumors. Ou/var/www/html/elife/12-05-2020/backup/r analyses reveal: genetic heterogeneity of non-tumor cells (i.e. stroma) within the tumor mass; the extent to which copy number heterogeneity impacts breast cancer genomes and the importance of both the genomic location and dosage of sub-clonal events; the pervasive nature of genetic heterogeneity of chromosomal amplifications; and the association of copy number heterogeneity with clinical and biological parameters such as polyploidy and estrogen receptor negative status. Our data highlight the power of single-cell genomics in dissecting, in its many forms, intra-tumoral genetic heterogeneity of CNAs, the magnitude with which CNA heterogeneity affects the genomes of breast cancers, and the potential importance of CNA heterogeneity in phenomena such as therapeutic resistance and disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timour Baslan
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Jude Kendall
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | | | - Katherine McNamara
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Hilary Cox
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | - Sean D'Italia
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | - Frank Ambrosio
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | - Michael Riggs
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | - Linda Rodgers
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | - Anthony Leotta
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | - Junyan Song
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Yong Mao
- Philips Research North America, Biomedical InformaticsCambridgeUnited States
| | - Jie Wu
- Philips Research North America, Biomedical InformaticsCambridgeUnited States
| | - Ronak Shah
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Kalyani Chadalavada
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gouri Nanjangud
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Vinay Varadan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | | | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Alex Krasnitz
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | - Nevenka Dimitrova
- Philips Research North America, Biomedical InformaticsCambridgeUnited States
| | - Lyndsay Harris
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandUnited States
- Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals of Case WesternClevelandUnited States
| | - Michael Wigler
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | - James Hicks
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
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5
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Current concepts in breast cancer genomics: An evidence based review by the CGC breast cancer working group. Cancer Genet 2020; 244:11-20. [PMID: 32087595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic abnormalities in breast cancer have been described according to diverse conceptual frameworks, including histologic subtypes, clinical molecular subtypes, intrinsic DNA, RNA, and epigenetic profiles, and activated molecular pathways. METHODS The Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC) Breast Cancer Workgroup performed an evidence based literature review to summarize current knowledge of clinically significant genomic alterations in breast cancer using CGC levels of evidence. Targetable or disease-defining alterations were prioritized. RESULTS We summarized genomic alterations in breast cancer within a framework of existing clinical tools for diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic management. Using CGC levels of evidence, we catalog copy number profiles, gene expression profiles, and mutations in clinically significant genes. We also describe emerging molecular markers such as methylation profiling and immunotherapy biomarkers. CONCLUSION A summary of currently available information on breast cancer genomics will enhance precision medicine by serving as an interpretive resource for clinical laboratory geneticists, providing a foundation for future practice guidelines, and identifying knowledge gaps to address in future research.
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Behring M, Shrestha S, Manne U, Cui X, Gonzalez-Reymundez A, Grueneberg A, Vazquez AI. Integrated landscape of copy number variation and RNA expression associated with nodal metastasis in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36836-36848. [PMID: 30627325 PMCID: PMC6305147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lymph node metastasis (NM) in breast cancer is a clinical predictor of patient outcomes, but how its genetic underpinnings contribute to aggressive phenotypes is unclear. Our objective was to create the first landscape analysis of CNV-associated NM in ductal breast cancer. To assess the role of copy number variations (CNVs) in NM, we compared CNVs and/or associated mRNA expression in primary tumors of patients with NM to those without metastasis. Results We found CNV loss in chromosomes 1, 3, 9, 18, and 19 and gains in chromosomes 5, 8, 12, 14, 16-17, and 20 that were associated with NM and replicated in both databases. In primary tumors, per-gene CNVs associated with NM were ten times more frequent than mRNA expression; however, there were few CNV-driven changes in mRNA expression that differed by nodal status. Overlapping regions of CNV changes and mRNA expression were evident for the CTAGE5 gene. In 8q12, 11q13-14, 20q1, and 17q14-24 regions, there were gene-specific gains in CNV-driven mRNA expression associated with NM. Methods Data on CNV and mRNA expression from the TCGA and the METABRIC consortium of breast ductal carcinoma were utilized to identify CNV-based features associated with NM. Within each dataset, associations were compared across omic platforms to identify CNV-driven variations in gene expression. Only replications across both datasets were considered as determinants of NM. Conclusions Gains in CTAGE5, NDUFC2, EIF4EBP1, and PSCA genes and their expression may aid in early diagnosis of metastatic breast carcinoma and have potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behring
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sadeep Shrestha
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Upender Manne
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Department of Pathology and Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Biostatistics Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Agustin Gonzalez-Reymundez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Alexander Grueneberg
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ana I Vazquez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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7
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Russnes HG, Lingjærde OC, Børresen-Dale AL, Caldas C. Breast Cancer Molecular Stratification: From Intrinsic Subtypes to Integrative Clusters. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2152-2162. [PMID: 28733194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast carcinomas can be stratified into different entities based on clinical behavior, histologic features, and/or by biological properties. A classification of breast cancer should be based on underlying biology, which we know must be determined by the somatic genomic landscape of mutations. Moreover, because the latest generations of anticancer agents are founded on biological mechanisms, a detailed molecular stratification is a requirement for appropriate clinical management. Such stratification, based on genomic drivers, will be important for selecting patients for clinical trials. It will also facilitate the discovery of novel drivers, the study of tumor evolution, and the identification of mechanisms of treatment resistance. Assays for risk stratification have focused mainly on response prediction to existing treatment regimens. Molecular stratification based on gene expression profiling revealed that breast cancers could be classified in so-called intrinsic subtypes (luminal A and B, HER2-enriched, basal-like, and normal-like), which mostly corresponded to hormone receptor and HER2 status, and further stratified luminal tumors based on proliferation. The realization that a significant proportion of the gene expression landscape is determined by the somatic copy number alterations that drive expression in cis led to the newer classification of breast cancers into integrative clusters. This stratification of breast cancers into integrative clusters reveals prototypical patterns of single-nucleotide variants and is associated with distinct clinical courses and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hege G Russnes
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lingjærde
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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8
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Wiechec E, Overgaard J, Kjeldsen E, Hansen LL. Chromosome 1q25.3 copy number alterations in primary breast cancers detected by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and allelic imbalance assays and its comparison with fluorescent in situ hybridization assays. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 36:113-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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9
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Analysis of gene alterations of mitochondrial DNA D-loop regions to determine breast cancer clonality. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:2016-23. [PMID: 23169290 PMCID: PMC3516690 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been a challenge to determine breast cancer clonality accurately. The aim of the present study was to assess methods using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue to differentiate new primary tumours from true recurrences that are associated with poorer prognoses and often require more aggressive treatment. Methods: We investigated the novel method of analysing gene alterations of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region (GAMDDL) and compared it with the conventional method of analysing the X-chromosome-linked human androgen receptor (HUMARA). The FFPE sections of primary and secondary breast cancers, the non-neoplastic mammary gland, and lymph nodes were examined. Results: Informative rates for HUMARA, GAMDDL, and combined analyses were 42.1%, 76.9%, and 89.5%, respectively. All of the 10 contralateral breast cancers were determined to be non-clonal. In contrast, 3 out of 8 (37.5%) of the ipsilateral secondary tumours shared a clonal origin with the primary tumour and were classified as true recurrences, whereas 4 out of 8 (50%) were classified as new primary tumours. Conclusion: GAMDDL analysis represents a novel and useful molecular method for examining the precise cell lineages of primary and secondary tumours, and was more accurate than HUMARA in determining clonality.
