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Qiu Y, Hou Y, Gohel D, Zhou Y, Xu J, Bykova M, Yang Y, Leverenz JB, Pieper AA, Nussinov R, Caldwell JZK, Brown JM, Cheng F. Systematic characterization of multi-omics landscape between gut microbial metabolites and GPCRome in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114128. [PMID: 38652661 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Shifts in the magnitude and nature of gut microbial metabolites have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the host receptors that sense and respond to these metabolites are largely unknown. Here, we develop a systems biology framework that integrates machine learning and multi-omics to identify molecular relationships of gut microbial metabolites with non-olfactory G-protein-coupled receptors (termed the "GPCRome"). We evaluate 1.09 million metabolite-protein pairs connecting 408 human GPCRs and 335 gut microbial metabolites. Using genetics-derived Mendelian randomization and integrative analyses of human brain transcriptomic and proteomic profiles, we identify orphan GPCRs (i.e., GPR84) as potential drug targets in AD and that triacanthine experimentally activates GPR84. We demonstrate that phenethylamine and agmatine significantly reduce tau hyperphosphorylation (p-tau181 and p-tau205) in AD patient induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. This study demonstrates a systems biology framework to uncover the GPCR targets of human gut microbiota in AD and other complex diseases if broadly applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguang Qiu
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yuan Hou
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Dhruv Gohel
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jielin Xu
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Marina Bykova
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jessica Z K Caldwell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Cleveland Clinic Genome Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Goksu AY, Kocanci FG, Akinci E, Demir-Dora D, Erendor F, Sanlioglu S, Uysal H. Microglia cells treated with synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide or transduced with LentiVIP protect neuronal cells against degeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1993-2015. [PMID: 38382910 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A common pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders is neuronal cell death, accompanied by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic peptide that combines neuroprotective and immunomodulatory actions. The gene therapy field shows long-term promise for treating a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases (ND). In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vitro efficacy of transduction of microglia using lentiviral gene therapy vectors encoding VIP (LentiVIP). Additionally, we tested the protective effects of the secretome derived from LentiVIP-infected "immortalized human" microglia HMC3 cells, and cells treated with Synthetic VIP (SynVIP), against toxin-induced neurodegeneration. First, LentiVIP, which stably expresses VIP, was generated and purified. VIP secretion in microglial conditioned media (MG CM) for LentiVIP-infected HMC3 microglia cells was confirmed. Microglia cells were activated with lipopolysaccharide, and groups were formed as follows: 1) Control, 2) SynVIP-treated, or 3) LentiVIP-transduced. These MG CM were applied on an in vitro neurodegenerative model formed by differentiated (d)-SH-SY5Y cells. Then, cell survival analysis and apoptotic nuclear staining, besides measurement of oxidative/inflammatory parameters in CM of cells were performed. Activated MG CM reduced survival rates of both control and toxin-applied (d)-SH-SY5Y cells, whereas LentiVIP-infected MG CM and SynVIP-treated ones exhibited better survival rates. These findings were supported by apoptotic nuclear evaluations of (d)-SH-SY5Y cells, alongside oxidative/inflammatory parameters in their CM. LentiVIP seems worthy of further studies for the treatment of ND because of the potential of gene therapy to treat diseases effectively with a single injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azize Yasemin Goksu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Gonca Kocanci
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational High School of Health Services, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya/Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ersin Akinci
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Devrim Demir-Dora
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fulya Erendor
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Salih Sanlioglu
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Uysal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Liu G, Yu Q, Zhu H, Tan B, Yu H, Li X, Lu Y, Li H. Amyloid-β mediates intestinal dysfunction and enteric neurons loss in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:351. [PMID: 37930455 PMCID: PMC11072809 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is traditionally considered as a brain disorder featured by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. The current study on whether pathological changes of AD extend to the enteric nervous system (ENS) is still in its infancy. In this study, we found enteric Aβ deposition, intestinal dysfunction, and colonic inflammation in the young APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, these mice exhibited cholinergic and nitrergic signaling pathways damages and enteric neuronal loss. Our data show that Aβ42 treatment remarkably affected the gene expression of cultured myenteric neurons and the spontaneous contraction of intestinal smooth muscles. The intra-colon administration of Aβ42 induced ENS dysfunction, brain gliosis, and β-amyloidosis-like changes in the wild-type mice. Our results suggest that ENS mirrors the neuropathology observed in AD brains, and intestinal pathological changes may represent the prodromal events, which contribute to brain pathology in AD. In summary, our findings provide new opportunities for AD early diagnosis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Medical College, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Quntao Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Houze Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bo Tan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China.
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Li M, Larsen PA. Single-cell sequencing of entorhinal cortex reveals widespread disruption of neuropeptide networks in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3575-3592. [PMID: 36825405 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abnormalities of neuropeptides (NPs) that play important roles in modulating neuronal activities are commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesize that NP network disruption is widespread in AD brains. METHODS Single-cell transcriptomic data from the entorhinal cortex (EC) were used to investigate the NP network disruption in AD. Bulk RNA-sequencing data generated from the temporal cortex by independent groups and machine learning were employed to identify key NPs involved in AD. The relationship between aging and AD-associated NP (ADNP) expression was studied using GTEx data. RESULTS The proportion of cells expressing NPs but not their receptors decreased significantly in AD. Neurons expressing higher level and greater diversity of NPs were disproportionately absent in AD. Increased age coincides with decreased ADNP expression in the hippocampus. DISCUSSION NP network disruption is widespread in AD EC. Neurons expressing more NPs may be selectively vulnerable to AD. Decreased expression of NPs participates in early AD pathogenesis. We predict that the NP network can be harnessed for treatment and/or early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manci Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter A Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Yonekura H, Kato I, Yamamoto Y, Ikeda T, Higashida H, Okamoto H. Biosynthesis and Function of VIP and Oxytocin: Mechanisms of C-terminal Amidation, Oxytocin Secretion and Transport. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad121. [PMID: 37548257 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we provide the status of research on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and oxytocin, typical C-terminal α-amidated peptide hormones, including their precursor protein structures, processing and C-terminal α-amidation, and the recently identified mechanisms of regulation of oxytocin secretion and its transportation through the blood brain barrier. More than half of neural and endocrine peptides, such as VIP and oxytocin, have the α-amide structure at their C-terminus, which is essential for biological activities. We have studied the synthesis and function of C-terminal α-amidated peptides, including VIP and oxytocin, since the 1980s. Human VIP mRNA encoded not only VIP but also another related C-terminal α-amidated peptide, PHM-27 (peptide having amino-terminal histidine, carboxy-terminal methionine amide, and 27 amino acid residues). The human VIP/PHM-27 gene is composed of 7 exons and regulated synergistically by cyclic AMP and protein kinase C pathways. VIP has an essential role in glycemic control using transgenic mouse technology. The peptide C-terminal α-amidation proceeded through a 2-step mechanism catalyzed by 2 different enzymes encoded in a single mRNA. In the oxytocin secretion from the hypothalamus/the posterior pituitary, the CD38-cyclic ADP-ribose signal system, which was first established in the insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells of the islets of Langerhans, was found to be essential. A possible mechanism involving RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end-products) of the oxytocin transportation from the blood stream into the brain through the blood-brain barrier has also been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Yonekura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
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Jansen MI, Thomas Broome S, Castorina A. Exploring the Pro-Phagocytic and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of PACAP and VIP in Microglia: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094788. [PMID: 35563181 PMCID: PMC9104531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterised by the infiltration of peripheral immune cells, multifocal white-matter lesions, and neurodegeneration. In recent years, microglia have emerged as key contributors to MS pathology, acting as scavengers of toxic myelin/cell debris and modulating the inflammatory microenvironment to promote myelin repair. In this review, we explore the role of two neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), as important regulators of microglial functioning during demyelination, myelin phagocytosis, and remyelination, emphasising the potential of these neuropeptides as therapeutic targets for the treatment of MS.
