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Shan H, Tian G, Zhang Y, Qiu Z. Exploring the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of SMAD4 in colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2392341. [PMID: 39164192 PMCID: PMC11340766 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2392341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, and the occurrence and development of CRC are influenced by the molecular biology characteristics of CRC, especially alterations in key signaling pathways. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a crucial role in cellular growth, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, with SMAD4 protein serving as a key transcription factor in the TGF-β signaling pathway, thus playing a significant role in the onset and progression of CRC. CRC is one of the malignancies with a high mortality rate worldwide. Despite significant research progress in recent years, especially regarding the role of SMAD4, its dual role in the early and late stages of tumor progression has promoted further discussion on its complexity as a therapeutic target, highlighting the urgent need for a deeper analysis of its role in CRC. This review aims to explore the function of SMAD4 protein in CRC and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shan
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangyu Tian
- Department of Oncology, Jiangdu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yeqing Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyuan Qiu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Mosaferi Z, Pirestani M, Arefian E, Gojani G, Kavousinasab N, Karimi P, Deilami A, Abrehdari-Tafreshi Z. Exploring the Relationship Between KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF Mutations and Clinical Characteristics in Iranian Colorectal Cancer Patients. J Gastrointest Cancer 2024; 55:1134-1143. [PMID: 38709419 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-024-01064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with colorectal cancer can benefit from anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) therapy. However, this therapy is not effective for treating colorectal cancers with constitutive activating mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes. Molecular analysis of tumor tissue frequently informs treatment decisions for colorectal cancer. This study aims to identify KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations in Iranian patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and to assess the prevalence of these mutations relative to the tumor differentiation stage within these populations. METHODS From April 2018 to December 2022, 2000 specimens from patients with colorectal cancer were collected. Data on sex, age, and tumor differentiation stage were recorded for all samples. For mutation detection, the KRAS and NRAS exons (2, 3, and 4) were amplified using the Diatech kit, and a specific primer was used to amplify BRAF exon 15. Pyrosequencing was then performed. RESULTS Analysis of samples revealed that 1105 specimens (55.3%) contained mutations in at least one of the screened genes. Among the genes studied, the highest occurrence was the KRAS mutation at 47.4%, followed by NRAS at 5.3% and BRAF at 2.7%. Most KRAS mutations were found in exon 2 (89.7%), with the G12D mutation being the most prevalent at 32% of cases. There was a significant difference in the rate of KRAS mutations in women (52.5%) compared to men (43.5%) (P = 0.02). For NRAS, the majority mutations were observed in exon 3 (76.2%), with the Q61H mutation being the most prevalent at 28.5% of cases. There were no significant associations between the clinicopathological parameters and mutations. CONCLUSION The study's findings indicate a rising frequency of mutations in these genes in Iran, highlighting the need to screening mutations in the main exons of all three genes for effective colorectal cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mosaferi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Parasitology & Entomology Dept, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, GeneTehran, Cell, Iran
| | - Goli Gojani
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Kavousinasab
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parto Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Deilami
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Abrehdari-Tafreshi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P. O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6455, Iran.
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Tomuleasa C, Tigu AB, Munteanu R, Moldovan CS, Kegyes D, Onaciu A, Gulei D, Ghiaur G, Einsele H, Croce CM. Therapeutic advances of targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:201. [PMID: 39138146 PMCID: PMC11323831 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), a category of transmembrane receptors, have gained significant clinical attention in oncology due to their central role in cancer pathogenesis. Genetic alterations, including mutations, amplifications, and overexpression of certain RTKs, are critical in creating environments conducive to tumor development. Following their discovery, extensive research has revealed how RTK dysregulation contributes to oncogenesis, with many cancer subtypes showing dependency on aberrant RTK signaling for their proliferation, survival and progression. These findings paved the way for targeted therapies that aim to inhibit crucial biological pathways in cancer. As a result, RTKs have emerged as primary targets in anticancer therapeutic development. Over the past two decades, this has led to the synthesis and clinical validation of numerous small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), now effectively utilized in treating various cancer types. In this manuscript we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the RTKs in the context of cancer. We explored the various alterations and overexpression of specific receptors across different malignancies, with special attention dedicated to the examination of current RTK inhibitors, highlighting their role as potential targeted therapies. By integrating the latest research findings and clinical evidence, we seek to elucidate the pivotal role of RTKs in cancer biology and the therapeutic efficacy of RTK inhibition with promising treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Adrian-Bogdan Tigu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Munteanu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian-Silviu Moldovan
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - David Kegyes
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Leukemia, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik II, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Ge R, Zhang J, Lu M, Shi Y, Yan S, Xue Z, Wang Z, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the urethra: A clinicopathological analysis of 35 cases. Histopathology 2024; 84:753-764. [PMID: 38114291 DOI: 10.1111/his.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the urethra represents an extremely rare entity. We sought to characterise further these tumours' clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular features. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-five cases were identified, occurring in 18 males and 17 females. The mean age at diagnosis was 65 years (28-89 years). The main presentation symptoms were haematuria and urinary outlet obstruction. Microscopic analysis revealed that all 35 tumours have stromal dissection by mucin. Ten tumours showed villoglandular dysplasia, nine showed mucinous metaplasia, two showed adenocarcinoma in situ and four showed signet ring cell features. All tumours were immunopositive for CEA, while immunonegative for nuclear β-catenin; 19 of 23 (83%) expressed high molecular weight cytokeratin; 19 of 33 (58%) CK7; 28 of 34 (82%) CK20; 32 of 35 (91%) CDX2; 22 of 27 (81%) cadherin-17 (CDH-17); 26 of 29 (90%) SATB2; and one of 31 (3%) GATA3. Mismatch repair gene products, including MLH1, PMS2, MSH2 and MSH6, were immunopositive, suggesting the MSI-low genotype of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the urethra. BRAF V600E and ALK rearrangements were not detected. During the mean follow-up of 20 months, nine patients either developed distant metastasis or succumbed to the illness. CONCLUSION Our study, encompassing the most extensive series of 35 cases of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the urethra, provides crucial insights into its precise diagnosis, management and potential targeted treatments. We found a greater CDX2, SATB2 and CDH17 sensitivity in these urethral tumours for the first time, to our knowledge. We identified characteristics such as an MSI-low profile, non-V600E BRAF mutations and an absence of ALK rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Ge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixuan Xue
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zongwei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urologic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Lifespan Academic Medical Center and the Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Jenkins LJ, Luk IY, Chionh F, Tan T, Needham K, Ayton J, Reehorst CM, Vukelic N, Sieber OM, Mouradov D, Gibbs P, Williams DS, Tebbutt NC, Desai J, Hollande F, Dhillon AS, Lee EF, Merino D, Fairlie WD, Mariadason JM. BCL-X L inhibitors enhance the apoptotic efficacy of BRAF inhibitors in BRAF V600E colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:183. [PMID: 38429301 PMCID: PMC10907349 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic BRAFV600E colorectal cancer (CRC) carries an extremely poor prognosis and is in urgent need of effective new treatments. While the BRAFV600E inhibitor encorafenib in combination with the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab (Enc+Cet) was recently approved for this indication, overall survival is only increased by 3.6 months and objective responses are observed in only 20% of patients. We have found that a limitation of Enc+Cet treatment is the failure to efficiently induce apoptosis in BRAFV600E CRCs, despite inducing expression of the pro-apoptotic protein BIM and repressing expression of the pro-survival protein MCL-1. Here, we show that BRAFV600E CRCs express high basal levels of the pro-survival proteins MCL-1 and BCL-XL, and that combining encorafenib with a BCL-XL inhibitor significantly enhances apoptosis in BRAFV600E CRC cell lines. This effect was partially dependent on the induction of BIM, as BIM deletion markedly attenuated BRAF plus BCL-XL inhibitor-induced apoptosis. As thrombocytopenia is an established on-target toxicity of BCL-XL inhibition, we also examined the effect of combining encorafenib with the BCL-XL -targeting PROTAC DT2216, and the novel BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor dendrimer conjugate AZD0466. Combining encorafenib with DT2216 significantly increased apoptosis induction in vitro, while combining encorafenib with AZD0466 was well tolerated in mice and further reduced growth of BRAFV600E CRC xenografts compared to either agent alone. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that combined BRAF and BCL-XL inhibition significantly enhances apoptosis in pre-clinical models of BRAFV600E CRC and is a combination regimen worthy of clinical investigation to improve outcomes for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fiona Chionh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tao Tan
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristen Needham
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamieson Ayton
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Camilla M Reehorst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalia Vukelic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Oliver M Sieber
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dmitri Mouradov
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David S Williams
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Niall C Tebbutt
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Frédéric Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amardeep S Dhillon
- The institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Erinna F Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Delphine Merino
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - W Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Zhu H, Li M, Bi D, Yang H, Gao Y, Song F, Zheng J, Xie R, Zhang Y, Liu H, Yan X, Kong C, Zhu Y, Xu Q, Wei Q, Qin H. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes tumor progression in KRAS p.G12D-mutant colorectal cancer by binding to DHX15. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1688. [PMID: 38402201 PMCID: PMC10894276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) promotes intestinal tumor growth and its relative abundance varies greatly among patients with CRC, suggesting the presence of unknown, individual-specific effectors in F. nucleatum-dependent carcinogenesis. Here, we identify that F. nucleatum is enriched preferentially in KRAS p.G12D mutant CRC tumor tissues and contributes to colorectal tumorigenesis in Villin-Cre/KrasG12D+/- mice. Additionally, Parabacteroides distasonis (P. distasonis) competes with F. nucleatum in the G12D mouse model and human CRC tissues with the KRAS mutation. Orally gavaged P. distasonis in mice alleviates the F. nucleatum-dependent CRC progression. F. nucleatum invades intestinal epithelial cells and binds to DHX15, a protein of RNA helicase family expressed on CRC tumor cells, mechanistically involving ERK/STAT3 signaling. Knock out of Dhx15 in Villin-Cre/KrasG12D+/- mice attenuates the CRC phenotype. These findings reveal that the oncogenic effect of F. nucleatum depends on somatic genetics and gut microbial ecology and indicate that personalized modulation of the gut microbiota may provide a more targeted strategy for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Man Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Dexi Bi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Huiqiong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yaohui Gao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Feifei Song
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jiayi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Ruting Xie
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Youhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xuebing Yan
- Department of Oncology, Yangzhou University Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Cheng Kong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yefei Zhu
