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Zoccal DB, Vieira BN, Mendes LR, Evangelista AB, Leirão IP. Hypoxia sensing in the body: An update on the peripheral and central mechanisms. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:461-469. [PMID: 38031809 PMCID: PMC10988761 DOI: 10.1113/ep091206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
An adequate supply of O2 is essential for the maintenance of cellular activity. Systemic or local hypoxia can be experienced during decreased O2 availability or associated with diseases, or a combination of both. Exposure to hypoxia triggers adjustments in multiple physiological systems in the body to generate appropriate homeostatic responses. However, with significant reductions in the arterial partial pressure of O2, hypoxia can be life-threatening and cause maladaptive changes or cell damage and death. To mitigate the impact of limited O2 availability on cellular activity, O2 chemoreceptors rapidly detect and respond to reductions in the arterial partial pressure of O2, triggering orchestrated responses of increased ventilation and cardiac output, blood flow redistribution and metabolic adjustments. In mammals, the peripheral chemoreceptors of the carotid body are considered to be the main hypoxic sensors and the primary source of excitatory feedback driving respiratory, cardiovascular and autonomic responses. However, current evidence indicates that the CNS contains specialized brainstem and spinal cord regions that can also sense hypoxia and stimulate brain networks independently of the carotid body inputs. In this manuscript, we review the discoveries about the functioning of the O2 chemoreceptors and their contribution to the monitoring of O2 levels in the blood and brain parenchyma and mounting cardiorespiratory responses to maintain O2 homeostasis. We also discuss the implications of the chemoreflex-related mechanisms in paediatric and adult pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of AraraquaraSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Beatriz N. Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of AraraquaraSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Letícia R. Mendes
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of AraraquaraSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Andressa B. Evangelista
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of AraraquaraSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Isabela P. Leirão
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of AraraquaraSão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
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2
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Carr JMJR, Hoiland RL, Fernandes IA, Schrage WG, Ainslie PN. Recent insights into mechanisms of hypoxia-induced vasodilatation in the human brain. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37655827 DOI: 10.1113/jp284608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral vasculature manages oxygen delivery by adjusting arterial blood in-flow in the face of reductions in oxygen availability. Hypoxic cerebral vasodilatation, and the associated hypoxic cerebral blood flow reactivity, involve many vascular, erythrocytic and cerebral tissue mechanisms that mediate elevations in cerebral blood flow via micro- and macrovascular dilatation. This contemporary review focuses on in vivo human work - with reference to seminal preclinical work where necessary - on hypoxic cerebrovascular reactivity, particularly where recent advancements have been made. We provide updates with the following information: in humans, hypoxic cerebral vasodilatation is partially mediated via a - likely non-obligatory - combination of: (1) nitric oxide synthases, (2) deoxygenation-coupled S-nitrosothiols, (3) potassium channel-related vascular smooth muscle hyperpolarization, and (4) prostaglandin mechanisms with some contribution from an interrelationship with reactive oxygen species. And finally, we discuss the fact that, due to the engagement of deoxyhaemoglobin-related mechanisms, reductions in O2 content via haemoglobin per se seem to account for ∼50% of that seen with hypoxic cerebral vasodilatation during hypoxaemia. We further highlight the issue that methodological impediments challenge the complete elucidation of hypoxic cerebral reactivity mechanisms in vivo in healthy humans. Future research is needed to confirm recent advancements and to reconcile human and animal findings. Further investigations are also required to extend these findings to address questions of sex-, heredity-, age-, and disease-related differences. The final step is to then ultimately translate understanding of these mechanisms into actionable, targetable pathways for the prevention and treatment of cerebral vascular dysfunction and cerebral hypoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M J R Carr
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Collaborative Entity for Researching Brain Ischemia (CEREBRI), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Igor A Fernandes
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
| | - William G Schrage
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Marciante AB, Seven YB, Kelly MN, Perim RR, Mitchell GS. Magnitude and Mechanism of Phrenic Long-term Facilitation Shift Between Daily Rest Versus Active Phase. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad041. [PMID: 37753182 PMCID: PMC10519274 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasticity is a fundamental property of the neural system controlling breathing. One key example of respiratory motor plasticity is phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF), a persistent increase in phrenic nerve activity elicited by acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH). pLTF can arise from distinct cell signaling cascades initiated by serotonin versus adenosine receptor activation, respectively, and interact via powerful cross-talk inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that the daily rest/active phase and the duration of hypoxic episodes within an AIH protocol have profound impact on the magnitude and mechanism of pLTF due to shifts in serotonin/adenosine balance. Using the historical "standard" AIH protocol (3, 5-min moderate hypoxic episodes), we demonstrate that pLTF magnitude is unaffected by exposure in the midactive versus midrest phase, yet the mechanism driving pLTF shifts from serotonin-dominant (midrest) to adenosine-dominant (midactive). This mechanistic "flip" results from combined influences of hypoxia-evoked adenosine release and daily fluctuations in basal spinal adenosine. Since AIH evokes less adenosine with shorter (15, 1-min) hypoxic episodes, midrest pLTF is amplified due to diminished adenosine constraint on serotonin-driven plasticity; in contrast, elevated background adenosine during the midactive phase suppresses serotonin-dominant pLTF. These findings demonstrate the importance of the serotonin/adenosine balance in regulating the amplitude and mechanism of AIH-induced pLTF. Since AIH is emerging as a promising therapeutic modality to restore respiratory and nonrespiratory movements in people with spinal cord injury or ALS, knowledge of how time-of-day and hypoxic episode duration impact the serotonin/adenosine balance and the magnitude and mechanism of pLTF has profound biological, experimental, and translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria B Marciante
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yasin B Seven
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mia N Kelly
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Raphael R Perim
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Kroll T, Grözinger M, Matusch A, Elmenhorst D, Novakovic A, Schneider F, Bauer A. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cerebral A 1 adenosine receptor availability: a PET study in patients suffering from treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1228438. [PMID: 37520217 PMCID: PMC10380952 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1228438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sleep deprivation and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) effectively ameliorate symptoms in major depressive disorder (MDD). In rodents, both are associated with an enhancement of cerebral adenosine levels, which in turn likely influence adenosinergic receptor expression. The aim of the current study was to investigate cerebral A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) availability in patients with MDD as a potential mediating factor of antidepressant effects of ECT using [18F]CPFPX and positron emission tomography (PET). Methods Regional A1AR availability was determined before and after a series of ECT applications (mean number ± SD 10.4 ± 1.2) in 14 subjects (4 males, mean age 49.5 ± 11.8 years). Clinical outcome, measured by neuropsychological testing, and ECT parameters were correlated with changes in A1AR availability. Results ECT had a strong antidepressive effect (p < 0.01) while on average cerebral A1AR availability remained unaltered between pre-and post-ECT conditions (F = 0.65, p = 0.42, mean difference ± SD 3.93% ± 22.7%). There was no correlation between changes in clinical outcome parameters and regional A1AR availability, although individual patients showed striking bidirectional alterations of up to 30-40% in A1AR availability after ECT. Solely, for the mean seizure quality index of the applied ECTs a significant association with changes in A1AR availability was found (rs = -0.6, p = 0.02). Discussion In the present study, therapeutically effective ECT treatment did not result in coherent changes of A1AR availability after a series of ECT treatments. These findings do not exclude a potential role for cerebral A1ARs in ECT, but shift attention to rather short-termed and adaptive mechanisms during ECT-related convulsive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kroll
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Grözinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Matusch
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - David Elmenhorst
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana Novakovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Schneider
- University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Redondo-Flórez L, Martín-Rodríguez A, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Neuro-Vulnerability in Energy Metabolism Regulation: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3106. [PMID: 37513524 PMCID: PMC10383861 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive narrative review explores the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation and its implications for metabolic disorders. The review highlights the complex interactions among the neural, hormonal, and metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. The key topics discussed include the role of organs, hormones, and neural circuits in maintaining metabolic balance. The review investigates the association between neuro-vulnerability and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and eating disorders, considering genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that influence neuro-vulnerability and subsequent metabolic dysregulation. Neuroendocrine interactions and the neural regulation of food intake and energy expenditure are examined, with a focus on the impact of neuro-vulnerability on appetite dysregulation and altered energy expenditure. The role of neuroinflammation in metabolic health and neuro-vulnerability is discussed, emphasizing the bidirectional relationship between metabolic dysregulation and neuroinflammatory processes. This review also evaluates the use of neuroimaging techniques in studying neuro-vulnerability and their potential applications in clinical settings. Furthermore, the association between neuro-vulnerability and eating disorders, as well as its contribution to obesity, is examined. Potential therapeutic interventions targeting neuro-vulnerability, including pharmacological treatments and lifestyle modifications, are reviewed. In conclusion, understanding the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation is crucial for addressing metabolic disorders. This review provides valuable insights into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and their implications for metabolic health. Targeting neuro-vulnerability holds promise for developing innovative strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, ultimately improving metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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Marciante AB, Mitchell GS. Increased spinal adenosine impairs phrenic long-term facilitation in aging rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1537-1548. [PMID: 37167263 PMCID: PMC10281789 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00197.