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Sowińska-Seidler A, Socha M, Szoszkiewicz A, Materna-Kiryluk A, Jamsheer A. A genotype-phenotype correlation in split-hand/foot malformation type 1: further refinement of the phenotypic subregions within the 7q21.3 locus. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1250714. [PMID: 37916192 PMCID: PMC10616856 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1250714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Split-hand/foot malformation type 1 (SHFM1) refers to the group of rare congenital limb disorders defined by the absence or hypoplasia of the central rays of the autopods with or without accompanying anomalies, such as hearing loss, craniofacial malformation, and ectodermal dysplasia. Consequently, the condition is characterized by clinical variability that hinders diagnostic and counseling procedures. SHFM1 is caused by pathogenic variants affecting the DLX5/6 genes and/or their tissue-specific enhancers at the 7q21.3 locus. Herein, we report on seven patients from five unrelated Polish families affected by variable symptoms of the SHFM1 spectrum, all harboring 7q21.3 or 7q21.2-q21.3 rearrangements, and provide a genotype-phenotype correlation in the studied cohort. Methods: We applied GTG banding, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in order to identify the causative aberrations in all affected patients. Results: The identified pathogenic structural variants included deletions and/or translocations involving the 7q21.3 locus, i.e., t(7;10)(q21.3;q22.2) and t(7;12)(q21.3;q21.2) in all affected individuals. Interestingly, a sporadic carrier of the latter aberration presented the SHFM1 phenotype with additional features overlapping with Baker-Gordon syndrome (BAGOS), which resulted from the translocation breakpoint at chromosome 12 within the SYT1 gene. Conclusion: Clinical variability of the studied cohort reflects the composition of the DLX5/6 regulatory elements that were dislocated from their target genes by chromosomal rearrangements. The correlation of our data with the previously published observations enabled us to update the phenotypic subregions and regulatory units within the SHFM1 locus. In addition, we present the first case of SHFM1 and BAGOS-like phenotype that resulted from translocation breakpoints at chromosomes 7 and 12, both of which were pathogenic, and consequently, we show the first evidence that BAGOS can also result from the regulatory loss-of-function SYT1 mutations. In this paper, we emphasize the utility of sequence-based approaches in molecular diagnostics of disorders caused by regulatory structural variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sowińska-Seidler
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Socha
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Szoszkiewicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Materna-Kiryluk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznan, Poland
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2
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Ambrosetti I, Bernardini L, Pollazzon M, Giuffrida MG, Guida V, Peluso F, Baroni MC, Polizzi V, Napoli M, Rosato S, Trimarchi G, Gelmini C, Caraffi SG, Wischmeijer A, Frattini D, Novelli A, Garavelli L. Split Hand-Foot and Deafness in a Patient with 7q21.13-q21.3 Deletion Not Including the DLX5/6 Genes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1526. [PMID: 37628577 PMCID: PMC10454356 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Split Hand-Foot Malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb defect characterized by a median cleft of the hands and/or feet due to the absence/hypoplasia of the central rays. It may occur as part of a syndromic condition or as an isolated malformation. The most common of the six genetic loci identified for this condition is correlated to SHFM1 and maps in the 7q21q22 region. SHFM1 is characterized by autosomal dominant transmission, incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Associated features often include hearing loss, intellectual disability/developmental delay and craniofacial abnormalities. Disruption of the DLX5/DLX6 genes, mapping within the SHFM1 locus, is now known to be responsible for the phenotype. Through SNP array, we analyzed a patient affected by SHFM1 associated with deafness and an abnormality of the inner ear (incomplete partition type I); we identified a deletion in 7q21, not involving the DLX5/6 genes, but including exons 15 and 17 of DYNC1I1, known to act as exonic enhancers (eExons) of the DLX5/6 genes. We further demonstrated the role of DYNC1I1 eExons in regulating DLX5/6 expression by means of showing a reduced expression of the DLX5/6 genes through RT-PCR in a patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell line. Furthermore, our data and a review of published cases do not support the hypothesis that DLX5/6 are imprinted in humans. This work is an example of how the disruption of regulatory elements can be responsible for congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ambrosetti
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (I.A.)
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Laura Bernardini
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Marzia Pollazzon
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giuffrida
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Valentina Guida
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Francesca Peluso
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Baroni
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (I.A.)
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Valeria Polizzi
- Department of Audiology, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Manuela Napoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Rosato
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Trimarchi
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Gelmini
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Anita Wischmeijer
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Clinical Genetics Service and Coordination Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Daniele Frattini
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Azienda AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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3
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Sifre-Ruiz A, Sagasta A, Santos E, Perez de Nanclares G, Heath KE. New pathogenic variant in DLX5: New clues for a clinical spectrum from split-hand-foot malformation to fibular aplasia, tibial campomelia and oligosyndactyly. Front Genet 2023; 14:1165780. [PMID: 37124614 PMCID: PMC10133553 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1165780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: FATCO (Fibular Aplasia, Tibial Campomelia and Oligosyndactyly) is a very infrequent skeletal dysplasia classified within the limb hypoplasia-reduction defects group whose genetic cause has not yet been identified. The advent of next-generation sequencing is enabling the diagnosis of diseases with no previously known genetic cause. Methods: We performed a thorough autopsy on a fetus whose pregnancy was legally terminated due to severe malformations detected by ultrasound. A trio exome was run to identify the genetic cause and risk of recurrence. Previous literature of similar cases was systematically searched. Results: Anatomopathological analyses revealed complete fibular aplasia, shortened and campomelic tibia, absent ankle joint, club right foot and a split foot malformation, leading to the diagnosis of FATCO. Exome sequencing showed that the female fetus carried a de novo nonsense variant in DLX5. The literature search permitted the collection of information on 43 patients with FATCO, the majority of whom were males diagnosed postnatally. In most cases, lower limbs were affected exclusively, but in 39.5% of cases the upper limbs were also affected. Conclusion: The pathologies associated with DLX5 variants encompass a wide spectrum of manifestations ranging from abnormalities exclusively in the hands and feet to long bones such as the tibia and fibula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sifre-Ruiz
- Pathology Service, Bioaraba Research Health Institute, Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Amaia Sagasta
- Pathology Service, Bioaraba Research Health Institute, Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Erika Santos
- Radiodiagnostic Service, Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Rare Diseases Research Group, Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, Bioaraba Research Health Institute, Araba University Hospital-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain
- *Correspondence: Guiomar Perez de Nanclares, ; Karen E. Heath,
| | - Karen E. Heath
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE), ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Guiomar Perez de Nanclares, ; Karen E. Heath,
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Poszewiecka B, Pienkowski VM, Nowosad K, Robin JD, Gogolewski K, Gambin A. TADeus2: a web server facilitating the clinical diagnosis by pathogenicity assessment of structural variations disarranging 3D chromatin structure. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:W744-W752. [PMID: 35524567 PMCID: PMC9252839 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years great progress has been made in identification of structural variants (SV) in the human genome. However, the interpretation of SVs, especially located in non-coding DNA, remains challenging. One of the reasons stems in the lack of tools exclusively designed for clinical SVs evaluation acknowledging the 3D chromatin architecture. Therefore, we present TADeus2 a web server dedicated for a quick investigation of chromatin conformation changes, providing a visual framework for the interpretation of SVs affecting topologically associating domains (TADs). This tool provides a convenient visual inspection of SVs, both in a continuous genome view as well as from a rearrangement’s breakpoint perspective. Additionally, TADeus2 allows the user to assess the influence of analyzed SVs within flaking coding/non-coding regions based on the Hi-C matrix. Importantly, the SVs pathogenicity is quantified and ranked using TADA, ClassifyCNV tools and sampling-based P-value. TADeus2 is publicly available at https://tadeus2.mimuw.edu.pl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Poszewiecka
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 2 Banacha street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Victor Murcia Pienkowski
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, MMG, Marseille, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Adolfa Pawińskiego 3c, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Nowosad
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Doktora Witolda Chodźki 1, 20-400 Lublin, Poland.,The Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jérôme D Robin
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, MMG, Marseille, France
| | - Krzysztof Gogolewski
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 2 Banacha street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gambin
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 2 Banacha street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Mullen RD, Bellessort B, Levi G, Behringer RR. Distal-less homeobox genes Dlx5/6 regulate Müllerian duct regression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:916173. [PMID: 35909540 PMCID: PMC9334558 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.916173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dlx5 and Dlx6 encode distal-less homeodomain transcription factors that are present in the genome as a linked pair at a single locus. Dlx5 and Dlx6 have redundant roles in craniofacial, skeletal, and uterine development. Previously, we performed a transcriptome comparison for anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)-induced genes expressed in the Müllerian duct mesenchyme of male and female mouse embryos. In that study, we found that Dlx5 transcripts were nearly seven-fold higher in males compared to females and Dlx6 transcripts were found only in males, suggesting they may be AMH-induced genes. Therefore, we investigated the role of Dlx5 and Dlx6 during AMH-induced Müllerian duct regression. We found that Dlx5 was detected in the male Müllerian duct mesenchyme from E14.5 to E16.5. In contrast, in female embryos Dlx5 was detected in the Müllerian duct epithelium. Dlx6 expression in Müllerian duct mesenchyme was restricted to males. Dlx6 expression was not detected in female Müllerian duct mesenchyme or epithelium. Genetic experiments showed that AMH signaling is necessary for Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression. Müllerian duct regression was variable in Dlx5 homozygous mutant males at E16.5, ranging from regression like controls to a block in Müllerian duct regression. In E16.5 Dlx6 homozygous mutants, Müllerian duct tissue persisted primarily in the region adjacent to the testes. In Dlx5-6 double homozygous mutant males Müllerian duct regression was also found to be incomplete but more severe than either single mutant. These studies suggest that Dlx5 and Dlx6 act redundantly to mediate AMH-induced Müllerian duct regression during male differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Mullen
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brice Bellessort
- Département AVIV, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Département AVIV, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Richard R. Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard R. Behringer,
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6
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Isoform-Specific Roles of Mutant p63 in Human Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030536. [PMID: 33572532 PMCID: PMC7866788 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein p63 belongs to the family of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mouse models have, however, shown that it is not a classical tumor suppressor but instead involved in developmental processes. Mutations in the p63 gene cause several developmental defects in human patients characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia due to p63’s role as a master regulator of epidermal development. In addition, p63 plays a key role as a quality control factor in oocytes and p63 mutations can result either in compromised genetic quality control or premature cell death of all oocytes. Abstract The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the DNA binding domain cause Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal Dysplasia, characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia while mutations in in the C-terminal domain of the α-isoform cause Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility, severe, long-lasting skin erosions, and cleft lip/palate. The molecular disease mechanisms of these syndromes have recently become elucidated and have enhanced our understanding of the role of p63 in epidermal development. Here we review the molecular cause and functional consequences of these p63-mutations for skin development and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations for female fertility.
