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Farhangian M, Azarafrouz F, Valian N, Dargahi L. The role of interferon beta in neurological diseases and its potential therapeutic relevance. Eur J Pharmacol 2024:176882. [PMID: 39128808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Interferon beta (IFNβ) is a member of the type-1 interferon family and has various immunomodulatory functions in neuropathological conditions. Although the level of IFNβ is low under healthy conditions, it is increased during inflammatory processes to protect the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, microglia and astrocytes are the main sources of IFNβ upon inflammatory insult in the CNS. The protective effects of IFNβ are well characterized in reducing the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS); however, little is understood about its effects in other neurological/neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, different types of IFNs and their signaling pathways will be described. Then we will focus on the potential role and therapeutic effect of IFNβ in several CNS-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury, prion disease and spinocerebellar ataxia 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Farhangian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forouzan Azarafrouz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Valian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Boylan BT, Hwang M, Bergmann CC. The Impact of Innate Components on Viral Pathogenesis in the Neurotropic Coronavirus Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model. Viruses 2023; 15:2400. [PMID: 38140641 PMCID: PMC10747027 DOI: 10.3390/v15122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of viruses invading the central nervous system (CNS) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is crucial to elicit early innate responses that stem dissemination. These innate responses comprise both type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated defenses as well as signals recruiting leukocytes to control the infection. Focusing on insights from the neurotropic mouse CoV model, this review discusses how early IFN-I, fibroblast, and myeloid signals can influence protective anti-viral adaptive responses. Emphasis is placed on three main areas: the importance of coordinating the distinct capacities of resident CNS cells to induce and respond to IFN-I, the effects of select IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) on host immune responses versus viral control, and the contribution of fibroblast activation and myeloid cells in aiding the access of T cells to the parenchyma. By unraveling how the dysregulation of early innate components influences adaptive immunity and viral control, this review illustrates the combined effort of resident CNS cells to achieve viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. Boylan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mihyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cornelia C. Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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3
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Bormann D, Copic D, Klas K, Direder M, Riedl CJ, Testa G, Kühtreiber H, Poreba E, Hametner S, Golabi B, Salek M, Haider C, Endmayr V, Shaw LE, Höftberger R, Ankersmit HJ, Mildner M. Exploring the heterogeneous transcriptional response of the CNS to systemic LPS and Poly(I:C). Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106339. [PMID: 37913832 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral contact to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) evokes a systemic innate immune response which is rapidly relayed to the central nervous system (CNS). The remarkable cellular heterogeneity of the CNS poses a significant challenge to the study of cell type and stimulus dependent responses of neural cells during acute inflammation. Here we utilized single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNAseq), serum proteome profiling and primary cell culture methods to systematically compare the acute response of the mammalian brain to the bacterial PAMP lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the viral PAMP polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), at single cell resolution. Our study unveiled convergent transcriptional cytokine and cellular stress responses in brain vascular and ependymal cells and a downregulation of several key mediators of directed blood brain barrier (BBB) transport. In contrast the neuronal response to PAMPs was limited in acute neuroinflammation. Moreover, our study highlighted the dominant role of IFN signalling upon Poly(I:C) challenge, particularly in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Collectively our study unveils heterogeneous, shared and distinct cell type and stimulus dependent acute responses of the CNS to bacterial and viral PAMP challenges. Our findings highlight inflammation induced dysregulations of BBB-transporter gene expression, suggesting potential translational implications on drug pharmacokinetics variability during acute neuroinflammation. The pronounced dependency of oligodendrocytes on IFN stimulation during viral PAMP challenges, emphasizes their limited molecular viral response repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bormann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragan Copic
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Klas
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Direder
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian J Riedl
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulia Testa
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Kühtreiber
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilia Poreba
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Salek
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Haider
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa E Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik J Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Bühler M, Li D, Li L, Runft S, Waltl I, Pavlou A, Kalinke U, Ciurkiewicz M, Huehn J, Floess S, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. IFNAR signaling of neuroectodermal cells is essential for the survival of C57BL/6 mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:58. [PMID: 36872323 PMCID: PMC9985866 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes encephalitis followed by chronic demyelination in SJL mice and spontaneous seizures in C57BL/6 mice. Since earlier studies indicated a critical role of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling in the control of viral replication in the central nervous system (CNS), mouse strain-specific differences in pathways induced by the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR) might determine the outcome of TMEV infection. METHODS Data of RNA-seq analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to compare the gene and protein expression of IFN-I signaling pathway members between mock- and TMEV-infected SJL and C57BL/6 mice at 4, 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi). To address the impact of IFNAR signaling in selected brain-resident cell types, conditional knockout mice with an IFNAR deficiency in cells of the neuroectodermal lineage (NesCre±IFNARfl/fl), neurons (Syn1Cre±IFNARfl/fl), astrocytes (GFAPCre±IFNARfl/fl), and microglia (Sall1CreER±IFNARfl/fl) on a C57BL/6 background were tested. PCR and an immunoassay were used to quantify TMEV RNA and cytokine and chemokine expression in their brain at 4 dpi. RESULTS RNA-seq analysis revealed upregulation of most ISGs in SJL and C57BL/6 mice, but Ifi202b mRNA transcripts were only increased in SJL and Trim12a only in C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry showed minor differences in ISG expression (ISG15, OAS, PKR) between both mouse strains. While all immunocompetent Cre-negative control mice and the majority of mice with IFNAR deficiency in neurons or microglia survived until 14 dpi, lack of IFNAR expression in all cells (IFNAR-/-), neuroectodermal cells, or astrocytes induced lethal disease in most of the analyzed mice, which was associated with unrestricted viral replication. NesCre±IFNARfl/fl mice showed more Ifnb1, Tnfa, Il6, Il10, Il12b and Ifng mRNA transcripts than Cre-/-IFNARfl/fl mice. IFNAR-/- mice also demonstrated increased IFN-α, IFN-β, IL1-β, IL-6, and CXCL-1 protein levels, which highly correlated with viral load. CONCLUSIONS Ifi202b and Trim12a expression levels likely contribute to mouse strain-specific susceptibility to TMEV-induced CNS lesions. Restriction of viral replication is strongly dependent on IFNAR signaling of neuroectodermal cells, which also controls the expression of key pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during viral brain infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bühler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany.,c/o School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Sandra Runft
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Inken Waltl
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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5