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10
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Beyreuther E, Dörr W, Lehnert A, Lessmann E, Pawelke J. FISH-based analysis of 10- and 25-kV soft X-ray-induced DNA damage in 184A1 human mammary epithelial cells. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2012; 51:33-42. [PMID: 22198086 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-011-0396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, several in vitro studies have been performed on DNA damage induced by soft X-rays, especially in the energy range below 50 keV. Radiation effects originating from such low-energy photons are relevant in the context of medical diagnostics, for example, mammography, or of accidental exposure to scattered radiation. The present study was initiated to investigate the X-ray energy-dependent induction of stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations in the human mammary epithelial cell line 184A1. Three colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation was applied to identify chromosomal damage in chromosomes 1, 8 and 17, induced by 10-kV or 25-kV soft X-rays as well as by 200-kV X-rays as a reference quality. The overall results confirm the X-ray energy dependencies published for human lymphocytes showing increasing chromosomal aberration frequencies and higher aberration complexity with decreasing X-ray energy and increasing dose. Comparing the obtained dose dependencies, ratios of 0.84 ± 0.09 and 1.22 ± 0.18 were revealed for stable translocations induced by 25- and 10-kV X-rays, respectively, using 200-kV X-rays as reference. Moreover, the analysis of the minimum number of breaks required to form the visible chromosomal damage resulted in similar ratios of 0.93 ± 0.07 for 25-kV X-rays and 1.25 ± 0.10 for 10-kV X-rays relative to 200-kV X-rays. In addition, non-DNA-proportional contributions of chromosomes 8 and 17 to the whole DNA damage and deviations from the expected 1:1 ratio of translocations and dicentrics were observed for cell line 184A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Beyreuther
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
All or almost all neoplasias subjected to systematic cytogenetic scrutiny have been found to harbor acquired chromosomal aberrations. The paradigm stemming from the study of hematopoietic malignancies and sarcomas is that cancers are of monoclonal origin (i.e., they have developed from a single transformed somatic progenitor) because all the neoplastic parenchyma cells share at least one primary chromosomal abnormality, with subsequent clonal evolution along the lines of Darwinian selection occurring among the various subclones carrying secondary aberrations. When carcinomas began to be studied more extensively by cytogenetic methods, however, sometimes many cytogenetically unrelated clones were found, in seeming contradiction to the monoclonal hypothesis. Also studies of multiple samples from the same patient led to a rethinking of what the cytogenetic evidence really revealed about tumor clonality, both in its early stages and during disease development. The observed cytogenetic heterogeneity in, for example, tumors of the breast and pancreas vastly surpasses that of leukemias, lymphomas, connective tissue tumors, or even most epithelial, including uroepithelial, tumors. Theoretical reasoning as well as the available experimental data we here review show that the clonal evolution of neoplastic cell populations follows either of four principal pathways: (1) initial monoclonality is retained throughout the entire course of the disease with no additional, secondary aberrations accrued as judged by karyotypic appearance; (2) tumorigenesis is monoclonal but additional aberrations develop with time leading to secondary clonal heterogeneity (clonal divergence); (3) polyclonal tumorigenesis exists from the beginning but is followed by an overall reduction in genomic complexity with time (clonal convergence) due to selection among cytogenetically unrelated clones during tumor progression, resulting in secondary oligo- or monoclonality; or (4) polyclonal tumorigenesis with early clonal convergence is followed by later clonal divergence due to the acquisition of additional cytogenetic changes by the clone(s) that survived during the middle phases of tumor progression. Further studies of individual tumor cells are necessary to elicit precise information about the cell-to-cell variability that exists in many, especially epithelial, neoplasms and which holds the key to a more profound understanding of the complex issue of tumor clonality during all stages of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Steinarsdottir M, Gudmundsson IH, Jonasson JG, Olafsdottir EJ, Eyfjörd JE, Ogmundsdottir HM. Cytogenetic polyclonality of breast carcinomas: association with clinico-pathological characteristics and outcome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:930-9. [PMID: 21910159 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Routinely used prognostic factors fail to predict clinical outcome in a significant proportion of breast cancer patients, implying that they can not detect some important biological characteristics. Chromosomal changes have been described in breast carcinomas for many years but their significance is not clear. We compared chromosomal changes with clinico-pathological characteristics and clinical outcome in 203 breast cancer patients with a follow-up of 9-18 years. Combining data from classical cytogenetics and flow cytometry revealed chromosomal abnormalities in 142 cases (70%). Of these, 51 (35.9%) contained two or more cytogenetically abnormal clones. Polyclonality was significantly associated with poor breast-cancer-specific survival (P = 0.03) within 5 years, independent of tumor size, lymph node metastases, and hormone receptors. Specific changes were similar to those previously described, but a new finding was a significant association between del 3p12p21 and poor survival. Polyclonality was significantly associated with TP53-mutations but not with a germline BRCA2 mutation. Less than one third of the polyclonal samples were identified by flow cytometry alone. Cytogenetic changes were detected in 17 out of 114 samples from non-tumorous tissue (15%), two of them identical with a clone in the corresponding tumor. Several samples contained clearly unrelated clones within the tumor and outside, implying either multifocal origin or early divergence. In conclusion, the common deletion on Chromosome 3p12p21 was associated with poor clinical outcome. Chromosomal polyclonality is common in breast carcinomas and predicts poor survival. Polyclonality was poorly detected by one-sample flow cytometry. Multiple sampling might improve the detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Steinarsdottir
- Chromosome Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
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13
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Russnes HG, Vollan HKM, Lingjærde OC, Krasnitz A, Lundin P, Naume B, Sørlie T, Borgen E, Rye IH, Langerød A, Chin SF, Teschendorff AE, Stephens PJ, Månér S, Schlichting E, Baumbusch LO, Kåresen R, Stratton MP, Wigler M, Caldas C, Zetterberg A, Hicks J, Børresen-Dale AL. Genomic architecture characterizes tumor progression paths and fate in breast cancer patients. Sci Transl Med 2011; 2:38ra47. [PMID: 20592421 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Distinct molecular subtypes of breast carcinomas have been identified, but translation into clinical use has been limited. We have developed two platform-independent algorithms to explore genomic architectural distortion using array comparative genomic hybridization data to measure (i) whole-arm gains and losses [whole-arm aberration index (WAAI)] and (ii) complex rearrangements [complex arm aberration index (CAAI)]. By applying CAAI and WAAI to data from 595 breast cancer patients, we were able to separate the cases into eight subgroups with different distributions of genomic distortion. Within each subgroup data from expression analyses, sequencing and ploidy indicated that progression occurs along separate paths into more complex genotypes. Histological grade had prognostic impact only in the luminal-related groups, whereas the complexity identified by CAAI had an overall independent prognostic power. This study emphasizes the relation among structural genomic alterations, molecular subtype, and clinical behavior and shows that objective score of genomic complexity (CAAI) is an independent prognostic marker in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hege G Russnes
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway.,Division of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway.,Insitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - Hans Kristian Moen Vollan
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway.,Insitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo.,Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lingjærde
- Biomedical Research Group, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1080 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Pär Lundin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bjørn Naume
- Department of Oncology, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Therese Sørlie
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Borgen
- Division of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inga H Rye
- Division of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita Langerød
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka-Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew E Teschendorff
- Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka-Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.,UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Philip J Stephens
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Susanne Månér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellen Schlichting
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars O Baumbusch
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway.,Division of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway.,Biomedical Research Group, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1080 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf Kåresen
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Division of Surgery and Cancer, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael P Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Michael Wigler
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka-Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.,Cambridge Breast Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital and Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anders Zetterberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James Hicks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway.,Insitute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo