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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8
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Khan A, Wang R, Han S, Umair M, Alshabeeb MA, Ansar M, Ahmad W, Alaamery M, Zhang X. A Novel Homozygous Nonsense Mutation p.Cys366* in the WNT10B Gene Underlying Split-Hand/Split Foot Malformation in a Consanguineous Pakistani Family. Front Pediatr 2020; 7:526. [PMID: 31998667 PMCID: PMC6970189 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM) or ectrodactyly is characterized by a deep median cleft of the hand or foot, hypoplasia or aplasia of the metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges. It is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of limb malformations. This study aimed to identify the pathogenic variant in a consanguineous Pakistani family with autosomal recessive SHFM. Peripheral blood samples were obtained, DNA was extracted, WNT10B coding and noncoding regions were PCR amplified and Sanger sequencing was performed using workflow suggested by Thermo Fisher Scientific. A novel homozygous nonsense variant (c.1098C>A; p.Cys366*) was identified in the WNT10B gene in the index patients, which probably explains SHFM type 6 in this family in comparison with similar data from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Khan
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rongrong Wang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shirui Han
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Alshabeeb
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Manal Alaamery
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xue Zhang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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MacKenzie RK, Sankar PR, Bendall AJ. Dlx5 and Dlx6 can antagonize cell division at the G 1/S checkpoint. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:8. [PMID: 31041891 PMCID: PMC6460778 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dlx5 and Dlx6 stimulate differentiation of diverse progenitors during embryonic development. Their actions as pro-differentiation transcription factors includes the up-regulation of differentiation markers but the extent to which differentiation may also be stimulated by regulation of the cell cycle has not been addressed. Results We document that expression of Dlx5 and Dlx6 antagonizes cell proliferation in a variety of cell types without inducing apoptosis or promoting cell cycle exit. Rather, a variety of evidence indicates that elevated Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression reduces the proportion of cells in S phase and affects the length of the cell cycle. Conclusions Antagonism of S-phase entry by Dlx5 and Dlx6 proteins likely represents a lineage-independent function to effect Dlx-mediated differentiation in multiple progenitor cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K MacKenzie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Parvathy Ravi Sankar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew J Bendall
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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10
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Narboux-Neme N, Ekker M, Levi G, Heude E. Posterior axis formation requires Dlx5/Dlx6 expression at the neural plate border. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214063. [PMID: 30889190 PMCID: PMC6424422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs), one of the most common birth defects in human, present a multifactorial etiology with a poorly defined genetic component. The Dlx5 and Dlx6 bigenic cluster encodes two evolutionary conserved homeodomain transcription factors, which are necessary for proper vertebrate development. It has been shown that Dlx5/6 genes are essential for anterior neural tube closure, however their role in the formation of the posterior structures has never been described. Here, we show that Dlx5/6 expression is required during vertebrate posterior axis formation. Dlx5 presents a similar expression pattern in neural plate border cells during posterior neurulation of zebrafish and mouse. Dlx5/6-inactivation in the mouse results in a phenotype reminiscent of NTDs characterized by open thoracic and lumbar vertebral arches and failure of epaxial muscle formation at the dorsal midline. The dlx5a/6a zebrafish morphants present posterior NTDs associated with abnormal delamination of neural crest cells showing altered expression of cell adhesion molecules and defects of motoneuronal development. Our findings provide new molecular leads to decipher the mechanisms of vertebrate posterior neurulation and might help to gather a better understanding of human congenital NTDs etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Narboux-Neme
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Marc Ekker
- Department of Biology, Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Eglantine Heude
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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11
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Cajigas I, Chakraborty A, Swyter KR, Luo H, Bastidas M, Nigro M, Morris ER, Chen S, VanGompel MJW, Leib D, Kohtz SJ, Martina M, Koh S, Ay F, Kohtz JD. The Evf2 Ultraconserved Enhancer lncRNA Functionally and Spatially Organizes Megabase Distant Genes in the Developing Forebrain. Mol Cell 2018; 71:956-972.e9. [PMID: 30146317 PMCID: PMC6428050 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulation requires selective targeting of DNA regulatory enhancers over megabase distances. Here we show that Evf2, a cloud-forming Dlx5/6 ultraconserved enhancer (UCE) lncRNA, simultaneously localizes to activated (Umad1, 1.6 Mb distant) and repressed (Akr1b8, 27 Mb distant) chr6 target genes, precisely regulating UCE-gene distances and cohesin binding in mouse embryonic forebrain GABAergic interneurons (INs). Transgene expression of Evf2 activates Lsm8 (12 Mb distant) but fails to repress Akr1b8, supporting trans activation and long-range cis repression. Through both short-range (Dlx6 antisense) and long-range (Akr1b8) repression, the Evf2-5'UCE links homeodomain and mevalonate pathway-regulated enhancers to IN diversity. The Evf2-3' end is required for long-range activation but dispensable for RNA cloud localization, functionally dividing the RNA into 3'-activator and 5'UCE repressor and targeting regions. Together, these results support that Evf2 selectively regulates UCE interactions with multi-megabase distant genes through complex effects on chromosome topology, linking lncRNA-dependent topological and transcriptional control with interneuron diversity and seizure susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelisse Cajigas
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Abhijit Chakraborty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kelsey R Swyter
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Monique Bastidas
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Maximilliano Nigro
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Morris
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Sean Chen
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Michael J W VanGompel
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - David Leib
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Sara J Kohtz
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Marco Martina
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sooky Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Ferhat Ay
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jhumku D Kohtz
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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12
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Kantaputra PN, Carlson BM. Genetic regulatory pathways of split-hand/foot malformation. Clin Genet 2018; 95:132-139. [PMID: 30101460 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is caused by mutations in TP63, DLX5, DLX6, FGF8, FGFR1, WNT10B, and BHLHA9. The clinical features of SHFM caused by mutations of these genes are not distinguishable. This implies that in normal situations these SHFM-associated genes share an underlying regulatory pathway that is involved in the development of the central parts of the hands and feet. The mutations in SHFM-related genes lead to dysregulation of Fgf8 in the central portion of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and subsequently lead to misexpression of a number of downstream target genes, failure of stratification of the AER, and thus SHFM. Syndactyly of the remaining digits is most likely the effects of dysregulation of Fgf-Bmp-Msx signaling on apoptotic cell death. Loss of digit identity in SHFM is hypothesized to be the effects of misexpression of HOX genes, abnormal SHH gradient, or the loss of balance between GLI3A and GLI3R. Disruption of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of SHFM. Whatever the causative genes of SHFM are, the mutations seem to lead to dysregulation of Fgf8 in AER cells of the central parts of the hands and feet and disruption of Wnt-Bmp-Fgf signaling pathways in AER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit N Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Dentaland Clinic, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Bruce M Carlson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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13
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Coelacanth-specific adaptive genes give insights into primitive evolution for water-to-land transition of tetrapods. Mar Genomics 2018; 38:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Kantaputra PN, Kapoor S, Verma P, Intachai W, Ketudat Cairns JR. Split hand-foot malformation and a novel WNT10B mutation. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:372-375. [PMID: 29427788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report an Indian girl with split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM), sparse hair, and interrupted eyebrows, who carries a novel homozygous deletion c.695_697delACA in WNT10B. The variant is deduced to cause an in-frame deletion of Asn residue 232 (p.Asn232del). According to the protein model, this single amino acid deletion at the critical position in the protein structure is likely to severely affect the protein structure and function. This deletion is likely to lead decreased lifetime and make it unable to bind to its receptors and other ligands. The patient and all family members had normal bone density and they were not obese like some of the patients with WNT10B variants. Here we report a patient with SHFM6 who carried a novel WNT10B mutation. Sparse hair and interrupted eyebrows may be associated findings of SHFM6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit Nik Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; DENTALAND CLINIC, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Seema Kapoor
- Pediatrics Research & Genetic Lab, Department of Pediatrics, MAMC & Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Verma
- Pediatrics Research & Genetic Lab, Department of Pediatrics, MAMC & Associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Worrachet Intachai
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Deletion of a Long-Range Dlx5 Enhancer Disrupts Inner Ear Development in Mice. Genetics 2018; 208:1165-1179. [PMID: 29301908 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal enhancers are thought to play important roles in the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression during embryonic development, but few predicted enhancer elements have been shown to affect transcription of their endogenous genes or to alter phenotypes when disrupted. Here, we demonstrate that a 123.6-kb deletion within the mouse Slc25a13 gene is associated with reduced transcription of Dlx5, a gene located 660 kb away. Mice homozygous for the Slc25a13 deletion mutation [named hyperspin (hspn)] have malformed inner ears and are deaf with balance defects, whereas previously reported Slc25a13 knockout mice showed no phenotypic abnormalities. Inner ears of Slc25a13hspn/hspn mice have malformations similar to those of Dlx5-/- embryos, and Dlx5 expression is severely reduced in the otocyst but not the branchial arches of Slc25a13hspn/hspn embryos, indicating that the Slc25a13hspn deletion affects otic-specific enhancers of Dlx5 In addition, transheterozygous Slc25a13+/hspn Dlx5+/- mice exhibit noncomplementation with inner ear dysmorphologies similar to those of Slc25a13hspn/hspn and Dlx5-/-embryos, verifying a cis-acting effect of the Slc25a13hspn deletion on Dlx5 expression. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletions of putative enhancer elements located within the Slc25a13hspn deleted region failed to phenocopy the defects of Slc25a13hspn/hspn mice, suggesting the possibility of multiple enhancers with redundant functions. Our findings in mice suggest that analogous enhancer elements in the human SLC25A13 gene may regulate DLX5 expression and underlie the hearing loss that is associated with split-hand/-foot malformation 1 syndrome. Slc25a13hspn/hspn mice provide a new animal model for studying long-range enhancer effects on Dlx5 expression in the developing inner ear.