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Viengkhou B, Hofer MJ. Breaking down the cellular responses to type I interferon neurotoxicity in the brain. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1110593. [PMID: 36817430 PMCID: PMC9936317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their original discovery, type I interferons (IFN-Is) have been closely associated with antiviral immune responses. However, their biological functions go far beyond this role, with balanced IFN-I activity being critical to maintain cellular and tissue homeostasis. Recent findings have uncovered a darker side of IFN-Is whereby chronically elevated levels induce devastating neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative pathologies. The underlying causes of these 'interferonopathies' are diverse and include monogenetic syndromes, autoimmune disorders, as well as chronic infections. The prominent involvement of the CNS in these disorders indicates a particular susceptibility of brain cells to IFN-I toxicity. Here we will discuss the current knowledge of how IFN-Is mediate neurotoxicity in the brain by analyzing the cell-type specific responses to IFN-Is in the CNS, and secondly, by exploring the spectrum of neurological disorders arising from increased IFN-Is. Understanding the nature of IFN-I neurotoxicity is a crucial and fundamental step towards development of new therapeutic strategies for interferonopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney Viengkhou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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Raftopoulou S, Rapti A, Karathanasis D, Evangelopoulos ME, Mavragani CP. The role of type I IFN in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases with CNS involvement. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1026449. [PMID: 36438941 PMCID: PMC9685560 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1026449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are major mediators of innate immunity, with well-known antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties. A growing body of evidence suggests the involvement of type I IFNs in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) manifestations in the setting of chronic autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders, while IFN-β has been for years, a well-established therapeutic modality for multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present review, we summarize the current evidence on the mechanisms of type I IFN production by CNS cellular populations as well as its local effects on the CNS. Additionally, the beneficial effects of IFN-β in the pathophysiology of MS are discussed, along with the contributory role of type I IFNs in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus and type I interferonopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Raftopoulou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Rapti
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Karathanasis
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Clio P. Mavragani
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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7
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Lang R, Li H, Luo X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Guo S, Xu J, Bao C, Dong W, Yu Y. Expression and mechanisms of interferon-stimulated genes in viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) and neurological diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008072. [PMID: 36325336 PMCID: PMC9618809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) bind to cell surface receptors and activate the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) through intracellular signaling cascades. ISGs and their expression products have various biological functions, such as antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, and are essential effector molecules for IFN function. ISGs limit the invasion and replication of the virus in a cell-specific and region-specific manner in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to participating in natural immunity against viral infections, studies have shown that ISGs are essential in the pathogenesis of CNS disorders such as neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this review is to present a macroscopic overview of the characteristics of ISGs that restrict viral neural invasion and the expression of the ISGs underlying viral infection of CNS cells. Furthermore, we elucidate the characteristics of ISGs expression in neurological inflammation, neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression as well as neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Finally, we summarize several ISGs (ISG15, IFIT2, IFITM3) that have been studied more in recent years for their antiviral infection in the CNS and their research progress in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Luo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cencen Liu
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Zhongjiang County, DeYang, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - ShunYu Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Changshun Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Neurological diseases and brain function laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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8
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Septyaningtrias DE, Susilowati R. Neurological involvement of COVID-19: from neuroinvasion and neuroimmune crosstalk to long-term consequences. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:427-442. [PMID: 33550780 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a multidimensional threat to humanity, more evidence of neurological involvement associated with it has emerged. Neuroimmune interaction may prove to be important not only in the pathogenesis of neurological manifestations but also to prevent systemic hyperinflammation. In this review, we summarize reports of COVID-19 cases with neurological involvement, followed by discussion of possible routes of entry, immune responses against coronavirus infection in the central nervous system and mechanisms of nerve degeneration due to viral infection and immune responses. Possible mechanisms for neuroprotection and virus-associated neurological consequences are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Eurike Septyaningtrias
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
| | - Rina Susilowati
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
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9
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Zika Virus Infection Leads to Demyelination and Axonal Injury in Mature CNS Cultures. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010091. [PMID: 33440758 PMCID: PMC7827345 DOI: 10.3390/v13010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how Zika virus (Flaviviridae; ZIKV) affects neural cells is paramount in comprehending pathologies associated with infection. Whilst the effects of ZIKV in neural development are well documented, impact on the adult nervous system remains obscure. Here, we investigated the effects of ZIKV infection in established mature myelinated central nervous system (CNS) cultures. Infection incurred damage to myelinated fibers, with ZIKV-positive cells appearing when myelin damage was first detected as well as axonal pathology, suggesting the latter was a consequence of oligodendroglia infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed host factors that were upregulated during ZIKV infection. One such factor, CCL5, was validated in vitro as inhibiting myelination. Transferred UV-inactivated media from infected cultures did not damage myelin and axons, suggesting that viral replication is necessary to induce the observed effects. These data show that ZIKV infection affects CNS cells even after myelination-which is critical for saltatory conduction and neuronal function-has taken place. Understanding the targets of this virus across developmental stages including the mature CNS, and the subsequent effects of infection of cell types, is necessary to understand effective time frames for therapeutic intervention.
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10
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Neuronal Ablation of Alpha/Beta Interferon (IFN-α/β) Signaling Exacerbates Central Nervous System Viral Dissemination and Impairs IFN-γ Responsiveness in Microglia/Macrophages. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00422-20. [PMID: 32796063 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00422-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) signaling through the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) is essential to limit virus dissemination throughout the central nervous system (CNS) following many neurotropic virus infections. However, the distinct expression patterns of factors associated with the IFN-α/β pathway in different CNS resident cell populations implicate complex cooperative pathways in IFN-α/β induction and responsiveness. Here we show that mice devoid of IFNAR1 signaling in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα) expressing neurons (CaMKIIcre:IFNARfl/fl mice) infected with a mildly pathogenic neurotropic coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus A59 strain [MHV-A59]) developed severe encephalomyelitis with hind-limb paralysis and succumbed within 7 days. Increased virus spread in CaMKIIcre:IFNARfl/fl mice compared to IFNARfl/fl mice affected neurons not only in the forebrain but also in the mid-hind brain and spinal cords but excluded the cerebellum. Infection was also increased in glia. The lack of viral control in CaMKIIcre:IFNARfl/fl relative to control mice coincided with sustained Cxcl1 and Ccl2 mRNAs but a decrease in mRNA levels of IFNα/β pathway genes as well as Il6, Tnf, and Il1β between days 4 and 6 postinfection (p.i.). T cell accumulation and IFN-γ production, an essential component of virus control, were not altered. However, IFN-γ responsiveness was impaired in microglia/macrophages irrespective of similar pSTAT1 nuclear translocation as in infected controls. The results reveal how perturbation of IFN-α/β signaling in neurons can worsen disease course and disrupt complex interactions between the IFN-α/β and IFN-γ pathways in achieving optimal antiviral responses.IMPORTANCE IFN-α/β induction limits CNS viral spread by establishing an antiviral state, but also promotes blood brain barrier integrity, adaptive immunity, and activation of microglia/macrophages. However, the extent to which glial or neuronal signaling contributes to these diverse IFN-α/β functions is poorly understood. Using a neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus encephalomyelitis model, this study demonstrated an essential role of IFN-α/β receptor 1 (IFNAR1) specifically in neurons to control virus spread, regulate IFN-γ signaling, and prevent acute mortality. The results support the notion that effective neuronal IFNAR1 signaling compensates for their low basal expression of genes in the IFN-α/β pathway compared to glia. The data further highlight the importance of tightly regulated communication between the IFN-α/β and IFN-γ signaling pathways to optimize antiviral IFN-γ activity.