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14
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Perou CM, Børresen-Dale AL. Systems biology and genomics of breast cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a003293. [PMID: 21047916 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is now accepted that breast cancer is not a single disease, but instead it is composed of a spectrum of tumor subtypes with distinct cellular origins, somatic changes, and etiologies. Gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays has contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular heterogeneity of breast tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. For example, at least two clinical diagnostic assays exist (i.e., OncotypeDX RS and Mammaprint®) that are able to predict outcome in patients using patterns of gene expression and predetermined mathematical algorithms. In addition, a new molecular taxonomy based upon the inherent, or "intrinsic," biology of breast tumors has been developed; this taxonomy is called the "intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer," which now identifies five distinct tumor types and a normal breast-like group. Importantly, the intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer predict patient relapse, overall survival, and response to endocrine and chemotherapy regimens. Thus, most of the clinical behavior of a breast tumor is already written in its subtype profile. Here, we describe the discovery and basic biology of the intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer, and detail how this interacts with underlying genetic alternations, response to therapy, and the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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15
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Problems in assessing multiple cutaneous melanoma. A review on the accuracy of a population based cancer registry. Cancer Epidemiol 2010; 34:262-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Dumitrescu RG, Marian C, Krishnan SS, Spear SL, Kallakury BVS, Perry DJ, Convit JR, Seillier-Moiseiwitsch F, Yang Y, Freudenheim JL, Shields PG. Familial and racial determinants of tumour suppressor genes promoter hypermethylation in breast tissues from healthy women. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1468-75. [PMID: 19799643 PMCID: PMC3829013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the hypermethylation status of the promoter regions of tumour suppressor genes in breast tissues from healthy women and identify the determinants of these epigenetic changes. Questionnaires and breast tissues were collected from healthy women without a history of cancer and undergoing reduction mammoplasty (N= 141). Methylation for p16INK4, BRCA1, ERα and RAR-β promoter regions from breast tissues were determined by methylation specific PCR. Associations were examined with chi-square and Fisher’s exact test as well as logistic regression. All statistical tests were two-sided. p16INK4, BRCA1, ERα and RAR-β hypermethylation were identified in 31%, 17%, 9% and 0% of the women, respectively. Women with BRCA1 hypermethylation had an eight-fold increase in the risk of ERα hypermethylation (P= 0.007). p16INK4 hypermethylation was present in 28% of African-Americans, but 65% in European-Americans (P= 0.02). There was an increased likelihood of p16INK4 or BRCA1 hypermethylation for women with family history of cancer (OR 2.3; 95%CI: 1.05–4.85 and OR 5.0; 95%CI: 1.55–15.81, respectively). ERα hypermethylation was associated with family history of breast cancer (OR 6.6; 95%CI: 1.58–27.71). After stratification by race, p16INK4 in European-Americans and BRCA1 hypermethylation in African-Americans were associated with family history of cancer (OR 3.8; 95%CI: 1.21–12.03 and OR 6.5; 95%CI: 1.33–31.32, respectively). Gene promoter hypermethylation was commonly found in healthy breast tissues from women without cancer, indicating that these events are frequent and early lesions. Race and family history of cancer increase the likelihood of these early events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Dumitrescu
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20057-1465, USA.
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17
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Abstract
In breast cancer, axillary lymph node status is one of the most important prognostic variables and a crucial component to the staging system. Several clinico-histopathological parameters are considered to be strong predictors of metastasis; however, they fail to accurately classify breast tumors according to their clinical behavior and to predict which patients will have disease recurrence. Methods based on genome-wide microarray analyses have been used to identify molecular markers with respect to the development of axillary lymph node metastasis. Most of these markers can be detected in the primary tumors, which can potentially lead to the ability to identify patients at the time of diagnosis who are at high risk for lymph node metastasis, allowing for early intervention and more suitable adjuvant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane R Cavalli
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd, NW, LCCC-LL Room S165A, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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18
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Bodvarsdóttir SK, Steinarsdóttir M, Hilmarsdóttir H, Jónasson JG, Eyfjörd JE. MYC amplification and TERT expression in breast tumor progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 176:93-9. [PMID: 17656250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The complex roles of genomic instability, MYC oncogene amplification, activation of telomerase, and p53 function still remain to be fully described in breast tumors. MYC stimulates the telomerase catalytic subunit, TERT, which interacts with p53. Oncogene MYC amplification analysis was performed on 27 paraffin-embedded breast tumor samples by fluorescence in situ hybridization, selected on the basis of chromosomal instability. TERT immunostaining was performed on a larger group of breast tumor sections. All tumor samples were analyzed for TP53 mutation, genomic index, S-phase fraction, and pathological stages. Amplification of MYC was detected in 16 of 27 tumors (59%) and found to be associated with TNM stages I and II (P = 0.018), genomic index > 1.5 (P = 0.033), and S-phase fraction > 5% (P = 0.020). No association was found between MYC amplification and TERT immunostaining or TP53 mutations. Analysis of TERT in 103 primary breast tumors showed > 50% nuclei immunostaining in 58% of cases. High TERT immunostaining associated with genomic index > 1.5 (P = 0.017), high S-phase fraction (P = 0.056), and TP53 mutations (P = 0.030). No association was found between TERT staining and TNM stages. This study supports early involvement of MYC amplification in breast tumor progression. Both MYC amplification and TERT expression appear to be associated with high genomic instability and proliferation. TERT association with TP53 mutations indicates that TERT activity is downregulated by functional p53 protein in breast tumors.
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19
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Walker LC, Harris GC, Wells JE, Robinson BA, Morris CM. Association of chromosome band 8q22 copy number gain with high grade invasive breast carcinomas by assessment of core needle biopsies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:405-17. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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20
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Weigelt B, Bissell MJ. Unraveling the microenvironmental influences on the normal mammary gland and breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:311-21. [PMID: 18455428 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The normal mammary gland and invasive breast tumors are both complex 'organs' composed of multiple cell types as well as extracellular matrix in three-dimensional (3D) space. Conventionally, both normal and malignant breast cells are studied in vitro as two-dimensional monolayers of epithelial cells, which results in the loss of structure and tissue function. Many laboratories are now investigating regulation of signaling function in the normal mammary gland using 3D cultures. However, it is also important to assay malignant breast cells ex vivo in a physiologically relevant environment to more closely mimic tumor architecture, signal transduction regulation and tumor behavior in vivo. Here we present the potential of these 3D models for drug testing, target validation and guidance of patient selection for clinical trials. We also argue that in order to get full insight into the biology of the normal and malignant breast, and to create in vivo-like models for therapeutic approaches in humans, we need to continue to create more complex heterotypic models to approach the full context the cells encounter in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Weigelt
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 977-225A, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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21
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Do oestrogens induce chromosome specific aneuploidy in vitro, similar to the pattern of aneuploidy seen in breast cancer? Mutat Res 2007; 651:46-55. [PMID: 18162433 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study was concerned with investigating the specific effects of non-DNA reactive oestrogens at low "biologically relevant" doses and the causative role they may play in breast cancer through inducing aneuploidy. A review of previous studies identified a non-random pattern of aneuploidy seen in breast cancers. This information was used to select those chromosomes that undergo copy number changes in breast cancer and chromosomes that appear stable. A panel of centromeric specific probes were selected and centromeric specific fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was carried out on the human lymphoblastoid cell line, AHH-1, which had been pre-treated with the chemical aneugens 17-beta oestradiol, diethylstilbestrol (DES) and bisphenol-A (BP-A). The results suggest that oestrogens may play a causative role in breast cancer by inducing a specific pattern of aneuploidy similar to that seen in breast carcinomas. 17-beta oestradiol appears to induce changes most similar to those seen in breast tumours, BP-A induces the same pattern but at a lower frequency and DES appears to be less chromosome specific in its act.