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Ravan JR, Chatterjee S, Singh P, Maikap D, Padhan P. Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases Masquerading as Psychiatric Disorders: A Case Series. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2021; 32:164-167. [PMID: 34447914 PMCID: PMC8369283 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.32.2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurological involvement has been found in many autoimmune diseases, with psychiatric abnormalities such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, and cognitive dysfunction. Patients and Methods Here, we describe a series of 5 consecutive cases of autoimmune diseases presenting with psychiatric symptoms as the predominant manifestation. Result Our case series suggests that psychiatric symptoms, mainly depression, can be one of the presenting symptoms of several autoimmune diseases that often cause a significant delay in diagnosis. Conclusion Any patient, particularly females, with a newly detected psychiatric disorder that responds poorly to medical management should be properly examined for underlying primary systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaprakash Russell Ravan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sucheta Chatterjee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pratima Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debashis Maikap
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prasanta Padhan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Cunha-Reis D, Caulino-Rocha A, Correia-de-Sá P. VIPergic neuroprotection in epileptogenesis: challenges and opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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VIP modulates human macrophages phenotype via FPRL1 via activation of RhoA-GTPase and PLC pathways. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:309-321. [PMID: 33502586 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study is aimed at uncovering the signaling pathways activated by vasoactive intestinal peptide in human macrophages MATERIALS: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages were used for the in vitro investigation of the VIP-activated signaling pathways. METHODS AND TREATMENT Time-course and dose-response experiments and siRNA were used in human macrophages co-challenged with various concentrations of VIP and different MAPK pharmacologic inhibitors to investigate signaling pathways activated by VIP. Flow analysis was performed to assess the levels of CD11b, CD35 and CD66. Luminescence spectrometry was used to measure the levels of the released hydrogen peroxide and the intracellular calcium levels in the media. RESULTS Macrophages incubated with VIP showed increased phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK1/2 levels in a GTP-RhoA-GTPase-dependent manner. Similarly, VIP increased intracellular release of H2O2 and calcium via PLC and GTP-RhoA-GTPase, in addition to inducing the expression of CD11b, CD35, CD66 and MMP9. Furthermore, VIP activated P38 MAPK through the cAMP/PKA pathway but was independent of both PLC and RhoA signaling. The above-mentioned VIP effects were mediated via activation of the FPRL1 receptor. CONCLUSION VIP/FPRL1/VPAC/GTP-RhoA-GTPase signaling modulated macrophages phenotype through activation of multiple signaling pathways including ERK1/2, AKT, P38, ROS, cAMP and calcium.
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Solés-Tarrés I, Cabezas-Llobet N, Vaudry D, Xifró X. Protective Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Against Cognitive Decline in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:221. [PMID: 32765225 PMCID: PMC7380167 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is one of the major symptoms in most neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson (PD), and Huntington diseases (HD), affecting millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, there is no treatment to cure or prevent the progression of those diseases. Cognitive impairment has been related to neuronal cell death and/or synaptic plasticity alteration in important brain regions, such as the cerebral cortex, substantia nigra, striatum, and hippocampus. Therefore, compounds that can act to protect the neuronal loss and/or to reestablish the synaptic activity are needed to prevent cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two highly related multifunctional neuropeptides widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS). PACAP and VIP exert their action through two common receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2, while PACAP has an additional specific receptor, PAC1. In this review article, we first presented evidence showing the therapeutic potential of PACAP and VIP to fight the cognitive decline observed in models of AD, PD, and HD. We also reviewed the main transduction pathways activated by PACAP and VIP receptors to reduce cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, we identified the therapeutic targets of PACAP and VIP, and finally, we evaluated different novel synthetic PACAP and VIP analogs as promising pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Solés-Tarrés
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Cabezas-Llobet
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Xifró
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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Wilson B, Geetha KM. Neurotherapeutic applications of nanomedicine for treating Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2020; 325:25-37. [PMID: 32473177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible, fatal brain disease which disturbs cognitive functions. It affects 35 million people worldwide and the number of people suffering may increase to 100 million by 2050 if no effective treatments are available. The present treatment improves cognitive functions and provide temporary symptomatic relief, but do not stop or delay the disease progression. Moreover, they are mainly available as conventional oral dosage forms and these conventional oral medications lack brain specificity and also produce side effects which leads to poor patient compliance. Brain drug targeting by nanomedicines is a promising approach to improve brain targeting specificity, brain bioavailability and patient compliance. The present review discuses about the currently available pharmacotherapy for AD and the neurotherapeutic applications as well as the advancements of nanomedicine for treating AD. It also highlights the recent advancements of various nanomedicines containing phytopharmaceuticals for treating AD. It is believed that nanomedicines containing approved drugs can be transformed into the clinics hence improve the life style of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore, Karnataka 560078, India.
| | - Kannoth Mukundan Geetha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore, Karnataka 560078, India
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12
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Korkmaz OT, Tunçel N. Advantages of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide for the Future Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4693-4701. [PMID: 30636594 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190111150953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in adults over the age of 65. The characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as resting tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability and gait imbalance, are thought to be a result of the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra compacta, resulting in insufficient dopamine integrated signalling on GABAergic medium spiny neurons in the striatum. Despite tremendous research, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease have remained largely unknown. Although a variety of possible pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed over the years, including excessive release of oxygen free radicals, impairment of mitochondrial function, loss of trophic support, abnormal kinase activity, disruption of calcium homeostasis, dysfunction of protein degradation and neuroinflammation, the pathogenesis is still largely uncertain, and there is currently no effective cure for Parkinson's disease. To develop potential therapies for Parkinson's disease, inflammatory processes, mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative stress, production of reactive aldehydes, excitotoxicity and synucleinopathies are to be targeted. In this respect, vasoactive intestinal peptide has beneficial effects that provide an advantage for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a major neuropeptide-neurotransmitter having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neurotropic, neuromodulator, and anti-apoptotic properties. In addition to its direct neuroprotective actions regulating the activity of astrocytes, microglia and brain mast cells, it also plays important roles for neuronal adaptation, maintenance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Tansel Korkmaz
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
| | - Neşe Tunçel
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Eskisehir 26480, Turkey
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13