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11
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Hayden L, Semenoff T, Schultz V, Merz SF, Chapple KJ, Rodriguez M, Warrington AE, Shi X, McKimmie CS, Edgar JM, Thümmler K, Linington C, Pingen M. Lipid-specific IgMs induce antiviral responses in the CNS: implications for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:135. [PMID: 32792006 PMCID: PMC7427287 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a potentially fatal encephalitis caused by JC polyomavirus (JCV). PML principally affects people with a compromised immune system, such as patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving treatment with natalizumab. However, intrathecal synthesis of lipid-reactive IgM in MS patients is associated with a markedly lower incidence of natalizumab-associated PML compared to those without this antibody repertoire. Here we demonstrate that a subset of lipid-reactive human and murine IgMs induce a functional anti-viral response that inhibits replication of encephalitic Alpha and Orthobunyaviruses in multi-cellular central nervous system cultures. These lipid-specific IgMs trigger microglia to produce IFN-β in a cGAS-STING-dependent manner, which induces an IFN-α/β-receptor 1-dependent antiviral response in glia and neurons. These data identify lipid-reactive IgM as a mediator of anti-viral activity in the nervous system and provide a rational explanation why intrathecal synthesis of lipid-reactive IgM correlates with a reduced incidence of iatrogenic PML in MS.
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Fares M, Cochet-Bernoin M, Gonzalez G, Montero-Menei CN, Blanchet O, Benchoua A, Boissart C, Lecollinet S, Richardson J, Haddad N, Coulpier M. Pathological modeling of TBEV infection reveals differential innate immune responses in human neurons and astrocytes that correlate with their susceptibility to infection. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:76. [PMID: 32127025 PMCID: PMC7053149 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus, which includes several important human pathogens. It is responsible for neurological symptoms that may cause permanent disability or death, and, from a medical point of view, is the major arbovirus in Central/Northern Europe and North-Eastern Asia. TBEV tropism is critical for neuropathogenesis, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern the susceptibility of human brain cells to the virus. In this study, we sought to establish and characterize a new in vitro model of TBEV infection in the human brain and to decipher cell type-specific innate immunity and its relation to TBEV tropism and neuropathogenesis. METHOD Human neuronal/glial cells were differentiated from neural progenitor cells and infected with the TBEV-Hypr strain. Kinetics of infection, cellular tropism, and cellular responses, including innate immune responses, were characterized by measuring viral genome and viral titer, performing immunofluorescence, enumerating the different cellular types, and determining their rate of infection and by performing PCR array and qRT-PCR. The specific response of neurons and astrocytes was analyzed using the same approaches after enrichment of the neuronal/glial cultures for each cellular subtype. RESULTS We showed that infection of human neuronal/glial cells mimicked three major hallmarks of TBEV infection in the human brain, namely, preferential neuronal tropism, neuronal death, and astrogliosis. We further showed that these cells conserved their capacity to mount an antiviral response against TBEV. TBEV-infected neuronal/glial cells, therefore, represented a highly relevant pathological model. By enriching the cultures for either neurons or astrocytes, we further demonstrated qualitative and quantitative differential innate immune responses in the two cell types that correlated with their particular susceptibility to TBEV. CONCLUSION Our results thus reveal that cell type-specific innate immunity is likely to contribute to shaping TBEV tropism for human brain cells. They describe a new in vitro model for in-depth study of TBEV-induced neuropathogenesis and improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which neurotropic viruses target and damage human brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazigh Fares
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Marielle Cochet-Bernoin
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claudia N Montero-Menei
- CRCINA, UMR 1232, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, F-49933, Angers, France
| | - Odile Blanchet
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques, CHU Angers, BB-0033-00038, Angers, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nadia Haddad
- UMR BIPAR 956, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Lin JY, Kuo RL, Huang HI. Activation of type I interferon antiviral response in human neural stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:387. [PMID: 31843025 PMCID: PMC6916114 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in the central nervous system play an important role in neurogenesis. Several viruses can infect these neural progenitors and cause severe neurological diseases. The innate immune responses against the neurotropic viruses in these tissue-specific stem cells remain unclear. METHODS Human NSCs were transfected with viral RNA mimics or infected with neurotropic virus for detecting the expression of antiviral interferons (IFNs) and downstream IFN-stimulated antiviral genes. RESULTS NSCs are able to produce interferon-β (IFN-β) (type I) and λ1 (type III) after transfection with poly(I:C) and that downstream IFN-stimulated antiviral genes, such as ISG56 and MxA, and the viral RNA sensors RIG-I, MDA5, and TLR3, can be expressed in NSCs under poly(I:C) or IFN-β stimulation. In addition, our results show that the pattern recognition receptors RIG-I and MDA5, as well as the endosomal pathogen recognition receptor TLR3, but not TLR7 and TLR8, are involved in the activation of IFN-β transcription in NSCs. Furthermore, NSCs infected with the neurotropic viruses, Zika and Japanese encephalitis viruses, are able to induce RIG-I-mediated IFN-β expression. CONCLUSION Human NSCs have the ability to activate IFN signals against neurotropic viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhao-Yin Lin
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Lin Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-I Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.