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Research Institute of Intestinal Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Lawler T, Parlato L, Warren Andersen S. Racial disparities in colorectal cancer clinicopathological and molecular tumor characteristics: a systematic review. Cancer Causes Control 2024; 35:223-239. [PMID: 37688643 PMCID: PMC11090693 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-023-01783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE African Americans have the highest colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality of all racial groups in the USA, which may relate to differences in healthcare access or advanced stage at diagnosis. Recent evidence indicates that differences in tumor characteristics may also underlie disparities in mortality. To highlight recent findings and areas for investigation, we completed the first systematic review of racial disparities in CRC tumor prognostic markers, including clinicopathological markers, microsatellite instability (MSI), oncogene mutations, and novel markers, including cancer stem cells and immune markers. METHODS Relevant studies were identified via PubMed, limited to original research published within the last 10 years. Ninety-six articles were identified that compared the prevalence of mortality-related CRC tumor characteristics in African Americans (or other African ancestry populations) to White cases. RESULTS Tumors from African ancestry cases are approximately 10% more likely to contain mutations in KRAS, which confer elevated mortality and resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. Conversely, African Americans have approximately 50% lower odds for BRAF-mutant tumors, which occur less frequently but have similar effects on mortality and therapeutic resistance. There is less consistent evidence supporting disparities in mutations for other oncogenes, including PIK3CA, TP53, APC, NRAS, HER2, and PTEN, although higher rates of PIK3CA mutations and lower prevalence of MSI status for African ancestry cases are supported by recent evidence. Although emerging evidence suggests that immune markers reflecting anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment may be lower for African American cases, there is insufficient evidence to evaluate disparities in other novel markers, cancer stem cells, microRNAs, and the consensus molecular subtypes. CONCLUSION Higher rates of KRAS-mutant tumors in in African Americans may contribute to disparities in CRC mortality. Additional work is required to understand whether emerging markers, including immune cells, underlie the elevated CRC mortality observed for African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lawler
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lisa Parlato
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shaneda Warren Andersen
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Suite 1007B, WARF, 610 Walnut Street, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
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8
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Sutherland RL, Boyne DJ, Brenner DR, Cheung WY. The Impact of BRAF Mutation Status on Survival Outcomes and Treatment Patterns among Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients in Alberta, Canada. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5748. [PMID: 38136294 PMCID: PMC10741517 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer presents via multiple different clinical phenotypes that can arise from a variety of different genetic and molecular alterations. The aim of this study was to describe survival outcomes and treatment patterns of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients by v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) mutation status. The Alberta Cancer Registry was used to identify all patients >18 years old who had been diagnosed with mCRC in Alberta between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2019 and had received at least one cycle of systemic therapy. Treatment patterns were compared between wild-type and mutant BRAF mCRC patients. Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier curves were created to assess survival differences by both treatment pattern and BRAF status. A total of 488 patients were identified with mCRC, of which 42 (11.4%) were confirmed to have a BRAF mutation. The most common first-line treatment regimen was either capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX) or leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX). The median overall survival for mCRC patients was 20.01 months. Mutant BRAF patients had a median survival of 8.21 months compared to 20.03 months among those with wild-type BRAF. BRAF mutations among mCRC patients are associated with a considerably poor prognosis, reinforcing the need for clinical BRAF testing among newly diagnosed patients to better understand their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Liam Sutherland
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Devon J. Boyne
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Darren R. Brenner
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Winson Y. Cheung
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Cho WK, Yoo GS, Rim CH, Jeong JU, Chie EK, Ahn YC, Cho HM, Um JW, Suh YG, Chang AR, Lee JH. Differential Perspectives by Specialty on Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Korean Oligometastasis Working Group's Comparative Survey Study. Cancer Res Treat 2023; 55:1281-1290. [PMID: 37290481 PMCID: PMC10582548 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2023.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite numerous studies on the optimal treatments for oligometastatic disease (OMD), there is no established interdisciplinary consensus on its diagnosis or classification. This survey-based study aimed to analyze the differential opinions of colorectal surgeons and radiation oncologists regarding the definition and treatment of OMD from the colorectal primary. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 141 participants were included in this study, consisting of 63 radiation oncologists (44.7%) and 78 colorectal surgeons (55.3%). The survey consisted of 19 questions related to OMD, and the responses were analyzed using the chi-square test to determine statistical differences between the specialties. RESULTS The radiation oncologists chose "bone" more frequently compared to the colorectal surgeons (19.2% vs. 36.5%, p=0.022), while colorectal surgeons favored "peritoneal seeding" (26.9% vs. 9.5%, p=0.009). Regarding the number of metastatic tumors, 48.3% of colorectal surgeons responded that "irrelevant, if all metastatic lesions are amendable to local therapy", while only 21.8% of radiation oncologist chose same answer. When asked about molecular diagnosis, most surgeons (74.8%) said it was important, but only 35.8% of radiation oncologists agreed. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that although radiation oncologists and colorectal surgeons agreed on a majority of aspects such as diagnostic imaging, biomarker, systemic therapy, and optimal timing of OMD, they also had quite different perspectives on several aspects of OMD. Understanding these differences is crucial to achieving multidisciplinary consensus on the definition and optimal management of OMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyung Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Gyu Sang Yoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Chai Hong Rim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan,
Korea
| | - Jae-Uk Jeong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University College of Medicine, Hwasun,
Korea
| | - Eui Kyu Chie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yong Chan Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hyeon-Min Cho
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent`s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon,
Korea
| | - Jun Won Um
- Department of Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan,
Korea
| | - Yang-Gun Suh
- Proton Therapy Center, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang,
Korea
| | - Ah Ram Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon,
Korea
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10
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Haefliger S, Turek D, Andrei V, Alborelli I, Calgua B, Ameline B, Harder D, Baumhoer D. Cemento-osseous dysplasia is caused by RAS-MAPK activation. Pathology 2023; 55:324-328. [PMID: 36707318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) belongs to the spectrum of benign fibro-osseous lesions occurring exclusively in the tooth-bearing areas of the jaws. Depending on site and extent of involvement, periapical, focal and florid subtypes can be distinguished that share an identical histomorphology. Most cases are asymptomatic and follow a self-limited course requiring no specific treatment. Over time, lesions progressively mineralise while the cellularity decreases. However, the molecular pathogenesis of COD, has not yet been explored. We analysed a series of 31 COD samples by targeted sequencing and detected pathogenic hotspot mutations involving the RAS-MAPK signalling pathway in 5/18 evaluable cases (28%). The mutations were found in the BRAF, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, and FGFR3 genes. Our findings suggest that COD is driven by RAS-MAPK activation; however, the mechanism underlying the spontaneous growth arrest typically occuring in most of the lesions remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Haefliger
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Turek
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanghelita Andrei
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Alborelli
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Byron Calgua
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Ameline
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dorothee Harder
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Mirzapoor Abbasabadi Z, Hamedi Asl D, Rahmani B, Shahbadori R, Karami S, Peymani A, Taghizadeh S, Samiee Rad F. KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation rates, clinicopathological association, and their prognostic value in Iranian colorectal cancer patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24868. [PMID: 36930789 PMCID: PMC10098058 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Mutations in KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA genes are critical factors in clinical evaluation of colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression. In Iran, however, the data regarding genetic profile of CRC patients is limited except for KRAS exon2 and BRAF V600F mutations. This study aimed to investigate the mutational spectrum and prognostic effects of these genes and explore the relationship between these mutations and clinicopathological features of CRC. METHOD To achieve these objectives, mutations in KRAS (exons 2, 3, and 4), NRAS (exons 2, 3, and 4), PIK3CA (exons 9 and 20), and BRAF (exon 15) was determined using PCR and pyrosequencing in a total of 151 patients with colorectal cancer. RESULTS KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations were identified in 41%, 5.96%, 3.97%, and 13.24% of the cases, respectively. There were some significant correlations between clinicopathological features and KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF, and NRAS mutations. Mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA were shown to be independent risk factors for poor survival of the patients at stage I-IV (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively). No significant impact on prognosis was observed in patients with BRAF mutations. CONCLUSION Our study revealed the prevalence of CRC biomarkers mutations in Iranian patients and emphasized the role of KRAS and PIK3CA on shorter overall survival rates in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mirzapoor Abbasabadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Behsotun Lab, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Dariush Hamedi Asl
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Mehr Lab, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Hashtgerd, Iran
| | - Babak Rahmani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Rozhin Shahbadori
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Mehr Lab, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Hashtgerd, Iran
| | - Sara Karami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Behsotun Lab, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Amir Peymani
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sara Taghizadeh
- Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Samiee Rad
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Department of Pathology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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12
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Shi S, Gong Y, Li X, Ding Y, Song G, Liu H, Zhang Z. Mutations in Classical Signaling Pathways and Their Functional Impact in Microsatellite Instability High Colorectal Cancer. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:90-99. [PMID: 36989521 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2022.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) are a distinctive group among colorectal cancers (CRCs). This study investigated the mutations of genes in the common signaling pathways and their potential clinical implications in MSI-H CRC. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five MSI-H tumors were selected from 384 primary CRCs, and the related clinical and pathological information were also collected from medical records. A commercial kit was used to detect the mutational status of crucial oncogenes within these tumors using next generation sequencing (NGS). Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the NGS findings. Result: In the present study, MSI-H cases accounted for 6.51% of primary CRCs, with special clinicopathological features. NGS showed that the average number of mutations per tumor in the target genes evaluated was 3.36 and ranged from 1 to 9. In total, there were 17 cases (68%) with mutations in the RAS-RAF pathway and 18 cases (72%) with mutations in the PI3K pathway among the MSI-H CRCs. The remaining two cases included an EMAP Like 4-ALK Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion and one with a Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (ERBB2) missense mutation. Conclusion: This study found multiple variants within different signaling pathways that were mutually present in MSI-H CRCs, suggesting that such a heterogeneous group of tumors requires complex treatment responses. Thus, additional clinical molecular testing is recommended for such patients, such as NGS, to inform the appropriate treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Shi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxi Gong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxin Song
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui City, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Alternatively Spliced Isoforms of MUC4 and ADAM12 as Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13010135. [PMID: 36675796 PMCID: PMC9861497 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a pertinent need to develop prognostic biomarkers for practicing predictive, preventive and personalized medicine (PPPM) in colorectal cancer metastasis. The analysis of isoform expression data governed by alternative splicing provides a high-resolution picture of mRNAs in a defined condition. This information would not be available by studying gene expression changes alone. Hence, we utilized our prior data from an exon microarray and found ADAM12 and MUC4 to be strong biomarker candidates based on their alternative splicing scores and pattern. In this study, we characterized their isoform expression in a cell line model of metastatic colorectal cancer (SW480 & SW620). These two genes were found to be good prognostic indicators in two cohorts from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. We studied their exon structure using sequence information in the NCBI and ENSEMBL genome databases to amplify and validate six isoforms each for the ADAM12 and MUC4 genes. The differential expression of these isoforms was observed between normal, primary and metastatic colorectal cancer cell lines. RNA-Seq analysis further proved the differential expression of the gene isoforms. The isoforms of MUC4 and ADAM12 were found to change expression levels in response to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment in a dose-, time- and cell line-dependent manner. Furthermore, we successfully detected the protein isoforms of ADAM12 and MUC4 in cell lysates, reflecting the differential expression at the protein level. The change in the mRNA and protein expression of MUC4 and ADAM12 in primary and metastatic cells and in response to 5-FU qualifies them to be studied as potential biomarkers. This comprehensive study underscores the importance of studying alternatively spliced isoforms and their potential use as prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers in the PPPM approach towards cancer.
