1
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Fitzgerald PH, Morris CM. Ph-Negative Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: The Nature of the Breakpoint Junctions and Mechanism of ABL Transposition. Leuk Lymphoma 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10428199209053559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Fitzgerald
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Oncology Unit, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christine M. Morris
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Oncology Unit, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
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2
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Narsing S, Jelsovsky Z, Mbah A, Blanck G. Genes that contribute to cancer fusion genes are large and evolutionarily conserved. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 191:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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BCR/ABL promotes accumulation of chromosomal aberrations induced by oxidative and genotoxic stress. Leukemia 2008; 22:1969-72. [PMID: 18401418 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Skorski T. Genomic instability: The cause and effect of BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2007; 2:69-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11899-007-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Abstract
Reciprocal chromosomal translocations may arise as a result of unfaithful repair of spontaneous DNA double-strand breaks, most probably induced by oxidative stress, radiation, genotoxic chemicals and/or replication stress. Genes encoding tyrosine kinases are targeted by these mechanisms resulting in the generation of chimera genes encoding fusion tyrosine kinases (FTKs). FTKs display transforming activity owing to their constitutive kinase activity causing deregulated proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and adhesion. Moreover, FTKs are able to facilitate DNA repair, prolong activation of G(2)/M and S cell cycle checkpoints, and elevate expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-X(L), making malignant cells less responsive to antitumor treatment. FTKs may also stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen species and enhance spontaneous DNA damage in tumor cells. Unfortunately, FTKs compromise the fidelity of DNA repair mechanisms, which contribute to the accumulation of additional genetic abnormalities leading to the resistance to inhibitors such as imatinib mesylate and malignant progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T P Penserga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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6
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Sillaber C, Mayerhofer M, Agis H, Sagaster V, Mannhalter C, Sperr WR, Geissler K, Valent P. Chronic myeloid leukemia: pathophysiology, diagnostic parameters, and current treatment concepts. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2003; 115:485-504. [PMID: 13677268 DOI: 10.1007/bf03041033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a stem cell disease characterized by excessive accumulation of clonal myeloid (precursor) cells in hematopoietic tissues. CML cells display the translocation t(9; 22) that creates the bcr/abl oncogene. The respective oncoprotein (= BCR/ABL) exhibits constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and promotes growth and survival in CML cells. Clinically, CML can be divided into three phases: the chronic phase (CP), the accelerated phase (AP), and the blast phase (BP) that resembles acute leukemia. Progression to AP and BP is associated with occurrence of additional genetic defects that cooperate with bcr/abl in leukemogenesis and lead to resistance against antileukemic drugs. The prognosis in CML is variable depending on the phase of disease, age, and response to therapy. The only curative approach available to date is stem cell transplantation. For those who cannot be transplanted, the BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 (Glivec, Imatinib), interferon-alpha (with or without ARAC), or other cytoreductive drugs are prescribed. Currently available data show that STI571 is a superior compound compared to other drugs in producing complete cytogenetic and molecular responses. However, despite superior initial data and high expectations for an effect on survival, long term results are not available so far, and resistance against STI571 has been reported. Forthcoming strategies are therefore attempting to prevent or counteract STI571 resistance by co-administration of other antileukemic drugs. Whether these strategies will lead to curative drug therapy in CML in the future remains at present unknown.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Bone Marrow Examination
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Cytarabine/administration & dosage
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Drug Resistance
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-alpha/administration & dosage
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/mortality
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Prognosis
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Risk Factors
- Sirolimus/administration & dosage
- Sirolimus/therapeutic use
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sillaber
- Abteilung für Hämatologie und Hämostaseologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin I, AKH-Wien, Austria.