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16
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Ullah A, Hammid A, Umair M, Ahmad W. A Novel Heterozygous Intragenic Sequence Variant in DLX6 Probably Underlies First Case of Autosomal Dominant Split-Hand/Foot Malformation Type 1. Mol Syndromol 2016; 8:79-84. [PMID: 28611547 DOI: 10.1159/000453350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand and foot malformation (SHFM; MIM 183600) is a rare human genetic limb malformation. It is characterized by missing digital rays in the hands and feet. SHFMs vary in severity from mild abnormalities affecting a single limb to acute malformations involving all 4 limbs. It is inherited, as part of both a syndromic and nonsyndromic disorder, in an autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and X-linked patterns. So far, 9 loci of hand and foot malformation have been mapped on human chromosomes. The present study describes a family with 2 affected individuals segregating SHFM in an autosomal dominant fashion. Sanger sequencing of the genes involved in SHFM was performed to identify the disease-causing variant. Sequence analysis revealed the first heterozygous missense variant (c.632T>A, p.Val211Glu) in the distal-less homeobox 6 (DLX6) gene, located in chromosome 7q21, causing SHFM in the present family. This study supports the evidence of DLX6 as an SHFM-causing gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anam Hammid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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17
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Klar AJS. Split hand/foot malformation genetics supports the chromosome 7 copy segregation mechanism for human limb development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150415. [PMID: 27821526 PMCID: PMC5104513 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic aberrations of several unlinked loci cause human congenital split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) development. Mutations of the DLX5 (distal-less) transcription factor-encoding gene in chromosome 7 cause SHFM through haploinsufficiency, but the vast majority of cases result from heterozygous chromosomal aberrations of the region without mutating the DLX5 gene. To resolve this paradox, we invoke a chromosomal epigenetic mechanism for limb development. It is composed of a monochromatid gene expression phenomenon that we discovered in two fission yeasts with the selective chromosome copy segregation phenomenon that we discovered in mouse cells. Accordingly, one daughter cell inherits both expressed DLX5 copies while the other daughter inherits both epigenetically silenced ones from a single deterministic cell of the developing limb. Thus, differentiated daughter cells after further proliferation will correspondingly produce proximal/distal-limb tissues. Published results of a Chr. 7 translocation with a centromere-proximal breakpoint situated over 41 million bases away from the DLX locus, centromeric and DLX5-region inversions have satisfied key genetic and developmental biology predictions of the mechanism. Further genetic tests of the mechanism are proposed. We propose that the DNA double helical structure itself causes the development of sister cells' gene regulation asymmetry. We also argue against the conventionally invoked morphogen model of development.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar J S Klar
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 539, Room 154, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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18
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Sivasankaran A, Srikanth A, Kulshreshtha PS, Anuradha D, Kadandale JS, Samuel CR. Split Hand/Foot Malformation Associated with 7q21.3 Microdeletion: A Case Report. Mol Syndromol 2016; 6:287-96. [PMID: 27022330 DOI: 10.1159/000443708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) or ectrodactyly is a rare genetic condition affecting limb development. SHFM shows clinical and genetic heterogeneity. It can present as an isolated form or in combination with additional anomalies affecting the long bones (nonsyndromic form) or other organ systems including the craniofacial, genitourinary and ectodermal structures (syndromic ectrodactyly). This study reports a girl with SHFM who also exhibited developmental delay, mild dysmorphic facial features and sensorineural hearing loss. High-resolution banding analysis indicated an interstitial deletion within the 7q21 band. FISH using locus-specific BAC probes confirmed the microdeletion of 7q21.3. Chromosomal microarray analysis also revealed a microdeletion of 1.856 Mb in 7q21.3. However, a larger 8.44-Mb deletion involving bands 7q21.11q21.2 was observed, and the breakpoints were refined. The phenotype and the candidate genes underlying the pathogenesis of this disorder are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Sivasankaran
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, India
| | - Ambika Srikanth
- Center for Human Genetics, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bangalore, India
| | - Pooja S Kulshreshtha
- Center for Human Genetics, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bangalore, India
| | - Deenadayalu Anuradha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Hospital for Women and Children, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - Jayarama S Kadandale
- Center for Human Genetics, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bangalore, India
| | - Chandra R Samuel
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, India
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Rasmussen MB, Kreiborg S, Jensen P, Bak M, Mang Y, Lodahl M, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Tommerup N, Tranebjærg L, Rendtorff ND. Phenotypic subregions within the split-hand/foot malformation 1 locus. Hum Genet 2016; 135:345-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Proudfoot A, Axelrod HL, Geralt M, Fletterick RJ, Yumoto F, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Wilson IA, Wüthrich K, Serrano P. Dlx5 Homeodomain:DNA Complex: Structure, Binding and Effect of Mutations Related to Split Hand and Foot Malformation Syndrome. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1130-1141. [PMID: 26829219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Dlx5 homeodomain is a transcription factor related to the Drosophila distal-less gene that is associated with breast and lung cancer, lymphoma, Rett syndrome and osteoporosis in humans. Mutations in the DLX5 gene have been linked to deficiencies in craniofacial and limb development in higher eukaryotes, including split hand and foot malformation 1 in humans. Our characterization of a Dlx5 homeodomain:(CGACTAATTAGTCG)2 complex by NMR spectroscopy paved the way for determination of its crystal structure at 1.85Å resolution that enabled rationalization of the effects of disease-related mutations on the protein function. A Q186H mutation linked to split hand and foot malformation 1 likely affects affinity of DNA binding by disrupting water-mediated interactions with the DNA major groove. A more subtle effect is implicated for the Q178P mutation, which is not in direct contact with the DNA. Our data indicate that these mutations diminish the ability of the Dlx5 homeodomain to recognize and bind target DNAs, and they likely destabilize the formation of functional complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Proudfoot
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Herbert L Axelrod
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael Geralt
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert J Fletterick
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fumiaki Yumoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ashley M Deacon
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Marc-André Elsliger
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kurt Wüthrich
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, CH 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Serrano
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Bellessort B, Le Cardinal M, Bachelot A, Narboux-Nême N, Garagnani P, Pirazzini C, Barbieri O, Mastracci L, Jonchere V, Duvernois-Berthet E, Fontaine A, Alfama G, Levi G. Dlx5 and Dlx6 control uterine adenogenesis during post-natal maturation: possible consequences for endometriosis. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:97-108. [PMID: 26512061 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dlx5 and Dlx6 are two closely associated homeobox genes which code for transcription factors involved in the control of steroidogenesis and reproduction. Inactivation of Dlx5/6 in the mouse results in a Leydig cell defect in the male and in ovarian insufficiency in the female. DLX5/6 are also strongly expressed by the human endometrium but their function in the uterus is unknown. The involvement of DLX5/6 in human uterine pathology is suggested by their strong downregulation in endometriotic lesions and upregulation in endometrioïd adenocarcinomas. We first show that Dlx5/6 expression begins in Müllerian ducts epithelia and persists then in the uterine luminal and glandular epithelia throughout post-natal maturation and in the adult. We then use a new mouse model in which Dlx5 and Dlx6 can be simultaneously inactivated in the endometrium using a Pgr(cre/+) allele. Post-natal inactivation of Dlx5/6 in the uterus results in sterility without any obvious ovarian involvement. The uteri of Pgr(cre/+); Dlx5/6(flox/flox) mice present very few uterine glands and numerous abnormally large and branched invaginations of the uterine lumen. In Dlx5/6 mutant uteri, the expression of genes involved in gland formation (Foxa2) and in epithelial remodelling during implantation (Msx1) is significantly reduced. Furthermore, we show that DLX5 is highly expressed in human endometrial glandular epithelium and that its expression is affected in endometriosis. We conclude that Dlx5 and Dlx6 expression determines uterine architecture and adenogenesis and is needed for implantation. Given their importance for female reproduction, DLX5 and DLX6 must be regarded as interesting targets for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Bellessort
- Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marine Le Cardinal
- Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Anne Bachelot
- Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France, AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital (Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Site Pitié, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Narboux-Nême
- Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy, Interdepartmental Center 'L. Galvani', University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Chiara Pirazzini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy, Interdepartmental Center 'L. Galvani', University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Ottavia Barbieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) and, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Genova, Italy and
| | - Luca Mastracci
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Science and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Vincent Jonchere
- Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Evelyne Duvernois-Berthet
- Department of Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Anastasia Fontaine
- Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Gladys Alfama
- Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France,
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22