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Mosley RL, Lu Y, Olson KE, Machhi J, Yan W, Namminga KL, Smith JR, Shandler SJ, Gendelman HE. A Synthetic Agonist to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor-2 Induces Regulatory T Cell Neuroprotective Activities in Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:421. [PMID: 31619964 PMCID: PMC6759633 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift has emerged in Parkinson’s disease (PD) highlighting the prominent role of CD4+ Tregs in pathogenesis and treatment. Bench to bedside research, conducted by others and our own laboratories, advanced a neuroprotective role for Tregs making pharmacologic transformation of immediate need. Herein, a vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor-2 (VIPR2) peptide agonist, LBT-3627, was developed as a neuroprotectant for PD-associated dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Employing both 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and α-synuclein (α-Syn) overexpression models in rats, the sequential administration of LBT-3627 increased Treg activity without altering cell numbers both in naïve animals and during progressive nigrostriatal degeneration. LBT-3627 administration was linked to reductions of inflammatory microglia, increased survival of dopaminergic neurons, and improved striatal densities. While α-Syn overexpression resulted in reduced Treg activity, LBT-3627 rescued these functional deficits. This occurred in a dose-dependent manner closely mimicking neuroprotection. Taken together, these data provide the basis for the use of VIPR2 agonists as potent therapeutic immune modulating agents to restore Treg activity, attenuate neuroinflammation, and interdict dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD. The data underscore an important role of immunity in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Wenhui Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Krista L Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jenell R Smith
- Longevity Biotech, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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14
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Kheiri G, Dolatshahi M, Rahmani F, Rezaei N. Role of p38/MAPKs in Alzheimer's disease: implications for amyloid beta toxicity targeted therapy. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:9-30. [PMID: 29804103 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of environmental and genetic factors, as well as the physiologic process of aging, contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Neuroinflammation is and has been a focus of interest, as a common gateway for initiation of many of the underlying pathologies of AD. Amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity, increasing RAGE expression, tau hyperphosphorylation, induction of apoptosis, and deregulated autophagy are among other mechanisms, partly entangled and being explained by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK signaling. p38 MAPK is the most essential regulator of Aβ induced toxicity from this family. p38 induces NF-κB activation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and disruption of synaptic plasticity, which are other implications of all justifying the p38 MAPK as a potential target to break the vicious Aβ toxicity cycle. Until recently, many in vivo and in vitro studies have investigated the effects of p38 MAPK inhibitors in AD. The pyridinyl imidazole compounds SB202190 and SB203580 have shown promising anti-apoptotic results in vivo. MW108 inhibits activation of p38 and is able to postpone cognitive decline in animal models. The PD169316, with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic features, has improved spatial memory in vivo. Natural compounds from Camellia sinensis (green tea), polyphenols from olive oil, pinocembrin from propolis, and the puerarine extract isoflavones, have shown strong anti-apoptotic features, mediated by p38 MAPK inhibition. Use of these drug targets is limited due to central nervous system side effects or cross-reactivity with other kinases, predicting the low efficacy of these drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Kheiri
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Dolatshahi
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran
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15
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Korkmaz OT, Ay H, Aytan N, Carreras I, Kowall NW, Dedeoglu A, Tuncel N. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Decreases β-Amyloid Accumulation and Prevents Brain Atrophy in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:389-396. [PMID: 30498985 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular deposits of fibrillary β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the brain that initiate an inflammatory process resulting in neurodegeneration. The neuronal loss associated with AD results in gross atrophy of affected regions causing a progressive loss of cognitive ability and memory function, ultimately leading to dementia. Growing evidence suggests that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) could be beneficial for various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. The study investigated the effects of VIP on 5xFAD, a transgenic mouse model of AD. Toward this aim, we used 20 5xFAD mice in two groups (n = 10 each), VIP-treated (25 ng/kg i.p. injection, three times per week) and saline-treated (the drug's vehicle) following the same administration regimen. Treatment started at 1 month of age and ended 2 months later. After 2 months of treatment, the mice were euthanized, their brains dissected out, and immunohistochemically stained for Aβ40 and Aβ42 on serial sections. Then, plaque analysis and stereological morphometric analysis were performed in different brain regions. Chronic VIP administration in 5xFAD mice significantly decreased the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 plaques in the subiculum compared to the saline treated 5xFAD mice. VIP treatment also significantly decreased Aβ40 and Aβ42 plaques in cortical areas and significantly increased the hippocampus/cerebrum and corpus callosum/cerebrum ratio but not the cerebral cortex/cerebrum ratio. In summary, we found that chronic administration of VIP significantly decreased Aβ plaques and preserved against atrophy for related brain regions in 5xFAD AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Tansel Korkmaz
- Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey. .,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Odunpazari, 26040, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Ay
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nurgul Aytan
- Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Isabel Carreras
- Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Radiology, MGH and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Nese Tuncel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
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16
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Xie Y, Liu Q, Zheng L, Wang B, Qu X, Ni J, Zhang Y, Du X. Se-Methylselenocysteine Ameliorates Neuropathology and Cognitive Deficits by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Metal Dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer Model Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800107. [PMID: 29688618 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Se-methylselenocysteine (SMC) is a major selenocompound in selenium (Se)-enriched plants. Se is vital for proper brain function, and Se-deficient is considered to be related with cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The potential of SMC in intervening cognitive deficits and neuropathology of triple transgenic AD (3 × Tg-AD) mice is evaluated for the first time. METHODS AND RESULTS AD mice are treated with SMC (0.75 mg kg-1 BW per day) in their drinking water for 10 months. Results reveal that SMC 1) reduces oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation; 2) modulates the distribution and levels of several metal ions; 3) decreases amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) generation by inhibiting the expression of its precursor protein APP and β-secretase (BACE1); and 4) attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) formation via promoting protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, thereby preserving synaptic proteins and neuron activities and finally improving spatial learning and memory deficits in AD model mice. The authors suggest that the inhibitory effect of SMC on MEK/ERK activation may play a critical role in intervening AD progression. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that SMC is powerful in ameliorating AD-related neuropathology and cognitive deficits via modulating oxidative stress, metal homeostasis, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Xie
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Marine Biology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - BingTao Wang
- Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Futian Huanggang Port, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiubo Du
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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Neuropeptides and Microglial Activation in Inflammation, Pain, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5048616. [PMID: 28154473 PMCID: PMC5244030 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5048616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are responsible for immune surveillance within the CNS. They respond to noxious stimuli by releasing inflammatory mediators and mounting an effective inflammatory response. This is followed by release of anti-inflammatory mediators and resolution of the inflammatory response. Alterations to this delicate process may lead to tissue damage, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Chronic pain, such as inflammatory or neuropathic pain, is accompanied by neuroimmune activation, and the role of glial cells in the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain has been the subject of increasing research over the last two decades. Neuropeptides are small amino acidic molecules with the ability to regulate neuronal activity and thereby affect various functions such as thermoregulation, reproductive behavior, food and water intake, and circadian rhythms. Neuropeptides can also affect inflammatory responses and pain sensitivity by modulating the activity of glial cells. The last decade has witnessed growing interest in the study of microglial activation and its modulation by neuropeptides in the hope of developing new therapeutics for treating neurodegenerative diseases and chronic pain. This review summarizes the current literature on the way in which several neuropeptides modulate microglial activity and response to tissue damage and how this modulation may affect pain sensitivity.