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Savarin C, Bergmann CC. Fine Tuning the Cytokine Storm by IFN and IL-10 Following Neurotropic Coronavirus Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3022. [PMID: 30619363 PMCID: PMC6306494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is vulnerable to several viral infections including herpes viruses, arboviruses and HIV to name a few. While a rapid and effective immune response is essential to limit viral spread and mortality, this anti-viral response needs to be tightly regulated in order to limit immune mediated tissue damage. This balance between effective virus control with limited pathology is especially important due to the highly specialized functions and limited regenerative capacity of neurons, which can be targets of direct virus cytolysis or bystander damage. CNS infection with the neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) induces an acute encephalomyelitis associated with focal areas of demyelination, which is sustained during viral persistence. Both innate and adaptive immune cells work in coordination to control virus replication. While type I interferons are essential to limit virus spread associated with early mortality, perforin, and interferon-γ promote further virus clearance in astrocytes/microglia and oligodendrocytes, respectively. Effective control of virus replication is nonetheless associated with tissue damage, characterized by demyelinating lesions. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 limits expansion of tissue lesions during chronic infection without affecting viral persistence. Thus, effective coordination of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is essential during MHV induced encephalomyelitis in order to protect the host against viral infection at a limited cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Savarin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Hwang M, Bergmann CC. Intercellular Communication Is Key for Protective IFNα/β Signaling During Viral Central Nervous System Infection. Viral Immunol 2018; 32:1-6. [PMID: 30222502 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of viruses can induce central nervous system (CNS) infections and neurological diseases, although the incidence is rare. Similar to peripheral infections, IFNα/β induction and signaling constitutes a first line of defense to limit virus dissemination. However, CNS-resident cells differ widely in their repertoire and magnitude of both basal and inducible components in the IFNα/β pathway. While microglia as resident myeloid cells have been implicated as prominent sentinels of CNS invading pathogens or insults, astrocytes are emerging as key responders to many neurotropic RNA virus infections. Focusing on RNA viruses, this review discusses the role of astrocytes as IFNα/β inducers and responders and touches on the role of IFNα/β receptor signaling in regulating myeloid cell activation and IFNγ responsiveness. A summary picture emerges implicating IFNα/β not only as key in establishing the classical "antiviral" state, but also orchestrating cell mobility and IFNγ-mediated effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Alpha/Beta Interferon (IFN-α/β) Signaling in Astrocytes Mediates Protection against Viral Encephalomyelitis and Regulates IFN-γ-Dependent Responses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01901-17. [PMID: 29491163 PMCID: PMC5923078 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01901-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of distinct central nervous system (CNS) resident cells to protective alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) function following viral infections is poorly understood. Based on numerous immune regulatory functions of astrocytes, we evaluated the contribution of astrocyte IFN-α/β signaling toward protection against the nonlethal glia- and neuronotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain A59. Analysis of gene expression associated with IFN-α/β function, e.g., pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), revealed lower basal mRNA levels in brain-derived astrocytes than in microglia. Although astrocytes poorly induced Ifnβ mRNA following infection, they upregulated various mRNAs in the IFN-α/β pathway to a higher extent than microglia, supporting effective IFN-α/β responsiveness. Ablation of the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) in astrocytes using mGFAPcre IFNARfl/fl mice resulted in severe encephalomyelitis and mortality, coincident with uncontrolled virus replication. Further, virus spread was not restricted to astrocytes but also affected microglia and neurons, despite increased and sustained Ifnα/β and ISG mRNA levels within the CNS. IFN-γ, a crucial mediator for MHV control, was not impaired in infected mGFAPcre IFNARfl/fl mice despite reduced T cell CNS infiltration. Unexpectedly however, poor induction of IFN-γ-dependent major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on microglia supported that defective IFN-γ signaling contributes to uncontrolled virus replication. A link between sustained elevated IFN-α/β and impaired responsiveness to IFN-γ supports the novel concept that temporally limited early IFN-α/β responses are critical for effective antiviral IFN-γ function. Overall, our results imply that IFN-α/β signaling in astrocytes is not only critical in limiting early CNS viral spread but also promotes protective antiviral IFN-γ function.IMPORTANCE An antiviral state established by IFN-α/β contains initial viral spread as adaptive immunity develops. While it is apparent that the CNS lacks professional IFN-α/β producers and that resident cells have distinct abilities to elicit innate IFN-α/β responses, protective interactions between inducer and responder cells require further investigation. Infection with a glia- and neuronotropic coronavirus demonstrates that astrocytes mount a delayed but more robust response to infection than microglia, despite their lower basal mRNA levels of IFN-α/β-inducing components. Lethal, uncontrolled viral dissemination following ablation of astrocyte IFN-α/β signaling revealed the importance of IFN-α/β responses in a single cell type for protection. Sustained global IFN-α/β expression associated with uncontrolled virus did not suffice to protect neurons and further impaired responsiveness to protective IFN-γ. The results support astrocytes as critical contributors to innate immunity and the concept that limited IFN-α/β responses are critical for effective subsequent antiviral IFN-γ function.
