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Li Y, Zhu C, Yao J, Zhu C, Li Z, Liu HY, Zhu M, Li K, Ahmed AA, Li S, Hu P, Cai D. Lithocholic Acid Alleviates Deoxynivalenol-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via PPARγ-Mediated Epigenetically Transcriptional Reprogramming in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5452-5462. [PMID: 38428036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin that induces intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage in humans and animals. Given that lithocholic acid (LCA) has been suggested to inhibit intestinal inflammation, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of LCA on DON-exposed porcine intestinal epithelial IPI-2I cells and the underlying mechanisms. Indeed, LCA rescued DON-induced cell death in IPI-2I cells and reduced DON-stimulated inflammatory cytokine levels and oxidative stress. Importantly, the nuclear receptor PPARγ was identified as a key transcriptional factor involved in the DON-induced inflammation and oxidative stress processes in IPI-2I cells. The PPARγ function was found compromised, likely due to the hyperphosphorylation of the p38 and ERK signaling pathways. In contrast, the DON-induced inflammatory responses and oxidative stress were restrained by LCA via PPARγ-mediated reprogramming of the core inflammatory and antioxidant genes. Notably, the PPARγ-modulated transcriptional regulations could be attributed to the altered recruitments of coactivator SRC-1/3 and corepressor NCOR1/2, along with the modified histone marks H3K27ac and H3K18la. This study emphasizes the protective actions of LCA on DON-induced inflammatory damage and oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells via PPARγ-mediated epigenetically transcriptional reprogramming, including histone acetylation and lactylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Chuyang Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Cuipeng Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Miaonan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Abdelkareem A Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone 0027, Botswana
| | - Shicheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
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Wu Q, Wang B, Ntim M, Zhang X, Na XY, Yuan YH, Wu XF, Yang JY, Li S. SRC-1 Deficiency Increases Susceptibility of Mice to Depressive-Like Behavior After Exposure to CUMS. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1830-1843. [PMID: 33881662 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) is one of the coactivators recruited by the nuclear receptors (NRs) when NRs are activated by steroid hormones, such as glucocorticoid. SRC-1 is abundant in hippocampus and hypothalamus and is also related to some major risk factors for depression, implicated by its reduced expression after stress and its effect on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis function. However, whether SRC-1 is involved in the formation of depression remains unclear. In this study, we firstly established chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to induce depressive-like behaviors in mice and found that SRC-1 expression was reduced by CUS. A large number of studies have shown that neuroinflammation is associated with stress-induced depression and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection can lead to neuroinflammation and depressive-like behaviors in mice. Our result indicated that LPS treatment also decreased SRC-1 expression in mouse brain, implying the involvement of SRC-1 in the process of inflammation and depression. Next, we showed that the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) failed to elicit the depressive-like behaviors and dramatically promoted the expression of SRC-1 in brain of wild type mice. What's more, the SRC-1 knockout mice were more susceptible to CUMS to develop depressive-like behaviors and presented the changed expression of glucocorticoid receptor. However, SRC-1 deficiency did not affect the microglia activation induced by CUMS. Altogether, these results indicate a correlation between SRC-1 level and depressive-like behaviors, suggesting that SRC-1 might be involved in the development of depression induced by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Michael Ntim
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xue-Yan Na
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu-Hui Yuan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xue-Fei Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Jin-Yi Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Dalian Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Shao Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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3
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Wang B, Gu Y, Yu H, Yang W, Ren X, Qian F, Zhao X, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Jin M, Zhu M. Inhibition of EZH2 ameliorates bacteria-induced liver injury by repressing RUNX1 in dendritic cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1024. [PMID: 33262329 PMCID: PMC7708645 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden and severe impairment in liver function. However, the precise mechanism of immune dysregulation that is significant to FHF pathogenesis remains unclear. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been implicated in inflammation as a regulator of immune cell function. In this study, we investigated the role of EZH2 in an animal model of human FHF induced by Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We demonstrated that EZH2 depletion in dendritic cells (DCs) and pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 using GSK126 both significantly ameliorated liver injury and improved the survival rates of mice with P. acnes plus LPS-induced FHF, which could be attributed to the decreased infiltration and activation of CD4+ T cells in the liver, inhibition of T helper 1 cells and induction of regulatory T cells. The expression of EZH2 in DCs was increased after P. acnes administration, and EZH2 deficiency in DCs suppressed DC maturation and prevented DCs from efficiently stimulating CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Further mechanistic analyses indicated that EZH2 deficiency directly increased the expression of the transcription factor RUNX1 and thereby suppressed the immune functions of DCs. The functional dependence of EZH2 on RUNX1 was further illustrated in DC-specific Ezh2-deficient mice. Taken together, our findings establish that EZH2 exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of RUNX1 to regulate DC functions and that inhibition of EZH2 alleviates P. acnes plus LPS-induced FHF, probably by inhibiting DC-induced adaptive immune responses. These results highlight the effect of EZH2 on DCs, serving as a guide for the development of a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for FHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Gu
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongshuang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanlin Yang
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengtao Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Min Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Xu J, Pei S, Wang Y, Liu J, Qian Y, Huang M, Zhang Y, Xiao Y. Tpl2 Protects Against Fulminant Hepatitis Through Mobilization of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1980. [PMID: 31481966 PMCID: PMC6710335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the liver microenvironment protects against the inflammation-induced liver injury in fulminant hepatitis (FH). However, the molecular mechanism through which MDSC is recruited into the inflamed liver remain elusive. Here we identified a protein kinase Tpl2 as a critical mediator of MDSC recruitment into liver during the pathogenesis of Propionibacterium acnes/LPS-induced FH. Loss of Tpl2 dramatically suppressed MDSC mobilization into liver, leading to exaggerated local inflammation and increased FH-induced mortality. Mechanistically, although the protective effect of Tpl2 for FH-induced mortality was dependent on the presence of MDSC, Tpl2 neither directly targeted myeloid cells nor T cells to regulate FH pathogenesis, but functioned in hepatocytes to mediate the induction of MDSC-attracting chemokine CXCL1 and CXCL2 through modulating IL-25 (also known as IL-17E) signaling. As a consequence, increased MDSC in the inflamed liver specifically restrained the local proliferation of infiltrated pathogenic CD4+ T cells, and thus protected against the inflammation-induced acute liver failure. Together, our findings established Tpl2 as a critical mediator of MDSC recruitment and highlighted the therapeutic potential of Tpl2 for the treatment of FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medical Biomaterials of Jiangsu Province, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junli Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Youcun Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhu Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medical Biomaterials of Jiangsu Province, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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5
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Vilariño-Güell C, Zimprich A, Martinelli-Boneschi F, Herculano B, Wang Z, Matesanz F, Urcelay E, Vandenbroeck K, Leyva L, Gris D, Massaad C, Quandt JA, Traboulsee AL, Encarnacion M, Bernales CQ, Follett J, Yee IM, Criscuoli MG, Deutschländer A, Reinthaler EM, Zrzavy T, Mascia E, Zauli A, Esposito F, Alcina A, Izquierdo G, Espino-Paisán L, Mena J, Antigüedad A, Urbaneja-Romero P, Ortega-Pinazo J, Song W, Sadovnick AD. Exome sequencing in multiple sclerosis families identifies 12 candidate genes and nominates biological pathways for the genesis of disease. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008180. [PMID: 31170158 PMCID: PMC6553700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by myelin loss and neuronal dysfunction. Although the majority of patients do not present familial aggregation, Mendelian forms have been described. We performed whole-exome sequencing analysis in 132 patients from 34 multi-incident families, which nominated likely pathogenic variants for MS in 12 genes of the innate immune system that regulate the transcription and activation of inflammatory mediators. Rare missense or nonsense variants were identified in genes of the fibrinolysis and complement pathways (PLAU, MASP1, C2), inflammasome assembly (NLRP12), Wnt signaling (UBR2, CTNNA3, NFATC2, RNF213), nuclear receptor complexes (NCOA3), and cation channels and exchangers (KCNG4, SLC24A6, SLC8B1). These genes suggest a disruption of interconnected immunological and pro-inflammatory pathways as the initial event in the pathophysiology of familial MS, and provide the molecular and biological rationale for the chronic inflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration observed in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Filippo Martinelli-Boneschi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- MS Unit and Department of Neurology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Herculano
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhe Wang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuencisla Matesanz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Immunology Dept, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Laura Leyva