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22
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Peltonen J, Welsh JA, Vähäkangas KH. Is there a role for PCR-SSCP among the methods for missense mutation detection of TP53 gene? Hum Exp Toxicol 2007; 26:9-18. [PMID: 17334176 DOI: 10.1177/0960327107071918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutation analysis methods have increased in variety during the past years. High-throughput microarray methods have especially increased in popularity. However, new methods require reference points, and not all of the methods are equal in sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the detection of unknown missense mutations, such as unknown TP53 mutations in human tumors, for clinical purposes requires great accuracy, which may be difficult to acquire with the current high-throughput methods. For these reasons, the classical methods, such as PCR-manual sequencing and PCR-SSCP, are still valuable and necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peltonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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23
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Wuicik L, Cavalli LR, Cornélio DA, Schmid Braz AT, Barbosa ML, Lima RS, Urban CA, Bleggi Torres LF, Ribeiro EMSF, Cavalli IJ. Chromosome alterations associated with positive and negative lymph node involvement in breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 173:114-21. [PMID: 17321326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic heterogeneity is high in breast cancer, and hence it is difficult to link a specific chromosome alteration to a specific clinicopathologic feature. We examined clonal chromosome alterations in 45 breast carcinomas and statistically correlated the findings with clinical-histopathological parameters of the patients. The most common abnormalities were losses of chromosomes 19, 22, 21, X, and 17 and gains of chromosomes 9 and 18. A statistically significant correlation was found between clonal aberrations in chromosomes 17, 20, and 21 and positive lymph node involvement (LN+) and between clonal aberrations in chromosomes X and 6 and negative involvement (LN-). The average number of chromosome abnormalities was the same for both LN- and LN+ groups, and numerical and structural alterations were equally distributed. The mean number of chromosome aberrations did not differ significantly among tumor grades, but when aberrations were analyzed as monosomies, trisomies, and structural aberrations, a heterogeneous distribution was observed. Further cytogenetic investigation of breast tumors and their variable pathological features is undoubtedly necessary. The recognition and ultimately the molecular understanding of these abnormalities may improve breast cancer taxonomy and provide important prognostic information for both the patient and clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lismeri Wuicik
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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24
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Orsetti B, Nugoli M, Cervera N, Lasorsa L, Chuchana P, Rougé C, Ursule L, Nguyen C, Bibeau F, Rodriguez C, Theillet C. Genetic profiling of chromosome 1 in breast cancer: mapping of regions of gains and losses and identification of candidate genes on 1q. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1439-47. [PMID: 17060936 PMCID: PMC2360604 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 1 is involved in quantitative anomalies in 50-60% of breast tumours. However, the structure of these anomalies and the identity of the affected genes remain to be determined. To characterise these anomalies and define their consequences on gene expression, we undertook a study combining array-CGH analysis and expression profiling using specialised arrays. Array-CGH data showed that 1p was predominantly involved in losses and 1q almost exclusively in gains. Noticeably, high magnitude amplification was infrequent. In an attempt to fine map regions of copy number changes, we defined 19 shortest regions of overlap (SROs) for gains (one at 1p and 18 at 1q) and of 20 SROs for losses (all at 1p). These SROs, whose sizes ranged from 170 kb to 3.2 Mb, represented the smallest genomic intervals possible based on the resolution of our array. The elevated incidence of gains at 1q, added to the well-established concordance between DNA copy increase and augmented RNA expression, made us focus on gene expression changes at this chromosomal arm. To identify candidate oncogenes, we studied the RNA expression profiles of 307 genes located at 1q using a home-made built cDNA array. We identified 30 candidate genes showing significant overexpression correlated to copy number increase. In order to substantiate their involvement, RNA expression levels of these candidate genes were measured by quantitative (Q)-RT-PCR in a panel of 25 breast cancer cell lines previously typed by array-CGH. Q-PCR showed that 11 genes were significantly overexpressed in the presence of a genomic gain in these cell lines, and 20 overexpressed when compared to normal breast.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- B Orsetti
- Génotypes et Phénotypes Tumoraux, EMI229 INSERM/Université Montpellier I, Centre de Recherche, CRLC Val D'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier cedex 5 34298, France
| | - M Nugoli
- Génotypes et Phénotypes Tumoraux, EMI229 INSERM/Université Montpellier I, Centre de Recherche, CRLC Val D'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier cedex 5 34298, France
| | - N Cervera
- Génotypes et Phénotypes Tumoraux, EMI229 INSERM/Université Montpellier I, Centre de Recherche, CRLC Val D'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier cedex 5 34298, France
| | - L Lasorsa
- Génotypes et Phénotypes Tumoraux, EMI229 INSERM/Université Montpellier I, Centre de Recherche, CRLC Val D'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier cedex 5 34298, France
| | - P Chuchana
- Génotypes et Phénotypes Tumoraux, EMI229 INSERM/Université Montpellier I, Centre de Recherche, CRLC Val D'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier cedex 5 34298, France
| | - C Rougé
- Génotypes et Phénotypes Tumoraux, EMI229 INSERM/Université Montpellier I, Centre de Recherche, CRLC Val D'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier cedex 5 34298, France
| | - L Ursule
- Génotypes et Phénotypes Tumoraux, EMI229 INSERM/Université Montpellier I, Centre de Recherche, CRLC Val D'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier cedex 5 34298, France
| | - C Nguyen
- ERM 206 INSERM/Université Aix-Marseille2, Parc Scientifique de Luminy Marseille, France
| | - F Bibeau
- Department of Pathology, CRLC Val D'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier, France
| | - C Rodriguez
- Génotypes et Phénotypes Tumoraux, EMI229 INSERM/Université Montpellier I, Centre de Recherche, CRLC Val D'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier cedex 5 34298, France
| | - C Theillet
- Génotypes et Phénotypes Tumoraux, EMI229 INSERM/Université Montpellier I, Centre de Recherche, CRLC Val D'Aurelle-Paul Lamarque, Montpellier cedex 5 34298, France
- E-mail:
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25
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Torres L, Ribeiro FR, Pandis N, Andersen JA, Heim S, Teixeira MR. Intratumor genomic heterogeneity in breast cancer with clonal divergence between primary carcinomas and lymph node metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 102:143-55. [PMID: 16906480 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting theories of epithelial carcinogenesis disagree on the clonal composition of primary tumors and on the time at which metastases occur. In order to study the spatial distribution of disparate clonal populations within breast carcinomas and the extent of the genetic relationship between primary tumors and regional metastases, we have analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization 122 tissue samples from altogether 60 breast cancer patients, including 34 tumor samples obtained from different quadrants of 9 breast carcinomas, as well as paired primary-metastatic samples from 12 patients. The median intratumor genetic heterogeneity score (HS) was 17.4% and unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis comparing the genetic features to those of an independent series of 41 breast carcinomas confirmed intratumor clonal divergence in a high proportion of cases. The median HS between paired primary breast tumors and lymph node metastases was 33.3%, but the number of genomic imbalances did not differ significantly. Clustering analysis confirmed extensive clonal divergence between primary carcinomas and lymph node metastases in several cases. In the independent series of 41 breast carcinomas, the number of genomic imbalances in primary tumors was significantly higher in patients presenting lymph node metastases (median = 15.5) than in the group with no evidence of disease spreading at diagnosis (median = 5.0). We conclude that primary breast carcinomas may be composed of several genetically heterogeneous and spatially separated cell populations and that paired primary breast tumors and lymph node metastases often present divergent clonal evolution, indicating that metastases may occur relatively early during breast carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/secondary
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/secondary
- Carcinoma, Medullary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Medullary/secondary
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Humans
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurdes Torres
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
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26