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Valentin-Torres A, Savarin C, Barnett J, Bergmann CC. Blockade of sustained tumor necrosis factor in a transgenic model of progressive autoimmune encephalomyelitis limits oligodendrocyte apoptosis and promotes oligodendrocyte maturation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:121. [PMID: 29690885 PMCID: PMC5916830 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS). Although TNF-targeted therapies have been largely unsuccessful in MS, recent preclinical data suggests selective soluble TNF inhibition can promote remyelination. This has renewed interest in regulation of TNF signaling in demyelinating disease, especially given the limited treatment options for progressive MS. Using a mouse model of progressive MS, this study evaluates the effects of sustained TNF on oligodendrocyte (OLG) apoptosis and OLG precursor cell (OPC) differentiation. Methods Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative interferon-γ receptor under the human glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (GFAPγR1Δ) causes severe non-remitting disease associated with sustained TNF. Therapeutic effects in GFAPγR1Δ mice treated with anti-TNF compared to control antibody during acute EAE were evaluated by assessing demyelinating lesion size, remyelination, OLG apoptosis, and OPC differentiation. Results More severe and enlarged demyelinating lesions in GFAPγR1Δ compared to wild-type (WT) mice were associated with increased OLG apoptosis and reduced differentiated CC1+Olig2+ OLG within lesions, as well as impaired upregulation of TNF receptor-2, suggesting impaired OPC differentiation. TNF blockade during acute EAE in GFAPγR1Δ both limited OLG apoptosis and enhanced OPC differentiation consistent with reduced lesion size and clinical recovery. TNF neutralization further limited increasing endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in astrocytes and myeloid cells noted in lesions during disease progression in GFAPγR1Δ mice, supporting inhibitory effects of ET-1 on OPC maturation. Conclusion Our data implicate that IFNγ signaling to astrocytes is essential to limit a detrimental positive feedback loop of TNF and ET-1 production, which increases OLG apoptosis and impairs OPC differentiation. Interference of this cycle by TNF blockade promotes repair independent of TNFR2 and supports selective TNF targeting to mitigate progressive forms of MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1164-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Valentin-Torres
- Department of Neurosciences NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Athersys, Inc., 3201 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115-2634, USA
| | - Carine Savarin
- Department of Neurosciences NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Joslyn Barnett
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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18
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Ischemia/Reperfusion Induces Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in Microglia. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8292-8308. [PMID: 28747383 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0725-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling is important in the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion (stroke)-induced injury and recovery. Several lines of evidence support a central role for microglia in these processes. Recent work has identified Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling in both ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury and ischemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection. To determine the effects of "ischemia/reperfusion-like" conditions on microglia, we performed genomic analyses on wild-type (WT) and TLR4-/- cultured microglia after sequential exposure to hypoxia/hypoglycemia and normoxia/normoglycemia (H/H-N/N). We observed increased expression of type 1 IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) as the predominant transcriptomal feature of H/H-N/N-exposed WT, but not TLR4-/-, microglia. Microarray analysis on ex vivo sorted microglia from ipsilateral male mouse cortex after a transient in vivo ischemic pulse also demonstrated robust expression of ISGs. Type 1 IFNs, including the IFN-αs and IFN-β, activate the interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) complex. We confirmed both in vitro H/H-N/N- and in vivo ischemia/reperfusion-induced microglial ISG responses by quantitative real-time PCR and demonstrated that both were dependent on IFNAR1. We characterized the effects of hypoxia/hypoglycemia on phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), release of type 1 IFNs, and surface expression of IFNAR1 in microglia. We demonstrated that IFN-β induces dose-dependent secretion of ISG chemokines in cultured microglia and robust ISG expression in microglia both in vitro and in vivo Finally, we demonstrated that the microglial ISG chemokine responses to TLR4 agonists were dependent on TLR4 and IFNAR1. Together, these data suggest novel ischemia/reperfusion-induced pathways for both TLR4-dependent and -independent, IFNAR1-dependent, type 1 IFN signaling in microglia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and is a leading cause of serious long-term disability worldwide. Innate immune responses are critical in stroke pathophysiology, and microglia are key cellular effectors in the CNS response to ischemia/reperfusion. Using a transcriptional analysis approach, we identified a robust interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene response within microglia exposed to ischemia/reperfusion in both in vitro and in vivo experimental paradigms. Using a number of complementary techniques, we have demonstrated that these responses are dependent on innate immune signaling components including Toll-like receptor-4 and type I IFNs. We have also elucidated several novel ischemia/reperfusion-induced microglial signaling mechanisms.
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Al-Shujairi WH, Clarke JN, Davies LT, Alsharifi M, Pitson SM, Carr JM. Intracranial Injection of Dengue Virus Induces Interferon Stimulated Genes and CD8+ T Cell Infiltration by Sphingosine Kinase 1 Independent Pathways. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169814. [PMID: 28095439 PMCID: PMC5240945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the absence of sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) affects both dengue virus (DENV) infection and innate immune responses in vitro. Here we aimed to define SK1-dependancy of DENV-induced disease and the associated innate responses in vivo. The lack of a reliable mouse model with a fully competent interferon response for DENV infection is a challenge, and here we use an experimental model of DENV infection in the brain of immunocompetent mice. Intracranial injection of DENV-2 into C57BL/6 mice induced body weight loss and neurological symptoms which was associated with a high level of DENV RNA in the brain. Body weight loss and DENV RNA level tended to be greater in SK1-/- compared with wildtype (WT) mice. Brain infection with DENV-2 is associated with the induction of interferon-β (IFN-β) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression including viperin, Ifi27l2a, IRF7, and CXCL10 without any significant differences between WT and SK1-/- mice. The SK2 and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels in the brain were unchanged by DENV infection or the lack of SK1. Histological analysis demonstrated the presence of a cellular infiltrate in DENV-infected brain with a significant increase in mRNA for CD8 but not CD4 suggesting this infiltrate is likely CD8+ but not CD4+ T-lymphocytes. This increase in T-cell infiltration was not affected by the lack of SK1. Overall, DENV-infection in the brain induces IFN and T-cell responses but does not influence the SK/S1P axis. In contrast to our observations in vitro, SK1 has no major influence on these responses following DENV-infection in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam H. Al-Shujairi
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer N. Clarke
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lorena T. Davies
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Vaccine Research Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jillian M. Carr
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Miller KD, Schnell MJ, Rall GF. Keeping it in check: chronic viral infection and antiviral immunity in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:766-776. [PMID: 27811921 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that the manner by which the immune response resolves or contains infection by a pathogen varies according to the tissue that is affected. Unlike many peripheral cell types, CNS neurons are generally non-renewable. Thus, the cytolytic and inflammatory strategies that are effective in controlling infections in the periphery could be damaging if deployed in the CNS. Perhaps for this reason, the immune response to some CNS viral infections favours maintenance of neuronal integrity and non-neurolytic viral control. This modified immune response - when combined with the unique anatomy and physiology of the CNS - provides an ideal environment for the maintenance of viral genomes, including those of RNA viruses. Therefore, it is possible that such viruses can reactivate long after initial viral exposure, contributing to CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn D Miller
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Glenn F Rall
- Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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Myd88 Initiates Early Innate Immune Responses and Promotes CD4 T Cells during Coronavirus Encephalomyelitis. J Virol 2015; 89:9299-312. [PMID: 26136579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01199-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Myd88 signaling is critical to the control of numerous central nervous system (CNS) infections by promoting both innate and adaptive immune responses. Nevertheless, the extent to which Myd88 regulates type I interferon (IFN) versus proinflammatory factors and T cell function, as well as the anatomical site of action, varies extensively with the pathogen. CNS infection by neurotropic coronavirus with replication confined to the brain and spinal cord induces protective IFN-α/β via Myd88-independent activation of melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). However, a contribution of Myd88-dependent signals to CNS pathogenesis has not been assessed. Infected Myd88(-/-) mice failed to control virus, exhibited enhanced clinical disease coincident with increased demyelination, and succumbed to infection within 3 weeks. The induction of IFN-α/β, as well as of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, was impaired early during infection. However, defects in both IFN-α/β and select proinflammatory factors were rapidly overcome prior to T cell recruitment. Myd88 deficiency also specifically blunted myeloid and CD4 T cell recruitment into the CNS without affecting CD8 T cells. Moreover, CD4 T cells but not CD8 T cells were impaired in IFN-γ production. Ineffective virus control indeed correlated most prominently with reduced antiviral IFN-γ in the CNS of Myd88(-/-) mice. The results demonstrate a crucial role for Myd88 both in early induction of innate immune responses during coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis and in specifically promoting protective CD4 T cell activation. In the absence of these responses, functional CD8 T cells are insufficient to control viral spread within the CNS, resulting in severe demyelination. IMPORTANCE During central nervous system (CNS) infections, signaling through the adaptor protein Myd88 promotes both innate and adaptive immune responses. The extent to which Myd88 regulates antiviral type I IFN, proinflammatory factors, adaptive immunity, and pathology is pathogen dependent. These results reveal that Myd88 protects from lethal neurotropic coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis by accelerating but not enhancing the induction of IFN-α/β, as well as by promoting peripheral activation and CNS accumulation of virus-specific CD4 T cells secreting IFN-γ. By controlling both early innate immune responses and CD4 T cell-mediated antiviral IFN-γ, Myd88 signaling limits the initial viral dissemination and is vital for T cell-mediated control of viral loads. Uncontrolled viral replication in the absence of Myd88 leads to severe demyelination and pathology despite overall reduced inflammatory responses. These data support a vital role of Myd88 signaling in protective antimicrobial functions in the CNS by promoting proinflammatory mediators and T cell-mediated IFN-γ production.