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate acute intermittent hypoxia (mAIH) elicits a form of spinal, respiratory motor plasticity known as phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF). In middle-aged male and geriatric female rats, mAIH-induced pLTF is attenuated through unknown mechanisms. In young adults, mAIH activates competing intracellular signaling cascades, initiated by serotonin 2 and adenosine 2A (A2A) receptors, respectively. Spinal A2A receptor inhibition enhances mAIH-induced pLTF, meaning, serotonin dominates, and adenosine constrains mAIH-induced plasticity in the daily rest phase. Thus, we hypothesized elevated basal adenosine levels in the ventral cervical spinal cord of aged rats shifts this balance, undermining mAIH-induced pLTF. A selective A2A receptor antagonist (MSX-3) or vehicle was delivered intrathecally at C4 in anesthetized young (3-6 mo) and aged (20-22 mo) Sprague-Dawley rats before mAIH (3,5-min episodes; arterial Po2 = 45-55 mmHg). In young males, spinal A2A receptor inhibition enhanced pLTF (119 ± 5%) vs. vehicle (55 ± 9%), consistent with prior reports. In old males, pLTF was reduced to 25 ± 11%, but A2A receptor inhibition increased pLTF to levels greater than in young males (186 ± 19%). Basal adenosine levels in ventral C3-C5 homogenates are elevated two- to threefold in old vs. young males. These findings advance our understanding of age as a biological variable in phrenic motor plasticity and will help guide translation of mAIH as a therapeutic modality to restore respiratory and nonrespiratory movements in older populations afflicted with clinical disorders that compromise movement.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Advanced age undermines respiratory motor plasticity, specifically phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF) following moderate acute intermittent hypoxia (mAIH). We report that spinal adenosine increases in aged male rats, undermining mAIH-induced pLTF via adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor activation, an effect reversed by selective spinal adenosine 2A receptor inhibition. These findings advance our understanding of mechanisms that impair neuroplasticity, and the ability to compensate for the onset of lung or neural injury with age, and may guide efforts to harness mAIH as a treatment for clinical disorders that compromise breathing and other movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria B Marciante
- Department of Physical Therapy & McKnight Brain Institute, Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Physical Therapy & McKnight Brain Institute, Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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7
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Sebastião AM, Ribeiro JA. Adjusting the brakes to adjust neuronal activity: Adenosinergic modulation of GABAergic transmission. Neuropharmacology 2023; 236:109600. [PMID: 37225084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
About 50 years elapsed from the publication of the first full paper on the neuromodulatory action of adenosine at a 'simple' synapse model, the neuromuscular junction (Ginsborg and Hirst, 1972). In that study adenosine was used as a tool to increase cyclic AMP and for the great surprise, it decreased rather than increased neurotransmitter release, and for a further surprise, its action was prevented by theophylline, at the time only known as inhibitor of phosphodiesterases. These intriguing observations opened the curiosity for immediate studies relating the action of adenine nucleotides, known to be released together with neurotransmitters, to that of adenosine (Ribeiro and Walker, 1973, 1975). Our understanding on the ways adenosine uses to modulate synapses, circuits, and brain activity, vastly expanded since then. However, except for A2A receptors, whose actions upon GABAergic neurons of the striatum are well known, most of the attention given to the neuromodulatory action of adenosine has been focusing upon excitatory synapses. Evidence is growing that GABAergic transmission is also a target for adenosinergic neuromodulation through A1 and A2A receptors. Some o these actions have specific time windows during brain development, and others are selective for specific GABAergic neurons. Both tonic and phasic GABAergic transmission can be affected, and either neurons or astrocytes can be targeted. In some cases, those effects result from a concerted action with other neuromodulators. Implications of these actions in the control of neuronal function/dysfunction will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Joaquim Alexandre Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Garcia CP, Licht-Murava A, Orr AG. Effects of adenosine A 2A receptors on cognitive function in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 170:121-154. [PMID: 37741689 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors have been studied extensively in the context of motor function and movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. In addition to these roles, A2A receptors have also been increasingly implicated in cognitive function and cognitive impairments in diverse conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, acute brain injury, and stress. We review the roles of A2A receptors in cognitive processes in health and disease, focusing primarily on the effects of reducing or enhancing A2A expression levels or activities in animal models. Studies reveal that A2A receptors in neurons and astrocytes modulate multiple aspects of cognitive function, including memory and motivation. Converging evidence also indicates that A2A receptor levels and activities are aberrantly increased in aging, acute brain injury, and chronic disorders, and these increases contribute to neurocognitive impairments. Therapeutically targeting A2A receptors with selective modulators may alleviate cognitive deficits in diverse neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Further research on the exact neural mechanisms of these effects as well as the efficacy of selective A2A modulators on cognitive alterations in humans are important areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia P Garcia
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Avital Licht-Murava
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna G Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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9
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Stasenko SV, Kazantsev VB. Information Encoding in Bursting Spiking Neural Network Modulated by Astrocytes. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:e25050745. [PMID: 37238500 DOI: 10.3390/e25050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated a mathematical model composed of a spiking neural network (SNN) interacting with astrocytes. We analysed how information content in the form of two-dimensional images can be represented by an SNN in the form of a spatiotemporal spiking pattern. The SNN includes excitatory and inhibitory neurons in some proportion, sustaining the excitation-inhibition balance of autonomous firing. The astrocytes accompanying each excitatory synapse provide a slow modulation of synaptic transmission strength. An information image was uploaded to the network in the form of excitatory stimulation pulses distributed in time reproducing the shape of the image. We found that astrocytic modulation prevented stimulation-induced SNN hyperexcitation and non-periodic bursting activity. Such homeostatic astrocytic regulation of neuronal activity makes it possible to restore the image supplied during stimulation and lost in the raster diagram of neuronal activity due to non-periodic neuronal firing. At a biological point, our model shows that astrocytes can act as an additional adaptive mechanism for regulating neural activity, which is crucial for sensory cortical representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Stasenko
- Laboratory of Advanced Methods for High-Dimensional Data Analysis, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Victor B Kazantsev
- Laboratory of Advanced Methods for High-Dimensional Data Analysis, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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11
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Wu Z, Cui Y, Wang H, Wu H, Wan Y, Li B, Wang L, Pan S, Peng W, Dong A, Yuan Z, Jing M, Xu M, Luo M, Li Y. Neuronal activity-induced, equilibrative nucleoside transporter-dependent, somatodendritic adenosine release revealed by a GRAB sensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212387120. [PMID: 36996110 PMCID: PMC10083574 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212387120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purinergic signaling molecule adenosine (Ado) modulates many physiological and pathological functions in the brain. However, the exact source of extracellular Ado remains controversial. Here, utilizing a newly optimized genetically encoded GPCR-Activation-Based Ado fluorescent sensor (GRABAdo), we discovered that the neuronal activity-induced extracellular Ado elevation is due to direct Ado release from somatodendritic compartments of neurons, rather than from the axonal terminals, in the hippocampus. Pharmacological and genetic manipulations reveal that the Ado release depends on equilibrative nucleoside transporters but not the conventional vesicular release mechanisms. Compared with the fast-vesicular glutamate release, the Ado release is slow (~40 s) and requires calcium influx through L-type calcium channels. Thus, this study reveals an activity-dependent second-to-minute local Ado release from the somatodendritic compartments of neurons, potentially serving modulatory functions as a retrograde signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofa Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yuting Cui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing102206, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing102206, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Bohan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Sunlei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Wanling Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Ao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Zhengwei Yuan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing102206, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Miao Jing
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing102206, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing102206, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing102206, China
- Research Unit of Medical Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100005, China
- New Cornerstone Science Institute at Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing102206, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong518055, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- New Cornerstone Science Institute at Peking University, Beijing100871, China
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12
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Receptor-receptor interactions and microvesicle exchange as mechanisms modulating signaling between neurons and astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 2023; 231:109509. [PMID: 36935005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that astrocytes play a significant metabolic role in the nervous tissue, maintaining the homeostasis of the extracellular space and of the blood-brain barrier, and providing trophic support to neurons. In addition, however, evidence exists indicating astrocytes as important elements for brain activity through signaling exchange with neurons. Astrocytes, indeed, can sense synaptic activity and their molecular machinery responds to neurotransmitters released by neurons with cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations that, in turn, stimulate the release of neuroactive substances (gliotransmitters) influencing nearby neurons. In both cell types the recognition and transduction of this complex pattern of signals is mediated by specific receptors that are also involved in mechanisms tuning the intercellular cross-talk between astrocytes and neurons. Two of these mechanisms are the focus of the present discussion. The first concerns direct receptor-receptor interactions leading to the formation at the cell membrane of multimeric receptor complexes. The cooperativity that emerges in the actions of orthosteric and allosteric ligands of the monomers forming the assembly provides the cell decoding apparatus with sophisticated and flexible dynamics in terms of recognition and signal transduction pathways. A further mechanism of plasticity involving receptors is based on the transfer of elements of the cellular signaling apparatus via extracellular microvesicles acting as protective containers, which can lead to transient changes in the transmitting/decoding capabilities of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi F Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
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13
