1
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Deleyrolle LP, Sarkisian MR. Cilia at the Crossroads of Tumor Treating Fields and Chemotherapy. Dev Neurosci 2023; 45:139-146. [PMID: 38630257 PMCID: PMC10233696 DOI: 10.1159/000529193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults, requires multi-treatment intervention which unfortunately barely shifts the needle in overall survival. The treatment options after diagnosis and surgical resection (if possible) include irradiation, temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, and now tumor treating fields (TTFields). TTFields are electric fields delivered locoregionally to the head/tumor via a wearable medical device (Optune®). Overall, the concomitant treatment of TTFields and TMZ target tumor cells but spare normal cell types in the brain. Here, we examine whether primary cilia, microtubule-based "antennas" found on both normal brain cells and GBM cells, play specific roles in sensitizing tumor cells to treatment. We discuss evidence supporting GBM cilia being exploited by tumor cells to promote their growth and treatment resistance. We review how primary cilia on normal brain and GBM cells are affected by GBM treatments as monotherapy or concomitant modalities. We also focus on latest findings indicating a differential regulation of GBM ciliogenesis by TTFields and TMZ. Future studies await arrival of intracranial TTFields models to determine if GBM cilia carry a prognostic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic P. Deleyrolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Adam Michael Rosen Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew R. Sarkisian
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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2
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Freitag K, Eede P, Ivanov A, Sterczyk N, Schneeberger S, Borodina T, Sauer S, Beule D, Heppner FL. Diverse but unique astrocytic phenotypes during embryonic stem cell differentiation, culturing and development. Commun Biol 2023; 6:40. [PMID: 36639529 PMCID: PMC9839673 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are resident glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that play complex and heterogeneous roles in brain development, homeostasis and disease. Since their vast involvement in health and disease is becoming increasingly recognized, suitable and reliable tools for studying these cells in vivo and in vitro are of utmost importance. One of the key challenges hereby is to adequately mimic their context-dependent in vivo phenotypes and functions in vitro. To better understand the spectrum of astrocytic variations in defined settings we performed a side-by-side-comparison of murine embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived astrocytes as well as primary neonatal and adult astrocytes, revealing major differences on a functional and transcriptomic level, specifically on proliferation, migration, calcium signaling and cilium activity. Our results highlight the need to carefully consider the choice of astrocyte origin and phenotype with respect to age, isolation and culture protocols based on the respective biological question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Freitag
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascale Eede
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany ,Present Address: Apollo Health Ventures, Schlüterstr. 36, 10629 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andranik Ivanov
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - University Hospital Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nele Sterczyk
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shirin Schneeberger
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany ,grid.517316.7Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany ,Present Address: Apollo Health Ventures, Schlüterstr. 36, 10629 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatiana Borodina
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Scientific Genomics Platforms, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Scientific Genomics Platforms, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - University Hospital Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank L. Heppner
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany ,grid.424247.30000 0004 0438 0426German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany ,grid.517316.7Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Shi P, Tian J, Ulm BS, Mallinger JC, Khoshbouei H, Deleyrolle LP, Sarkisian MR. Tumor Treating Fields Suppression of Ciliogenesis Enhances Temozolomide Toxicity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837589. [PMID: 35359402 PMCID: PMC8962950 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are low-intensity, alternating intermediate-frequency (200 kHz) electrical fields that extend survival of glioblastoma patients receiving maintenance temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. How TTFields exert efficacy on cancer over normal cells or interact with TMZ is unclear. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles triggered by extracellular ligands, mechanical and electrical field stimulation and are capable of promoting cancer growth and TMZ chemoresistance. We found in both low- and high-grade patient glioma cell lines that TTFields ablated cilia within 24 h. Halting TTFields treatment led to recovered frequencies of elongated cilia. Cilia on normal primary astrocytes, neurons, and multiciliated/ependymal cells were less affected by TTFields. The TTFields-mediated loss of glioma cilia was partially rescued by chloroquine pretreatment, suggesting the effect is in part due to autophagy activation. We also observed death of ciliated cells during TTFields by live imaging. Notably, TMZ and TTFields have opposing effects on glioma ciliogenesis. TMZ-induced stimulation of ciliogenesis in both adherent cells and gliomaspheres was blocked by TTFields. Surprisingly, the inhibitory effects of TTFields and TMZ on tumor cell recurrence are linked to the relative timing of TMZ exposure to TTFields and ARL13B+ cilia. Finally, TTFields disrupted cilia in patient tumors treated ex vivo. Our findings suggest that the efficacy of TTFields may depend on the degree of tumor ciliogenesis and relative timing of TMZ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jia Tian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brittany S. Ulm
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Julianne C. Mallinger
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Loic P. Deleyrolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew R. Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew R. Sarkisian,
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4