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22
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Puntambekar SS, Hinton DR, Yin X, Savarin C, Bergmann CC, Trapp BD, Stohlman SA. Interleukin-10 is a critical regulator of white matter lesion containment following viral induced demyelination. Glia 2015; 63:2106-2120. [PMID: 26132901 PMCID: PMC4755156 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurotropic coronavirus induces an acute encephalomyelitis accompanied by focal areas of demyelination distributed randomly along the spinal column. The initial areas of demyelination increase only slightly after the control of infection. These circumscribed focal lesions are characterized by axonal sparing, myelin ingestion by macrophage/microglia, and glial scars associated with hypertrophic astrocytes, which proliferate at the lesion border. Accelerated virus control in mice lacking the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 was associated with limited initial demyelination, but low viral mRNA persistence similar to WT mice and declining antiviral cellular immunity. Nevertheless, lesions exhibited sustained expansion providing a model of dysregulated white matter injury temporally remote from the acute CNS insult. Expanding lesions in the absence of IL‐10 are characterized by sustained microglial activation and partial loss of macrophage/microglia exhibiting an acquired deactivation phenotype. Furthermore, IL‐10 deficiency impaired astrocyte organization into mesh like structures at the lesion borders, but did not prevent astrocyte hypertrophy. The formation of discrete foci of demyelination in IL‐10 sufficient mice correlated with IL‐10 receptor expression exclusively on astrocytes in areas of demyelination suggesting a critical role for IL‐10 signaling to astrocytes in limiting expansion of initial areas of white matter damage. GLIA 2015;63:2106–2120
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta S Puntambekar
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology, The University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinghua Yin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Carine Savarin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stephen A Stohlman
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Yin PQ, Sun YY, Chen HP, Li GZ, Zhong D. Genome-wide gene expression analysis of peripheral leukocytes in relation to the male predominance of Guillain-Barre syndrome: differential gene expression between male and female patients. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:531-541. [PMID: 26000914 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1044088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) fulfils most of the clinical features of an autoimmune disease except for its male predominance. No previous studies have evaluated the differential genome-wide expression between male and female GBS patients. OBJECTIVE This study sought to identify differences between male and female GBS patients in the gene expression profiles of peripheral leukocytes. METHODS We downloaded gene chip data-sets pertaining to peripheral leukocyte samples from GBS patients using the gene expression omnibus (submitted by Chang et al.) and applied hierarchical cluster analysis to detect whether there was a gender difference in genome-wide gene expression levels. Then, we identified the sexually differentially expressed genes using a bioinformatic approach and applied enrichment analysis to the gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes terms to identify significant pathways related to these genes. RESULTS We observed gender stratification among GBS patients. Twenty genes were expressed more highly in male patients and were enriched for functions, such as macrophage differentiation, leukocyte migration, bladder cancer, pathogenic Escherichia coli infection. In female patients, 62 genes were more highly expressed and were enriched for responses to viral infection and defence, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors, cytoplasmic DNA sensing. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) seem to play an important role in the male predominance of GBS. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated gender differences in the genome-wide gene expression of patients with GBS. Bioinformatic approaches offer new means for identifying candidate genes and pathways relevant to the pathophysiology of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Qi Yin
- a The First Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Yan Sun
- a The First Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Ping Chen
- a The First Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Li
- a The First Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
| | - Di Zhong
- a The First Department of Neurology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, China
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Nallar SC, Kalvakolanu DV. Interferons, signal transduction pathways, and the central nervous system. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:559-76. [PMID: 25084173 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) family of cytokines participates in the development of innate and acquired immune defenses against various pathogens and pathogenic stimuli. Discovered originally as a proteinaceous substance secreted from virus-infected cells that afforded immunity to neighboring cells from virus infection, these cytokines are now implicated in various human pathologies, including control of tumor development, cell differentiation, and autoimmunity. It is now believed that the IFN system (IFN genes and the genes induced by them, and the factors that regulate these processes) is a generalized alarm of cellular stress, including DNA damage. IFNs exert both beneficial and deleterious effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Our knowledge of the IFN-regulated processes in the CNS is far from being clear. In this article, we reviewed the current understanding of IFN signal transduction pathways and gene products that might have potential relevance to diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C Nallar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Hwang M, Phares TW, Hinton DR, Stohlman SA, Bergmann CC, Min B. Distinct CD4 T-cell effects on primary versus recall CD8 T-cell responses during viral encephalomyelitis. Immunology 2015; 144:374-386. [PMID: 25187405 PMCID: PMC4557674 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T-cell help is not a universal requirement for effective primary CD8 T cells but is essential to generate memory CD8 T cells capable of recall responses. This study examined how CD4 T cells affect primary and secondary anti-viral CD8 T-cell responses within the central nervous system (CNS) during encephalomyelitis induced by sublethal gliatropic coronavirus. CD4 T-cell depletion before infection did not impair peripheral expansion, interferon-γ production, CNS recruitment or initial CNS effector capacity of virus-specific CD8 T cells ex vivo. Nevertheless, impaired virus control in the absence of CD4 T cells was associated with gradually diminished CNS CD8 T-cell interferon-γ production. Furthermore, within the CD8 T-cell population short-lived effector cells were increased and memory precursor effector cells were significantly decreased, consistent with higher T-cell turnover. Transfer of memory CD8 T cells to reduce viral load in CD4-depleted mice reverted the recipient CNS CD8 T-cell phenotype to that in wild-type control mice. However, memory CD8 T cells primed without CD4 T cells and transferred into infected CD4-sufficient recipients expanded less efficiently and were not sustained in the CNS, contrasting with their helped counterparts. These data suggest that CD4 T cells are dispensable for initial expansion, CNS recruitment and differentiation of primary resident memory CD8 T cells as long as the duration of antigen exposure is limited. By contrast, CD4 T cells are essential to prolong primary CD8 T-cell function in the CNS and imprint memory CD8 T cells for recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Hwang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy W Phares