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Sancho M, Klug NR, Mughal A, Koide M, Huerta de la Cruz S, Heppner TJ, Bonev AD, Hill-Eubanks D, Nelson MT. Adenosine signaling activates ATP-sensitive K + channels in endothelial cells and pericytes in CNS capillaries. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabl5405. [PMID: 35349300 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abl5405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The dense network of capillaries composed of capillary endothelial cells (cECs) and pericytes lies in close proximity to all neurons, ideally positioning it to sense neuron- and glial-derived compounds that enhance regional and global cerebral perfusion. The membrane potential (VM) of vascular cells serves as the physiological bridge that translates brain activity into vascular function. In other beds, the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel regulates VM in vascular smooth muscle, which is absent in the capillary network. Here, with transgenic mice that expressed a dominant-negative mutant of the pore-forming Kir6.1 subunit specifically in brain cECs or pericytes, we demonstrated that KATP channels were present in both cell types and robustly controlled VM. We further showed that the signaling nucleotide adenosine acted through A2A receptors and the Gαs/cAMP/PKA pathway to activate capillary KATP channels. Moreover, KATP channel stimulation in vivo increased cerebral blood flow (CBF), an effect that was blunted by expression of the dominant-negative Kir6.1 mutant in either capillary cell type. These findings establish an important role for KATP channels in cECs and pericytes in the regulation of CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sancho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA
| | - Nicholas R Klug
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA
| | - Amreen Mughal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA
| | - Masayo Koide
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.,Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Heppner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA
| | - Adrian D Bonev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA
| | - David Hill-Eubanks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA
| | - Mark T Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.,Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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14
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Lalo U, Koh W, Lee CJ, Pankratov Y. The tripartite glutamatergic synapse. Neuropharmacology 2021; 199:108758. [PMID: 34433089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells were long considered as structural and metabolic supporting cells are which do not directly participate in information processing in the brain. Discoveries of responsiveness of astrocytes to synaptically-released glutamate and their capability to release agonists of glutamate receptors awakened extensive studies of glia-neuron communications and led to the revolutionary changes in our understanding of brain cellular networks. Nowadays, astrocytes are widely acknowledged as inseparable element of glutamatergic synapses and role for glutamatergic astrocyte-neuron interactions in the brain computation is emerging. Astroglial glutamate receptors, in particular of NMDA, mGluR3 and mGluR5 types, can activate a variety of molecular cascades leading astroglial-driven modulation of extracellular levels of glutamate and activity of neuronal glutamate receptors. Their preferential location to the astroglial perisynaptic processes facilitates interaction of astrocytes with individual excitatory synapses. Bi-directional glutamatergic communication between astrocytes and neurons underpins a complex, spatially-distributed modulation of synaptic signalling thus contributing to the enrichment of information processing by the neuronal networks. Still, further research is needed to bridge the substantial gaps in our understanding of mechanisms and physiological relevance of astrocyte-neuron glutamatergic interactions, in particular ability of astrocytes directly activate neuronal glutamate receptors by releasing glutamate and, arguably, d-Serine. An emerging roles for aberrant changes in glutamatergic astroglial signalling, both neuroprotective and pathogenic, in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases also require further investigation. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Glutamate Receptors - The Glutamatergic Synapse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Lalo
- School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Wuhyun Koh
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - Yuriy Pankratov
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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15
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Van Den Herrewegen Y, Sanderson TM, Sahu S, De Bundel D, Bortolotto ZA, Smolders I. Side-by-side comparison of the effects of Gq- and Gi-DREADD-mediated astrocyte modulation on intracellular calcium dynamics and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1. Mol Brain 2021; 14:144. [PMID: 34544455 PMCID: PMC8451082 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes express a plethora of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are crucial for shaping synaptic activity. Upon GPCR activation, astrocytes can respond with transient variations in intracellular Ca2+. In addition, Ca2+-dependent and/or Ca2+-independent release of gliotransmitters can occur, allowing them to engage in bidirectional neuron-astrocyte communication. The development of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) has facilitated many new discoveries on the roles of astrocytes in both physiological and pathological conditions. They are an excellent tool, as they can target endogenous GPCR-mediated intracellular signal transduction pathways specifically in astrocytes. With increasing interest and accumulating research on this topic, several discrepancies on astrocytic Ca2+ signalling and astrocyte-mediated effects on synaptic plasticity have emerged, preventing a clear-cut consensus about the downstream effects of DREADDs in astrocytes. In the present study, we performed a side-by-side evaluation of the effects of bath application of the DREADD agonist, clozapine-N-oxide (10 µM), on Gq- and Gi-DREADD activation in mouse CA1 hippocampal astrocytes. In doing so, we aimed to avoid confounding factors, such as differences in experimental procedures, and to directly compare the actions of both DREADDs on astrocytic intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and synaptic plasticity in acute hippocampal slices. We used an adeno-associated viral vector approach to transduce dorsal hippocampi of male, 8-week-old C57BL6/J mice, to drive expression of either the Gq-DREADD or Gi-DREADD in CA1 astrocytes. A viral vector lacking the DREADD construct was used to generate controls. Here, we show that agonism of Gq-DREADDs, but not Gi-DREADDs, induced consistent increases in spontaneous astrocytic Ca2+ events. Moreover, we demonstrate that both Gq-DREADD as well as Gi-DREADD-mediated activation of CA1 astrocytes induces long-lasting synaptic potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 Schaffer collateral pathway in the absence of a high frequency stimulus. Moreover, we report for the first time that astrocytic Gi-DREADD activation is sufficient to elicit de novo potentiation. Our data demonstrate that activation of either Gq or Gi pathways drives synaptic potentiation through Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Van Den Herrewegen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas M Sanderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Tankard's Cl, University Walk, BS8 1TD, Bristol, UK
| | - Surajit Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zuner A Bortolotto
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Tankard's Cl, University Walk, BS8 1TD, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Ma D, An Q, Zhang Z, Bian Q, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang S. Head Mild Hypothermia Exerts a Neuroprotective Role in Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury by Maintaining Glial Glutamate Transporter 1. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2021; 11:155-163. [PMID: 32985953 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2020.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Qinghu Bian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
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17
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Pereira-Figueiredo D, Nascimento AA, Cunha-Rodrigues MC, Brito R, Calaza KC. Caffeine and Its Neuroprotective Role in Ischemic Events: A Mechanism Dependent on Adenosine Receptors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1693-1725. [PMID: 33730305 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia is characterized by a transient, insufficient, or permanent interruption of blood flow to a tissue, which leads to an inadequate glucose and oxygen supply. The nervous tissue is highly active, and it closely depends on glucose and oxygen to satisfy its metabolic demand. Therefore, ischemic conditions promote cell death and lead to a secondary wave of cell damage that progressively spreads to the neighborhood areas, called penumbra. Brain ischemia is one of the main causes of deaths and summed with retinal ischemia comprises one of the principal reasons of disability. Although several studies have been performed to investigate the mechanisms of damage to find protective/preventive interventions, an effective treatment does not exist yet. Adenosine is a well-described neuromodulator in the central nervous system (CNS), and acts through four subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors, especially A1 and A2A receptors, are the main targets of caffeine in daily consumption doses. Accordingly, caffeine has been greatly studied in the context of CNS pathologies. In fact, adenosine system, as well as caffeine, is involved in neuroprotection effects in different pathological situations. Therefore, the present review focuses on the role of adenosine/caffeine in CNS, brain and retina, ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pereira-Figueiredo
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - A A Nascimento
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - M C Cunha-Rodrigues
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - R Brito
- Laboratory of Neuronal Physiology and Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - K C Calaza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute of Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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18
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Activation of Astrocytes in the Dorsomedial Striatum Facilitates Transition From Habitual to Goal-Directed Reward-Seeking Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:797-808. [PMID: 32564901 PMCID: PMC7584758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habitual reward-seeking behavior is a hallmark of addictive behavior. The role of the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) in regulating goal-directed reward-seeking behavior has been long appreciated. However, it remains unclear how the astrocytic activities in the DMS differentially affect the behavioral shift. METHODS To investigate the astrocytic activity-driven neuronal synaptic events and behavioral consequences, we chemogenetically activated astrocytes in the DMS using GFAP promoter-driven expression of hM3Dq, the excitatory DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs). First, we confirmed the chemogenetically induced cellular activity in the DMS astrocytes using calcium imaging. Then, we recorded electrophysiological changes in the synaptic activity of the two types of medium spiny neurons (MSNs): direct and indirect pathway MSNs. To evaluate the behavioral consequences, we trained mice in nose-poking operant chambers that developed either habitual or goal-directed reward-seeking behaviors. RESULTS The activation of DMS astrocytes reduced the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in the direct pathway MSNs, whereas it increased the amplitude of the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and decreased the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the indirect pathway MSNs. Interestingly, astrocyte-induced DMS neuronal activities are regulated by adenosine metabolism, receptor signaling, and transport. Importantly, mice lacking an astrocytic adenosine transporter, ENT1 (equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1; Slc29a1), show no transition from habitual to goal-directed reward-seeking behaviors upon astrocyte activation, while restoring ENT1 expression in the DMS facilitated this transition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that DMS astrocyte activation differentially regulates MSNs' activity and facilitates shifting from habitual to goal-directed reward-seeking behavior.