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Ki SM, Jeong HS, Lee JE. Primary Cilia in Glial Cells: An Oasis in the Journey to Overcoming Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:736888. [PMID: 34658775 PMCID: PMC8514955 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.736888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with defects in primary cilia, which are cellular organelles involved in diverse cellular processes and homeostasis. Several types of glial cells in both the central and peripheral nervous systems not only support the development and function of neurons but also play significant roles in the mechanisms of neurological disease. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on investigating the role of primary cilia in neurons. Accordingly, the interest of recent studies has expanded to elucidate the role of primary cilia in glial cells. Correspondingly, several reports have added to the growing evidence that most glial cells have primary cilia and that impairment of cilia leads to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to understand the regulatory mechanisms of cilia formation and the disease-related functions of cilia, which are common or specific to each glial cell. Moreover, we have paid close attention to the signal transduction and pathological mechanisms mediated by glia cilia in representative neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we expect that this field of research will clarify the mechanisms involved in the formation and function of glial cilia to provide novel insights and ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Su Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Kawata K, Narita K, Washio A, Kitamura C, Nishihara T, Kubota S, Takeda S. Odontoblast differentiation is regulated by an interplay between primary cilia and the canonical Wnt pathway. Bone 2021; 150:116001. [PMID: 33975031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilium is a protruding cellular organelle that has various physiological functions, especially in sensory reception. While an avalanche of reports on primary cilia have been published, the function of primary cilia in dental cells remains to be investigated. In this study, we focused on the function of primary cilia in dentin-producing odontoblasts. Odontoblasts, like most other cell types, possess primary cilia, which disappear upon the knockdown of intraflagellar transport protein 88. In cilia-depleted cells, the expression of dentin sialoprotein, an odontoblastic marker, was elevated, while the deposition of minerals was slowed. This was recapitulated by the activation of canonical Wnt pathway, also decreased the ratio of ciliated cells. In dental pulp cells, as they differentiated into odontoblasts, the ratio of ciliated cells was increased, whereas the canonical Wnt signaling activity was repressed. Our results collectively underscore the roles of primary cilia in regulating odontoblastic differentiation through canonical Wnt signaling. This study implies the existence of a feedback loop between primary cilia and the canonical Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Kawata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, 1110, Shimo-Kateau, Chuo, Yamanashi 4093898, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 7008525, Japan.
| | - Keishi Narita
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, 1110, Shimo-Kateau, Chuo, Yamanashi 4093898, Japan
| | - Ayako Washio
- Division of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokura-kita, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 8038580, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kitamura
- Division of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokura-kita, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 8038580, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Nishihara
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokura-kita, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 8038580, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 7008525, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, 1110, Shimo-Kateau, Chuo, Yamanashi 4093898, Japan.
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6
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Demin KA, Smagin DA, Kovalenko IL, Strekalova T, Galstyan DS, Kolesnikova TO, De Abreu MS, Galyamina AG, Bashirzade A, Kalueff AV. CNS genomic profiling in the mouse chronic social stress model implicates a novel category of candidate genes integrating affective pathogenesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110086. [PMID: 32889031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite high prevalence, medical impact and societal burden, anxiety, depression and other affective disorders remain poorly understood and treated. Clinical complexity and polygenic nature complicate their analyses, often revealing genetic overlap and cross-disorder heritability. However, the interplay or overlaps between disordered phenotypes can also be based on shared molecular pathways and 'crosstalk' mechanisms, which themselves may be genetically determined. We have earlier predicted (Kalueff et al., 2014) a new class of 'interlinking' brain genes that do not affect the disordered phenotypes per se, but can instead specifically determine their interrelatedness. To test this hypothesis experimentally, here we applied a well-established rodent chronic social defeat stress model, known to progress in C57BL/6J mice from the Anxiety-like stage on Day 10 to Depression-like stage on Day 20. The present study analyzed mouse whole-genome expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during the Day 10, the Transitional (Day 15) and Day 20 stages in this model. Our main question here was whether a putative the Transitional stage (Day 15) would reveal distinct characteristic genomic responses from Days 10 and 20 of the model, thus reflecting unique molecular events underlining the transformation or switch from anxiety to depression pathogenesis. Overall, while in the Day 10 (Anxiety) group both brain regions showed major genomic alterations in various neurotransmitter signaling pathways, the Day 15 (Transitional) group revealed uniquely downregulated astrocyte-related genes, and the Day 20 (Depression) group demonstrated multiple downregulated genes of cell adhesion, inflammation and ion transport pathways. Together, these results reveal a complex temporal dynamics of mouse affective phenotypes as they develop. Our genomic profiling findings provide first experimental support to the idea that novel brain genes (activated here only during the Transitional stage) may uniquely integrate anxiety and depression pathogenesis and, hence, determine the progression from one pathological state to another. This concept can potentially be extended to other brain conditions as well. This preclinical study also further implicates cilial and astrocytal mechanisms in the pathogenesis of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Smagin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Tatyana Strekalova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - David S Galstyan
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Granov Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana O Kolesnikova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alim Bashirzade
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.