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Conte D, Garaffo G, Lo Iacono N, Mantero S, Piccolo S, Cordenonsi M, Perez-Morga D, Orecchia V, Poli V, Merlo GR. The apical ectodermal ridge of the mouse model of ectrodactyly Dlx5;Dlx6-/- shows altered stratification and cell polarity, which are restored by exogenous Wnt5a ligand. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:740-54. [PMID: 26685160 PMCID: PMC4743692 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The congenital malformation split hand/foot (SHFM) is characterized by missing central fingers and dysmorphology or fusion of the remaining ones. Type-1 SHFM is linked to deletions/rearrangements of the DLX5–DLX6 locus and point mutations in the DLX5 gene. The ectrodactyly phenotype is reproduced in mice by the double knockout (DKO) of Dlx5 and Dlx6. During limb development, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a key-signaling center responsible for early proximal–distal growth and patterning. In Dlx5;6 DKO hindlimbs, the central wedge of the AER loses multilayered organization and shows down-regulation of FGF8 and Dlx2. In search for the mechanism, we examined the non-canonical Wnt signaling, considering that Dwnt-5 is a target of distalless in Drosophila and the knockout of Wnt5, Ryk, Ror2 and Vangl2 in the mouse causes severe limb malformations. We found that in Dlx5;6 DKO limbs, the AER expresses lower levels of Wnt5a, shows scattered β-catenin responsive cells and altered basolateral and planar cell polarity (PCP). The addition of Wnt5a to cultured embryonic limbs restored the expression of AER markers and its stratification. Conversely, the inhibition of the PCP molecule c-jun N-terminal kinase caused a loss of AER marker expression. In vitro, the addition of Wnt5a on mixed primary cultures of embryonic ectoderm and mesenchyme was able to confer re-polarization. We conclude that the Dlx-related ectrodactyly defect is associated with the loss of basoapical and PCP, due to reduced Wnt5a expression and that the restoration of the Wnt5a level is sufficient to partially reverts AER misorganization and dysmorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conte
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nadia Lo Iacono
- Human Genome Department, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Mantero
- Human Genome Department, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy and
| | | | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valeria Orecchia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio R Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy,
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23
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Selective chromatid segregation mechanism proposed for the human split hand/foot malformation development by chromosome 2 translocations: A perspective. Dev Biol 2015; 408:7-13. [PMID: 26477560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three unrelated chromosome 2q14.1-14.2 region translocations caused the split hand/foot limb malformation development in humans by an unknown mechanism. Their etiology was described by the autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance genetic model although authors stated, "the understanding of the genotype-to-phenotype relationship has been most challenging". The conundrums are that no mutation was found in known genes located at or near the translocation breakpoints, some limbs were malformed while others were not in the same patient and surprisingly breakpoints lie at relatively large distance of more than 2.5 million bases to have caused disorder-causing gene mutations in a single gene. To help understand translocations etiology for limb development, we invoke the selective DNA strand/chromatid-specific epigenetic imprinting and segregation mechanism employed by the two highly diverged fission yeasts to produce daughter cells of different cell types by mitosis. By this mechanism, an anterior- and posterior-limb-tissues-generating pair of daughter cells is produced by a single deterministic cell dividing in the anlagen of the limb bud. Accordingly, malformation develops simply because translocations hinder the proper distribution of chromatid-specific epialleles of a limb developmental gene during the deterministic cell's mitosis. It is tempting to speculate that such a mechanism might involve the HOXD-cluster genes situated centromere-distal to the translocation breakpoints many million bases away at the 2q31.1 region. Further genetic tests of the hypothesis are proposed for the human and mouse limb development. In sum, genetic analysis of translocations suggests that the sequence asymmetry of strands in the double-helical DNA structure of a developmental gene forms the physical basis of daughter cells' developmental asymmetry, thus opposing the morphogen-gradient research paradigm of limb development.
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24
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Cajigas I, Leib DE, Cochrane J, Luo H, Swyter KR, Chen S, Clark BS, Thompson J, Yates JR, Kingston RE, Kohtz JD. Evf2 lncRNA/BRG1/DLX1 interactions reveal RNA-dependent inhibition of chromatin remodeling. Development 2015; 142:2641-52. [PMID: 26138476 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transcription-regulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have the potential to control the site-specific expression of thousands of target genes. Previously, we showed that Evf2, the first described ultraconserved lncRNA, increases the association of transcriptional activators (DLX homeodomain proteins) with key DNA enhancers but represses gene expression. In this report, mass spectrometry shows that the Evf2-DLX1 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) contains the SWI/SNF-related chromatin remodelers Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1, SMARCA4) and Brahma-associated factor (BAF170, SMARCC2) in the developing mouse forebrain. Evf2 RNA colocalizes with BRG1 in nuclear clouds and increases BRG1 association with key DNA regulatory enhancers in the developing forebrain. While BRG1 directly interacts with DLX1 and Evf2 through distinct binding sites, Evf2 directly inhibits BRG1 ATPase and chromatin remodeling activities. In vitro studies show that both RNA-BRG1 binding and RNA inhibition of BRG1 ATPase/remodeling activity are promiscuous, suggesting that context is a crucial factor in RNA-dependent chromatin remodeling inhibition. Together, these experiments support a model in which RNAs convert an active enhancer to a repressed enhancer by directly inhibiting chromatin remodeling activity, and address the apparent paradox of RNA-mediated stabilization of transcriptional activators at enhancers with a repressive outcome. The importance of BRG1/RNA and BRG1/homeodomain interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders is underscored by the finding that mutations in Coffin-Siris syndrome, a human intellectual disability disorder, localize to the BRG1 RNA-binding and DLX1-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelisse Cajigas
- Developmental Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - David E Leib
- Developmental Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Jesse Cochrane
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hao Luo
- Developmental Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Kelsey R Swyter
- Developmental Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Sean Chen
- Developmental Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Brian S Clark
- Developmental Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | | | - John R Yates
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert E Kingston
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jhumku D Kohtz
- Developmental Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute and Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Box 204, 2430 N. Halsted, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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25
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Restelli M, Molinari E, Marinari B, Conte D, Gnesutta N, Costanzo A, Merlo GR, Guerrini L. FGF8, c-Abl and p300 participate in a pathway that controls stability and function of the ΔNp63α protein. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4185-97. [PMID: 25911675 PMCID: PMC4492388 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 transcription factor, homolog to the p53 tumor suppressor gene, plays a crucial role in epidermal and limb development, as its mutations are associated to human congenital syndromes characterized by skin, craniofacial and limb defects. While limb and skin-specific p63 transcriptional targets are being discovered, little is known of the post-translation modifications controlling ΔNp63α functions. Here we show that the p300 acetyl-transferase physically interacts in vivo with ΔNp63α and catalyzes its acetylation on lysine 193 (K193) inducing ΔNp63α stabilization and activating specific transcriptional functions. Furthermore we show that Fibroblast Growth Factor-8 (FGF8), a morphogenetic signaling molecule essential for embryonic limb development, increases the binding of ΔNp63α to the tyrosine kinase c-Abl as well as the levels of ΔNp63α acetylation. Notably, the natural mutant ΔNp63α-K193E, associated to the Split-Hand/Foot Malformation-IV syndrome, cannot be acetylated by this pathway. This mutant ΔNp63α protein displays promoter-specific loss of DNA binding activity and consequent altered expression of development-associated ΔNp63α target genes. Our results link FGF8, c-Abl and p300 in a regulatory pathway that controls ΔNp63α protein stability and transcriptional activity. Hence, limb malformation-causing p63 mutations, such as the K193E mutation, are likely to result in aberrant limb development via the combined action of altered protein stability and altered promoter occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Restelli
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Molinari
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Marinari
- Dermatology Unit, NESMOS Department, Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00189 Rome, Italy and
| | - Daniele Conte
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Università di Torino, I-10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Nerina Gnesutta
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Dermatology Unit, NESMOS Department, Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00189 Rome, Italy and
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Università di Torino, I-10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy,
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26
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Lin L, Luo Y, Sørensen P, Prætorius H, Vajta G, Callesen H, Pribenszky C, Bolund L, Kristensen TN. Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on genomic expression profiling of porcine parthenogenetic activated and cloned embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 26:469-84. [PMID: 24618454 DOI: 10.1071/rd13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Handmade cloning (HMC) has been used to generate transgenic pigs for biomedical research. Recently, we found that parthenogenetic activation (PA) of porcine oocytes and improved HMC efficiency could be achieved by treatment with sublethal high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of HHP treatment on embryonic development is poorly understood and so was investigated in the present study. Thus, in the present study, we undertook genome-wide gene expression analysis in HHP-treated and untreated oocytes, as well as in 4-cell and blastocyst stage embryos derived by PA or HMC. Hierarchical clustering depicted stage-specific genomic expression profiling. At the 4-cell and blastocyst stages, 103 and 163 transcripts were differentially expressed between the HMC and PA embryos, respectively (P<0.05). These transcripts are predominantly involved in regulating cellular differentiation, gene expression and cell-to-cell signalling. We found that 44 transcripts were altered by HHP treatment, with most exhibiting lower expression in HHP-treated oocytes. Genes involved in embryonic development were prominent among the transcripts affected by HHP. Two of these genes (INHBB and ME3) were further validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We also observed that HHP treatment activated expression of the imprinting gene DLX5 in 4-cell PA embryos. In conclusion, our genomic expression profiling data suggest that HHP alters the RNA constitution in porcine oocytes and affects the expression of imprinting genes during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Sørensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Helle Prætorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gabor Vajta