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19
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Menéndez Méndez A, Smith J, Engel T. Neonatal Seizures and Purinergic Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217832. [PMID: 33105750 PMCID: PMC7660091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal seizures are one of the most common comorbidities of neonatal encephalopathy, with seizures aggravating acute injury and clinical outcomes. Current treatment can control early life seizures; however, a high level of pharmacoresistance remains among infants, with increasing evidence suggesting current anti-seizure medication potentiating brain damage. This emphasises the need to develop safer therapeutic strategies with a different mechanism of action. The purinergic system, characterised by the use of adenosine triphosphate and its metabolites as signalling molecules, consists of the membrane-bound P1 and P2 purinoreceptors and proteins to modulate extracellular purine nucleotides and nucleoside levels. Targeting this system is proving successful at treating many disorders and diseases of the central nervous system, including epilepsy. Mounting evidence demonstrates that drugs targeting the purinergic system provide both convulsive and anticonvulsive effects. With components of the purinergic signalling system being widely expressed during brain development, emerging evidence suggests that purinergic signalling contributes to neonatal seizures. In this review, we first provide an overview on neonatal seizure pathology and purinergic signalling during brain development. We then describe in detail recent evidence demonstrating a role for purinergic signalling during neonatal seizures and discuss possible purine-based avenues for seizure suppression in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Menéndez Méndez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; (A.M.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Jonathon Smith
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; (A.M.M.); (J.S.)
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; (A.M.M.); (J.S.)
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-314-025-199
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20
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Purinergic signaling orchestrating neuron-glia communication. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105253. [PMID: 33080321 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P2X and P2Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A1 and A2A receptors) in the crosstalk between neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. An initial emphasis will be given to the cooperation between adenosine receptors to sharpen information salience encoding across synapses. The interplay between ATP and adenosine signaling in the communication between astrocytes and neurons will then be presented in context of the integrative properties of the astrocytic syncytium, allowing to implement heterosynaptic depression processes in neuronal networks. The process of microglia 'activation' and its control by astrocytes and neurons will then be analyzed under the perspective of an interplay between different P2 receptors and adenosine A2A receptors. In spite of these indications of a prominent role of purinergic signaling in the bidirectional communication between neurons and glia, its therapeutical exploitation still awaits obtaining an integrated view of the spatio-temporal action of ATP signaling and adenosine signaling, clearly distinguishing the involvement of both purinergic signaling systems in the regulation of physiological processes and in the control of pathogenic-like responses upon brain dysfunction or damage.
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21
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Roberts BM, Doig NM, Brimblecombe KR, Lopes EF, Siddorn RE, Threlfell S, Connor-Robson N, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Pasternack N, Wade-Martins R, Magill PJ, Cragg SJ. GABA uptake transporters support dopamine release in dorsal striatum with maladaptive downregulation in a parkinsonism model. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4958. [PMID: 33009395 PMCID: PMC7532441 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal dopamine (DA) is critical for action and learning. Recent data show that DA release is under tonic inhibition by striatal GABA. Ambient striatal GABA tone on striatal projection neurons can be determined by plasma membrane GABA uptake transporters (GATs) located on astrocytes and neurons. However, whether striatal GATs and astrocytes determine DA output are unknown. We reveal that DA release in mouse dorsolateral striatum, but not nucleus accumbens core, is governed by GAT-1 and GAT-3. These GATs are partly localized to astrocytes, and are enriched in dorsolateral striatum compared to accumbens core. In a mouse model of early parkinsonism, GATs are downregulated, tonic GABAergic inhibition of DA release augmented, and nigrostriatal GABA co-release attenuated. These data define previously unappreciated and important roles for GATs and astrocytes in supporting DA release in striatum, and reveal a maladaptive plasticity in early parkinsonism that impairs DA output in vulnerable striatal regions. GABA transporters expressed in the striatum may affect behaviour. Here the authors investigate the contribution of GABA transporters on astrocytes to the regulation of dopamine release in the striatum, and show decreased expression of GAT-1 and GAT-3 in a mouse model of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Roberts
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK. .,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
| | - Natalie M Doig
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Katherine R Brimblecombe
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Emanuel F Lopes
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Ruth E Siddorn
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Sarah Threlfell
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Nicholas Pasternack
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Peter J Magill
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.,Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK. .,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
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Stevenson R, Samokhina E, Rossetti I, Morley JW, Buskila Y. Neuromodulation of Glial Function During Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:278. [PMID: 32973460 PMCID: PMC7473408 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia, a non-excitable cell type once considered merely as the connective tissue between neurons, is nowadays acknowledged for its essential contribution to multiple physiological processes including learning, memory formation, excitability, synaptic plasticity, ion homeostasis, and energy metabolism. Moreover, as glia are key players in the brain immune system and provide structural and nutritional support for neurons, they are intimately involved in multiple neurological disorders. Recent advances have demonstrated that glial cells, specifically microglia and astroglia, are involved in several neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). While there is compelling evidence for glial modulation of synaptic formation and regulation that affect neuronal signal processing and activity, in this manuscript we will review recent findings on neuronal activity that affect glial function, specifically during neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss the nature of each glial malfunction, its specificity to each disorder, overall contribution to the disease progression and assess its potential as a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stevenson
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Evgeniia Samokhina
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - John W. Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yossi Buskila
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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23
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Rogers RC, Hasser EM, Hermann GE. Thrombin action on astrocytes in the hindbrain of the rat disrupts glycemic and respiratory control. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R1068-R1077. [PMID: 32320636 PMCID: PMC7311679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00033.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe trauma can produce a postinjury "metabolic self-destruction" characterized by catabolic metabolism and hyperglycemia. The severity of the hyperglycemia is highly correlated with posttrauma morbidity and mortality. Although no mechanism has been posited to connect severe trauma with a loss of autonomic control over metabolism, traumatic injury causes other failures of autonomic function, notably, gastric stasis and ulceration ("Cushing's ulcer"), which has been connected with the generation of thrombin. Our previous studies established that proteinase-activated receptors (PAR1; "thrombin receptors") located on astrocytes in the autonomically critical nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) can modulate gastric control circuit neurons to cause gastric stasis. Hindbrain astrocytes have also been implicated as important detectors of low glucose or glucose utilization. When activated, these astrocytes communicate with hindbrain catecholamine neurons that, in turn, trigger counterregulatory responses (CRR). There may be a convergence between the effects of thrombin to derange hindbrain gastrointestinal control and the hindbrain circuitry that initiates CRR to increase glycemia in reaction to critical hypoglycemia. Our results suggest that thrombin acts within the NST to increase glycemia through an astrocyte-dependent mechanism. Blockade of purinergic gliotransmission pathways interrupted the effect of thrombin to increase glycemia. Our studies also revealed that thrombin, acting in the NST, produced a rapid, dramatic, and potentially lethal suppression of respiratory rhythm that was also a function of purinergic gliotransmission. These results suggest that the critical connection between traumatic injury and a general collapse of autonomic regulation involves thrombin action on astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Rogers
- Autonomic Neurosciences Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Eileen M Hasser
- Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gerlinda E Hermann
- Autonomic Neurosciences Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Kofuji P, Araque A. G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Astrocyte-Neuron Communication. Neuroscience 2020; 456:71-84. [PMID: 32224231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, a major type of glial cell, are known to play key supportive roles in brain function, contributing to ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis, maintaining the blood-brain barrier and providing trophic and metabolic support for neurons. Besides these support functions, astrocytes are emerging as important elements in brain physiology through signaling exchange with neurons at tripartite synapses. Astrocytes express a wide variety of neurotransmitter transporters and receptors that allow them to sense and respond to synaptic activity. Principal among them are the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in astrocytes because their activation by synaptically released neurotransmitters leads to mobilization of intracellular calcium. In turn, activated astrocytes release neuroactive substances called gliotransmitters, such as glutamate, GABA, and ATP/adenosine that lead to synaptic regulation through activation of neuronal GPCRs. In this review we will present and discuss recent evidence demonstrating the critical roles played by GPCRs in the bidirectional astrocyte-neuron signaling, and their crucial involvement in the astrocyte-mediated regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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25