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7
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Szilágyi I, Varga T, Székvölgyi L, Hegedüs E, Goda K, Kaczur V, Bacsó Z, Nakayama Y, Pósafi J, Pongor S, Szabó G. Non-random features of loop-size chromatin fragmentation. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89:1193-205. [PMID: 12898517 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Upon isolation of DNA from normal eukaryotic cells by standard methods involving extensive proteolytic treatment, a rather homogeneous population of loop-size, double-stranded DNA fragments is regularly obtained. These DNA molecules can be efficiently end-labeled by the DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment, as well as by a 3'- to -5'-exonuclease-free Klenow enzyme, but not by terminal transferase (TdT) unless the ends have been filled up by Klenow, suggesting that dominantly 5' protruding termini are generated upon fragmentation. The filled-up termini were used for cloning the distal parts of the approximately 50 kb fragments. BLAST analysis of the sequence of several clones allowed us to determine the sequence of the non-cloned side of the breakpoints. Comparison of 25, 600 bp-long breakpoint sequences demonstrated prevalence of repetitive elements. Consensus motives characteristic of the breakpoint sequences have been identified. Several sequences exhibit peculiar computed conformational characteristics, with sharp transition or center of symmetry located exactly at the breakpoint. Our data collectively suggest that chromatin fragmentation involves nucleolytic cleavages at fragile/hypersensitive sites delimiting loop-size fragments in a non-random manner. Interestingly, the sequence characteristics of the breakpoints are reminiscent of certain breakpoint cluster regions frequently subject to gene rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Szilágyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, University Medical School of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Hungary
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8
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Panagopoulos I, Isaksson M, Lindvall C, Hagemeijer A, Mitelman F, Johansson B. Genomic characterization of MOZ/CBP and CBP/MOZ chimeras in acute myeloid leukemia suggests the involvement of a damage-repair mechanism in the origin of the t(8;16)(p11;p13). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 36:90-8. [PMID: 12461753 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(8;16)(p11;p13), which is strongly associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) displaying monocytic differentiation, erythrophagocytosis by the leukemic cells, and a poor response to chemotherapy, fuses the MOZ gene (8p11) with the CBP gene (16p13). Although genomic rearrangements of MOZ and CBP have been detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization and Southern blot analyses, characterization of the breakpoints at the sequence level has never been performed. We have sequenced the breakpoints in four t(8;16)-positive AML cases with the aim to identify molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the origin of this translocation. In addition, an exon/intron map of the MOZ gene was constructed, which was found to be composed of 17 exons. Long-range-PCR with CBP forward primers in exon 2 and MOZ reverse primers in exon 17 as well as with a MOZ forward primer in exon 16 and a CBP reverse primer in intron 2 successfully amplified CBP/MOZ and MOZ/CBP hybrid genomic DNA fragments in all four AMLs. The breaks clustered in both CBP intron 2 and MOZ intron 16, and were close to repetitive elements, and in one case an Alu-Alu junction for the CBP/MOZ hybrid was identified. Additional genomic events (i.e., deletions, duplications, and insertions) in the breakpoint regions in both the MOZ and CBP genes were found in all four cases. Thus, the t(8;16) does not originate through a simple end-to-end fusion. The findings of multiple breaks and rearrangements rather suggest the involvement of a damage-repair mechanism in the origin of this translocation.