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7
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Primary cilia safeguard cortical neurons in neonatal mouse forebrain from environmental stress-induced dendritic degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 118:2012482118. [PMID: 33443207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012482118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The developing brain is under the risk of exposure to a multitude of environmental stressors. While perinatal exposure to excessive levels of environmental stress is responsible for a wide spectrum of neurological and psychiatric conditions, the developing brain is equipped with intrinsic cell protection, the mechanisms of which remain unknown. Here we show, using neonatal mouse as a model system, that primary cilia, hair-like protrusions from the neuronal cell body, play an essential role in protecting immature neurons from the negative impacts of exposure to environmental stress. More specifically, we found that primary cilia prevent the degeneration of dendritic arbors upon exposure to alcohol and ketamine, two major cell stressors, by activating cilia-localized insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and downstream Akt signaling. We also found that activation of this pathway inhibits Caspase-3 activation and caspase-mediated cleavage/fragmentation of cytoskeletal proteins in stress-exposed neurons. These results indicate that primary cilia play an integral role in mitigating adverse impacts of environmental stressors such as drugs on perinatal brain development.
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8
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La Sala G, Di Pietro C, Matteoni R, Bolasco G, Marazziti D, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Gpr37l1/prosaposin receptor regulates Ptch1 trafficking, Shh production, and cell proliferation in cerebellar primary astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:1064-1083. [PMID: 33350496 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cerebellar astrocytes critically regulate the differentiation and maturation of neuronal Purkinje cells and granule precursors. The G protein-coupled receptor 37-like 1 (Gpr37l1) is expressed by Bergmann astrocytes and interacts with patched 1 (Ptch1) at peri-ciliary membranes. Cerebellar primary astrocyte cultures from wild-type and Gpr37l1 null mutant mouse pups were established and studied. Primary cilia were produced by cultures of both genotypes, as well as Ptch1 and smoothened (Smo) components of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) mitogenic pathway. Compared to wild-type cells, Gpr37l1-/- astrocytes displayed striking increases in proliferative activity, Ptch1 protein expression and internalization, intracellular cholesterol content, ciliary localization of Smo, as well as a marked production of active Shh. Similar effects were reproduced by treating wild-type astrocytes with a putative prosaptide ligand of Gpr37l1. These findings indicate that Gpr37l1-Ptch1 interactions specifically regulate Ptch1 internalization and trafficking, with consequent stimulation of Shh production and activation of proliferative signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina La Sala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pietro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Rafaele Matteoni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Bolasco
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Marazziti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Glauco P Tocchini-Valentini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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9
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Bae JE, Kang GM, Min SH, Jo DS, Jung YK, Kim K, Kim MS, Cho DH. Primary cilia mediate mitochondrial stress responses to promote dopamine neuron survival in a Parkinson's disease model. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:952. [PMID: 31844040 PMCID: PMC6915731 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A primary cilium is an antenna-like structure on the cell surface that plays a crucial role in sensory perception and signal transduction. Mitochondria, the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell, control cell survival, and death. The cellular ability to remove dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy is important for cell survival. We show here that mitochondrial stress, caused by respiratory complex inhibitors and excessive fission, robustly stimulates ciliogenesis in different types of cells including neuronal cells. Mitochondrial stress-induced ciliogenesis is mediated by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, subsequent activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and autophagy. Conversely, abrogation of ciliogenesis compromises mitochondrial stress-induced autophagy, leading to enhanced cell death. In mice, treatment with mitochondrial toxin, MPTP elicits ciliary elongation and autophagy in the substantia nigra dopamine neurons. Blockade of cilia formation in these neurons attenuates MPTP-induced autophagy but facilitates dopamine neuronal loss and motor disability. Our findings demonstrate the important role of primary cilia in cellular pro-survival responses during mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Bae
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Gil Myung Kang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Se Hee Min
- Divison of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Doo Sin Jo
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.,School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- Global Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Keetae Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Divison of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea. .,School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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10
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Lara Ordónez AJ, Fernández B, Fdez E, Romo-Lozano M, Madero-Pérez J, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Aiastui A, López de Munaín A, Melrose HL, Civiero L, Hilfiker S. RAB8, RAB10 and RILPL1 contribute to both LRRK2 kinase-mediated centrosomal cohesion and ciliogenesis deficits. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:3552-3568. [PMID: 31428781 PMCID: PMC6927464 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LRRK2 kinase are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease, and variants increase risk for the sporadic form of the disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates multiple RAB GTPases including RAB8A and RAB10. Phosphorylated RAB10 is recruited to centrosome-localized RILPL1, which may interfere with ciliogenesis in a disease-relevant context. Our previous studies indicate that the centrosomal accumulation of phosphorylated RAB8A causes centrosomal cohesion deficits in dividing cells, including in peripheral patient-derived cells. Here, we show that both RAB8 and RAB10 contribute to the centrosomal cohesion deficits. Pathogenic LRRK2 causes the centrosomal accumulation not only of phosho-RAB8 but also of phospho-RAB10, and the effects on centrosomal cohesion are dependent on RAB8, RAB10 and RILPL1. Conversely, the pathogenic LRRK2-mediated ciliogenesis defects correlate with the centrosomal accumulation of both phospho-RAB8 and phospho-RAB10. LRRK2-mediated centrosomal cohesion and ciliogenesis alterations are observed in patient-derived peripheral cells, as well as in primary astrocytes from mutant LRRK2 mice, and are reverted upon LRRK2 kinase inhibition. These data suggest that the LRRK2-mediated centrosomal cohesion and ciliogenesis defects are distinct cellular readouts of the same underlying phospho-RAB8/RAB10/RILPL1 nexus and highlight the possibility that either centrosomal cohesion and/or ciliogenesis alterations may serve as cellular biomarkers for LRRK2-related PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Lara Ordónez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ‘López-Neyra’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ‘López-Neyra’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ‘López-Neyra’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - María Romo-Lozano
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ‘López-Neyra’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Jesús Madero-Pérez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ‘López-Neyra’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ana Aiastui
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munaín
- Division of Neurosciences, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Heather L Melrose
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Laura Civiero
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ‘López-Neyra’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, Granada 18016, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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11
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Sterpka A, Chen X. Neuronal and astrocytic primary cilia in the mature brain. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:114-121. [PMID: 30291873 PMCID: PMC6410375 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are tiny microtubule-based signaling devices that regulate a variety of physiological functions, including metabolism and cell division. Defects in primary cilia lead to a myriad of diseases in humans such as obesity and cancers. In the mature brain, both neurons and astrocytes contain a single primary cilium. Although neuronal primary cilia are not directly involved in synaptic communication, their pathophysiological impacts on obesity and mental disorders are well recognized. In contrast, research on astrocytic primary cilia lags far behind. Currently, little is known about their functions and molecular pathways in the mature brain. Unlike neurons, postnatal astrocytes retain the capacity of cell division and can become reactive and proliferate in response to various brain insults such as epilepsy, ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative β-amyloid plaques. Since primary cilia derive from the mother centrioles, astrocyte proliferation must occur in coordination with the dismantling and ciliogenesis of astrocyte cilia. In this regard, the functions, signal pathways, and structural dynamics of neuronal and astrocytic primary cilia are fundamentally different. Here we discuss and compare the current understanding of neuronal and astrocytic primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sterpka
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, United States
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, United States.
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12
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Álvarez-Satta M, Matheu A. Primary cilium and glioblastoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918801169. [PMID: 30302130 PMCID: PMC6170955 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918801169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common, malignant and lethal primary brain tumour in adults. The primary cilium is a highly conserved and dynamic organelle that protrudes from the apical surface of virtually every type of mammalian cell. There is increasing evidence that abnormal cilia are involved in cancer progression, since primary cilia regulate cell cycle and signalling transduction. In this review, we summarize the role of primary cilium specifically with regard to GBM, where there is evidence postulating it as a critical mediator of GBM tumorigenesis and progression. This opens the way to the application of cilia-targeted therapies (‘ciliotherapy’) as a new approach in the fight against this devastating tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Satta
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Beguiristain s/n, CP 20014 San Sebastian, Spain CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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13
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Loskutov YV, Griffin CL, Marinak KM, Bobko A, Margaryan NV, Geldenhuys WJ, Sarkaria JN, Pugacheva EN. LPA signaling is regulated through the primary cilium: a novel target in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2018; 37:1457-1471. [PMID: 29321663 PMCID: PMC5854509 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a ubiquitous organelle presented on most human cells. It is a crucial signaling hub for multiple pathways including growth factor and G-protein coupled receptors. Loss of primary cilia, observed in various cancers, has been shown to affect cell proliferation. Primary cilia formation is drastically decreased in glioblastoma (GBM), however, the role of cilia in normal astrocyte or glioblastoma proliferation has not been explored. Here, we report that loss of primary cilia in human astrocytes stimulates growth rate in a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-dependent manner. We show that lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) is accumulated in primary cilia. LPAR1 signaling through Gα12/Gαq was previously reported to be responsible for cancer cell proliferation. We found that in ciliated cells, Gα12 and Gαq are excluded from the cilium, creating a barrier against unlimited proliferation, one of the hallmarks of cancer. Upon loss of primary cilia, LPAR1 redistributes to the plasma membrane with a concomitant increase in LPAR1 association with Gα12 and Gαq. Inhibition of LPA signaling with the small molecule compound Ki16425 in deciliated highly proliferative astrocytes or glioblastoma patient-derived cells/xenografts drastically suppresses their growth both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Ki16425 brain delivery via PEG-PLGA nanoparticles inhibited tumor progression in an intracranial glioblastoma PDX model. Overall, our findings establish a novel mechanism by which primary cilium restricts proliferation and indicate that loss of primary cilia is sufficient to increase mitogenic signaling, and is important for the maintenance of a highly proliferative phenotype. Clinical application of LPA inhibitors may prove beneficial to restrict glioblastoma growth and ensure local control of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V Loskutov