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Letessier A, Garrido-Urbani S, Ginestier C, Fournier G, Esterni B, Monville F, Adélaïde J, Geneix J, Xerri L, Dubreuil P, Viens P, Charafe-Jauffret E, Jacquemier J, Birnbaum D, Lopez M, Chaffanet M. Correlated break at PARK2/FRA6E and loss of AF-6/Afadin protein expression are associated with poor outcome in breast cancer. Oncogene 2006; 26:298-307. [PMID: 16819513 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Common fragile sites (CFSs) are regions of chromosomal break that may play a role in oncogenesis. The most frequent alteration occurs at FRA3B, within the FHIT gene, at chromosomal region 3p14. We studied a series of breast carcinomas for break of a CFS at 6q26, FRA6E, and its associated gene PARK2, using fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays (TMA). We found break of PARK2 in 6% of cases. We studied the PARK2-encoded protein Parkin by using immunohistochemistry on the same TMA. Loss of Parkin was found in 13% of samples but was not correlated with PARK2 break. PARK2 break but not Parkin expression was correlated with prognosis. Alteration of PARK2/FRA6E may cause haplo-insufficiency of one or several telomeric potential tumor suppressor genes (TSG). The AF-6/MLLT4 gene, telomeric of PARK2, encodes the Afadin scaffold protein, which is essential for epithelial integrity. Loss of Afadin was found in 14.5% of cases, and 36% of these cases showed PARK2 break. Loss of Afadin had prognostic impact, suggesting that AF-6 may be a TSG. Loss of Afadin was correlated with loss of FHIT expression, suggesting fragility of FRA6E and FRA3B in a certain proportion of breast tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Acid Anhydride Hydrolases/genetics
- Acid Anhydride Hydrolases/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosome Fragile Sites
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Kinesins/genetics
- Kinesins/metabolism
- MicroRNAs
- Middle Aged
- Myosins/genetics
- Myosins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- RNA Interference
- Survival Rate
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A Letessier
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, UMR599 Inserm et Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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27
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Pole JCM, Courtay-Cahen C, Garcia MJ, Blood KA, Cooke SL, Alsop AE, Tse DML, Caldas C, Edwards PAW. High-resolution analysis of chromosome rearrangements on 8p in breast, colon and pancreatic cancer reveals a complex pattern of loss, gain and translocation. Oncogene 2006; 25:5693-706. [PMID: 16636668 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The short arm of chromosome 8, 8p, is often rearranged in carcinomas, typically showing distal loss by unbalanced translocation. We analysed 8p rearrangements in 48 breast, pancreatic and colon cancer cell lines by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array comparative genomic hybridization, with a tiling path of 0.2 Mb resolution over 8p12 and 1 Mb resolution over chromosome 8. Selected breast lines (MDA-MB-134, MDA-MB-175, MDA-MB-361, T-47D and ZR-75-1) were analysed further. Most cell lines showed loss of 8p distal to a break that was between 31 Mb (5' to NRG1) and the centromere, but the translocations were accompanied by variable amplifications, deletions and inversions proximal to this break. The 8p12 translocation in T-47D was flanked by an inversion of 4 Mb, with a 100 kb deletion at the proximal end. The dicentric t(8;11) in ZR-75-1 carries multiple rearrangements including interstitial deletions, a triplicated translocation junction between NRG1 and a fragment of 11q (unconnected to CCND1), and two separate amplifications, of FGFR1 and CCND1 . We conclude that if there is a tumour suppressor gene on 8p it may be near 31 Mb, for example WRN; but the complexity of 8p rearrangements suggests that they target various genes proximal to 31 Mb including NRG1 and the amplicon centred around ZNF703/FLJ14299.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C M Pole
- Cancer Genomics Program, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Alsop AE, Teschendorff AE, Edwards PAW. Distribution of breakpoints on chromosome 18 in breast, colorectal, and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 164:97-109. [PMID: 16434311 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 18 is frequently rearranged in carcinomas. We explored the distribution of breakpoints affecting chromosome 18 by mapping 56 breakpoints in 26 carcinoma cell lines by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and band paints. The distribution of breaks among 18 intervals of chromosome 18 was significantly nonrandom. The interval spanning the centromere contained the greatest number of breaks and had the highest average copy number of any interval. There was a high density of breaks close to the centromere as well as actually within the centromere. A cluster of breaks encompassing SMAD4 was associated with the minimum average copy number, consistent with SMAD4 being a tumor suppressor gene. There may be another cluster of breaks around 18q12. We offer two interpretations of the concentration of breaks near the centromere. It may reflect selection for an oncogene near the centromere, or there may be an underlying bias of breakage toward the centromere. We show that the latter is predicted by a simple model that invokes random breakage following anchorage of some random point on the chromosome, or selection of breaks proximal to one of several tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E Alsop
- Cancer Genomics Program, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, United Kingdom
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29
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Gelsi-Boyer V, Orsetti B, Cervera N, Finetti P, Sircoulomb F, Rougé C, Lasorsa L, Letessier A, Ginestier C, Monville F, Esteyriès S, Adélaïde J, Esterni B, Henry C, Ethier SP, Bibeau F, Mozziconacci MJ, Charafe-Jauffret E, Jacquemier J, Bertucci F, Birnbaum D, Theillet C, Chaffanet M. Comprehensive Profiling of 8p11-12 Amplification in Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2005; 3:655-67. [PMID: 16380503 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-05-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In human carcinomas, especially breast cancer, chromosome arm 8p is frequently involved in complex chromosomal rearrangements that combine amplification at 8p11-12, break in the 8p12-21 region, and loss of 8p21-ter. Several studies have identified putative oncogenes in the 8p11-12 amplicon. However, discrepancies and the lack of knowledge on the structure of this amplification lead us to think that the actual identity of the oncogenes is not definitively established. We present here a comprehensive study combining genomic, expression, and chromosome break analyses of the 8p11-12 region in breast cell lines and primary breast tumors. We show the existence of four amplicons at 8p11-12 using array comparative genomic hybridization. Gene expression analysis of 123 samples using DNA microarrays identified 14 genes significantly overexpressed in relation to amplification. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on tissue microarrays, we show the existence of a cluster of breakpoints spanning a region just telomeric to and associated with the amplification. Finally, we show that 8p11-12 amplification has a pejorative effect on survival in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gelsi-Boyer
- Marseilles Cancer Institute, Department of Molecular Oncology, UMR599 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, France
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30
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Soler D, Genescà A, Arnedo G, Egozcue J, Tusell L. Telomere dysfunction drives chromosomal instability in human mammary epithelial cells. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 44:339-50. [PMID: 16052508 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of genomic instability is an important step toward generating the multiple genetic changes required for cancer. Telomere dysfunction is one of the factors that contribute to tumorigenesis. Telomeres shorten with each cell division in the absence of telomerase. Human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) obtained from normal human tissue demonstrate two growth phases. After an initial phase of active growth, HMECs exhibit a growth plateau termed selection. However, some cells can emerge from this growth plateau by spontaneously losing expression of the p16(INK4a) protein. These post-selection HMECs are capable of undergoing an additional 20-50 population doublings in culture. Continued proliferation of these post-selection HMECs leads to further telomere erosion, loss of the capping function, and the appearance of end-to-end chromosome fusions that can enter bridge-fusion-breakage (BFB) cycles, generating massive chromosomal instability before terminating in a population growth plateau termed agonescence. We have found that the chromosome arms carrying the shortest telomeres are those involved in telomere-telomere type rearrangements. In addition, we found that the risk of a particular chromosome being unstable differs between individuals. Most importantly, we identified sister chromatid fusion as a first event in generating genomic instability in HMECs. During post-selection HMEC growth, double strand breaks are generated by both fused chromosomes as well as individual chromosomes with fused chromatids entering BFB cycles. These broken chromosome extremities are able to join other broken ends or eroded telomeres, producing massive chromosomal instability at the later passages of the cell culture. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Soler
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular, Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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31
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Kleivi K, Diep CB, Pandis N, Heim S, Teixeira MR, Lothe RA. TP53 mutations are associated with a particular pattern of genomic imbalances in breast carcinomas. J Pathol 2005; 207:14-9. [PMID: 16007576 DOI: 10.1002/path.1812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