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9
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Kolomietz E, Meyn MS, Pandita A, Squire JA. The role of Alu repeat clusters as mediators of recurrent chromosomal aberrations in tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 35:97-112. [PMID: 12203773 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the involvement of repetitive DNA sequences as facilitators of some of the recurrent chromosomal rearrangements observed in human tumors. The high densities of repetitive DNA, such as Alu elements, at some chromosomal translocation breakpoint regions has led to the suggestion that these sequences could provide hot spots for homologous recombination, and could mediate the translocation process and elevate the likelihood of other types of chromosomal rearrangements taking place. The Alu core sequence itself has been suggested to promote DNA strand exchange and genomic rearrangement, and it has striking sequence similarity to chi (which has been shown to stimulate recBCD-mediated recombination in Escherichia coli). Alu repeats have been shown to be involved in the generation of many constitutional gene mutations in meiotic cells, attributed to unequal homologous recombination and consequent deletions and/or duplication events. It has recently been demonstrated that similar deletion events can take place in neoplasia because several types of leukemia-associated chromosomal rearrangements frequently have submicroscopic deletions immediately adjacent to the translocation breakpoint regions. Significantly, these types of deletions appear to be more likely to take place when the regions subject to rearrangement contain a high density of Alu repeats. With the completion of the Human Genome Project, it will soon be possible to create more comprehensive maps of the distribution and densities of repetitive sequences, such as Alu, throughout the genome. Such maps will offer unique insights into the relative distribution of cancer translocation breakpoints and the localization of clusters of repetitive DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kolomietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital and Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
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10
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Kolomietz E, Al-Maghrabi J, Brennan S, Karaskova J, Minkin S, Lipton J, Squire JA. Primary chromosomal rearrangements of leukemia are frequently accompanied by extensive submicroscopic deletions and may lead to altered prognosis. Blood 2001; 97:3581-8. [PMID: 11369654 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.11.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BCR/ABL fluorescent in situ hybridization study of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia(+) (Ph(+)) acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) indicated that approximately 9% of patients exhibited an atypical hybridization pattern consistent with a submicroscopic deletion of the 5' region of ABL and the 3' region of the BCR genes on the 9q(+) chromosome. The CML patients with deletions had a shorter survival time and a high relapse rate following bone marrow transplant. Since deletions are associated with both Ph(+) CML and ALL, it seemed probable that other leukemia-associated genomic rearrangements may also have submicroscopic deletions. This hypothesis was confirmed by the detection of deletions of the 3' regions of the CBFB and the MLL genes in AML M4 patients with inv(16) and in patients with ALL and AML associated with MLL gene translocations, respectively. In contrast, analysis of the AML M3 group of patients and AML M2 showed that similar large deletions were not frequently associated with the t(15;17) or t(8;21) translocations. Analysis of sequence data from each of the breakpoint regions suggested that large submicroscopic deletions occur in regions with a high overall density of Alu sequence repeats. These findings are the first to show that the process of deletion formation is not disease specific in leukemia and also implicate that the presence of repetitive DNA in the vicinity of breakpoint regions may facilitate the generation of submicroscopic deletions. Such deletions could lead to the loss of one or more genes, and the associated haploinsufficiency may result in the observed differences in clinical behavior. (Blood. 2001;97:3581-3588)
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Core Binding Factor beta Subunit
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/mortality
- Leukemia/therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Prognosis
- Recurrence
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Survival Rate
- Transcription Factor AP-2
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kolomietz
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
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11
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Wiemels JL, Alexander FE, Cazzaniga G, Biondi A, Mayer SP, Greaves M. Microclustering of TEL-AML1 translocation breakpoints in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000; 29:219-28. [PMID: 10992297 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2264(2000)9999:9999<::aid-gcc1028>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