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Gonzalez A. Antioxidants and Neuron-Astrocyte Interplay in Brain Physiology: Melatonin, a Neighbor to Rely on. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:34-50. [PMID: 31989469 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is a review focused onto the role of astrocytes in the protection of neurons against oxidative stress and how melatonin can contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis. The first part of the review is dedicated to the dependence of neurons on astrocytes by terms of survival under oxidative stress conditions. Additionally, the effects of melatonin against oxidative stress in the brain and its putative role in the protection against diseases affecting the brain are highlighted. The effects of melatonin on the physiology of neurons and astrocytes also are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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26
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Corkrum M, Covelo A, Lines J, Bellocchio L, Pisansky M, Loke K, Quintana R, Rothwell PE, Lujan R, Marsicano G, Martin ED, Thomas MJ, Kofuji P, Araque A. Dopamine-Evoked Synaptic Regulation in the Nucleus Accumbens Requires Astrocyte Activity. Neuron 2020; 105:1036-1047.e5. [PMID: 31954621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is involved in physiological processes like learning and memory, motor control and reward, and pathological conditions such as Parkinson's disease and addiction. In contrast to the extensive studies on neurons, astrocyte involvement in dopaminergic signaling remains largely unknown. Using transgenic mice, optogenetics, and pharmacogenetics, we studied the role of astrocytes on the dopaminergic system. We show that in freely behaving mice, astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key reward center in the brain, respond with Ca2+ elevations to synaptically released dopamine, a phenomenon enhanced by amphetamine. In brain slices, synaptically released dopamine increases astrocyte Ca2+, stimulates ATP/adenosine release, and depresses excitatory synaptic transmission through activation of presynaptic A1 receptors. Amphetamine depresses neurotransmission through stimulation of astrocytes and the consequent A1 receptor activation. Furthermore, astrocytes modulate the acute behavioral psychomotor effects of amphetamine. Therefore, astrocytes mediate the dopamine- and amphetamine-induced synaptic regulation, revealing a novel cellular pathway in the brain reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Corkrum
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ana Covelo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Justin Lines
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Marc Pisansky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelvin Loke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ruth Quintana
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Patrick E Rothwell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rafael Lujan
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02008, Spain
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux Cedex 33077, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | | | - Mark J Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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27
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Rogers RC, Burke SJ, Collier JJ, Ritter S, Hermann GE. Evidence that hindbrain astrocytes in the rat detect low glucose with a glucose transporter 2-phospholipase C-calcium release mechanism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R38-R48. [PMID: 31596114 PMCID: PMC6985801 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00133.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes generate robust cytoplasmic calcium signals in response to reductions in extracellular glucose. This calcium signal, in turn, drives purinergic gliotransmission, which controls the activity of catecholaminergic (CA) neurons in the hindbrain. These CA neurons are critical to triggering glucose counter-regulatory responses (CRRs) that, ultimately, restore glucose homeostasis via endocrine and behavioral means. Although the astrocyte low-glucose sensor involvement in CRR has been accepted, it is not clear how astrocytes produce an increase in intracellular calcium in response to a decrease in glucose. Our ex vivo calcium imaging studies of hindbrain astrocytes show that the glucose type 2 transporter (GLUT2) is an essential feature of the astrocyte glucosensor mechanism. Coimmunoprecipitation assays reveal that the recombinant GLUT2 binds directly with the recombinant Gq protein subunit that activates phospholipase C (PLC). Additional calcium imaging studies suggest that GLUT2 may be connected to a PLC-endoplasmic reticular-calcium release mechanism, which is amplified by calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). Collectively, these data help outline a potential mechanism used by astrocytes to convert information regarding low-glucose levels into intracellular changes that ultimately regulate the CRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Rogers
- 1Laboratory of Autonomic Neuroscience, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Susan J. Burke
- 2Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - J. Jason Collier
- 3Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Sue Ritter
- 4Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Gerlinda E. Hermann
- 1Laboratory of Autonomic Neuroscience, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Falsini M, Catarzi D, Varano F, Ceni C, Dal Ben D, Marucci G, Buccioni M, Volpini R, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Lucarini E, Ghelardini C, Bartolucci G, Menicatti M, Colotta V. Antioxidant-Conjugated 1,2,4-Triazolo[4,3- a]pyrazin-3-one Derivatives: Highly Potent and Selective Human A 2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists Possessing Protective Efficacy in Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8511-8531. [PMID: 31453698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
New 8-amino-6-aryl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-3-ones were designed to obtain dual antioxidant-human A2A adenosine receptor (hA2A AR) antagonists. Two sets of compounds were synthesized, the first featuring phenol rings at the 6-position, the second bearing the lipoyl and 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tertbut-benzoyl residues appended by different linkers on the 6-phenyl ring. Several new triazolopyrazines (1-21) were potent and selective hA2A AR antagonists (Ki = 0.17-54.5 nM). Compounds 11, 15, and 21, featuring antioxidant moieties, and compound 12, lacking the antioxidant functionality, reduced oxaliplatin-induced toxicity in microglia cells, the most active being the lipoyl-derivative 15 and the (4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butyl)benzoyl-analogue 21 which were effective in reducing the oxygen free radical level. The lipoyl-derivative 15 was also able to revert oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy in the mouse. In vivo efficacy of 15 makes it a promising neuroprotective agent in oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Falsini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Costanza Ceni
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1 , 62032 Camerino , Macerata , Italy
| | - Gabriella Marucci
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1 , 62032 Camerino , Macerata , Italy
| | - Michela Buccioni
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1 , 62032 Camerino , Macerata , Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1 , 62032 Camerino , Macerata , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Viale Pieraccini 6 , 50139 Firenze , Italy
| | - Elena Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Viale Pieraccini 6 , 50139 Firenze , Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Viale Pieraccini 6 , 50139 Firenze , Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Marta Menicatti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
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Reklow RJ, Alvares TS, Zhang Y, Miranda Tapia AP, Biancardi V, Katzell AK, Frangos SM, Hansen MA, Toohey AW, Cass CE, Young JD, Pagliardini S, Boison D, Funk GD. The Purinome and the preBötzinger Complex - A Ménage of Unexplored Mechanisms That May Modulate/Shape the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:365. [PMID: 31496935 PMCID: PMC6712068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration of purinergic signaling in brainstem homeostatic control processes is challenging the traditional view that the biphasic hypoxic ventilatory response, which comprises a rapid initial increase in breathing followed by a slower secondary depression, reflects the interaction between peripheral chemoreceptor-mediated excitation and central inhibition. While controversial, accumulating evidence supports that in addition to peripheral excitation, interactions between central excitatory and inhibitory purinergic mechanisms shape this key homeostatic reflex. The objective of this review is to present our working model of how purinergic signaling modulates the glutamatergic inspiratory synapse in the preBötzinger Complex (key site of inspiratory rhythm generation) to shape the hypoxic ventilatory response. It is based on the perspective that has emerged from decades of analysis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus, where the actions of extracellular ATP are determined by a complex signaling system, the purinome. The purinome involves not only the actions of ATP and adenosine at P2 and P1 receptors, respectively, but diverse families of enzymes and transporters that collectively determine the rate of ATP degradation, adenosine accumulation and adenosine clearance. We summarize current knowledge of the roles played by these different purinergic elements in the hypoxic ventilatory response, often drawing on examples from other brain regions, and look ahead to many unanswered questions and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Reklow
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tucaaue S. Alvares
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ana P. Miranda Tapia
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vivian Biancardi
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexis K. Katzell
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sara M. Frangos
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Megan A. Hansen
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander W. Toohey
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carol E. Cass
- Professor Emerita, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James D. Young
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Silvia Pagliardini
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Gregory D. Funk