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14
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Vital M, Carusso F, Vergara C, Neffa F, Della Valle A, Esperón P. Genetic and epigenetic characteristics of patients with colorectal cancer from Uruguay. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 241:154264. [PMID: 36495761 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the 3rd most frequent cancer worldwide, affects both men and women. This pathology arises from the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. In this study, KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA, and BRAF gene mutations, mismatch repair (MMR) genes methylation profile, microsatellite instability (MSI) and CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP) status were assessed. The associations of these molecular features with clinicopathological data were also investigated. A hundred and eight unselected CRC samples and their histological and clinical data, were gathered between 2017 and 2020. The prevalence of KRAS, NRAS and BRAF gene mutations was similar to that described in other populations. 28.7% of tumors were KRAS-mutated, mostly in men, distal location, with a CIMP-negative status. BRAFV600E frequency was 6.5% and associated with MSI (p = 0.048), MLH1-methylated (p < 0.001) and CIMP-High (p < 0.001) status. We also confirmed that BRAFV600E tumors were more prevalent in older women and proximal location. A striking different result was the lack of most common variants in the PIK3CA gene. A complete absence of PIK3CA-mutated tumors in a population has not been previously reported. Among MMR genes, the only with an aberrant methylation pattern was MLH1 gene. Its frequency was 9.25%, lower than previously reported. Methylated tumors were most frequent in patients older than 70 years old and proximal tumor location. Finally, CIMP-High status was mainly observed in moderately differentiated tumors with a rate of 15.7%. Our findings were consistent with previous reports in other populations, but also showed some features unique to our cohort. This study is the first to report the analysis of a large number molecular biomarkers of CRC in Uruguay and one of the few performed in Latin-America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Vital
- Molecular Genetic Unit, School of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, CP1800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Florencia Carusso
- Uruguayan Collaborative Group, Dirección Nacional de Sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, 8 de Octubre 3020, CP1600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Carolina Vergara
- Uruguayan Collaborative Group, Dirección Nacional de Sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, 8 de Octubre 3020, CP1600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Florencia Neffa
- Uruguayan Collaborative Group, Dirección Nacional de Sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, 8 de Octubre 3020, CP1600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Adriana Della Valle
- Uruguayan Collaborative Group, Dirección Nacional de Sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, 8 de Octubre 3020, CP1600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Patricia Esperón
- Molecular Genetic Unit, School of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, CP1800 Montevideo, Uruguay; Uruguayan Collaborative Group, Dirección Nacional de Sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, 8 de Octubre 3020, CP1600 Montevideo, Uruguay; Latin American Network for Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Purwanto I, Leo B, Purwanto Utomo B, Sofii I, Kus Dwianingsih E, Ratnasari N. Rapid Malignant Transformation of Tubulovillous Adenoma, Initially Presenting as McKittrick-Wheelock Syndrome: A Case Report. Case Rep Oncol 2023; 16:818-826. [PMID: 37900797 PMCID: PMC10601724 DOI: 10.1159/000531992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cases of colorectal cancer develop from adenomatous polyps, slowly progressing within an average period of 8-10 years. McKittrick-Wheelock syndrome (MKWS) is a rare manifestation of tubulovillous adenoma. It generally presents as hypersecretory diarrhea with severe electrolyte and fluid depletion. Roughly, 5% of the published cases have reported malignant histopathology associated with MKWS, with little to no data regarding the malignant transformation process of those patients. Our patient was a 53-year-old Asian woman suffering from chronic secretory diarrhea, resulting in severe volume, electrolyte depletion, and prerenal azotemia, consistent for MKWS. Her symptoms initially improved with sulfasalazine but eventually worsened. She demonstrated signs of systemic (elevated leukocyte, CRP, and LDH) and local inflammation (dense lymphocyte infiltration in colorectal tissue) throughout the course of her disease. Serial pathological results showed rapid neoplastic progression of adenomatous polyp to adenocarcinoma within 1 year period. Surgical resection resulted in complete symptom resolution. Molecular examination showed a favorable profile of exon 4 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog mutation, normal NRAS, BRAF, CDX2, and CK20 expressions. Her molecular pattern did not reflect the profile of an aggressive disease, suggesting the possibility of oncogenic processes outside the major pathways of adenoma to carcinoma progression. Chronic inflammation is a well-established risk factor for colorectal cancer, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been observed as one of the key regulators of tumor initiation and growth. PGE2 is also responsible for hypersecretory diarrhea associated with MKWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibnu Purwanto
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Benedreky Leo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Purwanto Utomo
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Imam Sofii
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ery Kus Dwianingsih
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Neneng Ratnasari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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16
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Kunac N, Degoricija M, Viculin J, Omerović J, Terzić J, Vilović K, Korac-Prlic J. Activation of cGAS-STING Pathway Is Associated with MSI-H Stage IV Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010221. [PMID: 36612217 PMCID: PMC9818394 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in adults. Understanding colorectal tumorigenesis at both the cellular and molecular levels is crucial for developing effective treatment options. Forty-one biopsy samples from patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) were collected at Split University Hospital in Croatia. A total of 41 patients (21 with microsatellite unstable tumours and 20 with microsatellite stable tumours) were randomly included in the study. Immunolabelling of cGAS and STING in metastatic CRC was performed and further complemented by histological classification, tumour grade, and KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutational status of mCRC. In bivariate analysis, elevated expression of cGAS and STING was positively associated with MSI-H colon cancer (Fisher's exact test, both p = 0.0203). Combined expression analysis of cGAS and STING showed a significantly higher percentage of patients with mCRC MSI-H with a fully or partially activated cGAS-STING signalling pathway (chi-square test, p = 0.0050). After adjusting for age, sex, and STING expression, increased cGAS expression remained significantly associated with MSI-H colon cancer in a multiple logistic regression model (β = 1.588, SE = ±0.799, p = 0.047). The cGAS-STING signalling axis represents a compelling new target for optimization of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapeutic approaches in patients with MSI-H stage IV CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Kunac
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marina Degoricija
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jelena Viculin
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Omerović
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Janoš Terzić
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Katarina Vilović
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jelena Korac-Prlic
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21557877; Fax: +385-21557880
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17
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Tumor antigens and vaccines in colorectal cancer. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Lavacchi D, Fancelli S, Roviello G, Castiglione F, Caliman E, Rossi G, Venturini J, Pellegrini E, Brugia M, Vannini A, Bartoli C, Cianchi F, Pillozzi S, Antonuzzo L. Mutations matter: An observational study of the prognostic and predictive value of KRAS mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1055019. [PMID: 36523988 PMCID: PMC9745189 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1055019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About half of metastatic colorectal cancers (CRCs) harbor Rat Sarcoma (RAS) activating mutations as oncogenic driver, but the prognostic role of RAS mutations is not fully elucidated. Interestingly, specific hotspot mutations have been identified as potential candidates for novel targeted therapies in several malignancies as per G12C. This study aims at evaluating the association between KRAS hotspot mutations and patient characteristics, prognosis and response to antiangiogenic drugs. METHODS Data from RAS-mutated CRC patients referred to Careggi University Hospital, between January 2017 and April 2022 were retrospectively and prospectively collected. Tumor samples were assessed for RAS mutation status using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry, Myriapod NGS-56G Onco Panel, or Myriapod NGS Cancer Panel DNA. RESULTS Among 1047 patients with available RAS mutational status, 183 KRAS-mutated patients with advanced CRC had adequate data for clinicopathological and survival analysis. KRAS mutations occurred at codon 12 in 67.2% of cases, codon 13 in 23.5%, codon 61 in 2.2%, and other codons in 8.2%. G12C mutation was identified in 7.1% of patients and exon 4 mutations in 7.1%. KRAS G12D mutation, as compared to other mutations, was significantly associated with liver metastases (1-sided p=0.005) and male sex (1-sided p=0.039), KRAS G12C mutation with peritoneal metastases (1-sided p=0.035), KRAS G12V mutation with female sex (1-sided p=0.025) and no surgery for primary tumor (1-sided p=0.005). No associations were observed between specific KRAS variants and age, ECOG PS, site of primary tumor, pattern of recurrence for resected patients, and lung, distant lymph node, bone, or brain metastases.Overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in patients with KRAS exon 4 mutations than in those with other KRAS mutations (mOS 43.6 months vs 20.6 months; HR 0.45 [0.21-0.99], p=0.04). No difference in survival was observed for mutations at codon 12/13/61 (p=0.1). Treatment with bevacizumab (BV) increased significatively mPFS (p=0.036) and mOS (p=0.019) of the entire population with a substantial benefit in mOS for G12V mutation (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS Patterns of presentation and prognosis among patients with specific RAS hotspot mutations deserve to be extensively studied in large datasets, with a specific attention to the uncommon isoforms and the role of anti-angiogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lavacchi
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Fancelli
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Castiglione
- Pathologic Histology and Molecular diagnostic Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Caliman
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gemma Rossi
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Jacopo Venturini
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Brugia
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Agnese Vannini
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Bartoli
- Pathologic Histology and Molecular diagnostic Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Cianchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Pillozzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Antonuzzo
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Yu X, Chen Y, Lu J, He K, Chen Y, Ding Y, Jin K, Wang H, Zhang H, Wang H, Teng L. Patient-derived xenograft models for gastrointestinal tumors: A single-center retrospective study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:985154. [PMID: 36465411 PMCID: PMC9716308 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.985154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have shown a great efficiency in preclinical and translational applications. Gastrointestinal (GI) tumors have a strong heterogeneity, and the engraftment rate of PDX models remarkably vary. However, the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics affecting the engraftment rate still remain elusive. METHODS A total of 312 fresh tumor tissue samples from patients with GI cancer were implanted into immunodeficient mice. The median follow-up time of patients was 37 months. Patients' characteristics were compared in terms of PDX growth and overall survival. PDX models of 3-6 generations were used for drug evaluation. RESULTS In total, 171 (54.8%, 171/312) PDX models were established, including 85 PDX models of colorectal cancer, 21 PDX models of esophageal cancer, and 65 PDX models of gastric cancer. Other than tumor site, histology, differentiation degree, and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, no significant differences were found between transplantation of xenografts and patients' characteristics. For patients who had undergone neoadjuvant therapy, the incidence of tumor formation was higher in those with progressive disease (PD) or stable disease (SD). In gastric cancer, the results showed a higher transplantation rate in deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) tumors, and Ki-67 could be an important factor affecting the engraftment rate. The gene mutation status of RAS and BRAF, two important molecular markers in colorectal cancer, showed a high degree of consistency between patients' tumors and PDXs. However, no significant effects of these two mutations on PDX engraftment rate were observed. More importantly, in this study although KRAS mutations were detected in two clinical cases, evident tumor inhibition was still observed after cetuximab treatment in both PDX models and patients. CONCLUSION A large-scale PDX model including 171 cases was successfully established for GI tumors in our center. The relationship between clinicopathological and molecular features and engraftment rates were clarified. Furthermore, this resource provides us with profound insights into tumor heterogeneity, making these models valuable for PDX-guided treatment decisions, and offering the PDX model as a great tool for personalized treatment and translation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiran Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuifeng He