TEL-AML1 fusions are the most common chromosome translocations in childhood leukemia and often, if not always, occur in utero. We previously reported the genomic sequencing of nine TEL-AML1 translocations and showed unique structural features of a breakpoint cluster region in TEL intron 5. We now report data on sequencing and mapping of TEL-AML1 from an additional 11 patients and, using Monte Carlo statistical methods, have analyzed the intronic distribution of the 24 TEL-AML1 fusion junctions sequenced to date. Compared to a null hypothesis of random breakpoint allocation within TEL intron 5 and AML1 introns 1 and 2, significant microclustering was evident on both TEL and AML1. In contrast to previous reports, the two strongest microclusters on TEL were 3' to an unstable repeat region. AML1 demonstrated four highly significant microclusters, two of which were proximal to exons. We note the necessity of sequencing multiple breakpoints before the description of putative microcluster regions. TEL-AML1 breakpoints may be distributed into microclusters because of specific DNA sequence or chromatin features in susceptible cells. We also report on additional features of breakpoints, including a complex t(12;3;21) in one patient and an inverted sequence in another.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wiemels
- Leukaemia Research Fund Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Tumor development in different cell types and tissue locations involves many pathways, distinct genes and exogenous factors. Tumor type-specific chromosome rearrangements resulting in fusion genes or promoter swapping are believed to be involved in the early development of many tumor types. They are present in almost all cases of a particular tumor type and cases have been described that carry only tumor type-specific translocations without any signs of other cytogenetic changes. The mechanisms behind chromosome rearrangements in solid tumors are largely unknown. Radiation is an important factor in thyroid carcinomas but no com-$bmon sequence motifs are made out in the break points of solid tumors. The fusion genes found in sarcomas are dominated by the transcription factor type of genes with the TLS/FUS and EWS series of fusion genes as the largest group. More than 50% of papillary thyroid carcinomas carry fusion proteins with tyrosine kinase activity. Rearrangements involving HMGIC, HMGIY, and PLAG1 are common in benign mesenchymal tumors and salivary gland adenomas. Many recurrent tumor translocations show a strict specificity for tumor type. This specificity can most likely be explained by the specific sets of target genes that are deregulated by the fusion gene products. Identification of the downstream target genes is currently the object of intense research and may provide us with information that will help design better diagnostic tools and eventually find a cure for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aman
- Department of Pathology, Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer Research, Göteborg University, Gula Stråket 8, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
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13
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Ikegawa S, Masuno M, Kumano Y, Okawa A, Isomura M, Koyama K, Okui K, Makita Y, Sasaki M, Kohdera U, Okuda M, Koyama H, Ohashi H, Tajiri H, Imaizumi K, Nakamura Y. Cloning of translocation breakpoints associated with Shwachman syndrome and identification of a candidate gene. Clin Genet 1999; 55:466-72. [PMID: 10450865 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.550612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Shwachman syndrome is an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, bone-marrow dysfunction, and metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. A de novo balanced translocation was recently documented in a patient with this disease. Toward isolating the gene(s) responsible for Shwachman syndrome, we cloned and sequenced the translocation breakpoints in the DNA of this patient. The nucleotide sequences around the breakpoints contained neither repetitive elements nor motifs reported to be implicated in recombination events, although we did detect gains or losses of oligonucleotides at the translocation junctions. By large-scale genomic sequencing and in silico gene trapping, we identified two novel transcripts in the vicinity of the breakpoints that might represent candidate genes for Shwachman syndrome, one on chromosome 6 and the other on chromosome 12. The gene on chromosome 12 was actually disrupted by the translocation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency/genetics
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Organ Failure/genetics
- Open Reading Frames
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Syndrome
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Genome Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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14
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van der Reijden BA, Dauwerse HG, Giles RH, Jagmohan-Changur S, Wijmenga C, Liu PP, Smit B, Wessels HW, Beverstock GC, Jotterand-Bellomo M, Martinet D, Mühlematter D, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Gabert J, Reiffers J, Bilhou-Nabera C, van Ommen GJ, Hagemeijer A, Breuning MH. Genomic acute myeloid leukemia-associated inv(16)(p13q22) breakpoints are tightly clustered. Oncogene 1999; 18:543-50. [PMID: 9927211 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The inv(16) and related t(16;16) are found in 10% of all cases with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. In these rearrangements the core binding factor beta (CBFB) gene on 16q22 is fused to the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain gene (MYH11) on 16p13. To gain insight into the mechanisms causing the inv(16) we have analysed 24 genomic CBFB-MYH11 breakpoints. All breakpoints in CBFB are located in a 15-Kb intron. More than 50% of the sequenced 6.2 Kb of this intron consists of human repetitive elements. Twenty-one of the 24 breakpoints in MYH11 are located in a 370-bp intron. The remaining three breakpoints in MYH11 are located more upstream. The localization of three breakpoints adjacent to a V(D)J recombinase signal sequence in MYH11 suggests a V(D)J recombinase-mediated rearrangement in these cases. V(D)J recombinase-associated characteristics (small nucleotide deletions and insertions of random nucleotides) were detected in six other cases. CBFB and MYH11 duplications were detected in four of six cases tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A van der Reijden