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Zhang Y, Wu S, Xie L, Yu S, Zhang L, Liu C, Zhou W, Yu T. Ketamine Within Clinically Effective Range Inhibits Glutamate Transmission From Astrocytes to Neurons and Disrupts Synchronization of Astrocytic SICs. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:240. [PMID: 31244607 PMCID: PMC6581012 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes are now considered as crucial modulators of neuronal synaptic transmission. General anesthetics have been found to inhibit astrocytic activities, but it is not clear whether general anesthetics within the clinical concentration range affects the astrocyte-mediated synaptic regulation. Methods The effects of propofol, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine within clinically effective ranges on the slow inward currents (SICs) were tested by using the whole-cell recording in acute prefrontal cortex (PFC) slice preparations of rats. Astrocytes culture and HPLC were used to measure the effects of different anesthetics on the glutamate release of astrocytes. Results Propofol and dexmedetomidine showed no significant effect on the amplitude or frequency of SICs. Ketamine was found to inhibit the frequency of SICs in a concentration-dependent manner. The SICs synchronization rate of paired neurons was inhibited by 30 μM ketamine (from 42.5 ± 1.4% to 9.6 ± 0.8%) and was abolished by 300 μM ketamine. The astrocytic glutamate release induced by DHPG, an agonist of astrocytic type I metabotropic glutamate receptors, was not affected by ketamine, and ifenprodil, a selective antagonist of GluN1/GluN2B receptor, blocked all SICs and enhanced the inhibitory effect of 30 μM ketamine on the frequency of SICs. Ketamine at low concentration (3 μM) could inhibit the frequency of SICs, not the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), and the inhibition rate of SICs was significantly higher than mEPSCs with 30 μM ketamine (44.5 ± 3% inhibition vs. 28.3 ± 6% inhibition). Conclusion Our data indicated that ketamine, not propofol and dexmedetomidine, within clinical concentration range inhibits glutamatergic transmission from astrocytes to neurons, which is likely mediated by the extrasynaptic GluN1/GluN2B receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Sisi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Liwei Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Shouyang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Chengxi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Tian Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
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Eguchi R, Yamaguchi S, Otsuguro KI. Fibroblast growth factor 2 modulates extracellular purine metabolism by upregulating ecto-5′-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase in cultured rat spinal cord astrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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32
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Perim RR, Mitchell GS. Circulatory control of phrenic motor plasticity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 265:19-23. [PMID: 30639504 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) elicits distinct mechanisms of phrenic motor plasticity initiated by brainstem neural network activation versus local (spinal) tissue hypoxia. With moderate AIH (mAIH), hypoxemia activates the carotid body chemoreceptors and (subsequently) brainstem neural networks associated with the peripheral chemoreflex, including medullary raphe serotonergic neurons. Serotonin release and receptor activation in the phrenic motor nucleus then elicits phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF). This mechanism is independent of tissue hypoxia, since electrical carotid sinus nerve stimulation elicits similar serotonin-dependent pLTF. In striking contrast, severe AIH (sAIH) evokes a spinal adenosine-dependent, serotonin-independent mechanism of pLTF. Spinal tissue hypoxia per se is the likely cause of sAIH-induced pLTF, since local tissue hypoxia elicits extracellular adenosine accumulation. Thus, any physiological condition exacerbating spinal tissue hypoxia is expected to shift the balance towards adenosinergic pLTF. However, since these mechanisms compete for dominance due to mutual cross-talk inhibition, the transition from serotonin to adenosine dominant pLTF is rather abrupt. Any factor that compromises spinal cord circulation will limit oxygen availability in spinal cord tissue, favoring a shift in the balance towards adenosinergic mechanisms. Such shifts may arise experimentally from treatments such as carotid denervation, or spontaneous hypotension or anemia. Many neurological disorders, such as spinal cord injury or stroke compromise local circulatory control, potentially modulating tissue oxygen, adenosine levels and, thus, phrenic motor plasticity. In this brief review, we discuss the concept that local (spinal) circulatory control and/or oxygen delivery regulates the relative contributions of distinct pathways to phrenic motor plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael R Perim
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Chielle EO, Granella LW, Maziero JS, Vidigal TMA, Mallmann BLK, Karal J. Evolution of potential biomarkers of acute muscle injury after physical exercise. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000117594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
The brain is the most complex organ of the body, and many pathological processes underlying various brain disorders are poorly understood. Limited accessibility hinders observation of such processes in the in vivo brain, and experimental freedom is often insufficient to enable informative manipulations. In vitro preparations (brain slices or cultures of dissociated neurons) offer much better accessibility and reduced complexity and have yielded valuable new insights into various brain disorders. Both types of preparations have their advantages and limitations with regard to lifespan, preservation of in vivo brain structure, composition of cell types, and the link to behavioral outcome is often unclear in in vitro models. While these limitations hamper general usage of in vitro preparations to study, e.g., brain development, in vitro preparations are very useful to study neuronal and synaptic functioning under pathologic conditions. This chapter addresses several brain disorders, focusing on neuronal and synaptic functioning, as well as network aspects. Recent progress in the fields of brain circulation disorders, excitability disorders, and memory disorders will be discussed, as well as limitations of current in vitro models.
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Stefanello N, Spanevello RM, Passamonti S, Porciúncula L, Bonan CD, Olabiyi AA, Teixeira da Rocha JB, Assmann CE, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Coffee, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and the purinergic system. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:298-313. [PMID: 30291944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans and is lauded for its aroma and flavour. It is the third most popular beverage in the world. This beverage is known by its stimulant effect associated with the presence of methylxanthines. Caffeine, a purine-like molecule (1,3,7 trymetylxantine), is the most important bioactive compound in coffee, among others such as chlorogenic acid (CGA), diterpenes, and trigonelline. CGA is a phenolic acid with biological properties as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotector, hypolipidemic, and hypoglicemic. Purinergic system plays a key role inneuromodulation and homeostasis. Extracellular ATP, other nucleotides and adenosine are signalling molecules that act through their specific receptors, namely purinoceptors, P1 for nucleosides and P2 for nucleotides. They regulate many pathological processes, since adenosine, for instance, can limit the damage caused by ATP in the excitotoxicity from the neuronal cells. The primary purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of coffee, caffeine, and CGA on the purinergic system. This review focuses on the relationship/interplay between coffee, caffeine, CGA, and adenosine, and their effects on ectonucleotidases activities as well as on the modulation of P1 and P2 receptors from central nervous system and also in peripheral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Stefanello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roselia Maria Spanevello
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção: Centro de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Químicas e de Alimentos, UFPel, Campus Capão do Leão 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabina Passamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lisiane Porciúncula
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UFRGS, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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le Feber J, Dummer A, Hassink GC, van Putten MJAM, Hofmeijer J. Evolution of Excitation-Inhibition Ratio in Cortical Cultures Exposed to Hypoxia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:183. [PMID: 30018536 PMCID: PMC6037832 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the core of a brain infarct, neuronal death occurs within minutes after loss of perfusion. In the penumbra, a surrounding area with some residual perfusion, neurons initially remain structurally intact, but hypoxia-induced synaptic failure impedes neuronal activity. Penumbral activity may recover or further deteriorate, reflecting cell death. Mechanisms leading to either outcome remain ill-understood, but may involve changes in the excitation to inhibition (E/I) ratio. The E/I ratio is determined by structural (relative densities of excitatory and inhibitory synapses) and functional factors (synaptic strengths). Clinical studies demonstrated excitability alterations in regions surrounding the infarct core. These may be related to structural E/I changes, but the effects of hypoxia /ischemia on structural connectivity have not yet been investigated, and the role of structural connectivity changes in excitability alterations remains unclear. We investigated the evolution of the structural E/I ratio and associated network excitability in cortical cultures exposed to severe hypoxia of varying duration. 6–12 h of hypoxia reduced the total synaptic density. In particular, the inhibitory synaptic density dropped significantly, resulting in an elevated E/I ratio. Initially, this does not lead to increased excitability due to hypoxia-induced synaptic failure. Increased excitability becomes apparent upon reoxygenation after 6 or 12 h, but not after 24 h. After 24 h of hypoxia, structural patterns of vesicular glutamate stainings change. This possibly reflects disassembly of excitatory synapses, and may account for the irreversible reduction of activity and stimulus responses seen after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost le Feber
- Clinical Neurophysiology, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Anneloes Dummer
- Clinical Neurophysiology, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Hassink
- Clinical Neurophysiology, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Biomedical Signals and Systems, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Michel J A M van Putten
- Clinical Neurophysiology, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- Clinical Neurophysiology, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, Netherlands
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Rogers RC, McDougal DH, Ritter S, Qualls-Creekmore E, Hermann GE. Response of catecholaminergic neurons in the mouse hindbrain to glucoprivic stimuli is astrocyte dependent. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R153-R164. [PMID: 29590557 PMCID: PMC6087883 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00368.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hindbrain catecholaminergic (CA) neurons are required for critical autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral counterregulatory responses (CRRs) to hypoglycemia. Recent studies suggest that CRR initiation depends on hindbrain astrocyte glucose sensors (McDougal DH, Hermann GE, Rogers RC. Front Neurosci 7: 249, 2013; Rogers RC, Ritter S, Hermann GE. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 310: R1102-R1108, 2016). To test the proposition that hindbrain CA responses to glucoprivation are astrocyte dependent, we utilized transgenic mice in which the calcium reporter construct (GCaMP5) was expressed selectively in tyrosine hydroxylase neurons (TH-GCaMP5). We conducted live cell calcium-imaging studies on tissue slices containing the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) or the ventrolateral medulla, critical CRR initiation sites. Results show that TH-GCaMP5 neurons are robustly activated by a glucoprivic challenge and that this response is dependent on functional astrocytes. Pretreatment of hindbrain slices with fluorocitrate (an astrocytic metabolic suppressor) abolished TH-GCaMP5 neuronal responses to glucoprivation, but not to glutamate. Pharmacologic results suggest that the astrocytic connection with hindbrain CA neurons is purinergic via P2 receptors. Parallel imaging studies on hindbrain slices of NST from wild-type C57BL/6J mice, in which astrocytes and neurons were prelabeled with a calcium reporter dye and an astrocytic vital dye, show that both cell types are activated by glucoprivation but astrocytes responded significantly sooner than neurons. Pretreatment of these hindbrain slices with P2 antagonists abolished neuronal responses to glucoprivation without interruption of astrocyte responses; pretreatment with fluorocitrate eliminated both astrocytic and neuronal responses. These results support earlier work suggesting that the primary detection of glucoprivic signals by the hindbrain is mediated by astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sue Ritter