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Caryn L Griffin
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kristina M Marinak
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Andrey Bobko
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Naira V Margaryan
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Elena N Pugacheva
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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14
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Abstract
The primary cilium, a hair-like sensory organelle found on most mammalian cells, has gained recent attention within the field of neuroscience. Although neural primary cilia have been known to play a role in embryonic central nervous system patterning, we are just beginning to appreciate their importance in the mature organism. After several decades of investigation and controversy, the neural primary cilium is emerging as an important regulator of neuroplasticity in the healthy adult central nervous system. Further, primary cilia have recently been implicated in disease states such as cancer and epilepsy. Intriguingly, while primary cilia are expressed throughout the central nervous system, their structure, receptors, and signaling pathways vary by anatomical region and neural cell type. These differences likely bear relevance to both their homeostatic and neuropathological functions, although much remains to be uncovered. In this review, we provide a brief historical overview of neural primary cilia and highlight several key advances in the field over the past few decades. We then set forth a proposed research agenda to fill in the gaps in our knowledge regarding how the primary cilium functions and malfunctions in nervous tissue, with the ultimate goal of targeting this sensory structure for neural repair following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Kirschen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Qiaojie Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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15
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Hoang-Minh LB, Deleyrolle LP, Nakamura NS, Parker AK, Martuscello RT, Reynolds BA, Sarkisian MR. PCM1 Depletion Inhibits Glioblastoma Cell Ciliogenesis and Increases Cell Death and Sensitivity to Temozolomide. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:392-402. [PMID: 27661404 PMCID: PMC5035360 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the molecules implicated in the growth and survival of glioblastoma (GBM) cells and their response to temozolomide (TMZ), the standard-of-care chemotherapeutic agent, is necessary for the development of new therapies that would improve the outcome of current GBM treatments. In this study, we characterize the role of pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1), a component of centriolar satellites surrounding centrosomes, in GBM cell proliferation and sensitivity to genotoxic agents such as TMZ. We show that PCM1 is expressed around centrioles and ciliary basal bodies in patient GBM biopsies and derived cell lines and that its localization is dynamic throughout the cell cycle. To test whether PCM1 mediates GBM cell proliferation and/or response to TMZ, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generate primary GBM cell lines depleted of PCM1. These PCM1-depleted cells displayed reduced AZI1 satellite protein localization and significantly decreased proliferation, which was attributable to increased apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, PCM1-depleted lines were more sensitive to TMZ toxicity than control lines. The increase in TMZ sensitivity may be partly due to the reduced ability of PCM1-depleted cells to form primary cilia, as depletion of KIF3A also ablated GBM cells' ciliogenesis and increased their sensitivity to TMZ while preserving PCM1 localization. In addition, the co-depletion of KIF3A and PCM1 did not have any additive effect on TMZ sensitivity. Together, our data suggest that PCM1 plays multiple roles in GBM pathogenesis and that associated pathways could be targeted to augment current or future anti-GBM therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan B Hoang-Minh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Loic P Deleyrolle
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nariaki S Nakamura
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Alexander K Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Regina T Martuscello
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brent A Reynolds
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Matthew R Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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16
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Ganapathiraju MK, Karunakaran KB, Correa-Menéndez J. Predicted protein interactions of IFITMs may shed light on mechanisms of Zika virus-induced microcephaly and host invasion. F1000Res 2016; 5:1919. [PMID: 29333229 PMCID: PMC5747333 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9364.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
After the first reported case of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil, in 2015, a significant increase in the reported cases of microcephaly was observed. Microcephaly is a neurological condition in which the infant's head is significantly smaller with complications in brain development. Recently, two small membrane-associated interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM1 and IFITM3) have been shown to repress members of the flaviviridae family which includes ZIKV. However, the exact mechanisms leading to the inhibition of the virus are yet unknown. Here, we assembled an interactome of IFITM1 and IFITM3 with known protein-protein interactions (PPIs) collected from publicly available databases and novel PPIs predicted using the High-confidence Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction (HiPPIP) model. We analyzed the functional and pathway associations of the interacting proteins, and found that there are several immunity pathways (toll-like receptor signaling, cd28 signaling in T-helper cells, crosstalk between dendritic cells and natural killer cells), neuronal pathways (axonal guidance signaling, neural tube closure and actin cytoskeleton signaling) and developmental pathways (neural tube closure, embryonic skeletal system development) that are associated with these interactors. Our novel PPIs associate cilia dysfunction in ependymal cells to microcephaly, and may also shed light on potential targets of ZIKV for host invasion by immunosuppression and cytoskeletal rearrangements. These results could help direct future research in elucidating the mechanisms underlying host defense to ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi K. Ganapathiraju
- Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kalyani B. Karunakaran
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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17