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Morohoshi F, Ootsuka Y, Arai K, Ichikawa H, Mitani S, Munakata N, Ohki M. Genomic structure of the human RBP56/hTAFII68 and FUS/TLS genes. Gene 1998; 221:191-8. [PMID: 9795213 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously isolated RBP56 cDNA by PCR using mixed primers designed from the conserved sequences of the RNA binding domain of FUS/TLS and EWS proteins. RBP56 protein turned out to be hTAFII68 which was isolated as a TATA-binding protein associated factor (TAF) from a sub-population of TFIID complexes (Bertolotti A., Lutz, Y., Heard, D.J., Chambon, P., Tora, L., 1996. hTAFII68, a novel RNA/ssDNA-binding protein with homology to the proto-oncoproteins TLS/FUS and EWS is associated with both TFIID and RNA polymerase II. EMBO J. 15, 5022-5031). The RBP56/hTAFII68, FUS/TLS and EWS proteins comprise a sub-family of RNA binding proteins, which consist of an N-terminal Ser, Gly, Gln and Tyr-rich region, an RNA binding domain, a Cys2/Cys2 zinc finger motif and a C-terminal RGG-containing region. Rearrangement of the FUS/TLS gene and the EWS gene has been found in several types of malignant tumors, and the resultant fusion proteins play an important role in the pathogenesis of these tumors. In the present study, we determined the genomic structure of the RBP56/hTAFII68 gene. The RBP56/hTAFII68 gene spans about 37kb and consists of 16 exons from 33bp to 562bp. The longest exon, exon 15, encodes the C-terminal region containing 19 repeats of a degenerate DR(S)GG(G)YGG sequence. While the structure of the FUS/TLS gene has been reported previously, we determined the total DNA sequence of the FUS/TLS gene, consisting of 12kb. The RBP56/hTAFII68, FUS/TLS and EWS genes consist of similar numbers of exons. Comparison of the structures of these three genes showed that the organization of exons in the central part encoding a homologous RNA binding domain and a cysteine finger motif is highly conserved, and other exon boundaries are also located at similar sites, indicating that these three genes most likely originate from the same ancestor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Morohoshi
- Radiobiology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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16
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Kobayashi S, Yoshida K, Ohshima T, Esumi N, Paralkar VM, Wistow GJ, Kulkarni AB. DNA sequence motifs are associated with aberrant homologous recombination in the mouse macrophage migration inhibitory factor (Mif) locus. Gene 1998; 215:85-92. [PMID: 9666087 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination is a precise genetic event that can introduce specific alteration in the genome. A planned targeted disruption by homologous recombination of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (Mif) locus in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells yielded the targeted clones, some of which had genomic rearrangements inconsistent with the expected homologous recombination event. A detailed characterization of the recombination breakpoints in two of these clones revealed several sequence motifs with possible roles in recombination. These motifs included short regions of sequence identity that may promote DNA alignment, multiple 5'-AAGG/TTCC-3' tetrameres, topoisomerase I consensus sites, and AT-rich sequences that can promote DNA cleavage and recombination. A retrovirus-like intracisternal-A particle (IAP) family sequence was also identified upstream of the Mif gene, and the LTR of this IAP was involved in one of the recombinations. Identification and characterization of such sequence motifs will be valuable for the gene targeting experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kobayashi
- Gene Targeting Research, Core Facility, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Renwick PJ, Birley AJ, Hultén MA. Study of Alu sequences at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) encoding region of man. Gene 1997; 184:155-62. [PMID: 9031622 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) encoding region of man is considered rich in Alu sequences: with 49 sequences present within 57 kilobases. Subfamily classification of the Alu sequences and identification of flanking direct repeats has been carried out to detect past rearrangements associated with their insertion into the region. Members of the Alu-J and three Alu-S subfamilies are present, along with the existence of free left arm sequences. Using available data, a comparison is made of the Alu subfamilies present at different gene regions. The heterogeneity in the number of each subfamily present at different genes shows that no one particular subfamily attained saturation in the genome. Several adjacent insertions of Alu sequences are seen at the hprt region. Furthermore two novel sequences are described, there is an incident where one Alu sequence has inserted into the middle poly(A) tract of an existing sequence at the hprt region; while another result from an Alu/Alu cross-over event elsewhere in the genome, before insertion into the hprt region. Once inserted, the Alu sequences are rarely subject to loss or rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Renwick
- Regional Genetic Laboratory Service, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
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18