- 2Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Seven YB, Perim RR, Hobson OR, Simon AK, Tadjalli A, Mitchell GS. Phrenic motor neuron adenosine 2A receptors elicit phrenic motor facilitation. J Physiol 2018; 596:1501-1512. [PMID: 29388230 PMCID: PMC5899988 DOI: 10.1113/jp275462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Although adenosine 2A (A2A ) receptor activation triggers specific cell signalling cascades, the ensuing physiological outcomes depend on the specific cell type expressing these receptors. Cervical spinal adenosine 2A (A2A ) receptor activation elicits a prolonged facilitation in phrenic nerve activity, which was nearly abolished following intrapleural A2A receptor siRNA injections. A2A receptor siRNA injections selectively knocked down A2A receptors in cholera toxin B-subunit-identified phrenic motor neurons, sparing cervical non-phrenic motor neurons. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that phrenic motor neurons express the A2A receptors relevant to A2A receptor-induced phrenic motor facilitation. Upregulation of A2A receptor expression in the phrenic motor neurons per se may potentially be a useful approach to increase phrenic motor neuron excitability in conditions such as spinal cord injury. ABSTRACT Cervical spinal adenosine 2A (A2A ) receptor activation elicits a prolonged increase in phrenic nerve activity, an effect known as phrenic motor facilitation (pMF). The specific cervical spinal cells expressing the relevant A2A receptors for pMF are unknown. This is an important question since the physiological outcome of A2A receptor activation is highly cell type specific. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that the relevant A2A receptors for pMF are expressed in phrenic motor neurons per se versus non-phrenic neurons of the cervical spinal cord. A2A receptor immunostaining significantly colocalized with NeuN-positive neurons (89 ± 2%). Intrapleural siRNA injections were used to selectively knock down A2A receptors in cholera toxin B-subunit-labelled phrenic motor neurons. A2A receptor knock-down was verified by a ∼45% decrease in A2A receptor immunoreactivity within phrenic motor neurons versus non-targeting siRNAs (siNT; P < 0.05). There was no evidence for knock-down in cervical non-phrenic motor neurons. In rats that were anaesthetized, subjected to neuromuscular blockade and ventilated, pMF induced by cervical (C3-4) intrathecal injections of the A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 was greatly attenuated in siA2A (21%) versus siNT treated rats (147%; P < 0.01). There were no significant effects of siA2A on phrenic burst frequency. Collectively, our results support the hypothesis that phrenic motor neurons express the A2A receptors relevant to A2A receptor-induced pMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin B. Seven
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32610USA
| | - Raphael R. Perim
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32610USA
| | - Orinda R. Hobson
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32610USA
| | - Alec K. Simon
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32610USA
| | - Arash Tadjalli
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32610USA
| | - Gordon S. Mitchell
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32610USA
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Bylicky MA, Mueller GP, Day RM. Mechanisms of Endogenous Neuroprotective Effects of Astrocytes in Brain Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6501031. [PMID: 29805731 PMCID: PMC5901819 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6501031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, once believed to serve only as "glue" for the structural support of neurons, have been demonstrated to serve critical functions for the maintenance and protection of neurons, especially under conditions of acute or chronic injury. There are at least seven distinct mechanisms by which astrocytes protect neurons from damage; these are (1) protection against glutamate toxicity, (2) protection against redox stress, (3) mediation of mitochondrial repair mechanisms, (4) protection against glucose-induced metabolic stress, (5) protection against iron toxicity, (6) modulation of the immune response in the brain, and (7) maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the presence of DNA damage. Astrocytes support these critical functions through specialized responses to stress or toxic conditions. The detoxifying activities of astrocytes are essential for maintenance of the microenvironment surrounding neurons and in whole tissue homeostasis. Improved understanding of the mechanisms by which astrocytes protect the brain could lead to the development of novel targets for the development of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Bylicky
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Gregory P. Mueller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Regina M. Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Łupina M, Tarnowski M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Talarek S, Listos P, Kotlińska J, Gutowska I, Listos J. SB-334867 (an Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist) Effects on Morphine-Induced Sensitization in Mice-a View on Receptor Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8473-8485. [PMID: 29557083 PMCID: PMC6153720 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused upon the role of SB-334867, an orexin-1 receptor antagonist, in the acquisition of morphine-induced sensitization to locomotor activity in mice. Behavioral sensitization is an enhanced systemic reaction to the same dose of an addictive substance, which assumingly increases both the desire for the drug and the risk of relapse to addiction. Morphine-induced sensitization in mice was achieved by sporadic doses (five injections every 3 days) of morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), while a challenge dose of morphine (10 mg/kg) was injected 7 days later. In order to assess the impact of orexin system blockade on the acquisition of sensitization, SB-334867 was administered before each morphine injection, except the morphine challenge dose. The locomotor activity test was performed on each day of morphine administration. Brain structures (striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex) were collected after behavioral tests for molecular experiments in which mRNA expression of orexin, dopamine, and adenosine receptors was explored by the qRT-PCR technique. Additionally, the mRNA expression of markers, such as GFAP and Iba-1, was also analyzed by the same technique. SB-334867 inhibited the acquisition of morphine-induced sensitization to locomotor activity of mice. Significant alterations were observed in mRNA expression of orexin, dopamine, and adenosine receptors and in the expression of GFAP and Iba-1, showing a broad range of interactions in the mesolimbic system among orexin, dopamine, adenosine, and glial cells during behavioral sensitization. Summing up, the orexin system may be an effective measure to inhibit morphine-induced behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Łupina
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Listos
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Sub-Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 30 Av, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kotlińska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Listos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a St., 20-093, Lublin, Poland
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Baird-Daniel E, Daniel AGS, Wenzel M, Li D, Liou JY, Laffont P, Zhao M, Yuste R, Ma H, Schwartz TH. Glial Calcium Waves are Triggered by Seizure Activity and Not Essential for Initiating Ictal Onset or Neurovascular Coupling. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3318-3330. [PMID: 28369176 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that glia play a critical role in modifying neuronal activity, mediating neurovascular coupling, and in seizure initiation. We investigated the role of glia in ictogenesis and neurovascular coupling through wide-field multicell and 2-photon single cell imaging of calcium and intrinsic signal imaging of cerebral blood volume in an in vivo rat model of focal neocortical seizures. Ictal events triggered a slowly propagating glial calcium wave that was markedly delayed after both neuronal and hemodynamic onset. Glial calcium waves exhibited a stereotypical spread that terminated prior to seizure offset and propagated to an area ~60% greater than the propagation area of neural and vascular signals. Complete blockage of glial activity with fluoroacetate resulted in no change in either neuronal or hemodynamic activity. These ictal glial waves were blocked by carbenoxolone, a gap junction blocker. Our in vivo data reveal that ictal events trigger a slowly propagating, stereotypical glial calcium wave, mediated by gap junctions, that is spatially and temporally independent of neuronal and hemodynamic activities. We introduce a novel ictally triggered propagating glial calcium wave calling into question the criticality of glial calcium wave in both ictal onset and neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Baird-Daniel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sackler Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andy G S Daniel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sackler Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Wenzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sackler Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jyun-You Liou
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Philippe Laffont