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Ganapathiraju MK, Karunakaran KB, Correa-Menéndez J. Predicted protein interactions of IFITMs may shed light on mechanisms of Zika virus-induced microcephaly and host invasion. F1000Res 2016; 5:1919. [PMID: 29333229 PMCID: PMC5747333 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9364.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After the first reported case of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil, in 2015, a significant increase in the reported cases of microcephaly was observed. Microcephaly is a neurological condition in which the infant’s head is significantly smaller with complications in brain development. Recently, two small membrane-associated interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITM1 and IFITM3) have been shown to repress members of the flaviviridae family which includes ZIKV. However, the exact mechanisms leading to the inhibition of the virus are yet unknown. Here, we assembled an interactome of IFITM1 and IFITM3 with known protein-protein interactions (PPIs) collected from publicly available databases and novel PPIs predicted using the High-confidence Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction (HiPPIP) model. We analyzed the functional and pathway associations of the interacting proteins, and found that there are several immunity pathways (toll-like receptor signaling, cd28 signaling in T-helper cells, crosstalk between dendritic cells and natural killer cells), neuronal pathways (axonal guidance signaling, neural tube closure and actin cytoskeleton signaling) and developmental pathways (neural tube closure, embryonic skeletal system development) that are associated with these interactors. Our novel PPIs associate cilia dysfunction in ependymal cells to microcephaly, and may also shed light on potential targets of ZIKV for host invasion by immunosuppression and cytoskeletal rearrangements. These results could help direct future research in elucidating the mechanisms underlying host defense to ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi K Ganapathiraju
- Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kalyani B Karunakaran
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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18
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Narita K, Takeda S. Cilia in the choroid plexus: their roles in hydrocephalus and beyond. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:39. [PMID: 25729351 PMCID: PMC4325912 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are whip-like projections that are widely conserved in eukaryotes and function as a motile propeller and/or sensory platform to detect various extracellular stimuli. In vertebrates, cilia are ubiquitously found in most cells, showing structural and functional diversities depending on the cell type. In this review, we focus on the structure and function of cilia in choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs). CPECs form one or two dozen non-motile 9+0 cilia, which display transient acquisition of motility during development. Genetic malfunction of cilia can lead to failure of multiple organs including the brain. Especially, several groups have demonstrated that the defects in CPEC cilia cause the communicating form of hydrocephalus. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the hydrocephalus, we have previously demonstrated that the cilia possess an NPFF receptor for autocrine signaling to regulate transepithelial fluid transport. In this perspective, we also discuss the potential involvement of cilia in the other aspects of choroid plexus functions, such as the regulation of brain development and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Narita
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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19
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Voigt T, Neve A, Schümperli D. The craniosacral progression of muscle development influences the emergence of neuromuscular junction alterations in a severe murine model for spinal muscular atrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:416-34. [PMID: 23718187 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As 4-day-old mice of the severe spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) model (dying at 5-8 days) display pronounced neuromuscular changes in the diaphragm but not the soleus muscle, we wanted to gain more insight into the relationship between muscle development and the emergence of pathological changes and additionally to analyse intercostal muscles which are affected in human SMA. METHODS Structures of muscle fibres and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of the diaphragm, intercostal and calf muscles of prenatal (E21) and postnatal (P0 and P4) healthy and SMA mice were analysed by light and transmission electron microscopy. NMJ innervation was studied by whole mount immunofluorescence in diaphragms of P4 mice. RESULTS During this period, the investigated muscles still show a significant neck-to-tail developmental gradient. The diaphragm and calf muscles are most and least advanced, respectively, with respect to muscle fibre fusion and differentiation. The number and depth of subsynaptic folds increases, and perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs) acquire a basal lamina on their outer surface. Subsynaptic folds are connected to an extensive network of tubules and beaded caveolae, reminiscent of the T system in adult muscle. Interestingly, intercostal muscles from P4 SMA mice show weaker pathological involvement (that is, vacuolization of PSCs and perineurial cells) than those previously described by us for the diaphragm, whereas calf muscles show no pathological changes. CONCLUSION SMA-related alterations appear to occur only when the muscles have reached a certain developmental maturity. Moreover, glial cells, in particular PSCs, play an important role in SMA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Voigt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Ferraro S, Gomez-Montalvo AI, Olmos R, Ramirez M, Lamas M. Primary cilia in rat mature Müller glia: downregulation of IFT20 expression reduces sonic hedgehog-mediated proliferation and dedifferentiation potential of Müller glia primary cultures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:533-42. [PMID: 25504432 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized organelles that extend from the cell surface and concentrate signal transduction components. In the nervous system, primary cilia-associated signals, such as sonic hedgehog (Shh), regulate cell proliferation and neuronal fate. Primary cilia assembly and maintenance require a multi-subunit intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein complex. Defects in primary cilia and IFT proteins are associated to severe pathological phenotypes. In the retina, the study of primary cilia has been mainly restricted to the specialized photoreceptor outer segment. The presence and physiological role of primary cilia in other retinal cells have not been clearly elucidated. Müller cells are the main glia of the retina where they exert distinct functions to maintain homeostasis. In pathological conditions, Müller cells mount a unique regenerative response through the processes of dedifferentiation, proliferation, and differentiation into neuronal lineages. The involvement of IFT proteins or a primary cilium in these processes has not been explored. In this study, we used mature Müller glia primary cultures to reveal the presence of the primary cilia by immunoreactivity to acetylated α-tubulin and γ-tubulin, which localize to the axoneme and ciliar basal body, respectively. We demonstrate that si-RNA-mediated downregulation of IFT20 gene expression, a main component of the IFT machinery, blocks Shh-induced Müller cell proliferation. We present evidence that IFT20 ablation impairs the dedifferentiation capacity of Müller cells induced by Shh and by glutamate. Our demonstration that Müller glia expresses IFT20 and harbors primary cilia, and opens new venues of research on the role of primary cilia in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silene Ferraro