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18
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Qian F, Li P, Xu X. Hypericin inhibits oligomeric amyloid β42-induced inflammation response in microglia and ameliorates cognitive deficits in an amyloid β injection mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by suppressing MKL1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Hoenen C, Gustin A, Birck C, Kirchmeyer M, Beaume N, Felten P, Grandbarbe L, Heuschling P, Heurtaux T. Alpha-Synuclein Proteins Promote Pro-Inflammatory Cascades in Microglia: Stronger Effects of the A53T Mutant. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162717. [PMID: 27622765 PMCID: PMC5021287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is histologically described by the deposition of α-synuclein, whose accumulation in Lewy bodies causes dopaminergic neuronal death. Although most of PD cases are sporadic, point mutations of the gene encoding the α-synuclein protein cause inherited forms of PD. There are currently six known point mutations that result in familial PD. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have also been described as early events associated with dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in PD. Though it is known that microglia are activated by wild-type α-synuclein, little is known about its mutated forms and the signaling cascades responsible for this microglial activation. The present study was designed to investigate consequences of wild-type and mutant α-synuclein (A53T, A30P and E46K) exposure on microglial reactivity. Interestingly, we described that α-synuclein-induced microglial reactivity appeared to be peptide-dependent. Indeed, the A53T protein activated more strongly microglia than the wild-type α-synuclein and other mutants. This A53T-induced microglial reactivity mechanism was found to depend on phosphorylation mechanisms mediated by MAPKs and on successive NFkB/AP-1/Nrf2 pathways activation. These results suggest that the microgliosis intensity during PD might depend on the type of α-synuclein protein implicated. Indeed, mutated forms are more potent microglial stimulators than wild-type α-synuclein. Based on these data, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapeutic strategies may be valid in order to reduce microgliosis but also to subsequently slow down PD progression, especially in familial cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hoenen
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Audrey Gustin
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Cindy Birck
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mélanie Kirchmeyer
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Beaume
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Felten
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Luc Grandbarbe
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Heuschling
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Heurtaux
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
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20
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Tavares E, Antequera D, López-González I, Ferrer I, Miñano FJ, Carro E. Potential Role of Aminoprocalcitonin in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2723-35. [PMID: 27497681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory responses cause brain atrophy and play a prominent and early role in the progression of Alzheimer disease. Recent findings show that the neuroendocrine peptide aminoprocalcitonin (NPCT) plays a critical role in the development of systemic inflammatory response; however, the presence, possible function, regulation, and mechanisms by which NPCT may be involved in Alzheimer disease neuropathology remain unknown. We explored the expression of NPCT and its interaction with amyloid-β (Aβ), and proinflammatory and neurogenic effects. By using brain samples of Alzheimer disease patients and APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we evaluated the potential role of NPCT on Aβ-related pathology. We found that NPCT is expressed in hippocampal and cortical neurons and Aβ-induced up-regulation of NPCT expression. Peripherally administered antibodies against NPCT decreased microglial activation, decreased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and prevented Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in experimental models of Alzheimer disease. Remarkably, anti-NPTC therapy resulted in a significant improvement in the behavioral status of APP/PS1 mice. Our results indicate a central role of NPCT in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis and suggest NPCT as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tavares
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Research Unit, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain.
| | - Desiree Antequera
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigacion Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Neurodegenerative Diseases Biomedical Research Center (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene López-González
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Neurodegenerative Diseases Biomedical Research Center (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Neurodegenerative Diseases Biomedical Research Center (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institut de Neuropatologia, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Miñano
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Research Unit, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Carro
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigacion Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Neurodegenerative Diseases Biomedical Research Center (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Delgado M. Immunobiology of the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2016:691-708. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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22
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Dattilo S, Mancuso C, Koverech G, Di Mauro P, Ontario ML, Petralia CC, Petralia A, Maiolino L, Serra A, Calabrese EJ, Calabrese V. Heat shock proteins and hormesis in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Immun Ageing 2015; 12:20. [PMID: 26543490 PMCID: PMC4634585 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-015-0046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms via the vitagene system represents an innovative approach to therapeutic intervention in diseases causing chronic tissue damage, such as in neurodegeneration. The possibility of high-throughoutput screening using proteomic techniques, particularly redox proteomics, provide more comprehensive overview of the interaction of proteins, as well as the interplay among processes involved in neuroprotection. Here by introducing the hormetic dose response concept, the mechanistic foundations and applications to the field of neuroprotection, we discuss the emerging role of heat shock protein as prominent member of vitagene network in neuroprotection and redox proteomics as a tool for investigating redox modulation of stress responsive vitagenes. Hormetic mechanisms are reviewed as possibility of targeted therapeutic manipulation in a cell-, tissue- and/or pathway-specific manner at appropriate points in the neurodegenerative disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Dattilo
- />Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Andrea Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Cesare Mancuso
- />Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Koverech
- />Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Andrea Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Di Mauro
- />Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- />Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Andrea Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Petralia
- />Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Maiolino
- />Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Serra
- />Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Edward J. Calabrese
- />Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA USA
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- />Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Andrea Doria, 95100 Catania, Italy
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Paeoniflorin attenuates Aβ1-42-induced inflammation and chemotaxis of microglia in vitro and inhibits NF-κB- and VEGF/Flt-1 signaling pathways. Brain Res 2015; 1618:149-58. [PMID: 26049130 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with elusive pathogenesis, which accounts for most cases of dementia in the aged population. It has been reported that persistent inflammatory responses and excessive chemotaxis of microglia stimulated by beta-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers in the brain may accelerate the progression of AD. The present study was conducted to explore whether paeoniflorin (PF), a water-soluble monoterpene glycoside isolated from the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, could attenuate Aβ1-42-induced toxic effects on primary and BV-2 microglial cells in vitro. Our data showed that PF pretreatment inhibited Aβ1-42-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in rodent microglia. Also, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) subunit p65 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) in Aβ1-42-stimulated microglial cells were suppressed by PF administration. Moreover, PF treatment reduced the release of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2) from Aβ1-42-stimulated microglia. Additionally, application of PF inhibited the increases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 1 (Flt-1) triggered by Aβ1-42, and resulted in a concomitant reduction in microglial chemotaxis. Restoration of VEGF was noted to counteract the inhibitory effect of PF, suggesting that PF mitigated Aβ1-42-elicited microglial migration at least partly by suppressing the VEGF/Flt-1 axis. In summary, in presence of Aβ1-42, PF pretreatment inhibited the excessive microglial activation and chemotaxis.