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongfeng Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Sorokin M, Zolotovskaia M, Nikitin D, Suntsova M, Poddubskaya E, Glusker A, Garazha A, Moisseev A, Li X, Sekacheva M, Naskhletashvili D, Seryakov A, Wang Y, Buzdin A. Personalized targeted therapy prescription in colorectal cancer using algorithmic analysis of RNA sequencing data. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1113. [PMID: 36316649 PMCID: PMC9623986 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overall survival of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) patients remains poor, and gene expression analysis could potentially complement detection of clinically relevant mutations to personalize CRC treatments. METHODS We performed RNA sequencing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cancer tissue samples of 23 CRC patients and interpreted the data obtained using bioinformatic method Oncobox for expression-based rating of targeted therapeutics. Oncobox ranks cancer drugs according to the efficiency score calculated using target genes expression and molecular pathway activation data. The patients had primary and metastatic CRC with metastases in liver, peritoneum, brain, adrenal gland, lymph nodes and ovary. Two patients had mutations in NRAS, seven others had mutated KRAS gene. Patients were treated by aflibercept, bevacizumab, bortezomib, cabozantinib, cetuximab, crizotinib, denosumab, panitumumab and regorafenib as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy, and information on the success of totally 39 lines of therapy was collected. RESULTS Oncobox drug efficiency score was effective biomarker that could predict treatment outcomes in the experimental cohort (AUC 0.77 for all lines of therapy and 0.91 for the first line after tumor sampling). Separately for bevacizumab, it was effective in the experimental cohort (AUC 0.87) and in 3 independent literature CRC datasets, n = 107 (AUC 0.84-0.94). It also predicted progression-free survival in univariate (Hazard ratio 0.14) and multivariate (Hazard ratio 0.066) analyses. Difference in AUC scores evidences importance of using recent biosamples for the prediction quality. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that RNA sequencing analysis of tumor FFPE materials may be helpful for personalizing prescriptions of targeted therapeutics in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Sorokin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow Region, Russia
- OmicsWay Corp, 91789 Walnut, CA USA
| | | | - Daniil Nikitin
- OmicsWay Corp, 91789 Walnut, CA USA
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Suntsova
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Poddubskaya
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Clinical Center Vitamed, 121309 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Glusker
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey Moisseev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, 90095 Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Marina Sekacheva
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Ye Wang
- Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anton Buzdin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow Region, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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21
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Toropovskiy AN, Nikitin AG, Viktorov DA, Solov'ev AV, Khuzina RM, Pavlova ON. The role of KRAS and NRAS mutation detection in determining the therapy strategy for colorectal cancer. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL INSTITUTE "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH) 2022. [DOI: 10.20340/vmi-rvz.2022.5.clin.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumors in men and women, which is a highly heterogeneous group of neoplasms consisting of subclasses with different molecular and clinical characteristics, and, as a consequence, patients with different types of tumors require different treatment protocols. Among the predictive factors of treatment response in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, the most studied are the genes of the RAS family (KRAS, NRAS). Determination of RAS status is the first step in individual selection of drug therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients with certain mutations in KRAS and NRAS genes are resistant to anti-EGFR therapy and have a lower median survival than WT (wild type) genotypes, indicating a negative prognosis in the presence of mutations.
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22
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Johnson RM, Qu X, Lin CF, Huw LY, Venkatanarayan A, Sokol E, Ou FS, Ihuegbu N, Zill OA, Kabbarah O, Wang L, Bourgon R, de Sousa E Melo F, Bolen C, Daemen A, Venook AP, Innocenti F, Lenz HJ, Bais C. ARID1A mutations confer intrinsic and acquired resistance to cetuximab treatment in colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5478. [PMID: 36117191 PMCID: PMC9482920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most colorectal (CRC) tumors are dependent on EGFR/KRAS/BRAF/MAPK signaling activation. ARID1A is an epigenetic regulator mutated in approximately 5% of non-hypermutated CRC tumors. Here we show that anti-EGFR but not anti-VEGF treatment enriches for emerging ARID1A mutations in CRC patients. In addition, we find that patients with ARID1A mutations, at baseline, are associated with worse outcome when treated with cetuximab- but not bevacizumab-containing therapies; thus, this suggests that ARID1A mutations may provide both an acquired and intrinsic mechanism of resistance to anti-EGFR therapies. We find that, ARID1A and EGFR-pathway genetic alterations are mutually exclusive across lung and colorectal cancers, further supporting a functional connection between these pathways. Our results not only suggest that ARID1A could be potentially used as a predictive biomarker for cetuximab treatment decisions but also provide a rationale for exploring therapeutic MAPK inhibition in an unexpected but genetically defined segment of CRC patients. ARID1A is an epigenetic regulator mutated in approximately 5% of non-hypermutated colorectal cancer tumors, however, its relationship with treatment response remains to be explored. Here, the authors suggest that ARID1A mutations may confer intrinsic and acquired resistance to cetuximab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia M Johnson
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Xueping Qu
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Chu-Fang Lin
- Real World Data Science Analytics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ling-Yuh Huw
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ethan Sokol
- Cancer Genomics Research, Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fang-Shu Ou
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Oliver A Zill
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Omar Kabbarah
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Wang
- Real World Data Science Analytics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Bourgon
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Chris Bolen
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anneleen Daemen
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan P Venook
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos Bais
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Herrera-Pulido JA, Guerrero OR, Forero JA, Moreno-Acosta P, Romero-Rojas A, Sanabria C, Hernández G, Serrano ML. KRAS Promoter Methylation Status and miR-18a-3p and miR-143 Expression in Patients With Wild-type KRAS Gene in Colorectal Cancer. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2022; 2:576-584. [PMID: 36060016 PMCID: PMC9425578 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Although some mutations of KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase (KRAS) have been associated with the prognosis and therapeutic management of colorectal cancer (CRC), the epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation and microRNA expression) that regulate wild-type KRAS expression in patients with CRC are poorly known. The aim of this study was to establish whether there is a relationship between the expression of the wild-type KRAS gene, the methylation status of its distal promoter, and miR-143 and miR-18a-3p levels in samples of sporadic CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 51 cases of sporadic CRC with wild-type KRAS were analyzed. The expression levels of KRAS mRNA, miR-18a-3p, miR-143, and KRAS protein, as well as methylation in the distal promoter of the KRAS gene were evaluated. RESULTS In the analyzed cases, KRAS mRNA expression was detected in 51.1%; wild-type KRAS protein was found in the membrane in 31.4% and in the cytoplasm in 98% of cases. An inverse relationship of marginal significance was observed between miR-18a-3p and KRAS protein expression in the cytoplasm (odds ratio=0.14, 95% confidence interval=0.012-1.092; p=0.08). The methylation status of the distal promoter of KRAS at four CpG islands was analyzed in 30 cases (58.8%): partial methylation of the four CpG islands evaluated was observed in two cases (6.7%). In these cases, KRAS protein expression was not evidenced at the membrane level; miR-18a-3p expression was not detected either but high expression of miR-143 was observed. CONCLUSION No association was found between the expression levels of KRAS mRNA, miR-18a-3p, miR-143 and methylation status. Methylation status was detected with low frequency, thus being the first report of methylation in wild-type KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehison Alirio Herrera-Pulido
- Cancer Biology Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
- Master's Program in Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Jinneth Acosta Forero
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pablo Moreno-Acosta
- Cancer Biology Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
- Clinical, Molecular and Cellular Radiobiology Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Carolina Sanabria
- Cancer Biology Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Hernández
- Public Health and Cancer Epidemiology Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha Lucía Serrano
- Cancer Biology Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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24
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Kok V, Tang JY, Eng G, Tan SY, Chin J, Quek C, Lai WX, Lim TK, Lin Q, Chua J, Cheong J. SFPQ promotes RAS-mutant cancer cell growth by modulating 5'-UTR mediated translational control of CK1α. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac027. [PMID: 36177382 PMCID: PMC9513841 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in the RAS family of small GTPases are commonly found in human cancers and they promote tumorigenesis by altering gene expression networks. We previously demonstrated that Casein Kinase 1α (CK1α), a member of the CK1 family of serine/threonine kinases, is post-transcriptionally upregulated by oncogenic RAS signaling. Here, we report that the CK1α mRNA contains an exceptionally long 5'-untranslated region (UTR) harbouring several translational control elements, implicating its involvement in translational regulation. We demonstrate that the CK1α 5'-UTR functions as an IRES element in HCT-116 colon cancer cells to promote cap-independent translation. Using tobramycin-affinity RNA-pulldown assays coupled with identification via mass spectrometry, we identified several CK1α 5'-UTR-binding proteins, including SFPQ. We show that RNA interference targeting SFPQ reduced CK1α protein abundance and partially blocked RAS-mutant colon cancer cell growth. Importantly, transcript and protein levels of SFPQ and other CK1α 5'-UTR-associated RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are found to be elevated in early stages of RAS-mutant cancers, including colorectal and lung adenocarcinoma. Taken together, our study uncovers a previously unappreciated role of RBPs in promoting RAS-mutant cancer cell growth and their potential to serve as promising biomarkers as well as tractable therapeutic targets in cancers driven by oncogenic RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venetia Jing Tong Kok
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSoM), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Ying Tang
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSoM), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gracie Wee Ling Eng
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSoM), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shin Yi Tan
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSoM), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joseph Tin Foong Chin
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSoM), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Hian Quek
- School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Wei Xuan Lai
- Department of Physiology, YLLSoM, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, YLLSoM, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, YLLSoM, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jit Kong Cheong
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (YLLSoM), National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, YLLSoM, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Wang PP, Lin C, Wang J, Margonis GA, Wu B. BRAF Mutations in Colorectal Liver Metastases: Prognostic Implications and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174067. [PMID: 36077604 PMCID: PMC9454989 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this literature review, we investigated the relationship between BRAF mutation and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases. We also investigated factors affecting the prognosis of patients with BRAF mutations and summarized the latest research on targeted therapies. Abstract Surgery combined with chemotherapy and precision medicine is the only potential treatment for patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM). The use of modern molecular biotechnology to identify suitable biomarkers is of great significance for predicting prognosis and formulating individualized treatment plans for these patients. BRAF mutations, particularly V600E, are widely believed to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). However, it is unclear which specific factors affect the prognosis of CRLM patients with BRAF mutations. It is also unknown whether patients with resectable CRLM and BRAF mutations should undergo surgical treatment since there is an increased recurrence rate after surgery in these patients. In this review, we combined the molecular mechanism and clinical characteristics of BRAF mutations to explore the prognostic significance and potential targeted therapy strategies for patients with BRAF-mutated CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jane Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Bin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence:
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26
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PBXIP1 – An indicator for poor outcome and metastatic spread in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 236:153993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mouse Models for Application in Colorectal Cancer: Understanding the Pathogenesis and Relevance to the Human Condition. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071710. [PMID: 35885015 PMCID: PMC9313309 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant disease that is the second most common cancer worldwide. CRC arises from the complex interactions among a variety of genetic and environmental factors. To understand the mechanism of colon tumorigenesis, preclinical studies have developed various mouse models including carcinogen-induced and transgenic mice to recapitulate CRC in humans. Using these mouse models, scientific breakthroughs have been made on the understanding of the pathogenesis of this complex disease. Moreover, the availability of transgenic knock-in or knock-out mice further increases the potential of CRC mouse models. In this review, the overall features of carcinogen-induced (focusing on azoxymethane and azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium) and transgenic (focusing on ApcMin/+) mouse models, as well as their mechanisms to induce colon tumorigenesis, are explored. We also discuss limitations of these mouse models and their applications in the evaluation and study of drugs and treatment regimens against CRC. Through these mouse models, a better understanding of colon tumorigenesis can be achieved, thereby facilitating the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies against CRC.