- BGI/HuaDa, Beishan Road 10, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Henrik Callesen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Csaba Pribenszky
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Lars Bolund
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygård Kristensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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27
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Rattanasopha S, Tongkobpetch S, Srichomthong C, Kitidumrongsook P, Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V. Absent expression of the osteoblast-specific maternally imprinted genes,DLX5andDLX6,causes split hand/split foot malformation type I. J Med Genet 2014; 51:817-23. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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28
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Heude É, Shaikho S, Ekker M. The dlx5a/dlx6a genes play essential roles in the early development of zebrafish median fin and pectoral structures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98505. [PMID: 24858471 PMCID: PMC4032342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlx5 and Dlx6 genes encode homeodomain transcription factors essential for the proper development of limbs in mammalian species. However, the role of their teleost counterparts in fin development has received little attention. Here, we show that dlx5a is an early marker of apical ectodermal cells of the pectoral fin buds and of the median fin fold, but also of cleithrum precursor cells during pectoral girdle development. We propose that early median fin fold establishment results from the medial convergence of dlx5a-expressing cells at the lateral edges of the neural keel. Expression analysis also shows involvement of dlx5a during appendage skeletogenesis. Using morpholino-mediated knock down, we demonstrate that disrupted dlx5a/6a function results in pectoral fin agenesis associated with misexpression of bmp4, fgf8a, and1 and msx genes. In contrast, the median fin fold presents defects in mesenchymal cell migration and actinotrichia formation, whereas the initial specification seems to occur normally. Our results demonstrate that the dlx5a/6a genes are essential for the induction of pectoral fin outgrowth, but are not required during median fin fold specification. The dlx5a/6a knock down also causes a failure of cleithrum formation associated with a drastic loss of runx2b and col10a1 expression. The data indicate distinct requirements for dlx5a/6a during median and pectoral fin development suggesting that initiation of unpaired and paired fin formation are not directed through the same molecular mechanisms. Our results refocus arguments on the mechanistic basis of paired appendage genesis during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Églantine Heude
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Shaikho
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Ekker
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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29
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Alves LU, Pardono E, Otto PA, Mingroni Netto RC. A novel c.1037C > G (p.Ala346Gly) mutation in TP63 as cause of the ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 38:37-41. [PMID: 25983622 PMCID: PMC4415559 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-475738120140125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectrodactyly – ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome (OMIM 604292)
is a rare disorder determined by mutations in the TP63 gene. Most
cases of EEC syndrome are associated to mutations in the DNA binding domain (DBD)
region of the p63 protein. Here we report on a three-generation Brazilian family with
three individuals (mother, son and grandfather) affected by EEC syndrome, determined
by a novel mutation c.1037C > G (p.Ala346Gly). The disorder in this family
exhibits a broad spectrum of phenotypes: two individuals were personally examined,
one presenting the complete constellation of EEC syndrome manifestations and the
other presenting an intermediate phenotype; the third affected, a deceased individual
not examined personally and referred to by his daughter, exhibited only the
split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM). Our findings contribute to elucidate the complex
phenotype-genotype correlations in EEC syndrome and other related
TP63-mutation syndromes. The possibility of the mutation c.1037C
> G being related both to acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth (ADULT) syndrome and
SHFM is also raised by the findings here reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ucela Alves
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliete Pardono
- Faculdade de São Paulo, Grupo Educacional UNIESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Otto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia Mingroni Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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30
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Restelli M, Lopardo T, Lo Iacono N, Garaffo G, Conte D, Rustighi A, Napoli M, Del Sal G, Perez-Morga D, Costanzo A, Merlo GR, Guerrini L. DLX5, FGF8 and the Pin1 isomerase control ΔNp63α protein stability during limb development: a regulatory loop at the basis of the SHFM and EEC congenital malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3830-42. [PMID: 24569166 PMCID: PMC4065156 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectrodactyly, or Split-Hand/Foot Malformation (SHFM), is a congenital condition characterized by the loss of central rays of hands and feet. The p63 and the DLX5;DLX6 transcription factors, expressed in the embryonic limb buds and ectoderm, are disease genes for these conditions. Mutations of p63 also cause the ectodermal dysplasia–ectrodactyly–cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome, comprising SHFM. Ectrodactyly is linked to defects of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the developing limb buds. FGF8 is the key signaling molecule in this process, able to direct proximo-distal growth and patterning of the skeletal primordial of the limbs. In the limb buds of both p63 and Dlx5;Dlx6 murine models of SHFM, the AER is poorly stratified and FGF8 expression is severely reduced. We show here that the FGF8 locus is a downstream target of DLX5 and that FGF8 counteracts Pin1–ΔNp63α interaction. In vivo, lack of Pin1 leads to accumulation of the p63 protein in the embryonic limbs and ectoderm. We show also that ΔNp63α protein stability is negatively regulated by the interaction with the prolyl-isomerase Pin1, via proteasome-mediated degradation; p63 mutant proteins associated with SHFM or EEC syndromes are resistant to Pin1 action. Thus, DLX5, p63, Pin1 and FGF8 participate to the same time- and location-restricted regulatory loop essential for AER stratification, hence for normal patterning and skeletal morphogenesis of the limb buds. These results shed new light on the molecular mechanisms at the basis of the SHFM and EEC limb malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Restelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Teresa Lopardo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Nadia Lo Iacono
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | - Daniele Conte
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | | | - Marco Napoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics & Genomics, and Center for Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, MD Anderson, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Molecular Oncology Unit, LNCIB Area Science Park, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium and
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
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31
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Wang X, Xin Q, Li L, Li J, Zhang C, Qiu R, Qian C, Zhao H, Liu Y, Shan S, Dang J, Bian X, Shao C, Gong Y, Liu Q. Exome sequencing reveals a heterozygous DLX5 mutation in a Chinese family with autosomal-dominant split-hand/foot malformation. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:1105-10. [PMID: 24496061 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb deformity due to the absence or dysplasia of central rays of the autopod. Six SHFM loci have already been identified. Here we describe a Chinese family with autosomal-dominant SHFM1 that has previously been mapped to 7q21.2-21.3. The two affected family members, mother and son, showed deep median clefts between toes, ectrodactyly and syndactyly; the mother also showed triphalangeal thumbs. Exome sequencing and variant screening of candidate genes in the six loci known to be responsible for SHFM revealed a novel heterozygous mutation, c.558G>T (p.(Gln186His)), in distal-less homeobox 5 (DLX5). As DLX5 encodes a transcription factor capable of transactivating MYC, we also tested whether the mutation could affect DLX5 transcription acitivity. Results from luciferase reporter assay revealed that a mutation in DLX5 compromised its transcriptional activity. This is the first report of a mutation in DLX5 leading to autosomal-dominant SHFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Xin
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Jiangxia Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changwu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Cangshan People's Hospital, Cangshan, China
| | - Rongfang Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chenmin Qian
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hailing Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yongchao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Dang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xianli Bian
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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32
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Sugiyama Y, Kurita H, Matsui T, Kimoto S, Egawa J. Congenital malformations in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) at Takasakiyama. Primates 2014; 55:303-11. [PMID: 24474604 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-014-0405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, many congenitally malformed infants were born into provisioned Japanese macaque troops. Although the exact cause of this problem was not determined, the occurrence of malformations decreased thereafter. We examined possible factors such as total population size, number of adult females, birth rate, and volume of provisioned food. Agrichemicals attached to provisioned food are suspected as the main cause, as other factors were found to have no influence. Many more malformations were seen in males compared with females, in feet compared with hands, and in the fourth compared with other digits. We confirmed that the frequency of congenital malformation was high during the 1960s through to the mid-1970s when increased levels of provisioned food were given and that the incidence of congenital malformations was also elevated among wild macaques during this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimaru Sugiyama
- Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Japan. .,, Kitabesso 23-3, Inuyama, 484-0081, Japan.