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A Stohlman
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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de Aquino MTP, Kapil P, Hinton DR, Phares TW, Puntambekar SS, Savarin C, Bergmann CC, Stohlman SA. IL-27 limits central nervous system viral clearance by promoting IL-10 and enhances demyelination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:285-94. [PMID: 24890725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-27 is a pleiotropic member of the IL-6 and IL-12 cytokine family composed of the IL-27p28 and the EBV-induced gene 3. IL-27 and its receptor mRNA are both upregulated in the CNS during acute encephalomyelitis induced by the JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) and sustained during viral persistence. Contributions of IL-27 to viral pathogenesis were evaluated by infection of IL-27Rα-chain-deficient (IL-27Rα(-/-)) mice. The absence of IL-27 signaling accelerated virus control within the CNS associated with increased IFN-γ secreting virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Abrogation of IL-27 signaling did not affect virus-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated IL-10 production or cytolytic activity or Foxp3+ regulatory T cell populations. However, IL-10 production by virus-specific CD4+ T cells was reduced significantly. Despite increased T cell-mediated antiviral function in IL-27Rα(-/-) mice, the virus persisted in the CNS at similar levels as in wild-type mice. Nevertheless, IL-27Rα(-/-) mice exhibited decreased clinical disease during persistence, coincident with less severe demyelination, the hallmark tissue damage associated with JHMV infection. Overall, these data demonstrate that in contrast to viral infections at other sites, IL-27 does not play a proinflammatory role during JHMV-induced encephalomyelitis. Rather, it limits CNS inflammation and impairs control of CNS virus replication via induction of IL-10 in virus-specific CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, in contrast to its protective role in limiting CNS autoimmunity and preventing immunopathology, these data define a detrimental role of IL-27 in promoting demyelination by delaying viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa P de Aquino
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Parul Kapil
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Timothy W Phares
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Shweta S Puntambekar
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Carine Savarin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Stephen A Stohlman
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
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27
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Kapil P, Stohlman SA, Hinton DR, Bergmann CC. PKR mediated regulation of inflammation and IL-10 during viral encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 270:1-12. [PMID: 24642385 PMCID: PMC4019976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) regulates antiviral activity, immune responses, apoptosis and neurotoxicity. Gliatropic coronavirus infection induced PKR activation in infected as well uninfected cells within the central nervous system (CNS). However, PKR deficiency only modestly increased viral replication and did not affect IFN-α/β or IL-1β expression. Despite reduced Il-6, Ccl5, and Cxcl10 mRNA, protein levels remained unaltered. Furthermore, PKR deficiency selectively reduced IL-10 production in CD4, but not CD8 T cells, without affecting CNS pathology. The results demonstrate the ability of PKR to balance neuroinflammation by selectively modulating key cytokines and chemokines in CNS resident and CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Kapil
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephen A Stohlman
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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28
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Owens T, Khorooshi R, Wlodarczyk A, Asgari N. Interferons in the central nervous system: A few instruments play many tunes. Glia 2013; 62:339-55. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- Department of Neurology; Vejle Hospital; Denmark
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Ifit2 deficiency results in uncontrolled neurotropic coronavirus replication and enhanced encephalitis via impaired alpha/beta interferon induction in macrophages. J Virol 2013; 88:1051-64. [PMID: 24198415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02272-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) limit viral dissemination prior to the emergence of adaptive immune responses through the concerted action of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Although IFN-α/β induction by coronaviruses is modest, it effectively limits viral spread within the central nervous system (CNS) and protects against mortality. The protective roles of specific ISGs against the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) members of the coronaviruses are largely unknown. This study demonstrates a protective role of the ISG Ifit2 in encephalitis induced by the dual hepato- and neurotropic MHV-A59. Contrasting the mild encephalitis and 100% survival of MHV-A59-infected wild-type (wt) mice, nearly 60% of infected Ifit2(-/-) mice exhibited severe encephalitis and succumbed between 6 and 8 days postinfection. Increased clinical disease in Ifit2(-/-) mice coincided with higher viral loads and enhanced viral spread throughout the CNS parenchyma. Ifit2(-/-) mice also expressed significantly reduced IFN-α/β and downstream ISG mRNAs Ifit1, Isg15, and Pkr, while expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was only modestly affected in the CNS. Impaired IFN-α/β induction in the absence of Ifit2 was confirmed by ex vivo mRNA analysis of microglia and macrophages, the prominent cell types producing IFN-α/β following MHV CNS infection. Furthermore, both IFN-α/β mRNA and protein production were significantly reduced in MHV-infected Ifit2(-/-) relative to wt bone marrow-derived macrophages. Collectively, the data implicate Ifit2 as a positive regulator of IFN-α/β expression, rather than direct antiviral mediator, during MHV-induced encephalitis.