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28
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Mutant RAS and the tumor microenvironment as dual therapeutic targets for advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 109:102433. [PMID: 35905558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RAS genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes in cancer. These mutations occur in roughly half of the patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). RAS mutant tumors are resistant to therapy with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, patients with RAS mutant CRC currently have few effective therapy options. RAS mutations lead to constitutively active RAS GTPases, involved in multiple downstream signaling pathways. These alterations are associated with a tumor microenvironment (TME) that drives immune evasion and disease progression by mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. In this review, we focus on the available evidence in the literature explaining the potential effects of RAS mutations on the CRC microenvironment. Ongoing efforts to influence the TME by targeting mutant RAS and thereby sensitizing these tumors to immunotherapy will be discussed as well.
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29
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Vasseur D, Sassi H, Bayle A, Tagliamento M, Besse B, Marzac C, Arbab A, Auger N, Cotteret S, Aldea M, Blanc-Durand F, Géraud A, Gazzah A, Loriot Y, Hollebecque A, Martín-Romano P, Ngo-Camus M, Nicotra C, Ponce S, Sakkal M, Caron O, Smolenschi C, Micol JB, Italiano A, Rouleau E, Lacroix L. Next-Generation Sequencing on Circulating Tumor DNA in Advanced Solid Cancer: Swiss Army Knife for the Molecular Tumor Board? A Review of the Literature Focused on FDA Approved Test. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121901. [PMID: 35741030 PMCID: PMC9221453 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FDA-approved next-generation sequencing assays based on cell-free DNA offers new opportunities in a molecular-tumor-board context thanks to the noninvasiveness of liquid biopsy, the diversity of analyzed parameters and the short turnaround time. It gives the opportunity to study the heterogeneity of the tumor, to elucidate complex resistance mechanisms and to adapt treatment strategies. However, lowering the limit of detection and increasing the panels' size raise new questions in terms of detection of incidental germline alterations, occult malignancies and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential mutations. In this review, after a technological discussion and description of the common problematics encountered, we establish recommendations in properly using these FDA-approved tests in a molecular-tumor-board context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Vasseur
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (H.S.); (C.M.); (A.A.); (N.A.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (L.L.)
- AMMICa UAR3655/US23, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Hela Sassi
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (H.S.); (C.M.); (A.A.); (N.A.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Arnaud Bayle
- Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (A.B.); (A.G.); (P.M.-R.); (M.N.-C.); (C.N.); (S.P.); (A.I.)
- Oncostat U1018, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Marco Tagliamento
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (M.T.); (B.B.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (Y.L.); (A.H.); (O.C.)
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (M.T.); (B.B.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (Y.L.); (A.H.); (O.C.)
| | - Christophe Marzac
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (H.S.); (C.M.); (A.A.); (N.A.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Ahmadreza Arbab
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (H.S.); (C.M.); (A.A.); (N.A.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Nathalie Auger
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (H.S.); (C.M.); (A.A.); (N.A.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Sophie Cotteret
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (H.S.); (C.M.); (A.A.); (N.A.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Mihaela Aldea
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (M.T.); (B.B.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (Y.L.); (A.H.); (O.C.)
| | - Félix Blanc-Durand
- Gynecological Cancer Unit, Department of Medicine, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France;
| | - Arthur Géraud
- Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (A.B.); (A.G.); (P.M.-R.); (M.N.-C.); (C.N.); (S.P.); (A.I.)
| | - Anas Gazzah
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (M.T.); (B.B.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (Y.L.); (A.H.); (O.C.)
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (M.T.); (B.B.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (Y.L.); (A.H.); (O.C.)
| | - Antoine Hollebecque
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (M.T.); (B.B.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (Y.L.); (A.H.); (O.C.)
| | - Patricia Martín-Romano
- Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (A.B.); (A.G.); (P.M.-R.); (M.N.-C.); (C.N.); (S.P.); (A.I.)
| | - Maud Ngo-Camus
- Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (A.B.); (A.G.); (P.M.-R.); (M.N.-C.); (C.N.); (S.P.); (A.I.)
| | - Claudio Nicotra
- Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (A.B.); (A.G.); (P.M.-R.); (M.N.-C.); (C.N.); (S.P.); (A.I.)
| | - Santiago Ponce
- Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (A.B.); (A.G.); (P.M.-R.); (M.N.-C.); (C.N.); (S.P.); (A.I.)
| | - Madona Sakkal
- Dermatology Unit, Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (M.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Olivier Caron
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (M.T.); (B.B.); (M.A.); (A.G.); (Y.L.); (A.H.); (O.C.)
| | - Cristina Smolenschi
- Dermatology Unit, Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (M.S.); (C.S.)
| | | | - Antoine Italiano
- Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (A.B.); (A.G.); (P.M.-R.); (M.N.-C.); (C.N.); (S.P.); (A.I.)
| | - Etienne Rouleau
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (H.S.); (C.M.); (A.A.); (N.A.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (L.L.)
- AMMICa UAR3655/US23, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Ludovic Lacroix
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France; (H.S.); (C.M.); (A.A.); (N.A.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (L.L.)