TP53 mutations play an important role in the development of several cancers and are present in 20-40% of all breast carcinomas, contributing to increased genomic instability. In order to address the relationship of mutated TP53 to genomic complexity, the present study analysed 61 breast carcinomas for TP53 mutations and compared mutation status with the pattern of genomic imbalances as assessed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Twenty per cent of the present series of breast carcinomas harboured TP53 mutations. An increasing number of abnormalities, as identified by CGH (higher genomic complexity), correlated significantly with mutant TP53. Among the chromosome arms most commonly altered (in more than 20% of the tumours), loss of 8p and gain of 8q were associated with TP53 mutations, whereas loss of 16q was associated with wild-type TP53. By performing supervised hierarchical clustering analysis of the CGH data, a cluster of chromosome imbalances was observed that showed differences between wild-type and mutant TP53 cases. Among these, loss of chromosome arm 5q revealed the strongest correlation with altered TP53. To investigate further the most commonly deleted region of 5q, gene expression patterns from two publicly available microarray data sets of breast carcinomas were evaluated statistically. The expression data sets identified potential target genes, including genes involved in ubiquitination and the known TP53 target CSPG2. The genomic complexity of breast carcinomas as assessed by CGH is associated with TP53 mutation status; breast cancers with TP53 mutations display more complex genomes than do those with wild-type TP53. The pattern of genomic imbalances associated with mutant TP53 is non-random, with loss of chromosome arm 5q being particularly closely associated with TP53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Kleivi
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Teixeira MR, Heim S. Multiple numerical chromosome aberrations in cancer: what are their causes and what are their consequences? Semin Cancer Biol 2005; 15:3-12. [PMID: 15613283 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several neoplastic tumor types are cytogenetically characterized by multiple numerical chromosome abnormalities without concomitant structural karyotypic changes. At present, no good gene-level theories are at hand to explain the pathogenetic effect of these changes during tumorigenesis, nor is it known how they arise or what causes them. Genetic instability is often invoked as an underlying cause, but actual data favoring this explanation are meager or non-existing. Numerical chromosome changes and ploidy shifts allow the simultaneous alteration of multiple cancer-relevant genes, thereby reducing the number of independent genomic events necessary for carcinogenesis and the need for postulating genomic instability as a necessity in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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33
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Letessier A, Mozziconacci MJ, Murati A, Juriens J, Adélaïde J, Birnbaum D, Chaffanet M. Multicolour-banding fluorescence in situ hybridisation (mbanding-FISH) to identify recurrent chromosomal alterations in breast tumour cell lines. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:382-8. [PMID: 15655561 PMCID: PMC2361837 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent chromosome breakpoints in tumour cells may point to cancer genes, but not many have been molecularly characterised. We have used multicolour-banding fluorescence in situ hybridisation (mbanding-FISH) on breast tumour cell lines to identify regions of chromosome break created by inversions, duplications, insertions and translocations on chromosomes 1, 5, 8, 12 and 17. We delineate a total of 136 regions of break, some of them occurring with high frequency. We further describe two examples of dual-colour FISH characterisation of breakpoints, which target the 1p36 and 5p11–12 regions. Both breaks involve genes whose function is unknown to date. The mbanding-FISH strategy constitutes an efficient first step in the search for potential cancer genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Letessier
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Oncology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute-UMR599 INSERM, Marseille Cancer Research Institute, Marseille, France
| | - M-J Mozziconacci
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Oncology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute-UMR599 INSERM, Marseille Cancer Research Institute, Marseille, France
- Department of Biopathology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France
| | - A Murati
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Oncology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute-UMR599 INSERM, Marseille Cancer Research Institute, Marseille, France
- Department of Biopathology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France
| | - J Juriens
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Oncology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute-UMR599 INSERM, Marseille Cancer Research Institute, Marseille, France
| | - J Adélaïde
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Oncology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute-UMR599 INSERM, Marseille Cancer Research Institute, Marseille, France
| | - D Birnbaum
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Oncology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute-UMR599 INSERM, Marseille Cancer Research Institute, Marseille, France
| | - M Chaffanet
- Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Department of Molecular Oncology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute-UMR599 INSERM, Marseille Cancer Research Institute, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232, Bd Sainte Marguerite BP156, 13273 Marseille Cedex 9, France. E-mail:
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Chunder N, Mandal S, Roy A, Roychoudhury S, Panda CK. Analysis of different deleted regions in chromosome 11 and their interrelations in early- and late-onset breast tumors: association with cyclin D1 amplification and survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 13:172-82. [PMID: 15322430 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000124337.49401.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that younger women exhibit more aggressive pathologic features of breast cancer (BC) in comparison to older women; young age could be an independent predictor of adverse prognosis. In order to find any existing differences in the molecular progression of BC in both younger and older women, chromosome 11 (chr.11) was taken as a tool, due to its frequent deletion and amplification, particularly of CyclinD1 (CCND1) locus in BC. In the present work, the comparative analysis in the frequency of deletion in different regions in chr.11 and CCND1 amplification in BC in the two age groups was studied, as well as the interrelation and prognostic significance of these chromosomal alterations. The chr. 11 alterations were also studied in types of breast lesions other than carcinoma to see the prevalence of the alterations in these diseases. For this purpose, comparative deletion mapping of chr.11 using 17 microsatellite markers and CCND1 amplification was examined in 30 early-onset (</=40 years) and 33 late-onset (>40 years) breast carcinomas, as well as 11 other types of breast lesions. The frequency of deletion and CCND1 amplification was much higher in carcinomas than with other types of breast lesions. A total of six highly deleted regions, namely, 11p15.5, 11p11.2, 11q13.2, 11q22.3-23.1, 11q23.3-24.1, and 11q25, were identified in carcinomas of the two age groups. The 11q13.2 deletion and CCND1 amplification was comparatively higher in the carcinoma of younger women. The following significant associations were observed for (a) LOH at 11q25 with LOH at 11q13.2, 11q22.3-23.1, 11q23.3-24.1 and CCND1 amplification, respectively, and (b) LOH at 11p15.5 with LOH at 11q22.3-23.1 in carcinoma of younger women. On the other hand, the significant associations in older women were (a) LOH at 11q25 with LOH at 11q22.3-23.1, 11q23.3-24.1, respectively, and (b) LOH at 11q22.3-23.1 with LOH at 11q23.3-24.1. Deletion at 11q13.2 was also associated with reduced overall survival in the younger group, indicating its prognostic significance. It is evident from our data that the pattern of chromosomal alterations are not exactly same in the carcinomas in the two age groups. Differential interrelationship of the chromosomal alterations and prognosis in these two age groups indicate that the molecular pathogenesis of the carcinomas is not similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelanjana Chunder
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
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35
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Teixeira MR, Ribeiro FR, Torres L, Pandis N, Andersen JA, Lothe RA, Heim S. Assessment of clonal relationships in ipsilateral and bilateral multiple breast carcinomas by comparative genomic hybridisation and hierarchical clustering analysis. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:775-82. [PMID: 15266323 PMCID: PMC2364777 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of whether multiple, ipsilateral or bilateral, breast carcinomas represent multiple primary tumours or dissemination of a single carcinomatous process has been difficult to resolve, especially for individual patients. We have addressed the problem by comparative genomic hybridisation analysis of 26 tumours from 12 breast cancer patients with multiple ipsilateral and/or bilateral carcinoma lesions. Genomic imbalances were detected in 25 of the 26 (96%) tumours. Using the genomic imbalances detected in these 26 lesions as well as those previously found by us in an independent series of 35 unifocal breast carcinomas, we compared a probabilistic model for likelihood of independence with unsupervised hierarchical clustering methodologies to determine the clonal relatedness of multiple tumours in breast cancer patients. We conclude that CGH analysis of multiple breast carcinomas followed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the genomic imbalances is more reliable than previous criteria to determine the tumours’ clonal relationship in individual patients, that most ipsilateral breast carcinomas arise through intramammary spreading of a single breast cancer, and that most patients with bilateral breast carcinomas have two different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal.