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Cell-type-specific activation of the oligoadenylate synthetase-RNase L pathway by a murine coronavirus. J Virol 2013; 87:8408-18. [PMID: 23698313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00769-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) nonstructural protein 2 (ns2) is a 2',5'-phosphodiesterase that inhibits activation of the interferon-induced oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-RNase L pathway. Enzymatically active ns2 is required for efficient MHV replication in macrophages, as well as for the induction of hepatitis in C57BL/6 mice. In contrast, following intranasal or intracranial inoculation, efficient replication of MHV in the brain is not dependent on an enzymatically active ns2. The replication of wild-type MHV strain A59 (A59) and a mutant with an inactive phosphodiesterase (ns2-H126R) was assessed in primary hepatocytes and primary central nervous system (CNS) cell types-neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. A59 and ns2-H126R replicated with similar kinetics in all cell types tested, except macrophages and microglia. RNase L activity, as assessed by rRNA cleavage, was induced by ns2-H126R, but not by A59, and only in macrophages and microglia. Activation of RNase L correlated with the induction of type I interferon and the consequent high levels of OAS mRNA induced in these cell types. Pretreatment of nonmyeloid cells with interferon restricted A59 and ns2-H126R to the same extent and failed to activate RNase L following infection, despite induction of OAS expression. However, rRNA degradation was induced by treatment of astrocytes or oligodendrocytes with poly(I·C). Thus, RNase L activation during MHV infection is cell type specific and correlates with relatively high levels of expression of OAS genes, which are necessary but not sufficient for induction of an effective RNase L antiviral response.
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31
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Hofer MJ, Campbell IL. Type I interferon in neurological disease-the devil from within. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:257-67. [PMID: 23548179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The members of the type I interferon (IFN-I) family of cytokines are pleiotropic factors that have seminal roles in host defence, acting as antimicrobial and antitumor mediators as well as potent immunomodulatory factors that bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite these beneficial actions there is mounting evidence that link inappropriate or chronic production of IFN-I in the CNS to the development of a number of severe neuroinflammatory disorders. The most persuasive example is the genetically determined inflammatory encephalopathy, Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) in which patients have chronically elevated IFN-α production in the CNS. The presentation of AGS can often mimic congenital viral infection, however, molecular genetic studies have identified mutations in six genes that can cause AGS, most likely via dysregulated nucleic acid metabolism and activation of the innate immune response leading to increased intrathecal production of IFN-α. The role of IFN-α as a pathogenic factor in AGS and other neurological disorders has gained considerable support from experimental studies. In particular, a transgenic mouse model with CNS-restricted production of IFN-α replicates many of the cardinal neuropathologic features of AGS and reveal IFN-I to be the "devil from within", mediating molecular and cellular damage within the CNS. Thus, targeting IFN-I may be an effective strategy for the treatment of AGS as well as some other autoimmune and infectious neurological "interferonopathies".
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Hofer
- School of Molecular Bioscience and the Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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32
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Sorgeloos F, Kreit M, Hermant P, Lardinois C, Michiels T. Antiviral type I and type III interferon responses in the central nervous system. Viruses 2013; 5:834-57. [PMID: 23503326 PMCID: PMC3705299 DOI: 10.3390/v5030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) harbors highly differentiated cells, such as neurons that are essential to coordinate the functions of complex organisms. This organ is partly protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from toxic substances and pathogens carried in the bloodstream. Yet, neurotropic viruses can reach the CNS either by crossing the BBB after viremia, or by exploiting motile infected cells as Trojan horses, or by using axonal transport. Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that are critical to control early steps of viral infections. Deficiencies in the IFN pathway have been associated with fatal viral encephalitis both in humans and mice. Therefore, the IFN system provides an essential protection of the CNS against viral infections. Yet, basal activity of the IFN system appears to be low within the CNS, likely owing to the toxicity of IFN to this organ. Moreover, after viral infection, neurons and oligodendrocytes were reported to be relatively poor IFN producers and appear to keep some susceptibility to neurotropic viruses, even in the presence of IFN. This review addresses some trends and recent developments concerning the role of type I and type III IFNs in: i) preventing neuroinvasion and infection of CNS cells; ii) the identity of IFN-producing cells in the CNS; iii) the antiviral activity of ISGs; and iv) the activity of viral proteins of neurotropic viruses that target the IFN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Sorgeloos
- Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, VIRO B1.74.07, 74 avenue Hippocrate, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Phares TW, Stohlman SA, Hinton DR, Bergmann CC. Enhanced CD8 T-cell anti-viral function and clinical disease in B7-H1-deficient mice requires CD4 T cells during encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:269. [PMID: 23237504 PMCID: PMC3545890 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-viral CD8 T-cell activity is enhanced and prolonged by CD4 T-cell-mediated help, but negatively regulated by inhibitory B7-H1 interactions. During viral encephalomyelitis, the absence of CD4 T cells decreases CD8 T cell activity and impedes viral control in the central nervous system (CNS). By contrast, the absence of B7-H1 enhances CD8 T-cell function and accelerates viral control, but increases morbidity. However, the relative contribution of CD4 T cells to CD8 function in the CNS, in the absence of B7-H1, remains unclear. Methods Wild-type (WT) and B7-H1−/− mice were infected with a gliatropic coronavirus and CD4 T cells depleted to specifically block T helper function in the CNS. Flow cytometry and gene expression analysis of purified T-cell populations from lymph nodes and the CNS was used to directly monitor ex vivo T-cell effector function. The biological affects of altered T-cell responses were evaluated by analysis of viral control and spinal-cord pathology. Results Increased anti-viral activity by CD8 T cells in the CNS of B7-H1−/− mice was lost upon depletion of CD4 T cells; however, despite concomitant loss of viral control, the clinical disease was less severe. CD4 depletion in B7-H1−/− mice also decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by microglia and macrophages, consistent with decreased microglia/macrophage activation and reduced interferon (IFN)-γ. Enhanced production of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-21 mRNA was seen in CD4 T cells from infected B7-H1−/− compared with WT mice, suggesting that over-activated CD4 T cells primarily contribute to the increased pathology. Conclusions The local requirement of CD4 T-cell help for CD8 T-cell function is not overcome if B7-H1 inhibitory signals are lost. Moreover, the increased effector activity by CD8 T cells in the CNS of B7-H1−/− mice is attributable not only to the absence of B7-H1 upregulation on major histocompatibility complex class I-presenting resident target cells, but also to enhanced local CD4 T-cell function. B7-H1-mediated restraint of CD4 T-cell activity is thus crucial to dampen both CD8 T-cell function and microglia/macrophage activation, thereby providing protection from T-cell-mediated bystander damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Phares
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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