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, CINVESTAV Sede Sur, Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Mexico, DF, Mexico
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21
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Sarkisian MR, Siebzehnrubl D, Hoang-Minh L, Deleyrolle L, Silver DJ, Siebzehnrubl FA, Guadiana SM, Srivinasan G, Semple-Rowland S, Harrison JK, Steindler DA, Reynolds BA. Detection of primary cilia in human glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2014; 117:15-24. [PMID: 24510433 PMCID: PMC4433742 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant adult brain tumor and carries a poor prognosis due to primary and acquired resistance. While many cellular features of GBM have been documented, it is unclear if cells within these tumors extend a primary cilium, an organelle whose associated signaling pathways may regulate proliferation, migration, and survival of neural precursor and tumor cells. Using immunohistochemical and electron microscopy (EM) techniques, we screened human GBM tumor biopsies and primary cell lines for cilia. Immunocytochemical staining of five primary GBM cell lines revealed that between 8 and 25 % of the cells in each line possessed gamma tubulin-positive basal bodies from which extended acetylated, alpha-tubulin-positive axonemes. EM analyses confirmed the presence of cilia at the cell surface and revealed that their axonemes contained organized networks of microtubules, a structural feature consistent with our detection of IFT88 and Arl13b, two trafficked cilia proteins, along the lengths of the axonemes. Notably, cilia were detected in each of 23 tumor biopsies (22 primary and 1 recurrent) examined. These cilia were distributed across the tumor landscape including regions proximal to the vasculature and within necrotic areas. Moreover, ciliated cells within these tumors co-stained with Ki67, a marker for actively dividing cells, and ZEB1, a transcription factor that is upregulated in GBM and linked to tumor initiation, invasion, and chemoresistance. Collectively, our data show that subpopulations of cells within human GBM tumors are ciliated. In view of mounting evidence supporting roles of primary cilia in tumor initiation and propagation, it is likely that further study of the effects of cilia on GBM tumor cell function will improve our understanding of GBM pathogenesis and may provide new directions for GBM treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA,
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22
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Huang JG, Shen CB, Wu WB, Ren JW, Xu L, Liu S, Yang Q. Primary cilia mediate sonic hedgehog signaling to regulate neuronal-like differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells for resveratrol induction in vitro. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:587-96. [PMID: 24464877 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Gui Huang
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Chang-Bo Shen
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- Department of Neurology; Sichuan Provincial Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jun-Wei Ren
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
- Department of Neurology; Chongqing Fuling Central Hospital, Fuling District; Chongqing China
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
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23
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O'Hagan R, Barr MM. Regulation of tubulin glutamylation plays cell-specific roles in the function and stability of sensory cilia. WORM 2013; 1:155-9. [PMID: 24058841 PMCID: PMC3670407 DOI: 10.4161/worm.19539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are post-translationally modified, but the functions of post-translational modifications (PTMs) have in many cases remained unknown. Most PTMs, such as polyglutamylation, occur on the protruding C-terminal tail (CTT) of tubulins, are reversible, and have been proposed to play a role in regulation of MT-associated proteins (MAPs), molecular motors, and MT-severing proteins. Several PTM enzymes have been identified, including a carboxypeptidase in mice known as CCP1, which reduces polyglutamylation on the CTT of MTs, and causes cell-specific neurodegeneration when mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O'Hagan
- Department of Genetics; Rutgers; The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway, NJ USA
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24
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Soetedjo L, Glover DA, Jin H. Targeting of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2, VPAC2, a secretin family G-protein coupled receptor, to primary cilia. Biol Open 2013; 2:686-94. [PMID: 23862016 PMCID: PMC3711036 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia protrude from the cell surface of many cell types in the human body and function as cellular antennae via ciliary membrane localized receptors. Neurons and glial cells in the brain possess primary cilia, and the malfunction of primary cilia may contribute to neurological deficits present in many cilia-associated disorders. Several rhodopsin family G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are specifically localized to a subset of neuronal primary cilia. However, whether other family GPCRs target to neuronal cilia and whether glial primary cilia harbor any GPCRs are not known. We conducted a screening of GPCRs to determine their ability to target to primary cilia, and identified a secretin family member, Vasoactive Intestinal Receptor 2 (VPAC2), as a novel ciliary GPCR. Here, we show that endogenous VPAC2 targets to primary cilia in various brain regions, including the suprachiasmatic nuclei and the thalamus. Surprisingly, VPAC2 not only localizes to neuronal cilia but also to glial cilia. In addition, we show that VPAC2's C-terminus is both necessary and sufficient for its ciliary targeting and we define a novel ciliary targeting signal: the tetrapeptide RDYR motif in the C-terminus of VPAC2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that VPAC2 ciliary targeting is dependent on Tubby, the BBSome (a complex of Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins) and the BBSome targeting factor, Arl6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livana Soetedjo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL 60607 , USA