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Gitton Y, Narboux-Nême N, Levi G. Transitory expression of Dlx5 and Dlx6 in maxillary arch epithelial precursors is essential for upper jaw morphogenesis. F1000Res 2013; 2:261. [PMID: 25339984 PMCID: PMC4193393 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-261.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric, articulated jaws are characteristic of most vertebrate species; they derive from the first pharyngeal arch (PA1) which generates both maxillary and mandibular components. PA1 is colonized by cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) which give rise to most bones and tendons of the jaws. The elements formed by different CNCCs contingents are specified by the combinatorial expression of
Dlx genes.
Dlx5 and
Dlx6 are predominantly expressed by mandibular CNCCs. Analysis of the phenotype of
Dlx5 and
Dlx6 double mutant mice has suggested that they are necessary and sufficient to specify mandibular identity. Here, using 3D reconstruction, we show that inactivation of
Dlx5 and
Dlx6 does not only affect the mandibular arch, but results in the simultaneous transformation of mandibular and maxillary skeletal elements which assume a similar morphology with gain of symmetry. As
Dlx5- and
Dlx6-expressing cells are not found in the maxillary bud, we have examined the lineage of
Dlx5-expressing progenitors using an
in vivo genetic approach. We find that a contingent of cells deriving from epithelial precursors transiently expressing
Dlx5 participate in the formation of the maxillary arch. These cells are mostly located in the distal part of the maxillary arch and might derive from its lambdoidal junction with the olfactory pit. Our observations provide the first genetic demonstration of the ‘Hinge and Caps’ model[1]. We support the notion that ‘cap’ signals could originate from epithelial derivatives of
Dlx5-expressing progenitors which migrate and colonize the maxillary arch epithelium. Our results imply that Dlx5 and Dlx6 control upper and lower jaw morphogenesis through different coordinated mechanisms to generate functional, articulated jaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorick Gitton
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Narboux-Nême
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Split-hand/foot malformation - molecular cause and implications in genetic counseling. J Appl Genet 2013; 55:105-15. [PMID: 24163146 PMCID: PMC3909621 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb defect affecting predominantly the central rays of the autopod and occurs either as an isolated trait or part of a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome. SHFM is usually sporadic, familial forms are uncommon. The condition is clinically and genetically heterogeneous and shows mostly autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity and reduced penetrance. To date, seven chromosomal loci associated with isolated SHFM have been described, i.e., SHFM1 to 6 and SHFM/SHFLD. The autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is typical for SHFM1, SHFM3, SHFM4, SHFM5. Autosomal recessive and X-linked inheritance is very uncommon and have been noted only in a few families. Most of the known SHFM loci are associated with chromosomal rearrangements that involve small deletions or duplications of the human genome. In addition, three genes, i.e., TP63, WNT10B, and DLX5 are known to carry point mutations in patients affected by SHFM. In this review, we focus on the known molecular basis of isolated SHFM. We provide clinical and molecular information about each type of abnormality as well as discuss the underlying pathways and mechanism that contribute to their development. Recent progress in the understanding of SHFM pathogenesis currently allows for the identification of causative genetic changes in about 50 % of the patients affected by this condition. Therefore, we propose a diagnostic flow-chart helpful in the planning of molecular genetic tests aimed at identifying disease causing mutation. Finally, we address the issue of genetic counseling, which can be extremely difficult and challenging especially in sporadic SHFM cases.
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Kim KS, Arima Y, Kitazawa T, Nishiyama K, Asai R, Uchijima Y, Sato T, Levi G, Kitanaka S, Igarashi T, Kurihara Y, Kurihara H. Endothelin regulates neural crest deployment and fate to form great vessels through Dlx5/Dlx6-independent mechanisms. Mech Dev 2013; 130:553-66. [PMID: 23933587 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (Edn1), originally identified as a vasoconstrictor peptide, is involved in the development of cranial/cardiac neural crest-derived tissues and organs. In craniofacial development, Edn1 binds to Endothelin type-A receptor (Ednra) to induce homeobox genes Dlx5/Dlx6 and determines the mandibular identity in the first pharyngeal arch. However, it remains unsolved whether this pathway is also critical for pharyngeal arch artery development to form thoracic arteries. Here, we show that the Edn1/Ednra signaling is involved in pharyngeal artery development by controlling the fate of neural crest cells through a Dlx5/Dlx6-independent mechanism. Edn1 and Ednra knock-out mice demonstrate abnormalities in pharyngeal arch artery patterning, which include persistent first and second pharyngeal arteries, resulting in additional branches from common carotid arteries. Neural crest cell labeling with Wnt1-Cre transgene and immunostaining for smooth muscle cell markers revealed that neural crest cells abnormally differentiate into smooth muscle cells at the first and second pharyngeal arteries of Ednra knock-out embryos. By contrast, Dlx5/Dlx6 knockout little affect the development of pharyngeal arch arteries and coronary arteries, the latter of which is also contributed by neural crest cells through an Edn-dependent mechanism. These findings indicate that the Edn1/Ednra signaling regulates neural crest differentiation to ensure the proper patterning of pharyngeal arch arteries, which is independent of the regional identification of the pharyngeal arches along the dorsoventral axis mediated by Dlx5/Dlx6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Sung Kim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Vieux-Rochas M, Bouhali K, Mantero S, Garaffo G, Provero P, Astigiano S, Barbieri O, Caratozzolo MF, Tullo A, Guerrini L, Lallemand Y, Robert B, Levi G, Merlo GR. BMP-mediated functional cooperation between Dlx5;Dlx6 and Msx1;Msx2 during mammalian limb development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51700. [PMID: 23382810 PMCID: PMC3558506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlx and Msx homeodomain transcription factors play important roles in the control of limb development. The combined disruption of Msx1 and Msx2, as well as that of Dlx5 and Dlx6, lead to limb patterning defects with anomalies in digit number and shape. Msx1;Msx2 double mutants are characterized by the loss of derivatives of the anterior limb mesoderm which is not observed in either of the simple mutants. Dlx5;Dlx6 double mutants exhibit hindlimb ectrodactyly. While the morphogenetic action of Msx genes seems to involve the BMP molecules, the mode of action of Dlx genes still remains elusive. Here, examining the limb phenotypes of combined Dlx and Msx mutants we reveal a new Dlx-Msx regulatory loop directly involving BMPs. In Msx1;Dlx5;Dlx6 triple mutant mice (TKO), beside the expected ectrodactyly, we also observe the hallmark morphological anomalies of Msx1;Msx2 double mutants suggesting an epistatic role of Dlx5 and Dlx6 over Msx2. In Msx2;Dlx5;Dlx6 TKO mice we only observe an aggravation of the ectrodactyly defect without changes in the number of the individual components of the limb. Using a combination of qPCR, ChIP and bioinformatic analyses, we identify two Dlx/Msx regulatory pathways: 1) in the anterior limb mesoderm a non-cell autonomous Msx-Dlx regulatory loop involves BMP molecules through the AER and 2) in AER cells and, at later stages, in the limb mesoderm the regulation of Msx2 by Dlx5 and Dlx6 occurs also cell autonomously. These data bring new elements to decipher the complex AER-mesoderm dialogue that takes place during limb development and provide clues to understanding the etiology of congenital limb malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Vieux-Rochas
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR-7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Kamal Bouhali
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR-7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Mantero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Astigiano
- Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedale Università San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - Ottavia Barbieri
- Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedale Università San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Apollonia Tullo
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Yvan Lallemand
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental Biology, Centre national de la recherche scientifique URA-2578, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Robert
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental Biology, Centre national de la recherche scientifique URA-2578, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR-7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Garncarz W, Tariq A, Handl C, Pusch O, Jantsch MF. A high-throughput screen to identify enhancers of ADAR-mediated RNA-editing. RNA Biol 2013; 10:192-204. [PMID: 23353575 PMCID: PMC3594278 DOI: 10.4161/rna.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine to inosine deamination of RNA is widespread in metazoa. Inosines are recognized as guanosines and, therefore, this RNA-editing can influence the coding potential, localization and stability of RNAs. Therefore, RNA editing contributes to the diversification of the transcriptome in a flexible manner. The editing reaction is performed by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs), which are essential for normal life and development in many organisms. Changes in editing levels are observed during development but also in neurological pathologies like schizophrenia, depression or tumors. Frequently, changes in editing levels are not reflected by changes in ADAR levels suggesting a regulation of enzyme activity. Until now, only a few factors are known that influence the activity of ADARs. Here we present a two-stage in vivo editing screen aimed to isolate enhancers of editing. A primary, high-throughput yeast-screen is combined with a more accurate secondary screen in mammalian cells that uses a fluorescent read-out to detect minor differences in RNA-editing. The screen was successfully employed to identify DSS1/SHFM1, the RNA binding protein hnRNP A2/B1 and a 3′ UTR as enhancers of editing. By varying intracellular DSS1/SHFM1 levels, we can modulate A to I editing by up to 30%. Proteomic analysis indicates an interaction of DSS1/SHFM1 and hnRNP A2/B1 suggesting that both factors may act by altering the cellular RNP landscape. An extension of this screen to cDNAs from different tissues or developmental stages may prove useful for the identification of additional enhancers of RNA-editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Garncarz