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Denis Gris
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Charbel Massaad
- Toxicology, Pharmacology and Cell Signalisation—UMR-S 1124 Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline A. Quandt
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony L. Traboulsee
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mary Encarnacion
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cecily Q. Bernales
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jordan Follett
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Irene M. Yee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria G. Criscuoli
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Angela Deutschländer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
| | - Eva M. Reinthaler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Zrzavy
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabetta Mascia
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Zauli
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Esposito
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, CNS Inflammatory Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Alcina
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Laura Espino-Paisán
- Immunology Dept, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Mena
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alfredo Antigüedad
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, S/N, Baracaldo, Spain
| | - Patricia Urbaneja-Romero
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple REEM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Ortega-Pinazo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestion Clínica de Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - A. Dessa Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Fakan B, Szalardy L, Vecsei L. Exploiting the Therapeutic Potential of Endogenous Immunomodulatory Systems in Multiple Sclerosis-Special Focus on the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and the Kynurenines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020426. [PMID: 30669473 PMCID: PMC6358998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) demyelination attributable to a disturbed balance between encephalitic T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) and immunomodulatory regulatory T cell (Treg) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and an alternatively activated macrophage (M2) excess. Endogenous molecular systems regulating these inflammatory processes have recently been investigated to identify molecules that can potentially influence the course of the disease. These include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARγ coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α), and kynurenine pathway metabolites. Although all PPARs ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), recent evidence suggests that PPARα, PPARβ/δ agonists have less pronounced immunomodulatory effects and, along with PGC-1α, are not biomarkers of neuroinflammation in contrast to PPARγ. Small clinical trials with PPARγ agonists have been published with positive results. Proposed as immunomodulatory and neuroprotective, the therapeutic use of PGC-1α activation needs to be assessed in EAE/MS. The activation of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, plays crucial immunomodulatory roles. Indeed, Trp metabolites have therapeutic relevance in EAE and drugs with structural analogy to kynurenines, such as teriflunomide, are already approved for MS. Further studies are required to gain deeper knowledge of such endogenous immunomodulatory pathways with potential therapeutic implications in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Fakan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
| | - Levente Szalardy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
| | - Laszlo Vecsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Hungary.
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7
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Multiple Sclerosis and Obesity: Possible Roles of Adipokines. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4036232. [PMID: 27721574 PMCID: PMC5046034 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4036232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the Central Nervous System that has been associated with several environmental factors, such as diet and obesity. The possible link between MS and obesity has become more interesting in recent years since the discovery of the remarkable properties of adipose tissue. Once MS is initiated, obesity can contribute to increased disease severity by negatively influencing disease progress and treatment response, but, also, obesity in early life is highly relevant as a susceptibility factor and causally related risk for late MS development. The aim of this review was to discuss recent evidence about the link between obesity, as a chronic inflammatory state, and the pathogenesis of MS as a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease. First, we describe the main cells involved in MS pathogenesis, both from neural tissue and from the immune system, and including a new participant, the adipocyte, focusing on their roles in MS. Second, we concentrate on the role of several adipokines that are able to participate in the mediation of the immune response in MS and on the possible cross talk between the latter. Finally, we explore recent therapy that involves the transplantation of adipocyte precursor cells for the treatment of MS.