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Srinivasan M, Lahiri DK. Significance of NF-κB as a pivotal therapeutic target in the neurodegenerative pathologies of Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:471-87. [PMID: 25652642 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.989834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in molecular pathogenesis suggest that the chronic inflammation is a shared mechanism in the initiation and progression of multiple neurodegenerative diseases with diverse clinical manifestations such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS). Restricted cell renewal and regenerative capacity make the neural tissues extremely vulnerable to the uncontrolled inflammatory process leading to irreversible tissue damage. AREAS COVERED A predominant consequence of increased inflammatory signaling is the upregulation of the transcription factor, NF-κB with subsequent neuroprotective or deleterious effects depending on the strength of the signal and the type of NF-κB dimers activated. We discuss the interplay between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration keeping in focus NF-κB signaling as the point of convergence of multiple pathways associated with the development of the neurodegenerative pathologies, AD and MS. EXPERT OPINION Considerable interest exists in developing efficient NF-κB inhibitors for neurodegenerative diseases. The review includes an overview of natural compounds and rationally designed agents that inhibit NF-κB and mediate neuroprotection in AD and MS. The key chemical moieties of the natural and the synthetic compounds provide efficient leads for the development of effective small molecule inhibitors that selectively target NF-κB activation; this would result in the desired benefit to risk therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Srinivasan
- Indiana University School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA +1 317 278 9686 ; +1 317 278 3018 ;
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Ganea D, Hooper KM, Kong W. The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide: direct effects on immune cells and involvement in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:442-52. [PMID: 25422088 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides represent an important category of endogenous contributors to the establishment and maintenance of immune deviation in the immune-privileged organs such as the CNS and in the control of acute inflammation in the peripheral immune organs. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a major immunoregulatory neuropeptide widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system. In addition to neurones, VIP is synthesized by immune cells which also express VIP receptors. Here, we review the current information on VIP production and VIP-receptor-mediated effects in the immune system, the role of endogenous and exogenous VIP in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders and the present and future VIP therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ganea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - K. M. Hooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - W. Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
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Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Nanoparticles for Diagnostics and for Controlled and Targeted Drug Delivery. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 98:145-68. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Goursaud S, Schäfer S, Dumont AO, Vergouts M, Gallo A, Desmet N, Deumens R, Hermans E. The anti-inflammatory peptide stearyl-norleucine-VIP delays disease onset and extends survival in a rat model of inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:91-101. [PMID: 25311268 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has potent immune modulatory actions that may influence the course of neurodegenerative disorders associated with chronic inflammation. Here, we show the therapeutic benefits of a modified peptide agonist stearyl-norleucine-VIP (SNV) in a transgenic rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (mutated superoxide dismutase 1, hSOD1(G93A)). When administered by systemic every-other-day intraperitoneal injections during a period of 80 days before disease, SNV delayed the onset of motor dysfunction by no less than three weeks, while survival was extended by nearly two months. SNV-treated rats showed reduced astro- and microgliosis in the lumbar ventral spinal cord and a significant degree of motor neuron preservation. Throughout the treatment, SNV promoted the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 as well as neurotrophic factors commonly considered as beneficial in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis management (glial derived neuroptrophic factor, insulin like growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor). The peptide nearly totally suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and repressed the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-1β, nitric oxide and of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α likely accounted for the observed down-regulation of nuclear factor kappa B that modulates the transcription of genes specifically involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sod1 and the glutamate transporter slc1a2). In line with this, levels of human superoxide dismutase 1 mRNA and protein were decreased by SNV treatment, while the expression and activity of the glutamate transporter-1 was promoted. Considering the large diversity of influences of this peptide on both clinical features of the disease and associated biochemical markers, we propose that SNV or related peptides may constitute promising candidates for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Goursaud
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Schäfer
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amélie O Dumont
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maxime Vergouts
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Gallo
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Desmet
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Group of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Fernandes A, Miller-Fleming L, Pais TF. Microglia and inflammation: conspiracy, controversy or control? Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3969-85. [PMID: 25008043 PMCID: PMC11113719 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells contribute to normal function of the central nervous system (CNS). Besides playing a role in the innate immunity, they are also involved in neuronal plasticity and homeostasis of the CNS. While microglial cells get activated and undergo phenotypic changes in different disease contexts, they are far from being the "villains" in the CNS. Mounting evidence indicates that microglial dysfunction can exacerbate the pathogenesis of several diseases in the CNS. Several molecular mechanisms tightly regulate the production of inflammatory and toxic factors released by microglia. These mechanisms involve the interaction with other glial cells and neurons and the fine regulation of signaling and transcription activation pathways. The purpose of this review is to discuss microglia activation and to highlight the molecular pathways that can counteract the detrimental role of microglia in several neurologic diseases. Recent work presented in this review support that the understanding of microglial responses can pave the way to design new therapies for inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonor Miller-Fleming
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Present Address: Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Rd, CB21GA Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa F. Pais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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Hundahl CA, Fahrenkrug J, Hannibal J. Neurochemical phenotype of cytoglobin-expressing neurons in the rat hippocampus. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:620-627. [PMID: 25054000 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoglobin (Cygb), a novel oxygen-binding protein, is expressed in the majority of tissues and has been proposed to function in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in the vasculature and to have cytoprotective properties. However, the overall functions of Cygb remain elusive. Cygb is also expressed in a subpopulation of brain neurons. Recently, it has been shown that stress upregulates Cygb expression in the brain and the majority of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive neurons, an enzyme that produces NO, co-express Cygb. However, there are more neurons expressing Cygb than nNOS, thus a large number of Cygb neurons remain uncharacterized by the neurochemical content. The aim of the present study was to provide an additional and more detailed neurochemical phenotype of Cygb-expressing neurons in the rat hippocampus. The rat hippocampus was chosen due to the abundance of Cygb, as well as this limbic structure being an important target in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Using triple immunohistochemistry, it was demonstrated that nearly all the parvalbumin- and heme oxygenase 1-positive neurons co-express Cygb and to a large extent, these neuron populations are distinct from the population of Cygb neurons co-expressing nNOS. Furthermore, it was shown that the majority of neurons expressing somastostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide also co-express Cygb and nNOS. Detailed information regarding the neurochemical phenotype of Cygb neurons in the hippocampus can be a valuable tool in determining the function of Cygb in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ansgar Hundahl
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia, Denmark ; Centre for Excellence in Translation Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