- AMMICa UAR3655/US23, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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Giles Şenyürek Y, İşcan Y, Sormaz İC, Poyrazoğlu Ş, Tunca F. The Role of American Thyroid Association Pediatric Thyroid Cancer Risk Stratification and BRAFV600E Mutation in Predicting the
Response to Treatment in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients ≤18 Years Old. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 14:196-206. [PMID: 35135184 PMCID: PMC9176084 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2021-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the role of risk stratification by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) pediatric thyroid cancer risk levels and BRAFV600E mutation to predict the response to treatment in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients ≤18 years old. METHODS Clinical outcomes during a median period of 6 (2-21.8) years were assessed in 70 patients, according to ATA pediatric risk stratification, BRAFV600E mutation status, and dynamic risk stratification (DRS) at final follow-up. RESULTS Of 70 patients, 44 (63%), 14 (20%), and 12 (17%) were classified initially as low-, intermediate-, and high-risk, respectively. BRAFV600E mutation analysis data was available in 55 (78.6%) patients, of whom 18 (32.7%) had the BRAFV600E mutation. According to the final DRS, 61 (87%), two (3%), six (9%), and one (1%) patients were classified as an excellent, incomplete biochemical, incomplete structural, and indeterminate response, respectively. All ATA low-risk patients showed excellent response to treatment, whereas the rate of excellent response was 65.4% in intermediate- and high-risk levels (p<0.001). The rates of excellent response in BRAFV600E positive and negative patients were 83% and 92%, respectively (p=0.339). The rate of locoregional recurrence was significantly higher in BRAFV600E positive vs negative patients (33.3% vs 2.7% respectively, p=0.001). CONCLUSION ATA pediatric risk stratification is effective in predicting response to treatment in PTC patients ≤18 years old. The presence of BRAFV600E mutation was highly predictive for recurrence but had no significant impact on the rate of excellent response to treatment at final follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Giles Şenyürek
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey Phone: +90 542 804 92 32 E-mail:
| | - Yalın İşcan
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Cem Sormaz
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şükran Poyrazoğlu
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Tunca
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey
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31
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Yoshino T, Van Cutsem E, Li J, Shen L, Kim TW, Sriuranpong V, Xuereb L, Aubel P, Fougeray R, Cattan V, Amellal N, Ohtsu A, Mayer RJ. Effect of KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutations on survival with trifluridine/tipiracil in pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100511. [PMID: 35688062 PMCID: PMC9271514 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KRAS gene mutations can predict prognosis and treatment response in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Methods We undertook a meta-analysis of three randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RECOURSE, TERRA and J003) to investigate the impact of KRAS mutations in codons 12 or 13 on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival in patients receiving trifluridine/tipiracil (FTD/TPI) for refractory mCRC. Results A total of 1375 patients were included, of whom 478 had a KRAS codon 12 mutation and 130 had a KRAS codon 13 mutation. In univariate analyses, the absence of a KRAS codon 12 mutation was found to significantly increase the OS benefit of FTD/TPI relative to placebo compared with the presence of the mutation {hazard ratio (HR), 0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.53-0.72] versus 0.86 (0.70-1.05), respectively; interaction P = 0.0206}. Multivariate analyses showed that taking confounding factors into account reduced the difference in treatment effect between the presence and the absence of KRAS codon 12 mutations, confirming that treatment benefit was maintained in patients with [HR, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.59-0.89)] and without [HR, 0.63 (95% CI: 0.54-0.74)] codon 12 mutations (interaction P = 0.2939). KRAS mutations in codon 13 did not reduce the OS benefit of FTD/TPI relative to placebo, and, furthermore, KRAS mutations at either codon 12 or codon 13 did not affect the progression-free survival benefit. Conclusions Treatment with FTD/TPI produced a survival benefit, relative to placebo, regardless of KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation status in patients with previously treated mCRC. KRAS mutations are associated with negative outcomes in patients with mCRC; codon 12 and 13 mutations are the most common. FTD/TPI was associated with longer median overall survival vs placebo both in patients with wild-type KRAS and mutant KRAS. FTD/TPI produced a survival benefit, relative to placebo, regardless of KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation status in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - E Van Cutsem
- Digestive Oncology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - T W Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - V Sriuranpong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L Xuereb
- R&D Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - P Aubel
- R&D Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - R Fougeray
- R&D Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - V Cattan
- R&D Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - N Amellal
- R&D Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - A Ohtsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - R J Mayer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
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Saharti S. KRAS/NRAS/BRAF Mutation Rate in Saudi Academic Hospital Patients With Colorectal Cancer. Cureus 2022; 14:e24392. [PMID: 35619874 PMCID: PMC9124608 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: KRAS/NRAS/BRAF mutations are prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers for colorectal cancers (CRCs). CRC has different frequencies in the population for mutations such as KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF. The aim of this study is to verify the frequency of the somatic KRAS/NRAS/BRAF mutations in Saudi academic hospital patients diagnosed with CRC and compare it with those estimated at the local and national levels. Methods: Out of 280 colorectal carcinomas diagnosed between 2018 and 2021 (primary and secondary), 97 (34.6%) were evaluated by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) for colorectal cancer molecular markers. Four of these failed the PCR amplification, while 93 were successfully tested. KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutation rates and clinical pathological characteristics were recorded. Results: In this retrospective study, almost half of the tested samples were reported to have a clinically significant mutation (46/93 positive calls, while others were triple-negative). We found that the most prevalent mutation in KRAS (45.2%) was followed by NRAS (2.2%) and BRAF (2.2%). KRAS p.G12D accounted for the most frequently resulting variant (17/42, 40.5%). Second in ranking is KRAS p. G12V (6/42, 14.3%). Conclusion: This study is the first to describe the frequency of triple mutations in the city of Jeddah. The findings are consistent with previous research conducted in the Middle East and other local Saudi centers.
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Gammall J, Lai AG. Pan-cancer prognostic genetic mutations and clinicopathological factors associated with survival outcomes: a systematic review. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:27. [PMID: 35444210 PMCID: PMC9021198 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death, accounting for almost 10 million deaths annually worldwide. Personalised therapies harnessing genetic and clinical information may improve survival outcomes and reduce the side effects of treatments. The aim of this study is to appraise published evidence on clinicopathological factors and genetic mutations (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) associated with prognosis across 11 cancer types: lung, colorectal, breast, prostate, melanoma, renal, glioma, bladder, leukaemia, endometrial, ovarian. A systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Europe PMC was conducted from database inception to July 1, 2021. 2497 publications from PubMed/MEDLINE and 288 preprints from Europe PMC were included. Subsequent reference and citation search was conducted and a further 39 articles added. 2824 articles were reviewed by title/abstract and 247 articles were selected for systematic review. Majority of the articles were retrospective cohort studies focusing on one cancer type, 8 articles were on pan-cancer level and 6 articles were reviews. Studies analysing clinicopathological factors included 908,567 patients and identified 238 factors, including age, gender, stage, grade, size, site, subtype, invasion, lymph nodes. Genetic studies included 210,802 patients and identified 440 gene mutations associated with cancer survival, including genes TP53, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRAF, KRAS, BIRC5. We generated a comprehensive knowledge base of biomarkers that can be used to tailor treatment according to patients' unique genetic and clinical characteristics. Our pan-cancer investigation uncovers the biomarker landscape and their combined influence that may help guide health practitioners and researchers across the continuum of cancer care from drug development to long-term survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgita Gammall
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK.
- Cerner Limited, London, UK.
| | - Alvina G Lai
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK.
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK.
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Hayashi T, Yoshida Y, Yamada T, Tanaka K, Shimaoka H, Kajitani R, Munechika T, Nagano H, Matsumoto Y, Komono A, Sakamoto R, Aisu N, Yoshimatsu G, Yoshimura F, Hasegawa S. Relationship between perioperative oncological evaluation and recurrence using circulating tumor DNA with KRAS mutation in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3126-3135. [PMID: 35312176 PMCID: PMC9385586 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in colorectal cancer (CRC) by liquid biopsy may have prognostic information. In this perioperative study, we evaluate if there is a relationship between mutant allele frequency (MAF) of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and tumor recurrence and how that could be useful in the early detection of recurrence. Methods Among 304 cases of colorectal cancer surgery, ctDNA was sampled from the perioperative blood of 84 patients with CRC with KRAS mutation (exon 4 p.A146T, exon 4 p.A146V, exon 2 p.G12A, exon 2 p.G12C, exon 2 p.G12D, exon 2 p.G12S, exon 2 p.G12V, exon 2 p.G13D, exon 3 p.Q61H) and analyzed using the digital polymerase chain reaction system. The median observation period was 26 months. Results Although the relationship between the perioperative MAF of KRAS and recurrence was not proved, tumor diameter, tumor depth, and stage were correlated with the preoperative MAF of KRAS (p = 0.034, p = 0.002, p = 0.008). However, tumor diameter, tumor depth, and stage did not correlate with MAF of KRAS at postoperative day 30. Conclusions In this study, pathological tumor size, tumor depth, and stage were correlated with preoperative MAF of KRAS, but it was unreliable to predict recurrence by detection of ctDNA with KRAS mutation in the perioperative period of colorectal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Teppei Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keita Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kajitani
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taro Munechika
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Komono
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoya Aisu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Gumpei Yoshimatsu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Suguru Hasegawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Osterlund E, Ristimäki A, Kytölä S, Kuopio T, Heervä E, Muhonen T, Halonen P, Kallio R, Soveri LM, Sundström J, Keinänen M, Ålgars A, Ristamäki R, Sorbye H, Pfeiffer P, Nunes L, Salminen T, Lamminmäki A, Mäkinen MJ, Sjöblom T, Isoniemi H, Glimelius B, Osterlund P. KRAS-G12C Mutation in One Real-Life and Three Population-Based Nordic Cohorts of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:826073. [PMID: 35251991 PMCID: PMC8889930 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.826073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KRAS mutations, present in over 40% of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), are negative predictive factors for anti-EGFR therapy. Mutations in KRAS-G12C have a cysteine residue for which drugs have been developed. Published data on this specific mutation are conflicting; thus, we studied the frequency and clinical characteristics in a real-world and population-based setting. Methods Patients from three Nordic population-based cohorts and the real-life RAXO-study were combined. RAS and BRAF tests were performed in routine healthcare, except for one cohort. The dataset consisted of 2,559 patients, of which 1,871 could be accurately classified as KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF-V600E. Demographics, treatments, and outcomes were compared using logistic regression. Overall survival (OS) was estimated with Kaplan–Meier, and differences were compared using Cox regression, adjusted for baseline factors. Results The KRAS-G12C frequency was 2%–4% of all tested in the seven cohorts (mean 3%) and 4%–8% of KRAS mutated tumors in the cohorts (mean 7%). Metastasectomies and ablations were performed more often (38% vs. 28%, p = 0.040), and bevacizumab was added more often (any line 74% vs. 59%, p = 0.007) for patients with KRAS-G12C- vs. other KRAS-mutated tumors, whereas chemotherapy was given to similar proportions. OS did not differ according to KRAS mutation, neither overall (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.03; 95% CI 0.74–1.42, reference KRAS-G12C) nor within treatment groups defined as “systemic chemotherapy, alone or with biologics”, “metastasectomy and/or ablations”, or “best supportive care”, RAS and BRAF wild-type tumors (n = 548) differed similarly to KRAS-G12C, as to other KRAS- or NRAS-mutated (n = 66) tumors. Conclusions In these real-life and population-based cohorts, there were no significant differences in patient characteristics and outcomes between patients with KRAS-G12C tumors and those with other KRAS mutations. This contrasts with the results of most previous studies claiming differences in many aspects, often with worse outcomes for those with a KRAS-G12C mutation, although not consistent. When specific drugs are developed, as for this mutation, differences in outcome will hopefully emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerik Osterlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ari Ristimäki
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soili Kytölä
- Department of Genetics, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eetu Heervä
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Muhonen
- Department of Oncology, South Carelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Halonen
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Kallio
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leena-Maija Soveri
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Home Care, Geriatric Clinic and Palliative Care, Joint Municipal Authority for Health Care and Social Services in Keski-Uusimaa, Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mauri Keinänen
- Department of Genetics, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Pfeiffer
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Luís Nunes
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tapio Salminen
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Annamarja Lamminmäki
- Department of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markus J Mäkinen
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Isoniemi
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Neoantigen: A Promising Target for the Immunotherapy of Colorectal Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8270305. [PMID: 35211210 PMCID: PMC8863477 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8270305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
At present, there are various treatment strategies for colorectal cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. In recent years, with the continuous development of immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can significantly improve the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer patients with high levels of microsatellite instability. In addition to ICIs, neoantigens, as a class of tumor-specific antigens (TSA), are regarded as new immunotherapy targets for many cancer species and are being explored for antitumor therapy. Immunotherapy strategies based on neoantigens include tumor vaccines and adoptive cell therapy (ACT). These methods aim to eliminate tumor cells by enhancing the immune response of host T-cells to neoantigens. In addition, for MSS colorectal cancer, such “cold tumors” with low mutation rates and stable microsatellites are not sensitive to ICIs, whereas neoantigens could provide a promising immunotherapeutic avenue. In this review, we summarized the current status of colorectal cancer neoantigen prediction and current clinical trials of neoantigens and discussed the difficulties and limitations of neoantigens-based therapies for the treatment of CRC.