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36
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Meeker AK, Argani P. Telomere shortening occurs early during breast tumorigenesis: a cause of chromosome destabilization underlying malignant transformation? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004; 9:285-96. [PMID: 15557801 DOI: 10.1023/b:jomg.0000048775.04140.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability appears early during breast carcinogenesis and is considered a major driving force in malignant transformation. While current evidence suggests that centrosomal and mitotic checkpoint defects may, in large part, account for numerical chromosomal abnormalities, the mechanisms underlying structural chromosomal abnormalities remain largely unknown. Telomeres stabilize and protect chromosomal termini, but shorten due to cell division and oxidative damage. Moderate telomere shortening signals a tumor suppressive growth arrest in normal cells. Critically short telomeres, in the setting of abrogated DNA damage checkpoints, cause chromosomal instability due to end-to-end chromosomal fusions, subsequent breakage, and rearrangement, resulting in an increased cancer incidence in animal models. Recent results from high resolution in situ telomere length assessment in human breast tissues indicate that significant telomere shortening is prevalent in preinvasive breast lesions (DCIS), as well as focal areas of histologically normal epithelium from which breast carcinoma is thought to arise. Telomere shortening is therefore a strong candidate for the cause of structural chromosome defects that contribute to breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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37
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Molist R, Remvikos Y, Dutrillaux B, Muleris M. Characterization of a new cytogenetic subtype of ductal breast carcinomas. Oncogene 2004; 23:5986-93. [PMID: 15208688 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
About 50% of ductal breast carcinomas do not yield analysable karyotypes after short-term culturing. Comparison of the cytogenetic subset to the whole data set of tumors revealed that slightly hyperdiploid tumors, that is, with DNA index between 1.05 and 1.3, were under-represented in tumors for which cytogenetic analysis was successful. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pattern of chromosome imbalances in this subset differs from that generally reported. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used on 43 primary ductal breast carcinomas selected for slight hyperdiploidy. Microsatellite instability (MSI), TP53 mutation and expression were also investigated. All tumors were MSI negative. In all, 18 tumors (42%) presented mostly unbalanced chromosome rearrangements and DNA amplifications, with only few or no whole chromosome gains (WCG). This pattern of chromosome imbalances corresponds to that described in most breast tumors by previous cytogenetic and CGH analyses. It was associated with TP53 mutation in 17% of tumors. Another subset of 17 tumors (39%) displayed different and new features, characterized by recurrent gains of whole chromosomes 5, 7 and 8 with few chromosome rearrangements, rare DNA amplifications and no TP53 mutation. Eight tumors with as many rearrangements as WCG were left unclassified. We propose that, beside a major pathway characterized by multiple chromosome rearrangements, there is a minor pathway mainly characterized by WCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Molist
- FRE 2584 CNRS, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75248, France
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38
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Lacroix M, Leclercq G. Relevance of breast cancer cell lines as models for breast tumours: an update. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 83:249-89. [PMID: 14758095 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000014042.54925.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of available breast cancer cell (BCC) lines is small, and only a very few of them have been extensively studied. Whether they are representative of the tumours from which they originated remains a matter of debate. Whether their diversity mirrors the well-known inter-tumoural heterogeneity is another essential question. While numerous similarities have long been found between cell lines and tumours, recent technical advances, including the use of micro-arrays and comparative genetic analysis, have brought new data to the discussion. This paper presents most of the BCC lines that have been described in some detail to date. It evaluates the accuracy of the few of them widely used (MCF-7, T-47D, BT-474, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231, Hs578T) as tumour models. It is concluded that BCC lines are likely to reflect, to a large extent, the features of cancer cells in vivo. The importance of oestrogen receptor-alpha (gene ESR1 ) and Her-2/ neu ( ERBB2 ) as classifiers for cell lines and tumours is underlined. The recourse to a larger set of cell lines is suggested since the exact origin of some of the widely used lines remains ambiguous. Investigations on additional specific lines are expected to improve our knowledge of BCC and of the dialogue that these maintain with their surrounding normal cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lacroix
- Laboratoire Jean-Claude Heuson de Cancérologie Mammaire, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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39
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Steinarsdóttir M, Jónasson JG, Vidarsson H, Júlíusdóttir H, Hauksdóttir H, Ogmundsdóttir HM. Cytogenetic changes in nonmalignant breast tissue. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 41:47-55. [PMID: 15236316 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic changes are common in breast cancer and have also been described in fibroadenomas and fibrocystic disease, but not in histologically normal breast tissue. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on nonmalignant breast tissue from benign breast lumps (n = 8), reduction mammoplasties (n = 31), and grossly nontumorous tissue from cancerous breasts (n = 84), using standard techniques and G-banding. All samples were reviewed histologically. Clonal chromosomal changes were found in three of eight benign breast tumors (38%). Of the reduction mammoplasties, 17 samples contained nonproliferative changes, and three of these (18%) showed a clonal deletion of 3p. No pathology was identified in the other 14 samples, of which one (7%) contained two clonal changes, apparently balanced translocations. Of nontumorous tissues from cancerous breasts, 15 (18%) showed clonal chromosomal abnormalities. Five of these samples were histologically normal. Two clones were identical to those found in the corresponding cancer. In 18 additional samples, single cells were detected with the same change as that seen in clones or single cells in the cancer. Only 4 of these 20 samples contained detectable cancer cells. Clonal abnormalities found in two or more samples included trisomies X, 7, and 20 and monosomies 19 and 18. Clonal changes were not significantly more frequent in proliferative than in nonproliferative lesions. The Icelandic BRCA2 founder mutation, 999del5, was detected in four samples, all histologically normal, two of which had clonal chromosomal abnormalities. In conclusion, clonal chromosomal changes are not infrequent in nonmalignant breast tissue and can be detected even in the absence of histological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margrét Steinarsdóttir
- Chromosome Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
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40
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Molist R, Gerbault-Seureau M, Klijanienko J, Vielh P, Dutrillaux B. Potential rapid assessment of breast cancer prognosis using induced chromosome condensation performed on cytological specimens. J Transl Med 2004; 84:433-9. [PMID: 15031740 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that assessment of chromosome alteration rate by cytogenetics is well correlated with breast cancer prognosis factors. As karyotypes are usually difficult to obtain from solid tumors using conventional methods, a new approach is proposed. Metaphase-like chromosomes were directly obtained following chromosome condensation using calyculin A (okadaic acid) from cytologic specimens of breast cancers sampled by fine needle. Chromosome counts and rearrangement rates were established in a series of 45 tumors, as early as 24-48 h after sampling. A high rate of rearranged chromosomes was found to correlate with high histological grade, TNM stage and S-phase fraction, loss of estrogen receptor expression and DNA aneuploidy. The indication of genome alteration provided by this method constitutes a simple, potent and early potential prognostic factor in breast cancer directly applied on cytological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Molist
- Cytogénétique Moléculaire et Oncologie, UMR 147, CNRS, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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41