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Fitzgerald PH, Morris CM. A greater incidence of complex translocations in myeloid leukemias than in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias associated with IGH rearrangement. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 86:8-12. [PMID: 8616794 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(95)00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that the incidence of complex translocations is approximately the same in chronic myeloid leukemia, characterized by the t(9;22)(q34;q11), and in acute myeloid leukemias, characterized by the t(15;17)(q22;q11) or t(8;21)(q22;q22). This incidence is almost threefold greater than the incidence of complex translocations in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias characterized by the t(8;14)(q24;q32) or t(14;18)(q32;q21). The genomic recombination, which gives rise to the translocations in lymphoid cells, results mostly from errors of IGH gene rearrangement. Genomic recombination underlying myeloid leukemias has a different cause, and a clue to this may lie in the greater incidence of complex chromosome rearrangements.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Fitzgerald
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Oncology Group, Christchurch School of Medicine, New Zealand
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19
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Budarf ML, Collins J, Gong W, Roe B, Wang Z, Bailey LC, Sellinger B, Michaud D, Driscoll DA, Emanuel BS. Cloning a balanced translocation associated with DiGeorge syndrome and identification of a disrupted candidate gene. Nat Genet 1995; 10:269-78. [PMID: 7670464 DOI: 10.1038/ng0795-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), a developmental defect, is characterized by cardiac defects and aplasia or hypoplasia of the thymus and parathyroid glands. DGS has been associated with visible chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletions of 22q11, but only one balanced translocation--ADU/VDU t(2;22)(q14;q11.21). We now report the cloning of this translocation, the identification of a gene disrupted by the rearrangement and the analysis of other transcripts in its vicinity. Transcripts were identified by direct screening of cDNA libraries, exon amplification, cDNA selection and genomic sequence analysis using GRAIL. Disruption of a gene in 22q11.2 by the breakpoint and haploinsufficiency of this locus in deleted DGS patients make it a strong candidate for the major features associated with this disorder.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DiGeorge Syndrome/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Rats
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Budarf
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Zhang JG, Goldman JM, Cross NC. Characterization of genomic BCR-ABL breakpoints in chronic myeloid leukaemia by PCR. Br J Haematol 1995; 90:138-46. [PMID: 7786776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb03392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand better the mechanism of translocation between the BCR and ABL genes in CML, we have exploited a 'bubble PCR' technique to clone genomic breakpoints. BCR-ABL junction fragments were successfully amplified and sequenced in 14/32 (43%) patients tested. Breakpoints were dispersed throughout the major breakpoint cluster region without any clustering or hot spots. In three cases Alu sequences were found at or near the breakpoint on the ABL side of the translocation but no other obvious sequence homologies were found either in BCR or ABL. The translocation event was characterized further in three other patients by amplifying the reciprocal ABL-BCR junction on the 9q+ chromosome and also normal ABL around breakpoints. In two of these patients a few nucleotides of BCR and ABL were either duplicated or deleted on translocation, suggesting that staggered cuts had been made in the DNA strand prior to recombination. In the third patient 50 bp of ABL was deleted and 159 bp of M-BCR including exon b3 was duplicated, indicating either that the single-stranded cuts may span a larger distance than previously thought or that another mechanism, perhaps involving gene conversion, may be involved in this instance.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Zhang
- LRF Leukaemia Unit, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London
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21
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Tóth G, Jurka J. Repetitive DNA in and around translocation breakpoints of the Philadelphia chromosome. Gene X 1994; 140:285-8. [PMID: 8144039 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes systematic sequence studies of repetitive DNA in and around translocation breakpoints on chromosomes 9 and 22, which are involved in the formation of the Philadelphia chromosome in acute leukemias. In addition to Alu repeats described in previous studies, the breakpoint regions appear to contain many other repetitive elements, including a member of a new repetitive family (MER34) reported in this paper. Identification of these repeats broadens current studies on the possible involvement of repetitive DNA in this intensely studied chromosomal translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tóth
- Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94306
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22
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Allen PB, Morgan GJ, Wiedemann LM. Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukaemia: the translocated genes and their gene products. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1992; 5:897-930. [PMID: 1308169 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(11)80051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence indicates a role for the deregulated ABL protein tyrosine kinase in the aetiology of CML and Ph-positive acute leukaemia. These disorders are characterized by the generation of BCR/ABL fusion proteins with elevated tyrosine kinase activity. Although much is known concerning the transforming potential of ABL proteins in various systems, very little is understood of the normal function and mode of regulation of ABL activity. The mechanism of oncogenic activation is therefore also obscure. In spite of this, our understanding of the molecular details of these chromosomal translocations allows the design of therapies directed against their unique, leukaemia-specific proteins and RNA products.