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sackler Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sackler Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hongtao Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sackler Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sackler Brain and Spine Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Covelo A, Araque A. Neuronal activity determines distinct gliotransmitter release from a single astrocyte. eLife 2018; 7:32237. [PMID: 29380725 PMCID: PMC5790377 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that astrocytes are actively involved in brain function by regulating synaptic activity and plasticity. Different gliotransmitters, such as glutamate, ATP, GABA or D-serine, released form astrocytes have been shown to induce different forms of synaptic regulation. However, whether a single astrocyte may release different gliotransmitters is unknown. Here we show that mouse hippocampal astrocytes activated by endogenous (neuron-released endocannabinoids or GABA) or exogenous (single astrocyte Ca2+ uncaging) stimuli modulate putative single CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapses. The astrocyte-mediated synaptic modulation was biphasic and consisted of an initial glutamate-mediated potentiation followed by a purinergic-mediated depression of neurotransmitter release. The temporal dynamic properties of this biphasic synaptic regulation depended on the firing frequency and duration of the neuronal activity that stimulated astrocytes. Present results indicate that single astrocytes can decode neuronal activity and, in response, release distinct gliotransmitters to differentially regulate neurotransmission at putative single synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Covelo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 895] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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Matott MP, Kline DD, Hasser EM. Glial EAAT2 regulation of extracellular nTS glutamate critically controls neuronal activity and cardiorespiratory reflexes. J Physiol 2017; 595:6045-6063. [PMID: 28677303 PMCID: PMC5577520 DOI: 10.1113/jp274620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is present on astrocytes in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS), an important nucleus in cardiorespiratory control. Its specific role in influencing nTS neuronal activity and thereby basal and reflex cardiorespiratory function is unknown. The specific role of nTS EAAT2 was determined via whole animal and brainstem slice patch clamp experiments. Astrocytic EAAT2 buffers basal glutamate activation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors and therefore decreases baseline excitability of nTS neurons. EAAT2 modulates cardiorespiratory control and tempers excitatory cardiorespiratory responses to activation of the peripheral chemoreflex. This study supports the concept that nTS astrocyte transporters influence sympathetic nervous system activity and cardiorespiratory reflex function in health and disease. ABSTRACT Glutamatergic signalling is critical in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) for cardiorespiratory homeostasis and initiation of sensory reflexes, including the chemoreflex activated during hypoxia. Maintenance of nTS glutamate concentration occurs in part through astrocytic excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). We previously established the importance of EAATs in the nTS by demonstrating their inhibition produced neuronal excitation to alter basal cardiorespiratory function. Since EAAT2 is the most expressed EAAT in the nTS, this study specifically determined EAAT2's role in nTS astrocytes, its influence on neuronal and synaptic properties, and ultimately on basal and reflex cardiorespiratory function. The EAAT2-specific antagonist dihydrokainate (DHK) was microinjected into the anaesthetized rat nTS or applied to rat nTS slices. DHK produced depressor, bradycardic and sympathoinhibitory responses and reduced neural respiration in the intact rat, mimicking responses to glutamate excitation. DHK also enhanced responses to glutamate microinjection. DHK elevated extracellular nTS glutamate concentration, depolarized neurons and enhanced spontaneous EPSCs. EAAT2 block also augmented action potential discharge in chemosensitive nTS neurons. Glial recordings confirmed EAAT2 is functional on nTS astrocytes. Neuronal excitation and cardiorespiratory effects following EAAT2 inhibition were due to activation of putative extrasynaptic AMPA receptors as their antagonism blocked DHK responses in the intact rat nTS and the slice. The DHK-induced elevation of extracellular glutamate and neuronal excitation augmented chemoreflex-mediated pressor, sympathoexcitatory and minute neural ventilation responses in the rat. These data shed new light on the important role astrocytic EAAT2 plays on buffering nTS excitation and overall cardiorespiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Matott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of Missouri134 Research Park DriveColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - David D. Kline
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of Missouri134 Research Park DriveColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Eileen M. Hasser
- Department of Biomedical SciencesDepartment of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of Missouri134 Research Park DriveColumbiaMO65211USA
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le Feber J, Erkamp N, van Putten MJAM, Hofmeijer J. Loss and recovery of functional connectivity in cultured cortical networks exposed to hypoxia. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:394-403. [PMID: 28424292 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00098.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the core of a brain infarct, loss of neuronal function is followed by neuronal death within minutes. In an area surrounding the core (penumbra), some perfusion remains. Here, neurons initially remain structurally intact, but massive synaptic failure strongly reduces neural activity. Activity in the penumbra may eventually recover or further deteriorate toward massive cell death. Besides activity recovery, return of brain functioning requires restoration of connectivity. However, low activity has been shown to initiate compensatory mechanisms that affect network connectivity. We investigated the effect of transient hypoxia and compensatory mechanisms on activity and functional connectivity using cultured cortical networks on multielectrode arrays. Networks were exposed to hypoxia of controlled depth (10-90% of normoxia) and duration (6-48 h). First, we determined how hypoxic depth and duration govern activity recovery. Then, we investigated connectivity changes during and after hypoxic incidents, mild enough for activity to recover. Shortly after hypoxia onset, activity and connectivity decreased. Following 4-6 h of ongoing hypoxia, we observed partial recovery. Only if the hypoxic burden was limited did connectivity show further recovery upon return to normoxia. Partial recovery during hypoxia was dominated by restored baseline connections, rather than newly formed ones. Baseline strengths of surviving (persisting or recovered) and lost connections did not differ nor did baseline activity at their "presynaptic" electrodes. However, "postsynaptic" electrodes of surviving connections were significantly more active during baseline than those of lost connections. This implies that recovery during hypoxia reflects an effective mechanism to restore network activity, which does not necessarily conserve prehypoxia connectivity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxia reduced the firing rates of cultured neurons. Depending on hypoxic depth and duration, activity recovered during hypoxia and upon return to normoxia. Recovery (partial) during hypoxia was associated with restored baseline connections rather than newly formed ones. Predominantly, baseline connections with most active postsynaptic electrodes recovered, supporting the notion of effective activity homeostasis. This compensatory mechanism remained effective during ~20 h of hypoxia. Beyond 20 h of compensation, loss of activity and connectivity became irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost le Feber
- Clinical Neurophysiology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands;
| | - Niels Erkamp
- Clinical Neurophysiology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Michel J A M van Putten
- Clinical Neurophysiology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- Clinical Neurophysiology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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Jackson EK, Kotermanski SE, Menshikova EV, Dubey RK, Jackson TC, Kochanek PM. Adenosine production by brain cells. J Neurochem 2017; 141:676-693. [PMID: 28294336 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The early release of adenosine following traumatic brain injury (TBI) suppresses seizures and brain inflammation; thus, it is important to elucidate the cellular sources of adenosine following injurious stimuli triggered by TBI so that therapeutics for enhancing the early adenosine-release response can be optimized. Using mass spectrometry with 13 C-labeled standards, we investigated in cultured rat neurons, astrocytes, and microglia the effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD; models energy failure), H2 O2 (produces oxidative stress), and glutamate (induces excitotoxicity) on intracellular and extracellular levels of 5'-AMP (adenosine precursor), adenosine, and inosine and hypoxanthine (adenosine metabolites). In neurons, OGD triggered increases in intracellular 5'-AMP (2.8-fold), adenosine (2.6-fold), inosine (2.2-fold), and hypoxanthine (5.3-fold) and extracellular 5'-AMP (2.2-fold), adenosine (2.4-fold), and hypoxanthine (2.5-fold). In neurons, H2 O2 did not affect intracellular or extracellular purines; yet, glutamate increased intracellular adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine (1.7-fold, 1.7-fold, and 1.6-fold, respectively) and extracellular adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine (2.9-fold, 2.1-fold, and 1.6-fold, respectively). In astrocytes, neither H2 O2 nor glutamate affected intracellular or extracellular purines, and OGD only slightly increased intracellular and extracellular hypoxanthine. Microglia were unresponsive to OGD and glutamate, but were remarkably responsive to H2 O2 , which increased intracellular 5'-AMP (1.6-fold), adenosine (1.6-fold), inosine (2.1-fold), and hypoxanthine (1.6-fold) and extracellular 5'-AMP (5.9-fold), adenosine (4.0-fold), inosine (4.3-fold), and hypoxanthine (1.9-fold). CONCLUSION Under these particular experimental conditions, cultured neurons are the main contributors to adenosine production/release in response to OGD and glutamate, whereas cultured microglia are the main contributors upon oxidative stress. Developing therapeutics that recruit astrocytes to produce/release adenosine could have beneficial effects in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shawn E Kotermanski
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth V Menshikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raghvendra K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Travis C Jackson
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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The Role of Adenosine Signaling in Headache: A Review. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7030030. [PMID: 28335379 PMCID: PMC5366829 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is the third most prevalent disease on the planet, yet our understanding of its mechanisms and pathophysiology is surprisingly incomplete. Recent studies have built upon decades of evidence that adenosine, a purine nucleoside that can act as a neuromodulator, is involved in pain transmission and sensitization. Clinical evidence and rodent studies have suggested that adenosine signaling also plays a critical role in migraine headache. This is further supported by the widespread use of caffeine, an adenosine receptor antagonist, in several headache treatments. In this review, we highlight evidence that supports the involvement of adenosine signaling in different forms of headache, headache triggers, and basic headache physiology. This evidence supports adenosine A2A receptors as a critical adenosine receptor subtype involved in headache pain. Adenosine A2A receptor signaling may contribute to headache via the modulation of intracellular Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production or 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in neurons and glia to affect glutamatergic synaptic transmission within the brainstem. This evidence supports the further study of adenosine signaling in headache and potentially illuminates it as a novel therapeutic target for migraine.
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Posadas I, Alonso-Moreno C, Bravo I, Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Garzón A, Villaseca N, López-Solera I, Albaladejo J, Ceña V. Synthesis, characterization, DNA interactions and antiproliferative activity on glioblastoma of iminopyridine platinum(II) chelate complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 168:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Fouyssac M, Everitt BJ, Belin D. Cellular basis of the intrastriatal functional shifts that underlie the development of habits: relevance for drug addiction. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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