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Velinov M, Ahmad A, Brown-Kipphut B, Shafiq M, Blau J, Cooma R, Roth P, Iqbal MA. A 0.7 Mb de novo duplication at 7q21.3 including the genes DLX5 and DLX6 in a patient with split-hand/split-foot malformation. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:3201-6. [PMID: 23169702 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM1) has been reported to be caused by deletions, duplications or rearrangements involving the 7q21.3 region harboring DSS1, DLX5, and DLX6. We report on a female patient with unilateral syndactyly of the third and fourth fingers of the right hand and overgrowth and lateral deviation of the right great toe. There was a split foot malformation on the right, with absent fifth toe. The left hand was apparently normal and left foot was intact. The patient has no hearing loss. We performed conventional G-banding karyotype analysis, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). G-banding karyotype result was normal 46,XX. However, a duplication of 719 kb (96,303,736-97,022,335; NCBI build36/hg18, March 2006) was identified at the 7q21.3 region by aCGH. The array result was also confirmed by FISH analysis. The duplicated region harbors only DLX5 and DLX6, which are known for their role in SHFM1. Additionally, FISH analysis of parental samples showed de novo origin of this abnormality in the patient. This is the first report that highlights the duplication of 719 kb at 7q21.3, harboring only DLX5 and DLX6 associated with the SHFM1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milen Velinov
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
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Doelken SC, Köhler S, Mungall CJ, Gkoutos GV, Ruef BJ, Smith C, Smedley D, Bauer S, Klopocki E, Schofield PN, Westerfield M, Robinson PN, Lewis SE. Phenotypic overlap in the contribution of individual genes to CNV pathogenicity revealed by cross-species computational analysis of single-gene mutations in humans, mice and zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2012; 6:358-72. [PMID: 23104991 PMCID: PMC3597018 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous disease syndromes are associated with regions of copy number variation (CNV) in the human genome and, in most cases, the pathogenicity of the CNV is thought to be related to altered dosage of the genes contained within the affected segment. However, establishing the contribution of individual genes to the overall pathogenicity of CNV syndromes is difficult and often relies on the identification of potential candidates through manual searches of the literature and online resources. We describe here the development of a computational framework to comprehensively search phenotypic information from model organisms and single-gene human hereditary disorders, and thus speed the interpretation of the complex phenotypes of CNV disorders. There are currently more than 5000 human genes about which nothing is known phenotypically but for which detailed phenotypic information for the mouse and/or zebrafish orthologs is available. Here, we present an ontology-based approach to identify similarities between human disease manifestations and the mutational phenotypes in characterized model organism genes; this approach can therefore be used even in cases where there is little or no information about the function of the human genes. We applied this algorithm to detect candidate genes for 27 recurrent CNV disorders and identified 802 gene-phenotype associations, approximately half of which involved genes that were previously reported to be associated with individual phenotypic features and half of which were novel candidates. A total of 431 associations were made solely on the basis of model organism phenotype data. Additionally, we observed a striking, statistically significant tendency for individual disease phenotypes to be associated with multiple genes located within a single CNV region, a phenomenon that we denote as pheno-clustering. Many of the clusters also display statistically significant similarities in protein function or vicinity within the protein-protein interaction network. Our results provide a basis for understanding previously un-interpretable genotype-phenotype correlations in pathogenic CNVs and for mobilizing the large amount of model organism phenotype data to provide insights into human genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Doelken
- Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Zuniga A, Zeller R, Probst S. The molecular basis of human congenital limb malformations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 1:803-22. [PMID: 23799625 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses predominantly on the human congenital malformations caused by alterations affecting the morphoregulatory gene networks that control early limb bud patterning and outgrowth. Limb defects are among the most frequent congenital malformations in humans that are caused by genetic mutations or teratogenic effects resulting either in abnormal, loss of, or additional skeletal elements. Spontaneous and engineered mouse models have been used to identify and study the molecular alterations and disrupted gene networks that underlie human congenital limb malformations. More recently, mouse genetics has begun to reveal the alterations that affect the often-large cis-regulatory landscapes that control gene expression in limb buds and cause devastating effects on limb bud development. These findings have paved the way to identifying mutations in cis-regulatory regions as causal to an increasing number of congenital limb malformations in humans. In these cases, no mutations in the coding region of a presumed candidate were previously detected. This review highlights how the current understanding of the molecular gene networks and interactions that control mouse limb bud development provides insight into the etiology of human congenital limb malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Zuniga
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Khan S, Basit S, Zimri FK, Ali N, Ali G, Ansar M, Ahmad W. A novel homozygous missense mutation in WNT10B in familial split-hand/foot malformation. Clin Genet 2011; 82:48-55. [PMID: 21554266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a rare limb developmental malformation, characterized by variable degree of median clefts of hands and feet due to the absence of central rays of extremities. To date, six different forms of SHFM have been described. Four of these SHFM1, SHFM3, SHFM4 and SHFM5 show autosomal dominant, SHFM6 autosomal recessive and SHFM2 X-linked pattern of inheritance. In this study a large consanguineous Pakistani family, with autosomal recessive SHFM, appeared in the last two generations, was investigated. In total 15 individuals including 9 males and 6 females were affected with the syndrome. Affected members of the family exhibited SHFM phenotype with involvement of hands and feet. Most of the affected members showed syndactyly/polydactyly in hands and feet, dysplastic hand, aplasia of radial ray of hand and cleft foot. Investigating linkage to known autosomal SHFM loci mapped the family to SHFM6 locus on chromosome 12p11.1-q13.13. Mutation screening of the gene WNT10B revealed a novel sequence variant (c.986C>G, p.Thr329Arg) in all affected individuals who were studied. This is the third mutation reported in gene WNT10B causing autosomal recessive SHFM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan
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A symphony of regulations centered on p63 to control development of ectoderm-derived structures. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:864904. [PMID: 21716671 PMCID: PMC3118300 DOI: 10.1155/2011/864904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53-related transcription factor p63 is critically important for basic cellular functions during development of the ectoderm and derived structure and tissues, including skin, limb, palate, and hair. On the one side, p63 is required to sustain the proliferation of keratinocyte progenitors, while on the other side it is required for cell stratification, commitment to differentiate, cell adhesion, and epithelial-mesenchymal signaling. Molecules that are components or regulators of the p63 pathway(s) are rapidly being identified, and it comes with no surprise that alterations in the p63 pathway lead to congenital conditions in which the skin and other ectoderm-derived structures are affected. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular regulations centered on p63, derived from the comprehension of p63-linked human diseases and the corresponding animal models, as well as from cellular models and high-throughput molecular approaches. We point out common themes and features, that allow to speculate on the possible role of p63 downstream events and their potential exploitation in future attempts to correct the congenital defect in preclinical studies.
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Bouhali K, Dipietromaria A, Fontaine A, Caburet S, Barbieri O, Bellessort B, Fellous M, Veitia RA, Levi G. Allelic reduction of Dlx5 and Dlx6 results in early follicular depletion: a new mouse model of primary ovarian insufficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2642-50. [PMID: 21505076 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by the loss of ovarian function before the age of 40 in humans. Although most cases of POI are idiopathic, many are familial, underlying a genetic origin of the disease. Mutations in genes involved in the control of steroidogenesis, such as NR5A1 (SF-1, Steroidogenic Factor 1), CYP17, CYP19A1 (aromatase), StAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory), and the forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 have been associated with different forms of POI. In males, the homeobox transcription factors Dlx5 and Dlx6 are involved in the control of steroidogenesis through the activation of GATA4-induced-StAR transcription. Here, we analyze the potential involvement of Dlx5 and Dlx6 in female reproduction. To this end, we make use of an existing mouse model in which Dlx5 and Dlx6 are simultaneously disrupted. We show that: (i) allelic reduction of Dlx5 and Dlx6 in the mouse results in a POI-like phenotype, characterized by reduced fertility and early follicular exhaustion; (ii) in granulosa cell lines, a reciprocal regulation exists between Dlx5 and Foxl2; (iii) in the mouse ovary, allelic reduction of Dlx5/6 results in the upregulation of Foxl2. We propose that the mutual regulation between Dlx5/6 and Foxl2 and their opposite effects on StAR expression might contribute to determine the homeostatic control of steroidogenesis within the ovary. Dysregulation of this homeostatic control would result in abnormal follicular maturation and reduced fertility. Our results bring new elements to our conceptual model of follicle maturation and maintenance and provide new potential genetic targets for cases of familial POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Bouhali
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Wnt5a is a transcriptional target of Dlx homeogenes and promotes differentiation of interneuron progenitors in vitro and in vivo. J Neurosci 2011; 31:2675-87. [PMID: 21325536 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3110-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, neurogenesis, migration, and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are regulated by an interplay between intrinsic genetic programs and extrinsic cues. The Dlx homeogene transcription factors have been proposed to directly control the genesis and maturation of GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb (OB), subpallium, and cortex. Here we provide evidence that Dlx genes promote differentiation of olfactory interneurons via the signaling molecule Wnt5a. Dlx2 and Dlx5 interact with homeodomain binding sequences within the Wnt5a locus and activate its transcription. Exogenously provided Wnt5a promotes GABAergic differentiation in dissociated OB neurons and in organ-type brain cultures. Finally, we show that the Dlx-mutant environment is unfavorable for GABA differentiation, in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that Dlx genes favor interneuron differentiation also in a non-cell-autonomous fashion, via expression of Wnt5a.