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MESH Headings
- Abelson murine leukemia virus/genetics
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Child
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/physiology
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/classification
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr
- Proto-Oncogenes
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Allen
- Leukaemia Research Fund Centre, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
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23
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von Lindern M, Breems D, van Baal S, Adriaansen H, Grosveld G. Characterization of the translocation breakpoint sequences of two DEK-CAN fusion genes present in t(6;9) acute myeloid leukemia and a SET-CAN fusion gene found in a case of acute undifferentiated leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 5:227-34. [PMID: 1384675 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(6;9) associated with a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was shown to generate a fusion between the 3' part of the CAN gene on chromosome 9 and the 5' part of the DEK gene on chromosome 6. The same part of the CAN gene appeared to be involved in a case of acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) as well, where it was fused to the SET gene. Genomic sequences around the translocation breakpoint were determined in two t(6;9) samples and in the case of the SET-CAN fusion. Although coexpression of myeloid markers and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase was shown to be one of the characteristics of t(6;9) AML, no addition of random nucleotides at the translocation breakpoint could be found. In addition, the breakpoint regions did not reveal heptamer-nonamer sequences, purine-pyrimidine tracts, a chi-octamer motif, or Alu repeats. The sequence in which the translocation breakpoints occurred was enriched in A/T. Notably, the specific introns in which clustering of breakpoints occurs in DEK and CAN both contain a LINE-I element. As LINE-I elements occur with a moderate frequency in the human genome, the presence of such an element in both breakpoint regions may be more than coincidental and may play a role in the translocation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M von Lindern
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Barr FG, Davis RJ, Eichenfield L, Emanuel BS. Structural analysis of a carcinogen-induced genomic rearrangement event. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:942-6. [PMID: 1736310 PMCID: PMC48361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.3.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have explored the mechanism of genomic rearrangement in a hamster fibroblast cell culture system in which rearrangements are induced 5' to the endogenous thymidine kinase gene by chemical carcinogen treatment. The wild-type region around one rearrangement breakpoint was cloned and sequenced. With this sequence information, the carcinogen-induced rearrangement was cloned from the corresponding rearranged cell line by the inverse polymerase chain reaction. After the breakpoint fragment was sequenced, the wild-type rearrangement partner (RP15) was isolated by a second inverse polymerase chain reaction of unrearranged DNA. Comparison of the sequence of the rearrangement breakpoint with the wild-type RP15 and 5' thymidine kinase gene regions revealed short repeats directly at the breakpoint, as well as nearby A + T-rich regions in each rearrangement partner. Pulsed-field electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that this rearrangement is an interstitial deletion of 35 kilobases. Southern blot analysis of the RP15 region in unrearranged parental cells showed a demethylated CpG island and a complex of DNase I-hypersensitive sites adjacent to the breakpoint in the region deleted by the rearrangement. Therefore, these studies reveal interesting sequence and chromatin features near the rearrangement breakpoints and suggest a role for nuclear organization in the mechanism of carcinogen-induced genomic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Barr
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104
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25
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Fitzgerald PH, Morris CM. Complex chromosomal translocations in the Philadelphia chromosome leukemias. Serial translocations or a concerted genomic rearrangement? CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1991; 57:143-51. [PMID: 1756491 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(91)90145-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Joining of the BCR and ABL genes is an essential feature of the group of human leukemias characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome and there is recent evidence that the human BCR-ABL fusion gene induces leukemia in experimental animals. Joining of these two genes is the result of cytogenetic translocation, usually the t(9;22)(q34;q11), but sometimes of more complex translocations involving one or more chromosomes in addition to chromosomes 9 and 22. The leukemic cells of some patients carry the BCR-ABL fusion gene but have an apparently normal karyotype. Recent studies show that these cells conceal complex chromosome rearrangements. Because the BCR-ABL fusion gene appears to be the result of cytogenetic rearrangement in all cases of these leukemias, the causes and mechanism of chromosome rearrangement will be relevant to the development of leukemia in man. We examine mechanisms of chromosome rearrangement and propose that both simple and complex chromosome translocations result from a single, though sometimes complex, interchange event.