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25
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Lin YC, Niewiadomski P, Lin B, Nakamura H, Phua SC, Jiao J, Levchenko A, Inoue T, Rohatgi R, Inoue T. Chemically inducible diffusion trap at cilia reveals molecular sieve-like barrier. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:437-43. [PMID: 23666116 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia function as specialized compartments for signal transduction. The stereotyped structure and signaling function of cilia inextricably depend on the selective segregation of molecules in cilia. However, the fundamental principles governing the access of soluble proteins to primary cilia remain unresolved. We developed a methodology termed 'chemically inducible diffusion trap at cilia' to visualize the diffusion process of a series of fluorescent proteins ranging in size from 3.2 nm to 7.9 nm into primary cilia. We found that the interior of the cilium was accessible to proteins as large as 7.9 nm. The kinetics of ciliary accumulation of this panel of proteins was exponentially limited by their Stokes radii. Quantitative modeling suggests that the diffusion barrier operates as a molecular sieve at the base of cilia. Our study presents a set of powerful, generally applicable tools for the quantitative monitoring of ciliary protein diffusion under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Pawel Niewiadomski
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Siew Cheng Phua
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
| | - John Jiao
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Takafumi Inoue
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University.,PRESTO Investigator, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Kindt KS, Finch G, Nicolson T. Kinocilia mediate mechanosensitivity in developing zebrafish hair cells. Dev Cell 2012; 23:329-41. [PMID: 22898777 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive cilia are vital to signaling and development across many species. In sensory hair cells, sound and movement are transduced by apical hair bundles. Each bundle is comprised of a single primary cilium (kinocilium) flanked by multiple rows of actin-filled projections (stereocilia). Extracellular tip links that interconnect stereocilia are thought to gate mechanosensitive channels. In contrast to stereocilia, kinocilia are not critical for hair-cell mechanotransduction. However, by sequentially imaging the structure of hair bundles and mechanosensitivity of individual lateral-line hair cells in vivo, we uncovered a central role for kinocilia in mechanosensation during development. Our data demonstrate that nascent hair cells require kinocilia and kinocilial links for mechanosensitivity. Although nascent hair bundles have correct planar polarity, the polarity of their responses to mechanical stimuli is initially reversed. Later in development, a switch to correctly polarized mechanosensitivity coincides with the formation of tip links and the onset of tip-link-dependent mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S Kindt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Hearing Research Center, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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27
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Hedgehog signaling regulates myelination in the peripheral nervous system through primary cilia. Differentiation 2012; 83:S78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Ruat M, Roudaut H, Ferent J, Traiffort E. Hedgehog trafficking, cilia and brain functions. Differentiation 2012; 83:S97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Takeda S, Narita K. Structure and function of vertebrate cilia, towards a new taxonomy. Differentiation 2011; 83:S4-11. [PMID: 22118931 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we propose a new classification of vertebrate cilia/flagella and discuss the evolution and prototype of cilia. Cilia/flagella are evolutionarily well-conserved membranous organelles in eukaryotes and serve a variety of functions, including motility and sensation. Vertebrate cilia have been traditionally classified into conventional motile cilia and sensory primary cilia. However, an avalanche of emerging evidence on the variations of cilia has made it almost impossible to classify them in a simple dichotomic manner. For example, conventional motile cilia are also involved in the sensation of bitter taste to facilitate the beating of cilia as a defense system of the respiratory system. On the other hand, the primary cilium, often regarded as a non-motile sensory organelle, has been revealed to be motile in vertebrate embryonic nodes, where they play a crucial role in the determination of left-right asymmetry of the body. Moreover, choroid plexus epithelial cells in the cerebral ventricular system exhibit multiple primary cilia on a single cell. Considering these lines of evidence on the diversity of cilia, we believe the classification of cilia should be based on their structure and function, and include more detailed criteria. Another intriguing issue is how in the evolution of cilia, their function and morphology are combined. For example, has motility been acquired from originally sensory cilia, or vice versa? Alternatively, were they originally hybrid in nature? These questions are inseparable from the classification of cilia per se. We would like to address these conundrums in this review article, principally from the standpoint of differentiation of the animal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimo-Kateau, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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Farnum CE, Wilsman NJ. Axonemal positioning and orientation in three-dimensional space for primary cilia: what is known, what is assumed, and what needs clarification. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2405-31. [PMID: 22012592 PMCID: PMC3278774 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two positional characteristics of the ciliary axoneme--its location on the plasma membrane as it emerges from the cell, and its orientation in three-dimensional (3D) space--are known to be critical for optimal function of actively motile cilia (including nodal cilia), as well as for modified cilia associated with special senses. However, these positional characteristics have not been analyzed to any significant extent for primary cilia. This review briefly summarizes the history of knowledge of these two positional characteristics across a wide spectrum of cilia, emphasizing their importance for proper function. Then the review focuses what is known about these same positional characteristics for primary cilia in all major tissue types where they have been reported. The review emphasizes major areas that would be productive for future research for understanding how positioning and 3D orientation of primary cilia may be related to their hypothesized signaling roles within different cellular populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia E Farnum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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