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Borbély E, Scheich B, Helyes Z. Neuropeptides in learning and memory. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:439-50. [PMID: 24210137 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dementia conditions and memory deficits of different origins (vascular, metabolic and primary neurodegenerative such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) are getting more common and greater clinical problems recently in the aging population. Since the presently available cognitive enhancers have very limited therapeutical applications, there is an emerging need to elucidate the complex pathophysiological mechanisms, identify key mediators and novel targets for future drug development. Neuropeptides are widely distributed in brain regions responsible for learning and memory processes with special emphasis on the hippocampus, amygdala and the basal forebrain. They form networks with each other, and also have complex interactions with the cholinergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic and GABA-ergic pathways. This review summarizes the extensive experimental data in the well-established rat and mouse models, as well as the few clinical results regarding the expression and the roles of the tachykinin system, somatostatin and the closely related cortistatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), opioid peptides and galanin. Furthermore, the main receptorial targets, mechanisms and interactions are described in order to highlight the possible therapeutical potentials. Agents not only symptomatically improving the functional impairments, but also inhibiting the progression of the neurodegenerative processes would be breakthroughs in this area. The most promising mechanisms determined at the level of exploratory investigations in animal models of cognitive disfunctions are somatostatin sst4, NPY Y2, PACAP-VIP VPAC1, tachykinin NK3 and galanin GALR2 receptor agonisms, as well as delta opioid receptor antagonism. Potent and selective non-peptide ligands with good CNS penetration are needed for further characterization of these molecular pathways to complete the preclinical studies and decide if any of the above described targets could be appropriate for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Cai Z, Hussain MD, Yan LJ. Microglia, neuroinflammation, and beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:307-21. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.833510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Chavarría A, Cárdenas G. Neuronal influence behind the central nervous system regulation of the immune cells. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:64. [PMID: 24032006 PMCID: PMC3759003 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) has a highly specialized microenvironment, and despite being initially considered an immune privileged site, this immune status is far from absolute because it varies with age and brain topography. The brain monitors immune responses by several means that act in parallel; one pathway involves afferent nerves (vagal nerve) and the other resident cells (neurons and glia). These cell populations exert a strong role in the regulation of the immune system, favoring an immune-modulatory environment in the CNS. Neurons control glial cell and infiltrated T-cells by contact-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Contact-dependent mechanisms are provided by several membrane immune modulating molecules such as Sema-7A, CD95L, CD22, CD200, CD47, NCAM, ICAM-5, and cadherins; which can inhibit the expression of microglial inflammatory cytokines, induce apoptosis or inactivate infiltrated T-cells. On the other hand, soluble neuronal factors like Sema-3A, cytokines, neurotrophins, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters attenuate microglial and/or T-cell activation. In this review, we focused on all known mechanism driven only by neurons in order to control the local immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahí Chavarría
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México City, México
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Zou YC, Liu LQ, Zhang MX. The expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in visual cortex-17 in normal visual development and formation of anisometropic amblyopia. Semin Ophthalmol 2013; 29:59-65. [PMID: 23947335 DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2012.760620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To document the expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the visual cortex-17 of kittens with anisometropic amblyopia, and to investigate the relationship between VIP and the development of the visual system. METHODS Sixteen normal kittens (4-wk of age) were randomly divided into two groups: control and amblyopic. Amblyopia was produced by atropinization of one eye in eight kittens. Four (2 normal and 2 amblyopia) kittens were sacrificed at weeks 3, 6, 9, or 12 post-treatment respectively. Expression of VIP-mRNA in the visual cortex-17 was detected through in-situ hybridization. Neurons in the visual cortex were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The number of neurons was analyzed via light microscopy (LM). RESULTS VIP-mRNA expression was increased with age in control kittens but remained nearly static in age-matched anisometropic amblyopic kittens (p < 0.05). The number of VIP-positive cells of amblyopic kittens decreased dramatically when compared to normal age-matched kittens (p < 0.05). The total comparison between different positive ranks suggested a significant difference. The degree of expression between these two groups was significantly different. Ultrastructurally, in the control group, the nuclear membrane of most neurons was discernable and chromatin was evenly distributed within the nucleus. Abundant cytoplasm and tubular-shaped mitochondria were observed. These cells were also rich in Golgi bodies, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. In amblyopic kittens, nuclei of most neurons were aggregated, the number of ribosomes and Golgi bodies was reduced, mitochondria were swollen, and mitochondrial cristae were shortened or even absent. The endoplasmic reticulum was distended and reduced in magnitude. CONCLUSIONS VIP appears to play an important role in visual development, and its mRNA expression is affected by visual experiences. Visual dysfunction may down-regulate the expression of VIP-mRNA by impairing the structure and function of the neurons in the visual cortex, finally leading to amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chun Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China and
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Orre M, Kamphuis W, Dooves S, Kooijman L, Chan ET, Kirk CJ, Dimayuga Smith V, Koot S, Mamber C, Jansen AH, Ovaa H, Hol EM. Reactive glia show increased immunoproteasome activity in Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:1415-31. [PMID: 23604491 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome is the major protein degradation system within the cell, comprised of different proteolytic subunits; amyloid-β is thought to impair its activity in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroinflammation is a prominent hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, which may implicate an activation of the immunoproteasome, a specific proteasome variant induced by immune signalling that holds slightly different proteolytic properties than the constitutive proteasome. Using a novel cell-permeable proteasome activity probe, we found that amyloid-β enhances proteasome activity in glial and neuronal cultures. Additionally, using a subunit-specific proteasome activity assay we showed that in the cortex of the APPswePS1dE9 plaque pathology mouse model, immunoproteasome activities were strongly increased together with increased messenger RNA and protein expression in reactive glia surrounding plaques. Importantly, this elevated activity was confirmed in human post-mortem tissue from donors with Alzheimer's disease. These findings are in contrast with earlier studies, which reported impairment of proteasome activity in human Alzheimer's disease tissue and mouse models. Targeting the increased immunoproteasome activity with a specific inhibitor resulted in a decreased expression of inflammatory markers in ex vivo microglia. This may serve as a potential novel approach to modulate sustained neuroinflammation and glial dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Orre
- Astrocyte Biology and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Darsalia V, Mansouri S, Wolbert P, Barde S, Sjöholm A, Patrone C. The specific VPAC2 agonist Bay 55-9837 increases neuronal damage and hemorrhagic transformation after stroke in type 2 diabetic rats. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:133-7. [PMID: 22981158 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
VPAC2 receptor is a potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and may also convey neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to determine the potential efficacy of the VPAC2 receptor agonist Bay 55-9837 against stroke in type-2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. GK rats were treated intravenously once daily for 7 days with 0.25 or 0.025 nmol/kg Bay 55-9837 or vehicle before inducing stroke by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Treatments were then continued for 7 further days. The glycemic effects of Bay 55-9837 were assessed by measuring fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance. The severity of stroke was measured by assessing ischemic volume. The results show that Bay 55-9837 is not effective in lowering fasting glycemia and does not facilitate glucose disposal. The highest dose of Bay 55-9837 (0.25 nmol/kg) led to increased mortality and brain hemorrhage when compared to control. The lower dose of Bay 55-9837 (0.025 nmol/kg) did not increase mortality rate but caused a threefold increase of the ischemic lesion size with signs of brain hemorrhages as compared to control. In conclusion, Bay 55-9837 did not show antidiabetic or antistroke efficacy in the type 2 diabetic GK rat. Contrarily, Bay 55-9837 treatment led to increased mortality and worsening of the severity of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimer Darsalia