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18β-glycyrrhetinic acid suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through inhibition of microglia activation and promotion of remyelination. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13713. [PMID: 26329786 PMCID: PMC4557075 DOI: 10.1038/srep13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are intrinsic immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The under controlled microglia activation plays important roles in inflammatory demyelination diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the means to modulate microglia activation as a therapeutic modality and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we show that administration of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA), by using both preventive and therapeutic treatment protocols, significantly suppresses disease severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice. The treatment effect of GRA on EAE is attributed to its regulatory effect on microglia. GRA-modulated microglia significantly decreased pro-inflammatory profile in the CNS through suppression of MAPK signal pathway. The ameliorated CNS pro-inflammatory profile prevented the recruitment of encephalitogenic T cells into the CNS, which alleviated inflammation-induced demyelination. In addition, GRA treatment promoted remyelination in the CNS of EAE mice. The induced remyelination can be mediated by the overcome of inflammation-induced blockade of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in microglia, as well as enhancing oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GRA-modulated microglia suppresses EAE through inhibiting microglia activation-mediated CNS inflammation, and promoting neuroprotective effect of microglia, which represents a potential therapeutic strategy for MS and maybe other neuroinflammatory diseases associated with microglia activation.
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Giordano Attianese GMP, Desvergne B. Integrative and systemic approaches for evaluating PPARβ/δ (PPARD) function. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2015; 13:e001. [PMID: 25945080 PMCID: PMC4419664 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptors that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes involved in cellular differentiation, development, metabolism and also tumorigenesis. Three PPAR isotypes (α, β/δ and γ) have been identified, among which PPARβ/δ is the most difficult to functionally examine due to its tissue-specific diversity in cell fate determination, energy metabolism and housekeeping activities. PPARβ/δ acts both in a ligand-dependent and -independent manner. The specific type of regulation, activation or repression, is determined by many factors, among which the type of ligand, the presence/absence of PPARβ/δ-interacting corepressor or coactivator complexes and PPARβ/δ protein post-translational modifications play major roles. Recently, new global approaches to the study of nuclear receptors have made it possible to evaluate their molecular activity in a more systemic fashion, rather than deeply digging into a single pathway/function. This systemic approach is ideally suited for studying PPARβ/δ, due to its ubiquitous expression in various organs and its overlapping and tissue-specific transcriptomic signatures. The aim of the present review is to present in detail the diversity of PPARβ/δ function, focusing on the different information gained at the systemic level, and describing the global and unbiased approaches that combine a systems view with molecular understanding.
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Pan J, Jin JL, Ge HM, Yin KL, Chen X, Han LJ, Chen Y, Qian L, Li XX, Xu Y. Malibatol A regulates microglia M1/M2 polarization in experimental stroke in a PPARγ-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:51. [PMID: 25889216 PMCID: PMC4378556 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of microglia plays a crucial role in immune and inflammatory processes after ischemic stroke. Microglia is reported with two opposing activated phenotypes, namely, classic phenotype (M1) and the alternative phenotype (M2). Inhibiting M1 while stimulating M2 has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of stroke. Findings In this study, we indicated that a novel natural anti-oxidant extracted from the Chinese plant Hopea hainanensis, malibatol A (MA), decreased the infarct size and alleviated the brain injury after mice middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MA inhibited expression inflammatory cytokines in not only MCAO mice but also lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. Moreover, treatment of MA decreased M1 markers (CD16, CD32, and CD86) and increased M2 markers (CD206, YM-1) while promoting the activation of nuclear receptor PPARγ. Conclusions MA has anti-inflammatory effects in MCAO mice in a PPARγ-dependent manner, making it a potential candidate for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jia-li Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Hui-ming Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Kai-lin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Li-juan Han
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Lai Qian
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| | - Xiao-xi Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Stroke in Jiangsu Province, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China.