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Farabegoli F, Hermsen MAJA, Ceccarelli C, Santini D, Weiss MM, Meijer GA, van Diest PJ. Simultaneous chromosome 1q gain and 16q loss is associated with steroid receptor presence and low proliferation in breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:449-55. [PMID: 14976537 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We applied comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to 46 breast carcinoma samples, collected from 1993 to 1995, in order to detect chromosome 1q gains and 16q losses and to define whether samples showing both these alterations had distinct biopathologic features and different clinical outcome. A total of 22 samples (48%) had simultaneous chromosome 1q gain and 16q loss, which was always associated with other genetic changes. In total, 23 samples had various chromosome imbalances (including chromosome 1q gain independent of chromosome 16q loss and vice versa) and one sample did not show detectable alterations. Samples having chromosome 1q gain/16q loss were compared to the other samples with regard to neoplasm size, lymph-node status, histologic and nuclear grade, estrogen and progesterone receptor presence, Ki-67, pRB, Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, p53, p21 and p27 expression as detected by immunohistochemistry. The samples showing chromosome 1q gain/16q loss had high steroid hormone receptor expression (P=0.02), low cell growth fraction (Ki-67, P=0.03) and high p27 expression (P<0.001). No statistical correlation with disease-free survival and overall survival or response to hormonal therapy was found. We conclude that simultaneous chromosome 1q gain/16q loss is a frequent event in invasive breast cancer, which occurs in a subset of both intermediate- and high-grade breast carcinomas. Although the final chromosome 1q and 16q imbalances might have originated from different chromosome alterations in low- and high-grade samples, the gene-dosage effect might be important in conferring peculiar biopathologic characteristics to this subset of samples. The cytogenetic and molecular mechanisms underlying these chromosome changes deserve further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Farabegoli
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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42
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Adélaïde J, Huang HE, Murati A, Alsop AE, Orsetti B, Mozziconacci MJ, Popovici C, Ginestier C, Letessier A, Basset C, Courtay-Cahen C, Jacquemier J, Theillet C, Birnbaum D, Edwards PAW, Chaffanet M. A recurrent chromosome translocation breakpoint in breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines targets the neuregulin/NRG1 gene. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 37:333-45. [PMID: 12800145 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The 8p11-21 region is a frequent target of alterations in breast cancer and other carcinomas. We surveyed 34 breast tumor cell lines and 9 pancreatic cancer cell lines for alterations of this region by use of multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) and BAC-specific FISH. We describe a recurrent chromosome translocation breakpoint that targets the NRG1 gene on 8p12. NRG1 encodes growth factors of the neuregulin/heregulin-1 family that are ligands for tyrosine kinase receptors of the ERBB family. Breakpoints within the NRG1 gene were found in four of the breast tumor cell lines: ZR-75-1, in a dic(8;11); HCC1937, in a t(8;10)(p12;p12.1); SUM-52, in an hsr(8)(p12); UACC-812, in a t(3;8); and in two of the pancreatic cancer cell lines: PaTu I, in a der(8)t(4;8); and SUIT-2, in a del(8)(p). Mapping by two-color FISH showed that the breaks were scattered over 1.1 Mb within the NRG1 gene. It is already known that the MDA-MB-175 breast tumor cell line has a dic(8;11), with a breakpoint in NRG1 that fuses NRG1 to the DOC4 gene on 11q13. Thus, we have found a total of seven breakpoints, in two types of cancer cell lines, that target the NRG1 gene. This suggests that the NRG1 locus is a recurring target of translocations in carcinomas. PCR analysis of reverse-transcribed cell line RNAs revealed an extensive complexity of the NRG1 transcripts but failed to detect a consistent pattern of mRNA isoforms in the cell lines with NRG1 breakpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Adélaïde
- Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Laboratoires de Cytogénétique Moléculaire et de Pathologie Moléculaire, U119 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC), Marseille, France
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43
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Abstract
The FHIT gene encompassing the most active common human chromosomal fragile region, FRA3B, was discovered in 1996 and proposed as a tumour suppressor gene for important human cancers. Seven years and more than 350 reports later, early questions concerning its tumour suppressor role have been answered. Recent studies on the role of Fhit loss in major types of human cancers report association with high proliferative and low apoptotic indices, node positivity, loss of mismatch repair protein, likelihood of progression and reduced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Huebner
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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44
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Abstract
How carcinomas begin remains unclear, but experimental data do not entirely exclude the participation of more than one clone of neoplastic cells, even in relatively advanced epithelial tumour growth. Microdissection and new PCR clonality assays exploiting X-linked polymorphisms, some of which (including XIST) are expressed in RNA, create investigational opportunities complementary to other molecular analyses, but a reliable in situ assay of X-inactivation remains desirable. The necessity for stringent controls in clonality analysis is emphasized. While it may be possible to reconcile 'pluriclonal' (oligoclonal or polyclonal) carcinogenesis with widely accepted paradigms of genetic/epigenetic change and clonal selection in epithelial neoplasia, it deserves critical study as novel carcinogenic mechanisms would be implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Going
- Department of Pathology, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK.
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45
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Ormandy CJ, Musgrove EA, Hui R, Daly RJ, Sutherland RL. Cyclin D1, EMS1 and 11q13 amplification in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 78:323-35. [PMID: 12755491 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023033708204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome locus 11q13 is frequently amplified in a number of human cancers including carcinoma of the breast where up to 15% carry this chromosomal abnormality. Originally 11q13 amplification was thought to involve a single amplicon spanning many megabases, but more recent data have identified four core regions within 11q13 that can be amplified independently or together in different combinations. Although the region harbors several genes with known or suspected oncogenic potential, the complex structure of the amplicons and the fact that 11q13 is gene-rich have made definitive identification of specific genes that contribute to the genesis and progression of breast cancer a difficult and continuing process. To date CCND1, encoding the cell cycle regulatory gene cyclin D1, and EMS1, encoding the filamentous actin binding protein and c-Src substrate cortactin, are the favored candidates responsible for the emergence of two of the four amplification cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Ormandy
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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46
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Papadopoulou A, Trangas T, Teixeira MR, Heim S, Dimitriadis E, Tsarouha H, Andersen JA, Evangelou E, Ioannidis P, Agnantis NJ, Pandis N. Telomerase activity and genetic alterations in primary breast carcinomas. Neoplasia 2003; 5:170-8. [PMID: 12659690 PMCID: PMC1502403 DOI: 10.1016/s1476-5586(03)80009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the structural and numerical chromosome abnormalities recorded in breast cancer could be the result of telomere dysfunction and that telomerase is activated de novo to provide a survival mechanism curtailing further chromosomal aberrations. However, recent in vivo and in vitro data show that the ectopic expression of telomerase promotes tumorigenesis via a telomere length-independent mechanism. In this study, the relation between telomerase expression and the extent of chromosomal aberrations was investigated in 62 primary breast carcinomas. Telomerase activity was measured using a polymerase chain reaction-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay and 92% of the tumors were found to express telomerase with a relative activity ranging from 0 to 3839.6. Genetic alterations were determined by G-banding and comparative genomic hybridization analysis and 97% of the tumors exhibited chromosomal aberrations ranging from 0 to 44 (average: 10.98). In the overall series, the relationship between telomerase activity levels and genetic changes could be best described by a quadratic model, whereas in tumors with below-average genetic alteration numbers, a significant positive association was recorded between the two variables (coefficient=0.374, P=.017). The relationship between telomerase activity levels and the extent of genetic alteration may reflect the complex effect of telomerase activation upon tumor progression in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theoni Trangas
- Department of Genetics, Saint Savas Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sverre Heim
- Department of Cancer Genetics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Johan A Andersen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Public Health, School of Nursing, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Nikos Pandis
- Department of Genetics, Saint Savas Hospital, Athens, Greece
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