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Vieux-Rochas M, Bouhali K, Baudry S, Fontaine A, Coen L, Levi G. Irreversible effects of retinoic acid pulse on Xenopus jaw morphogenesis: new insight into cranial neural crest specification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 89:493-503. [PMID: 21086490 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Jaws are formed by cephalic neural crest (CNCCs) and mesodermal cells migrating to the first pharyngeal arch (PA1). A complex signaling network involving different PA1 components then establishes the jaw morphogenetic program. To gather insight on this developmental process, in this study, we analyze the teratogenic effects of brief (1-15 min) pulses of low doses of retinoic acid (RA: 0.25-2 µM) or RA agonists administered to early Xenopus laevis (X.l.) embryos. We show that these brief pulses of RA cause permanent craniofacial defects specifically when treatments are performed during a 6-hr window (developmental stages NF15-NF23) that covers the period of CNCCs maintenance, migration, and specification. Earlier or later treatments have no effect. Similar treatments performed at slightly different developmental stages within this temporal window give rise to different spectra of malformations. The RA-dependent teratogenic effects observed in Xenopus can be partially rescued by folinic acid. We provide evidence suggesting that in Xenopus, as in the mouse, RA causes craniofacial malformations by perturbing signaling to CNCCs. Differently from the mouse, where RA affects CNCCs only at the end of their migration, in Xenopus, RA has an effect on CNCCs during all the period ranging from their exit from the neural tube until their arrival in the PA1. Our findings provide a conceptual framework to understand the origin of individual facial features and the evolution of different craniofacial morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Vieux-Rochas
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS, UMR7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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46
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Sajan SA, Rubenstein JLR, Warchol ME, Lovett M. Identification of direct downstream targets of Dlx5 during early inner ear development. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1262-73. [PMID: 21227998 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dlx5, a homeobox transcription factor, plays a key role in the development of many organ systems. It is a candidate gene for human split-hand/split-foot type 1 malformation associated with sensorineural hearing loss. A deletion of one of its enhancers has been implicated in human craniofacial defects/hearing loss and it has also been associated with autism. However, little is known of how Dlx5 exerts its regulatory effects. We identified direct targets of Dlx5 in the mouse inner ear by gene expression profiling wild-type and Dlx5 null otic vesicles from embryonic stages E10 and E10.5. Four hundred genes were differentially expressed. We examined the genomic DNA sequences in the promoter regions of these genes for (i) previously described Dlx5 binding sites, (ii) novel 12 bp long motifs with a canonical homeodomain element shared by two or more genes and (iii) 100% conservation of these motifs in promoters of human orthologs. Forty genes passed these filters, 12 of which are expressed in the otic vesicle in domains that overlap with Dlx5. Chromatin immunoprecipitation using a Dlx5 antibody confirmed direct binding of Dlx5 to promoters of seven of these (Atbf1, Bmper, Large, Lrrtm1, Msx1, Ebf1 and Lhx1) in a cell line over-expressing Dlx5. Bmper and Lrrtm1 were up-regulated in this cell line, further supporting their identification as targets of Dlx5 in the inner ear and potentially in other organs. These direct targets support a model in which Bmp signaling is downstream of Dlx5 in the early inner ear and provide new insights into how the Dlx5 regulatory cascade is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin A Sajan
- Department of Genetics, Central Institute for the Deaf, Washington University School of Medicine, 4566 Scott Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Vieux-Rochas M, Mantero S, Heude E, Barbieri O, Astigiano S, Couly G, Kurihara H, Levi G, Merlo GR. Spatio-temporal dynamics of gene expression of the Edn1-Dlx5/6 pathway during development of the lower jaw. Genesis 2010; 48:262-373. [PMID: 20333701 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of the vertebrate skull results from highly dynamic integrated processes involving the exchange of signals between the ectoderm, the endoderm, and cephalic neural crest cells (CNCCs). Before migration CNCCs are not committed to form any specific skull element, molecular signals exchanged in restricted regions of tissue interaction are crucial in providing positional identity to the CNCCs mesenchyme and activate the specific morphogenetic process of different skeletal components of the head. In particular, the endothelin-1 (Edn1)-dependent activation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 in CNCCs that colonize the first pharyngeal arch (PA1) is necessary and sufficient to specify maxillo-mandibular identity. Here, to better analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of this process, we associate quantitative gene expression analysis with detailed examination of skeletal phenotypes resulting from combined allelic reduction of Edn1, Dlx5, and Dlx6. We show that Edn1-dependent and -independent regulatory pathways act at different developmental times in distinct regions of PA1. The Edn1-->Dlx5/6-->Hand2 pathway is already active at E9.5 during early stages of CNCCs colonization. At later stages (E10.5) the scenario is more complex: we propose a model in which PA1 is subdivided into four adjacent territories in which distinct regulations are taking place. This new developmental model may provide a conceptual framework to interpret the craniofacial malformations present in several mouse mutants and in human first arch syndromes. More in general, our findings emphasize the importance of quantitative gene expression in the fine control of morphogenetic events.
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48
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Kouwenhoven EN, van Heeringen SJ, Tena JJ, Oti M, Dutilh BE, Alonso ME, de la Calle-Mustienes E, Smeenk L, Rinne T, Parsaulian L, Bolat E, Jurgelenaite R, Huynen MA, Hoischen A, Veltman JA, Brunner HG, Roscioli T, Oates E, Wilson M, Manzanares M, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Stunnenberg HG, Lohrum M, van Bokhoven H, Zhou H. Genome-wide profiling of p63 DNA-binding sites identifies an element that regulates gene expression during limb development in the 7q21 SHFM1 locus. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001065. [PMID: 20808887 PMCID: PMC2924305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in p63 are associated with split hand/foot malformations (SHFM), orofacial clefting, and ectodermal abnormalities. Elucidation of the p63 gene network that includes target genes and regulatory elements may reveal new genes for other malformation disorders. We performed genome-wide DNA–binding profiling by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), followed by deep sequencing (ChIP–seq) in primary human keratinocytes, and identified potential target genes and regulatory elements controlled by p63. We show that p63 binds to an enhancer element in the SHFM1 locus on chromosome 7q and that this element controls expression of DLX6 and possibly DLX5, both of which are important for limb development. A unique micro-deletion including this enhancer element, but not the DLX5/DLX6 genes, was identified in a patient with SHFM. Our study strongly indicates disruption of a non-coding cis-regulatory element located more than 250 kb from the DLX5/DLX6 genes as a novel disease mechanism in SHFM1. These data provide a proof-of-concept that the catalogue of p63 binding sites identified in this study may be of relevance to the studies of SHFM and other congenital malformations that resemble the p63-associated phenotypes. Mammalian embryonic development requires precise control of gene expression in the right place at the right time. One level of control of gene expression is through cis-regulatory elements controlled by transcription factors. Deregulation of gene expression by mutations in such cis-regulatory elements has been described in developmental disorders. Heterozygous mutations in the transcription factor p63 are found in patients with limb malformations, cleft lip/palate, and defects in skin and other epidermal appendages, through disruption of normal ectodermal development during embryogenesis. We reasoned that the identification of target genes and cis-regulatory elements controlled by p63 would provide candidate genes for defects arising from abnormally regulated ectodermal development. To test our hypothesis, we carried out a genome-wide binding site analysis and identified a large number of target genes and regulatory elements regulated by p63. We further showed that one of these regulatory elements controls expression of DLX6 and possibly DLX5 in the apical ectodermal ridge in the developing limbs. Loss of this element through a micro-deletion was associated with split hand foot malformation (SHFM1). The list of p63 binding sites provides a resource for the identification of mutations that cause ectodermal dysplasias and malformations in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cells, Cultured
- Child, Preschool
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn N. Kouwenhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J. van Heeringen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan J. Tena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Martin Oti
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas E. Dutilh
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Eva Alonso
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa de la Calle-Mustienes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Leonie Smeenk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tuula Rinne
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian Parsaulian
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emine Bolat
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rasa Jurgelenaite
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris A. Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Oates
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Meredith Wilson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Miguel Manzanares
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Gómez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hendrik G. Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Lohrum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (HZ); (HvB)
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (HZ); (HvB)
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Abstract
The transcription factor p63 is critically important for skin development and maintenance. Processes that require p63 include epidermal lineage commitment, epidermal differentiation, cell adhesion, and basement membrane formation. Not surprisingly, alterations in the p63 pathway underlie a subset of ectodermal dysplasias, developmental syndromes in which the skin and skin appendages do not develop normally. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of p63 in normal development and ectodermal dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maranke I Koster
- Department of Dermatology, Charles C. Gates Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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50
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Taft RJ, Pang KC, Mercer TR, Dinger M, Mattick JS. Non-coding RNAs: regulators of disease. J Pathol 2010; 220:126-39. [PMID: 19882673 DOI: 10.1002/path.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 750] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For 50 years the term 'gene' has been synonymous with regions of the genome encoding mRNAs that are translated into protein. However, recent genome-wide studies have shown that the human genome is pervasively transcribed and produces many thousands of regulatory non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs and various classes of long ncRNAs. It is now clear that these RNAs fulfil critical roles as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators and as guides of chromatin-modifying complexes. Here we review the biology of ncRNAs, focusing on the fundamental mechanisms by which ncRNAs facilitate normal development and physiology and, when dysfunctional, underpin disease. We also discuss evidence that intergenic regions associated with complex diseases express ncRNAs, as well as the potential use of ncRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Taken together, these observations emphasize the need to move beyond the confines of protein-coding genes and highlight the fact that continued investigation of ncRNA biogenesis and function will be necessary for a comprehensive understanding of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Taft
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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