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Rollins DA, Coppo M, Rogatsky I. Minireview: nuclear receptor coregulators of the p160 family: insights into inflammation and metabolism. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:502-17. [PMID: 25647480 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coactivators (NCOAs) are multifunctional transcriptional coregulators for a growing number of signal-activated transcription factors. The members of the p160 family (NCOA1/2/3) are increasingly recognized as essential and nonredundant players in a number of physiological processes. In particular, accumulating evidence points to the pivotal roles that these coregulators play in inflammatory and metabolic pathways, both under homeostasis and in disease. Given that chronic inflammation of metabolic tissues ("metainflammation") is a driving force for the widespread epidemic of obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and associated comorbidities, deciphering the role of NCOAs in "normal" vs "pathological" inflammation and in metabolic processes is indeed a subject of extreme biomedical importance. Here, we review the evolving and, at times, contradictory, literature on the pleiotropic functions of NCOA1/2/3 in inflammation and metabolism as related to nuclear receptor actions and beyond. We then briefly discuss the potential utility of NCOAs as predictive markers for disease and/or possible therapeutic targets once a better understanding of their molecular and physiological actions is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Rollins
- Hospital for Special Surgery (D.A.R., M.C., I.R.), The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, New York, New York 10021; and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis (D.A.R., I.R.), Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York 10021
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12
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Skerrett R, Malm T, Landreth G. Nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:104-16. [PMID: 24874548 PMCID: PMC4246019 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors have generated substantial interest in the past decade as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite years of effort, effective treatments for progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and ALS remain elusive, making non-classical drug targets such as nuclear receptors an attractive alternative. A substantial literature in mouse models of disease and several clinical trials have investigated the role of nuclear receptors in various neurodegenerative disorders, most prominently AD. These studies have met with mixed results, yet the majority of studies in mouse models report positive outcomes. The mechanisms by which nuclear receptor agonists affect disease pathology remain unclear. Deciphering the complex signaling underlying nuclear receptor action in neurodegenerative diseases is essential for understanding this variability in preclinical studies, and for the successful translation of nuclear receptor agonists into clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Skerrett
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Gary Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Freitag CM, Miller RJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists modulate neuropathic pain: a link to chemokines? Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:238. [PMID: 25191225 PMCID: PMC4138931 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain presents a widespread and intractable medical problem. While numerous pharmaceuticals are used to treat chronic pain, drugs that are safe for extended use and highly effective at treating the most severe pain do not yet exist. Chronic pain resulting from nervous system injury (neuropathic pain) is common in conditions ranging from multiple sclerosis to HIV-1 infection to type II diabetes. Inflammation caused by neuropathy is believed to contribute to the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Chemokines are key inflammatory mediators, several of which (MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-1α, fractalkine, SDF-1 among others) have been linked to chronic, neuropathic pain in both human conditions and animal models. The important roles chemokines play in inflammation and pain make them an attractive therapeutic target. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors known for their roles in metabolism. Recent research has revealed that PPARs also play a role in inflammatory gene repression. PPAR agonists have wide-ranging effects including inhibition of chemokine expression and pain behavior reduction in animal models. Experimental evidence suggests a connection between the pain ameliorating effects of PPAR agonists and suppression of inflammatory gene expression, including chemokines. In early clinical research, one PPARα agonist, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), shows promise in relieving chronic pain. If this link can be better established, PPAR agonists may represent a new drug therapy for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Freitag
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Richard J. Miller Laboratory, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Richard J. Miller Laboratory, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
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Yang H, Xie Z, Wei L, Yang H, Yang S, Zhu Z, Wang P, Zhao C, Bi J. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived neuron-like cells rescue memory deficits and reduce amyloid-beta deposition in an AβPP/PS1 transgenic mouse model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:76. [PMID: 23826983 PMCID: PMC3854736 DOI: 10.1186/scrt227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cell therapy is a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer disease (AD). Neuronal differentiation of stem cells before transplantation is a promising procedure for cell therapy. However, the therapeutic impact and mechanisms of action of neuron-like cells differentiated from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in AD have not been determined. Methods In this study, we used tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) to induce human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from Wharton jelly of the umbilical cord (HUMSCs) to differentiate into neuron-like cells (HUMSC-NCs), and transplanted the HUMSC-NCs into an AβPP/PS1 transgenic AD mouse model. The effects of HUMSC-NC transplantation on the cognitive function, synapsin I level, amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) deposition, and microglial function of the mice were investigated. Results We found that transplantation of HUMSC-NCs into AβPP/PS1 mice improved the cognitive function, increased synapsin I level, and significantly reduced Aβ deposition in the mice. The beneficial effects were associated with “alternatively activated” microglia (M2-like microglia). In the mice transplanted with HUMSC-NCs, M2-like microglial activation was significantly increased, and the expression of antiinflammatory cytokine associated with M2-like microglia, interleukin-4 (IL-4), was also increased, whereas the expression of proinflammatory cytokines associated with classic microglia (M1-like microglia), including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), was significantly reduced. Moreover, the expression of Aβ-degrading factors, insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and neprilysin (NEP), was increased substantially in the mice treated with HUMSC-NCs. Conclusions HUMSC-NC transplantation decreased Aβ deposition and improved memory in AβPP/PS1 mice by a mechanism associated with activating M2-like microglia and modulating neuroinflammation. Transplantation of neuron-like cells differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells might be a promising cell therapy for Alzheimer disease.