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Diabetes Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vacas E, Bajo AM, Schally AV, Sánchez-Chapado M, Prieto JC, Carmena MJ. Antioxidant activity of vasoactive intestinal peptide in HK2 human renal cells. Peptides 2012; 38:275-81. [PMID: 23000305 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major mediator of tissue and cell injuries. The injury in chronic nephrotic syndrome, acute renal failure, myeloma kidney injury and other kidney diseases is initiated by oxidative stress. We have previously demonstrated that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) acts as an antiproliferative agent in renal cancer cells. This study was designed to evaluate the renoprotective activity of VIP against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage in a proximal tubule kidney cell line (human, non-tumor, HK2 cells) in order to investigate the potential usefulness of this peptide in the treatment of oxidative-stress related kidney diseases. HK2 cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Propidium iodide was used to identify cells undergoing apoptosis. Western blotting was performed with anti-Bcl-2, anti-Bax and anti-formyl peptide receptor (low-affinity variant FPRL-1) monoclonal antibodies whereas 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate was used for measurement of levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). HK2 cells were injured with H(2)O(2) in order to induce apoptosis: the effect was time- and dose-dependent. VIP increased the levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and decreased those of the proapoptotic protein Bax. VIP decreased the intracellular ROS levels reached by H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. VIP effect on ROS levels involved FPLR-1 but not VPAC(1,2) receptors as evidenced by the use of the respective antagonists WRW4 and JV-1-53. Thus, VIP protects HK2 cells from apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2 levels and this effect is initiated through FPLR1 receptor. In conclusion, VIP might exert a renoprotective effect by the suppression of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vacas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Tian L, Ma L, Kaarela T, Li Z. Neuroimmune crosstalk in the central nervous system and its significance for neurological diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:155. [PMID: 22747919 PMCID: PMC3410819 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is now known to actively communicate with the immune system to control immune responses both centrally and peripherally. Within the CNS, while studies on glial cells, especially microglia, have highlighted the importance of this cell type in innate immune responses of the CNS, the immune regulatory functions of other cell types, especially neurons, are largely unknown. How neuroimmune cross-talk is homeostatically maintained in neurodevelopment and adult plasticity is even more elusive. Inspiringly, accumulating evidence suggests that neurons may also actively participate in immune responses by controlling glial cells and infiltrated T cells. The potential clinical application of this knowledge warrants a deeper understanding of the mutual interactions between neurons and other types of cells during neurological and immunological processes within the CNS, which will help advance diagnosis, prevention, and intervention of various neurological diseases. The aim of this review is to address the immune function of both glial cells and neurons, and the roles they play in regulating inflammatory processes and maintaining homeostasis of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, Viikinkaari 4, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Jiang X, McClellan SA, Barrett RP, Zhang Y, Hazlett LD. Vasoactive intestinal peptide downregulates proinflammatory TLRs while upregulating anti-inflammatory TLRs in the infected cornea. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:269-78. [PMID: 22661083 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TLRs recognize microbial pathogens and trigger an immune response, but their regulation by neuropeptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), during Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection remains unexplored. Therefore, C57BL/6 (B6) mice were injected i.p. with VIP, and mRNA, protein, and immunostaining assays were performed. After VIP treatment, PCR array and real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that proinflammatory TLRs (conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase, IRAK1, TLR1, TLR4, TLR6, TLR8, TLR9, and TNFR-associated factor 6) were downregulated, whereas anti-inflammatory TLRs (single Ig IL-1-related receptor [SIGIRR] and ST2) were upregulated. ELISA showed that VIP modestly downregulated phosphorylated inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit α but upregulated ST2 ~2-fold. SIGIRR was also upregulated, whereas TLR4 immunostaining was reduced in cornea; all confirmed the mRNA data. To determine whether VIP effects were cAMP dependent, mice were injected with small interfering RNA for type 7 adenylate cyclase (AC7), with or without VIP treatment. After silencing AC7, changes in mRNA levels of TLR1, TNFR-associated factor 6, and ST2 were seen and unchanged with addition of VIP, indicating that their regulation was cAMP dependent. In contrast, changes were seen in mRNA levels of conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase, IRAK1, 2, TLR4, 9 and SIGIRR following AC7 silencing alone; these were modified by VIP addition, indicating their cAMP independence. In vitro studies assessed the effects of VIP on TLR regulation in macrophages and Langerhans cells. VIP downregulated mRNA expression of proinflammatory TLRs while upregulating anti-inflammatory TLRs in both cell types. Collectively, the data provide evidence that VIP downregulates proinflammatory TLRs and upregulates anti-inflammatory TLRs and that this regulation is both cAMP dependent and independent and involves immune cell types found in the infected cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Ray B, Chauhan NB, Lahiri DK. The "aged garlic extract:" (AGE) and one of its active ingredients S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) as potential preventive and therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Curr Med Chem 2012; 18:3306-13. [PMID: 21728972 DOI: 10.2174/092986711796504664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the older people and 7(th) leading cause of death in the United States. Deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, hyperphosphorylation of microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT), neuroinflammation and cholinergic neuron loss are the major hallmarks of AD. Deposition of Aβ peptides, which takes place years before the clinical onset of the disease can trigger hyperphophorylation of tau proteins and neuroinflammation, and the latter is thought to be primarily involved in neuronal and synaptic damage seen in AD. To date, four cholinesterase inhibitors or ChEI (tacrine, rivastigmine, donepezil and galantamine) and a partial NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine) are the only approved treatment options for AD. However, these drugs fail to completely cure the disease, which warrants a search for newer class of targets that would eventually lead to effective drugs for the treatment of AD. In addition to selected pharmacological agents, botanical and medicinal plant extracts are also being investigated. Apart from its culinary use, garlic (Allium sativum) is being used to treat several ailments like cancer and diabetes. Herein we have discussed the effects of a specific 'Aged Garlic Extract' (AGE) and one of its active ingredients, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) in restricting several pathological cascades related to the synaptic degeneration and neuroinflammatory pathways associated with AD. Thus, based on the reported positive preliminary results reviewed herein, further research is required to develop the full potential of AGE and/or SAC into an effective preventative strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 791Union Drive, Indianapolis IN 46202, USA
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Song M, Xiong JX, Wang YY, Tang J, Zhang B, Bai Y. VIP enhances phagocytosis of fibrillar beta-amyloid by microglia and attenuates amyloid deposition in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29790. [PMID: 22328918 PMCID: PMC3273474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide with demonstrated immunosuppressive and neuroprotective activities. It has been shown to inhibit Amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neurodegeneration by indirectly suppressing the production and release of a variety of inflammatory and neurotoxic factors by activated microglia. We demonstrated that VIP markedly increased microglial phagocytosis of fibrillar Aβ42 and that this enhanced phagocytotic activity depended on activation of the Protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway. In addition, VIP suppressed the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) from microglia activated by combined treatment with fibrillar Aβ42 and low dose interferon-γ (IFN-γ). We utilized an adenovirus-mediated gene delivery method to overexpress VIP constitutively in the hippocampus of APPswPS1 transgenic mice. The Aβ load was significantly reduced in the hippocampus of this animal model of Alzheimer's disease, possibly due to the accumulation and activation of cd11b-immunoactive microglial cells. The modulation of microglial activation, phagocytosis, and secretion by VIP is a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Jia-xiang Xiong
- Department of Medical Physiology,Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Yan-yan Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
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Jönsson M, Norrgård O, Forsgren S. Epithelial expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide in ulcerative colitis: down-regulation in markedly inflamed colon. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:303-10. [PMID: 22143367 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has a number of important effects in intestinal physiology and pathology, including in ulcerative colitis (UC). The expression patterns of the predominant VIP receptor in the mucosa (the VPAC1 receptor) are unknown for the mucosa in UC. It is assumed that the sources of VIP in the intestine are the innervation and the inflammatory cells. AIMS The VIP and VPAC1 receptor expression patterns in the epithelial layer of UC and non-UC patients were examined in the present study. The influence of marked inflammation of the mucosa was evaluated. METHODS Specimens of the human colon, including the colon of UC patients, were examined concerning expressions of VIP and VPAC1 receptor, focusing on the epithelial layer. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were utilized. RESULTS There were VIP mRNA reactions and also marked VPAC1 receptor immunoreactions in the normal and slightly/moderately affected epithelium. VIP mRNA reactions were not detected and VPAC1 immunoreactions were minimal in response to marked mucosal derangement. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that there is a local production of VIP in the epithelial cells in normal and slightly/moderately inflamed mucosa but not in severely inflamed mucosa. Furthermore, a marked downregulation in VPAC1 receptor expressions occurs in the epithelium in severe UC. Based on the knowledge that VIP can have trophic, healing and anti-inflammatory effects, it is likely that the decrease in VIP mRNA and VPAC1 receptor reactions seen in severely affected mucosa in UC may be associated with adverse effects on intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jönsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.