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Kuligina E, Moiseyenko F, Belukhin S, Stepanova E, Zakharova M, Chernobrivtseva V, Aliev I, Sharabura T, Moiseyenko V, Aleksakhina S, Laidus T, Martianov A, Kholmatov M, Whitehead A, Yanus G, Imyanitov E. Tumor irradiation may facilitate the detection of tumor-specific mutations in plasma. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:1215-1226. [PMID: 35070740 PMCID: PMC8716992 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i12.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mutation-based analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a promising diagnostic tool for clinical oncology. However, it has low success rate because many cancer patients do not have detectable ctDNA in the bloodstream.
AIM To evaluate whether preoperative tumor irradiation results in a transient increase of plasma ctDNA concentration due to the induction of apoptosis in radiation-exposed cells.
METHODS This study focused on patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, because preoperative tumor irradiation is a part of their standard treatment plan. Nine subjects, whose tumors contained KRAS, NRAS or BRAF mutations, donated serial blood samples 1 h prior to the first fraction of irradiation (at baseline), immediately after the first fraction (time 0), and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h after the first fraction. The amount of mutated gene copies was measured by droplet digital PCR.
RESULTS Five out of nine patients were mutation-negative by ctDNA test at baseline; two of these subjects demonstrated an emergence of the mutated DNA copies in the bloodstream within the follow-up period. There were 4 patients, who had detectable ctDNA in the plasma at the start of the experiment; three of them showed an evident treatment-induced increase of the content of mutated RAS/RAF alleles.
CONCLUSION Local tumor irradiation may facilitate the detection of tumor-specific DNA in the bloodstream. These data justify further assessment of the clinical feasibility of irradiation-assisted liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kuligina
- Department of Tumor Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Fedor Moiseyenko
- Department of Therapy, City Cancer Center, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Sergey Belukhin
- Department of Surgery, City Cancer Center, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | | | - Maria Zakharova
- Department of Radiology, City Cancer Center, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | | | - Ikram Aliev
- Department of Surgery, City Cancer Center, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Tatiana Sharabura
- Department of Radiology, City Cancer Center, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | | | - Svetlana Aleksakhina
- Department of Tumor Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Tatiana Laidus
- Department of Tumor Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Martianov
- Department of Tumor Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Maksim Kholmatov
- Department of Tumor Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
| | - Aldon Whitehead
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Grigoriy Yanus
- Department of Tumor Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
| | - Evgeny Imyanitov
- Department of Tumor Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg 194100, Russia
- Department of Oncology, I.I. Mechnikov Northwestern Medical University, St.-Petersburg 191015, Russia
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Sir-Mendoza F, González-Martínez F, Madera M. Prevalence of KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF and AXIN2 gene mutations in colorectal cancer and its relationship with dental agenesis: a systematic review. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v71n1.95595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The study of allelic and genotypic frequencies contributes to determining the distribution of genetic variants in different populations and their possible association with biomarkers. This knowledge could improve the decision-making process regarding the management of some diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC), in which the detection of clinical biomarkers such as dental agenesis could be crucial in clinical practice.
Objective: To evaluate the available scientific evidence on the prevalence of KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF and AXIN2 mutations and their possible association with dental agenesis in people with CRC.
Materials and methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases using the following search strategy: type of studies: observational studies reporting the prevalence of KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF and AXIN2 mutations in people diagnosed with CRC and their possible association with dental agenesis; publication language: English and Spanish; publication period: 2010-2020; search terms: “Genes”, “RAS”, “Kras”, “PIK3CA”, “BRAF”, “AXIN2”, “Mutation”, “Polymorphism”, “Colorectal Neoplasms”, “Colorectal Cancer”, used in different combinations (“AND” and “OR”).
Results: The initial search yielded 403 records, but only 30 studies met the eligibility criteria. Of these, 11, 5, 5 and 1 only reported the prevalence of PIK3CA, KRAS, BRAF and AXIN2 mutations, respectively; while 8 reported the prevalence of more than one of these mutations in patients with CRC. The prevalence of KRAS (p.Gly12Asp), PIK3CA (p.Glu545Lys), and BRAF (p.Val600Glu) mutations ranged from 20.5% to 54%, 3.5% to 20.2%, and 2.5% to 12.1%, respectively. There were no findings regarding the association between the occurrence of these mutations and dental agenesis.
Conclusions: KRAS mutations were the most prevalent; however, there is no evidence on the association between dental agenesis and the occurrence of KRAS, PIK3CA and BRAF germline mutations in individuals with CRC.
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Sanaei MJ, Baghery Saghchy Khorasani A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Shahrokh S, Zali MR, Bashash D. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis in colorectal cancer: Oncogenic alterations, non-coding RNAs, therapeutic opportunities, and the emerging role of nanoparticles. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1720-1752. [PMID: 34897682 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest human malignancies worldwide. Several molecular pathways have been demonstrated to be involved in the initiation and development of CRC which among them, the overactivation of the phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR axis is of importance. The current review aims to unravel the mechanisms by which the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway affects CRC progression; and also, to summarize the original data obtained from international research laboratories on the oncogenic alterations and polymorphisms affecting this pathway in CRC. Besides, we provide a special focus on the regulatory role of noncoding RNAs targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in this malignancy. Questions on how this axis is involved in the inhibition of apoptosis, in the induction of drug resistance, and the angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and metastasis are also responded. We also discussed the PI3K/Akt pathway-associated prognostic and predictive biomarkers in CRC. In addition, we provide a general overview of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition whether by chemical-based drugs or by natural-based medications in the context of CRC, either as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic agents; however, those treatments might have life-threatening side effects and toxicities. To the best of our knowledge, the current review is one of the first ones highlighting the emerging roles of nanotechnology to overcome challenges related to CRC therapy in the hope that providing a promising platform for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rahman S, Garrel S, Gerber M, Maitra R, Goel S. Therapeutic Targets of KRAS in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6233. [PMID: 34944853 PMCID: PMC8699097 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer have a 5-year overall survival of less than 10%. Approximately 45% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer harbor KRAS mutations. These mutations not only carry a predictive role for the absence of response to anti-EGFR therapy, but also have a negative prognostic impact on the overall survival. There is a growing unmet need for a personalized therapy approach for patients with KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. In this article, we focus on the therapeutic strategies targeting KRAS- mutant CRC, while reviewing and elaborating on the discovery and physiology of KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafia Rahman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1695 Eastchester Road Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA; (S.R.); (R.M.)
| | - Shimon Garrel
- Department of Biology, Lander College For Men, 75-31 150th Street, Flushing, New York, NY 11367, USA;
| | - Michael Gerber
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, 500 West 185th Street, New York, NY 10033, USA;
| | - Radhashree Maitra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1695 Eastchester Road Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA; (S.R.); (R.M.)
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, 500 West 185th Street, New York, NY 10033, USA;
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1695 Eastchester Road Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA; (S.R.); (R.M.)
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Ma Y, Cao X, Shi G, Shi T. MiRNA-145 and Its Direct Downstream Targets in Digestive System Cancers: A Promising Therapeutic Target. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:2264-2273. [PMID: 33121400 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201029095702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in the onset and development of many diseases, including cancers. Emerging evidence shows that numerous miRNAs have the potential to be used as diagnostic biomarkers for cancers, and miRNA-based therapy may be a promising therapy for the treatment of malignant neoplasm. MicroRNA-145 (miR-145) has been considered to play certain roles in various cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, via modulating the expression of direct target genes. Recent reports show that miR-145 participates in the progression of digestive system cancers, and plays crucial and novel roles in cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge concerning the function of miR-145 and its direct targets in digestive system cancers. We discuss the potential role of miR-145 as a valuable biomarker for digestive system cancers and how miR-145 regulates these digestive system cancers via different targets to explore the potential strategy of targeting miR-145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yini Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Xiu Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Guojuan Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Tianlu Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
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Guo T, Wu Y, Huang D, Jin Y, Sheng W, Cai S, Zhou X, Zhu X, Liu F, Xu Y. Prognostic Value of KRAS Exon 3 and Exon 4 Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Patients. J Cancer 2021; 12:5331-5337. [PMID: 34335949 PMCID: PMC8317521 DOI: 10.7150/jca.59193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The clinical significance of KRAS exon 3/4 mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. We aimed to assess the prognostic value of KRAS exons 3 and 4 mutations to determine the necessity for their testing. Methods:KRAS mutations in exon 2/3/4 were evaluated in 1816 stage I-IV patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Results: The mutation rates of KRAS and KRAS exons 2, 3, and 4 were 49.0%, 43.0%, 1.9%, and 4.1%, respectively. Univariate survival analysis showed that patients with exon 3 mutation had worse overall survival (OS) compared to those with KRAS exon 2 mutation or wild-type KRAS (P = 0.044, and P = 0.001). Meanwhile, there was no difference in survival between patients with wild-type KRAS and with exon 4 mutation (P = 0.128). In multivariate analysis, KRAS mutations in exon 3 and 2 were both independent factors for worse OS (Exon 3, P = 0.032, HR = 1.861, 95% CI: 1.021-3.391; Exon 2, P = 0.049, HR = 1.298, 95% CI: 1.002-1.682). Among the patients with KRAS exon 2 mutations, those that had mutations in codon 13 had significantly worse prognosis than those with wild-type KRAS (P = 0.001) or KRAS codon 12 mutations (P = 0.003). Conclusions: In KRAS-mutated CRC, exon 3 mutations predict the worst prognosis, while exon 4 mutations predict the best prognosis. Among KRAS exon 2 mutated patients, codon 13 mutations predict worse prognosis than codon 12 mutations. Mutations of different KRAS exons should be analyzed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianan Guo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutong Jin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Weiqi Sheng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangqi Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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A pan-cancer organoid platform for precision medicine. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109429. [PMID: 34320344 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor organoids (TOs) are emerging as high-fidelity models to study cancer biology and develop novel precision medicine therapeutics. However, utilizing TOs for systems-biology-based approaches has been limited by a lack of scalable and reproducible methods to develop and profile these models. We describe a robust pan-cancer TO platform with chemically defined media optimized on cultures acquired from over 1,000 patients. Crucially, we demonstrate tumor genetic and transcriptomic concordance utilizing this approach and further optimize defined minimal media for organoid initiation and propagation. Additionally, we demonstrate a neural-network-based high-throughput approach for label-free, light-microscopy-based drug assays capable of predicting patient-specific heterogeneity in drug responses with applicability across solid cancers. The pan-cancer platform, molecular data, and neural-network-based drug assay serve as resources to accelerate the broad implementation of organoid models in precision medicine research and personalized therapeutic profiling programs.