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Xu J, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Ma S, Liu Q, Dang S, Jin M, Shi Y, Wan B, Zhang Y. Inhibition of 12/15-lipoxygenase by baicalein induces microglia PPARβ/δ: a potential therapeutic role for CNS autoimmune disease. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e569. [PMID: 23559003 PMCID: PMC3668632 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) is an enzyme that converts polyunsaturated fatty acids into bioactive lipid derivatives. In this study, we showed that inhibition of 12/15-LO by baicalein (BA) significantly attenuated clinical severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Inhibited migration of autoimmune T cells into the central nervous system (CNS) by BA treatment could be attributed to reduced activation of microglia, which was indicated by suppressed phagocytosis, and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the CNS. We further observed that inhibition of 12/15-LO with BA led to increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ in microglia of EAE mice. This was confirmed in vitro in primary microglia and a microglia cell line, BV2. In addition, we demonstrated that BA did not affect 12/15-LO or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) expression in microglia, but significantly decreased 12/15-LO products without influencing the levels of 5-LO metabolites. Moreover, among these compounds only 12/15-LO metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was able to reverse BA-mediated upregulation of PPARβ/δ in BV2 cells. We also showed that inhibition of microglia activation by PPARβ/δ was associated with repressed NF-κB and MAPK activities. Our findings indicate that inhibition of 12/15-LO induces PPARβ/δ, demonstrating important regulatory properties of 12/15-LO in CNS inflammation. This reveals potential therapeutic applications for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Schnegg CI, Robbins ME. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of PPARδ: Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Processes. PPAR Res 2011; 2011:373560. [PMID: 22135673 PMCID: PMC3205692 DOI: 10.1155/2011/373560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, δ, and γ) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and energy homeostasis. All three PPAR subtypes have been identified in the central nervous system (CNS) of rodents. While PPARα and PPARγ are expressed in more restricted areas of the CNS, PPARδ is ubiquitously expressed and is the predominant subtype. Although data regarding PPARδ are limited, studies have demonstrated that administration of PPARδ agonists confers neuroprotection following various acute and chronic injuries to the CNS, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of PPARδ agonists are thought to underly their neuroprotective efficacy. This review will focus on the putative neuroprotective benefits of therapeutically targeting PPARδ in the CNS, and specifically, highlight the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of PPARδ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline I. Schnegg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mike E. Robbins
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Regulation of Immune Responses and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by PPARs. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:104705. [PMID: 21234105 PMCID: PMC3014678 DOI: 10.1155/2010/104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARs are members of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily and play an important role in regulating inflammation as well as lipid metabolism. The PPAR subfamily has been defined as PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, each with different ligands, target genes, and biological roles. PPARs regulate the expression of target inflammatory genes through mechanisms involving both transactivation and transrepression. The anti-inflammatory properties of PPAR agonists have led to the investigation of PPAR functions in regulating autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This paper will summarize some of the general mechanisms by which PPARs regulate inflammatory gene expression and focus on the recent advances of PPAR regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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