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Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a neuropeptide with pleiotropic immune functions. Amino Acids 2011; 45:25-39. [PMID: 22139413 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino acid neuropeptide/neurotransmitter, is widely distributed in both the central and peripheral nervous system. VIP is released by both neurons and immune cells. Various cell types, including immune cells, express VIP receptors. VIP has pleiotropic effects as a neurotransmitter, immune regulator, vasodilator and secretagogue. This review is focused on VIP production and effects on immune cells, VIP receptor signaling as related to immune functions, and the involvement of VIP in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The review addresses present clinical use of VIP and future therapeutic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Delgado
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina, IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain
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Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Iavicoli I, Di Paola R, Koverech A, Cuzzocrea S, Rizzarelli E, Calabrese EJ. Cellular stress responses, hormetic phytochemicals and vitagenes in aging and longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:753-83. [PMID: 22108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms represents an innovative approach to therapeutic intervention in diseases causing chronic tissue damage, such as in neurodegeneration. This paper introduces the emerging role of exogenous molecules in hormetic-based neuroprotection and the mitochondrial redox signaling concept of hormesis and its applications to the field of neuroprotection and longevity. Maintenance of optimal long-term health conditions is accomplished by a complex network of longevity assurance processes that are controlled by vitagenes, a group of genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions. Vitagenes encode for heat shock proteins (Hsp) Hsp32, Hsp70, the thioredoxin and the sirtuin protein systems. Dietary antioxidants, such as polyphenols and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine, have recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the activation of hormetic pathways, including vitagenes. Hormesis provides the central underpinning of neuroprotective responses, providing a framework for explaining the common quantitative features of their dose response relationships, their mechanistic foundations, their relationship to the concept of biological plasticity as well as providing a key insight for improving the accuracy of the therapeutic dose of pharmaceutical agents within the highly heterogeneous human population. This paper describes in mechanistic detail how hormetic dose responses are mediated for endogenous cellular defense pathways including sirtuin, Nrfs and related pathways that integrate adaptive stress responses in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Fujimori N, Oono T, Igarashi H, Ito T, Nakamura T, Uchida M, Coy DH, Jensen RT, Takayanagi R. Vasoactive intestinal peptide reduces oxidative stress in pancreatic acinar cells through the inhibition of NADPH oxidase. Peptides 2011; 32:2067-76. [PMID: 21924308 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) attenuates experimental acute pancreatitis (AP) by inhibition of cytokine production from inflammatory cells. It has been suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as cytokines play pivotal roles in the early pathophysiology of AP. This study aimed to clarify the effect of VIP on the oxidative condition in pancreas, especially pancreatic acinar cells (acini). Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced intracellular ROS, assessed with CM-H(2)DCFDA, increased time- and dose-dependently in acini isolated from rats. Cell viability due to ROS-induced cellular damage, evaluated by MTS assay, was decreased with ≥100 μmol/L H(2)O(2). VIP significantly inhibited ROS production from acini and increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of antioxidants including catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 and glutathione peroxidase was not altered by VIP except for SOD2. Furthermore, Nox1 and Nox2, major components of NADPH oxidase, were expressed in pancreatic acini, and significantly increased after H(2)O(2) treatment. Also, NADPH oxidase activity was provoked by H(2)O(2). VIP decreased NADPH oxidase activity, which was abolished by PKA inhibitor H89. These results suggested that VIP affected the mechanism of ROS production including NADPH oxidase through induction of a cAMP/PKA pathway. In conclusion, VIP reduces oxidative stress in acini through the inhibition of NADPH oxidase. These results combined with findings of our previous study suggest that VIP exerts its protective effect in pancreatic damage, not only through an inhibition of cytokine production, but also through a reduction of the injury caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Fujimori
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Adalid-Peralta L, Fleury A, García-Ibarra TM, Hernández M, Parkhouse M, Crispín JC, Voltaire-Proaño J, Cárdenas G, Fragoso G, Sciutto E. Human neurocysticercosis: in vivo expansion of peripheral regulatory T cells and their recruitment in the central nervous system. J Parasitol 2011; 98:142-8. [PMID: 21955298 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2839.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurocysticercosis (NC) is caused by Taenia solium larvae lodged in the central nervous system. Most cases occur with no, or mild, neurological symptoms. However, in some patients, neuroinflammation is exacerbated, leading to severe forms of the disease. Considering the critical role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in balancing inflammation in chronic diseases, their participation in restraining the inflammatory response in NC was explored in the present study. The frequency of Tregs and their relationship with the level of the proliferative response, the level of activated lymphocytes, and the cytokines expressed were determined in severe NC patients compared with those from healthy donors. Significantly increased peripheral Tregs (CD4(+)CD25(high) and CD4(+)CD25(high)FoxP3(+), CD4(+)CD25(high)CTLA4(+), and CD4(+)CD25(high) IL10(+)) and a significant decrease in activated (CD38(+) and CD69(+)) T cells were observed in 19 NC patients versus 10 healthy subjects. Significantly increased Tregs in NC are accompanied by a depressed specific, and non-specific, lymphocyte proliferative response, and they negatively correlate with activated CD4(+)CD69(+) lymphocytes. Treg frequencies were also determined in cerebral spinal fluid for 8 of the 19 NC patients. A positive significant correlation between peripheral and local Tregs was observed. Here, we report for the first time data that support the possible contribution of local and systemic Tregs in limiting neuroinflammation in NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Adalid-Peralta
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, México DF, México
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Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system, disseminate through the brain parenchyma, and acquire a specific ramified morphological phenotype termed "resting microglia." Recent studies indicate that even in the normal brain, microglia have highly motile processes by which they scan their territorial domains. By a large number of signaling pathways they can communicate with macroglial cells and neurons and with cells of the immune system. Likewise, microglial cells express receptors classically described for brain-specific communication such as neurotransmitter receptors and those first discovered as immune cell-specific such as for cytokines. Microglial cells are considered the most susceptible sensors of brain pathology. Upon any detection of signs for brain lesions or nervous system dysfunction, microglial cells undergo a complex, multistage activation process that converts them into the "activated microglial cell." This cell form has the capacity to release a large number of substances that can act detrimental or beneficial for the surrounding cells. Activated microglial cells can migrate to the site of injury, proliferate, and phagocytose cells and cellular compartments.
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Nerurkar PV, Johns LM, Buesa LM, Kipyakwai G, Volper E, Sato R, Shah P, Feher D, Williams PG, Nerurkar VR. Momordica charantia (bitter melon) attenuates high-fat diet-associated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:64. [PMID: 21639917 PMCID: PMC3129574 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rising epidemic of obesity is associated with cognitive decline and is considered as one of the major risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is a critical component in the progression of several neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Increased metabolic flux to the brain during overnutrition and obesity can orchestrate stress response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, recruitment of inflammatory immune cells from peripheral blood and microglial cells activation leading to neuroinflammation. The lack of an effective treatment for obesity-associated brain dysfunction may have far-reaching public health ramifications, urgently necessitating the identification of appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies. The objective of our study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) on high-fat diet (HFD)-associated BBB disruption, stress and neuroinflammatory cytokines. Methods C57BL/6 female mice were fed HFD with and without bitter melon (BM) for 16 weeks. BBB disruption was analyzed using Evans blue dye. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) perfused brains were analyzed for neuroinflammatory markers such as interleukin-22 (IL-22), IL-17R, IL-16, NF-κB1, and glial cells activation markers such as Iba1, CD11b, GFAP and S100β. Additionally, antioxidant enzymes, ER-stress proteins, and stress-resistant transcription factors, sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and forkhead box class O transcription factor (FoxO) were analyzed using microarray, quantitative real-time RT-PCR, western immunoblotting and enzymatic assays. Systemic inflammation was analyzed using cytokine antibody array. Results BM ameliorated HFD-associated changes in BBB permeability as evident by reduced leakage of Evans blue dye. HFD-induced glial cells activation and expression of neuroinflammatory markers such as NF-κB1, IL-16, IL-22 as well as IL-17R were normalized in the brains of mice supplemented with BM. Similarly, HFD-induced brain oxidative stress was significantly reduced by BM supplementation with a concomitant reduction in FoxO, normalization of Sirt1 protein expression and up-regulation of Sirt3 mRNA expression. Furthermore, plasma antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also normalized in mice fed HFD with BM as compared to HFD-fed mice. Conclusions Functional foods such as BM offer a unique therapeutic strategy to improve obesity-associated peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha V Nerurkar
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders and Alternative Medicine, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Ibrahim H, Barrow P, Foster N. Transcriptional modulation by VIP: a rational target against inflammatory disease. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:213-22. [PMID: 22704338 PMCID: PMC3365377 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic, highly conserved, peptide found in many different biological systems throughout invertebrate phyla. VIP is produced by cells of the immune system but also inhibits many different inflammatory products produced by these immune cells, including cytokines and chemokines. VIP inhibits these immune mediators by affecting transcriptional regulators such as NFκB and activator protein 1 which transcribes genes responsible for the production of inflammatory mediators in response to pathogens or cytokines. In this review, the therapeutic potential of VIP will be discussed in the context of transcriptional regulation of immune cells in in vitro and in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Ibrahim
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire NG7 2NR UK
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