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Regulation of the Small GTPase Ras and Its Relevance to Human Disease. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:19-43. [PMID: 33977469 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras research has experienced a considerable boost in recent years, not least prompted by the Ras initiative launched by the NCI in 2013 ( https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/ras ), accompanied and conditioned by a strongly reinvigorated determination within the Ras community to develop therapeutics attacking directly the Ras oncoproteins. As a member of the small G-protein superfamily, function and transforming activity of Ras all revolve about its GDP/GTP loading status. For one thing, the extent of GTP loading will determine the proportion of active Ras in the cell, with implications for intensity and quality of downstream signaling. But also the rate of nucleotide exchange, i.e., the Ras-GDP/GTP cycling rate, can have a major impact on Ras function, as illustrated perhaps most impressively by newly discovered fast-cycling oncogenic mutants of the Ras-related GTPase Rac1. Thus, while the last years have witnessed memorable new findings and technical developments in the Ras field, leading to an improved insight into many aspects of Ras biology, they have not jolted at the basics, but rather deepened our view of the fundamental regulatory principles of Ras activity control. In this brief review, we revisit the role and mechanisms of Ras nucleotide loading and its implications for cancer in the light of recent findings.
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Sahin IH, Klostergaard J. BRAF Mutations as Actionable Targets: A Paradigm Shift in the Management of Colorectal Cancer and Novel Avenues. JCO Oncol Pract 2021; 17:723-730. [PMID: 34077235 DOI: 10.1200/op.21.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer have been studied over the past several decades. BRAF V600E mutation, a class I mutation, is the most common oncogenic BRAF alteration in colorectal cancer. Until recently, the BRAF V600E mutation was not among actionable genes for colorectal cancer. However, recent discoveries have revealed therapeutic opportunities. The BRAF with or without MEK inhibition combined with epidermal growth factor receptor-directed therapy was recently found to be an effective therapy choice for patients with advanced-stage BRAF V600-mutant colorectal cancer. However, it is essential to distinguish patients with BRAF V600E-mutant mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer from those with mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancer, as immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is more appealing in this subset of patients with colorectal cancer. This review article discusses the molecular characteristics of class I, II, and III BRAF mutants and their impact on the clinical behavior of colorectal cancer. We also review the recent progress in the targetability of BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer, which has led to changes in clinical practice and elaborates on innovative therapeutic approaches to enhance the efficacy of BRAF-targeting therapies, to achieve more durable responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Halil Sahin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer has served as a genetic and biological paradigm for the evolution of solid tumors, and these insights have illuminated early detection, risk stratification, prevention, and treatment principles. Employing the hallmarks of cancer framework, we provide a conceptual framework to understand how genetic alterations in colorectal cancer drive cancer cell biology properties and shape the heterotypic interactions across cells in the tumor microenvironment. This review details research advances pertaining to the genetics and biology of colorectal cancer, emerging concepts gleaned from immune and single-cell profiling, and critical advances and remaining knowledge gaps influencing the development of effective therapies for this cancer that remains a major public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexi Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xingdi Ma
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Deepavali Chakravarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Chautard R, Corset L, Ibrahim S, Desvignes C, Paintaud G, Baroukh N, Guéguinou M, Lecomte T, Raoul W. Panitumumab and cetuximab affect differently miRNA expression in colorectal cancer cells. Biomark Med 2021; 15:685-696. [PMID: 34169732 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & aim: Resistance to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is frequent and prognostic biomarkers are lacking. MicroRNAs (miR) are good candidates in this context. We aimed to characterize cetuximab and panitumumab exposure influence on miR expression in colorectal cancer cells to identify those regulating the EGFR pathway and implicated in resistance to treatment. Finally, we aimed to identify miR expression in serum of patients with advanced CRC treated with cetuximab or panitumumab. Results: Cetuximab and panitumumab exposure induced significant expression variations of 17 miR out of a miRnome panel of 752. Six of those miR interacted with at least one downstream element of the EGFR pathway. Conclusion: After the bioinformatics two-phase process, five miR rarely described before could be potential actors of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody resistance: miR-95-3p, miR-139-5p, miR-145-5p, miR-429 and miR-1247-5p. In vivo, we detected the expression of miR-139-5p and miR-145-5p in serum of patients with metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Chautard
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology & Digestive Oncology, CHRU de Tours, France
- Université de Tours, EA 7501, GICC, France
| | - Laetitia Corset
- Université de Tours, EA 7501, GICC, France
- CNRS ERL 7001 LNOx, Université de Tours, France
| | | | - Céline Desvignes
- CHRU de Tours, Centre Pilote de suivi Biologique des traitements par Anticorps (CePiBAc), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, EA 4245 T2I, France
| | - Gilles Paintaud
- CHRU de Tours, Centre Pilote de suivi Biologique des traitements par Anticorps (CePiBAc), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, EA 4245 T2I, France
| | | | | | - Thierry Lecomte
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology & Digestive Oncology, CHRU de Tours, France
- Université de Tours, EA 7501, GICC, France
| | - William Raoul
- Université de Tours, EA 7501, GICC, France
- Inserm UMR 1069, Nutrition Croissance et Cancer (N2C), Université de Tours, France
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Mahmoudi N, Delirezh N, Sam MR. Modulating Pluripotency Network Genes with Omega-3 DHA is followed by Caspase- 3 Activation and Apoptosis in DNA Mismatch Repair-Deficient/KRAS-Mutant Colorectal Cancer Stem-Like Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1221-1232. [PMID: 32116204 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200302113722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting DNA mismatch repair-deficient/KRAS-mutant Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells (CRCSCs) with chemical compounds remains challenging. Modulating stemness factors Bmi-1, Sox-2, Oct-4 and Nanog in CRCSCs which are direct downstream targets of carcinogenesis pathways may lead to the reactivation of caspase-3 and apoptosis in these cells. Omega-3 DHA modulates different signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis. However, little is known, whether in vitro concentrations of DHA equal to human plasma levels are able to modulate pluripotency genes expression, caspase-3 reactivation and apoptosis in DNA mismatch repair-deficient/KRAS-mutant CRC stem-like cells. METHODS DNA mismatch repair-deficient/KRAS-mutant CRC stem-like cells (LS174T cells) were treated with DHA, after which, cell number and proliferation-rate, Bmi-1, Sox-2, Nanog and Oct-4 expression, caspase-3 activation and apoptosis were evaluated with different cellular and molecular techniques. RESULTS DHA changed the morphology of cells to apoptotic forms and disrupted cell connections. After 48h treatment with 50- to 200μM DHA, cell numbers and proliferation-rates were measured to be 86%-35% and 93.6%-45.7% respectively. Treatment with 200 μM DHA dramatically decreased the expression of Bmi-1, Sox- 2, Oct-4 and Nanog by 69%, 70%, 97.5% and 53% respectively. Concurrently, DHA induced caspase-3 activation by 1.8-4.7-fold increases compared to untreated cells. An increase in the number of apoptotic cells ranging from 9.3%-38.4% was also observed with increasing DHA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS DHA decreases the high expression level of pluripotency network genes suggesting Bmi-1, Sox-2, Oct-4 and Nanog as promising molecular targets of DHA. DHA reactivates caspase-3 and apoptosis in DNA mismatch repair-deficient/KRAS-mutant CRC stem-like cells, representing the high potential of this safe compound for therapeutic application in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Mahmoudi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nowruz Delirezh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sam
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Yuan Y, Liu Y, Wu Y, Zhang J, Shen C, Zhang F, Wu C, Hu W. Clinical characteristics and prognostic value of the KRAS mutation in Chinese colorectal cancer patients. Int J Biol Markers 2021; 36:33-39. [PMID: 34044655 DOI: 10.1177/17246008211017152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The KRAS mutations are high-frequency somatic mutations found in colorectal cancer patients from Western and Asian countries however, with the exception of exon 2 of KRAS, other prevalence and prognostic values have not been adequately assessed in Asian patients. The aim of this study was to determine the mutation frequencies of whole exon mutations of KRAS in Chinese colorectal cancer patients and to investigate their impact on prognosis. METHODS A total of 7189 tumor tissue samples (iCohort) were subjected to next-generation sequencing for detection of KRAS mutations. All pathologic or likely pathologic mutations of KRAS were considered. In addition, clinical features and prognostic dates were collected from 145 patients at The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China (sCohort) and used droplet digital™ polymerase chain reaction to detect KRAS mutations. RESULTS In the iCohort, 2706 patients (37.6%) were confirmed harboring KRAS mutations. The most frequent of these mutations were G12D (32.19%), G12V (17.96%), and G13D (17.59%). In the sCohort, 51 colorectal cancer patients (35.17%) had KRAS mutations, among which KRAS G12D (64.71%), G13D (29.41%), and G14D (3.92%) were high-frequency. The KRAS mutations were associated with shorter median overall survival than wild-type tumors (69 vs. 55 months; HR 1.80; 95% Cl 1.22, 2.64; P=0.0003). In the Cox multivariate analysis, age (HR 1.562; 95% Cl 1.10, 2.22; P=0.013), tumor differentiation (HR 0.417; 95% Cl 0.19, 0.90; P=0.026), and KRAS mutation (HR 1.897; 95% Cl 0.19, 0.90; P=0.001) remained independent predictors of shorter overall survival. Among the common KRAS mutations, G12D was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (HR 2.17; 95% Cl 1.31, 3.58; P < 0.0001) compared with KRAS wild-type patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that KRAS genes are frequently mutated, and over 30% harbored the KRAS G12D mutation subtype. We found that the KRAS G12D mutation is associated with inferior survival and is a biomarker of poor prognosis in Chinese patients. Our data emphasize the importance of molecular features in colorectal cancer patients, which could potentially be improved by G12D-specific related inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yingting Liu
- Department of Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ye Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Chunti Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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KRAS and NRAS genes mutations as biomarkers in the therapy of colorectal cancer and the basic methods of their detection. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ПРАКТИКА 2021. [DOI: 10.17816/clinpract63875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the mutations' status in the KRAS and NRAS genes is a necessary requirement in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients with certain mutations in the KRAS and NRAS genes are resistant to anti-EGFR drug therapy and have a lower median survival rate than those with WT (wild type) genotypes, that indicates a negative prognosis in the case when mutations are present. Currently, there are no registered targeted drugs for carriers of the KRAS and NRAS genes mutations, however, preparations based on small molecules are under way. The gold standard for detecting mutations in the KRAS and NRAS genes is the analysis of the biopsy material in paraffin blocks. However, this method has significant limitations that can be circumvented by the analysis of circulating tumor DNA a promising new method in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
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