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Oncogenes
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr
- Proto-Oncogenes
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Fitzgerald
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Oncology Unit, Christchurch School of Medicine, New Zealand
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26
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Tycko B, Smith SD, Sklar J. Chromosomal translocations joining LCK and TCRB loci in human T cell leukemia. J Exp Med 1991; 174:867-73. [PMID: 1680958 PMCID: PMC2118956 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.4.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) showing t(1;7)(p34;q34) as the sole karyotypic abnormality was investigated at the molecular level. Screening of a phage library of tumor DNA with a probe for the beta T cell receptor gene (TCRB), which maps to chromosomal band 7q34, resulted in the isolation of a clone containing DNA spanning the translocation breakpoint of the der(1) chromosome. This clone contained chromosome 1 DNA juxtaposed upstream of a D beta-J beta joint. Cloning of the corresponding germline region of chromosome 1 resulted in the isolation of a phage containing the breakpoint from the reciprocal, der(7), product, which showed chromosome 1 DNA joined downstream to a V beta segment. Comparison of germline and translocation clones demonstrated that breakage of chromosome 1 had occurred at the border of a tandem repeat of Alu sequences. To search for transcripts from DNA near the breakpoint, a chromosomal walk was initiated along chromosome 1. A probe consisting of chromosome 1 DNA from 24-30 kb upstream of the breakpoint hybridized to a transcript derived from the gene encoding the lymphocyte-specific tyrosine kinase p56lck, previously mapped to chromosomal band 1p34. The nonrandom nature of the breakpoints in this case was confirmed by the analysis of a second independent case of T-ALL containing a t(1;7) translocation, which was also found to show breakage within the LCK locus. The chromosomal breakpoint in the first case was localized 2 kb upstream of the lck upstream promoter and first nontranslated exon, while the breakpoint of the second case lay between the two alternative lck promoters, upstream of the second exon. Relative to normal thymus and activated T cells, levels of lck mRNA were greatly elevated in the first case and moderately elevated in the second. The existence of these translocations raises the possibility that alterations in the promoter region of the LCK locus may play a role in human cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Probes
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphocytes/enzymology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Poly A/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Restriction Mapping
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tycko
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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27
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Filatov LV, Mamayeva SE, Tomilin NV. Alu family variations in neoplasia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1991; 56:11-22. [PMID: 1747866 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(91)90357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human chromosomes contain about one million copies of dispersed repeats of the Alu family which are distributed non-randomly. In this study we have compared the pattern of hybridization of tritiated Alu-probes on chromosomes of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes of normal donors and of non-stimulated bone marrow cells of acute leukemia patients, and found regular differences in this pattern over some chromosome bands (3q26, 8p11-p12, 14q24, 15q21, 6q22) between normal individuals and leukemia patients. These data were interpreted as indicative of somatic variation of the Alu family in acute leukemia. Possible mechanisms of the variation and the role of the Alu family in chromosome rearrangements in neoplasia are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Metaphase
- Multigene Family
- Reference Values
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Filatov
- Institute of Cytology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad
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