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Ge Z, Zhang Q, Lin W, Jiang X, Zhang Y. The role of angiogenic growth factors in the immune microenvironment of glioma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1254694. [PMID: 37790751 PMCID: PMC10542410 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1254694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) are a class of secreted cytokines related to angiogenesis that mainly include vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and angiopoietins (ANGs). Accumulating evidence indicates that the role of AGFs is not only limited to tumor angiogenesis but also participating in tumor progression by other mechanisms that go beyond their angiogenic role. AGFs were shown to be upregulated in the glioma microenvironment characterized by extensive angiogenesis and high immunosuppression. AGFs produced by tumor and stromal cells can exert an immunomodulatory role in the glioma microenvironment by interacting with immune cells. This review aims to sum up the interactions among AGFs, immune cells and cancer cells with a particular emphasis on glioma and tries to provide new perspectives for understanding the glioma immune microenvironment and in-depth explorations for anti-glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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2
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Bodoque-Villar R, Padilla-Valverde D, González-López LM, Muñoz-Rodríguez JR, Arias-Pardilla J, Villar-Rodríguez C, Gómez-Romero FJ, Verdugo-Moreno G, Redondo-Calvo FJ, Serrano-Oviedo L. The importance of CXCR4 expression in tumor stroma as a potential biomarker in pancreatic cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:287. [PMID: 37697316 PMCID: PMC10496205 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the main causes of cancer mortality in the world. A characteristic feature of this cancer is that a large part of the tumor volume is composed of a stroma with different cells and factors. Among these, we can highlight the cytokines, which perform their function through binding to their receptors. Given the impact of the CXCR4 receptor in the interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment and its involvement in important signaling pathways in cancer, it is proposed as a very promising prognostic biomarker and as a goal for new targeted therapies. Numerous studies analyze the expression of CXCR4 but we suggest focusing on the expression of CXCR4 in the stroma. METHODS Expression of CXCR4 in specimens from 33 patients with PDAC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry techniques and matched with clinicopathological parameters, overall and disease-free survival rates. RESULTS The percentage of stroma was lower in non-tumor tissue (32.4 ± 5.2) than in tumor pancreatic tissue (67.4 ± 4.8), P-value = 0.001. The level of CXCR4 expression in stromal cells was diminished in non-tumor tissue (8.7 ± 4.6) and higher in tumor pancreatic tissue (23.5 ± 6.1), P-value = 0.022. No significant differences were identified in total cell count and inflammatory cells between non-tumor tissue and pancreatic tumor tissue. No association was observed between CXCR4 expression and any of the clinical or pathological data, overall and disease-free survival rates. Analyzing exclusively the stroma of tumor samples, the CXCR4 expression was associated with tumor differentiation, P-value = 0.05. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we reflect the importance of CXCR4 expression in the stroma of patients diagnosed with PDAC. Our results revealed a high CXCR4 expression in the tumor stroma, which is related to a poor tumor differentiation. On the contrary, we could not find an association between CXCR4 expression and survival and the rest of the clinicopathological variables. Focusing the study on the CXCR4 expression in the tumor stroma could generate more robust results. Therefore, we consider it key to develop more studies to enlighten the role of this receptor in PDAC and its implication as a possible biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bodoque-Villar
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Padilla-Valverde
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucía María González-López
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Ramón Muñoz-Rodríguez
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Arias-Pardilla
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Clara Villar-Rodríguez
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gómez-Romero
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gema Verdugo-Moreno
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Head of Research, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Redondo-Calvo
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Leticia Serrano-Oviedo
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Caverzán MD, Beaugé L, Oliveda PM, Cesca González B, Bühler EM, Ibarra LE. Exploring Monocytes-Macrophages in Immune Microenvironment of Glioblastoma for the Design of Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040542. [PMID: 37190507 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are primary malignant brain tumors. These tumors seem to be more and more frequent, not only because of a true increase in their incidence, but also due to the increase in life expectancy of the general population. Among gliomas, malignant gliomas and more specifically glioblastomas (GBM) are a challenge in their diagnosis and treatment. There are few effective therapies for these tumors, and patients with GBM fare poorly, even after aggressive surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Over the last decade, it is now appreciated that these tumors are composed of numerous distinct tumoral and non-tumoral cell populations, which could each influence the overall tumor biology and response to therapies. Monocytes have been proved to actively participate in tumor growth, giving rise to the support of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In GBM, TAMs represent up to one half of the tumor mass cells, including both infiltrating macrophages and resident brain microglia. Infiltrating macrophages/monocytes constituted ~ 85% of the total TAM population, they have immune functions, and they can release a wide array of growth factors and cytokines in response to those factors produced by tumor and non-tumor cells from the tumor microenvironment (TME). A brief review of the literature shows that this cell population has been increasingly studied in GBM TME to understand its role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Through the knowledge of its biology and protumoral function, the development of therapeutic strategies that employ their recruitment as well as the modulation of their immunological phenotype, and even the eradication of the cell population, can be harnessed for therapeutic benefit. This revision aims to summarize GBM TME and localization in tumor niches with special focus on TAM population, its origin and functions in tumor progression and resistance to conventional and experimental GBM treatments. Moreover, recent advances on the development of TAM cell targeting and new cellular therapeutic strategies based on monocyte/macrophages recruitment to eradicate GBM are discussed as complementary therapeutics.
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4
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Wu H, Liu L, Ma M, Zhang Y. Modulation of blood-brain tumor barrier for delivery of magnetic hyperthermia to brain cancer. J Control Release 2023; 355:248-258. [PMID: 36736432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most invasive brain tumor and remains lack of effective treatment. The existence of blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB) constitutes the greatest barrier to non-invasive delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors in the brain. Here, we propose a novel approach to specifically modulate BBTB and deliver magnetic hyperthermia in a systemic delivery mode for the treatment of GBM. BBTB modulation is achieved by targeted delivering fingolimod to brain tumor region via dual redox responsive PCL-SeSe-PEG (poly (ε-caprolactone)-diselenium-poly (ethylene glycol)) polymeric nanocarrier. As an antagonist of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1), fingolimod potently inhibits the barrier function of BBB by blocking the binding of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) to S1P1 in endothelial cells. We found that the modulated BBTB showed slight expression level of tight junction proteins, allowing efficient accumulation of zinc- and cobalt- doped iron oxide nanoclusters (ZnCoFe NCs) with enhanced magnetothermal conversion efficiency into tumor tissues through the paracellular pathway. As a result, the co-delivery of heat shock protein 70 inhibitor VER-155008 with ZnCoFe NCs could realize synergistic magnetic hyperthermia effects upon exposure to an alternating current magnetic field (ACMF) in both GL261 and U87 brain tumor models. This modulation approach brings new ideas for the treatment of central nervous system diseases that require delivery of therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, PR China
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
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Sanchez Gil J, Dubois M, Neirinckx V, Lombard A, Coppieters N, D’Arrigo P, Isci D, Aldenhoff T, Brouwers B, Lassence C, Rogister B, Lebrun M, Sadzot-Delvaux C. Nanobody-based retargeting of an oncolytic herpesvirus for eliminating CXCR4+ GBM cells: A proof of principle. MOLECULAR THERAPY - ONCOLYTICS 2022; 26:35-48. [PMID: 35784400 PMCID: PMC9217993 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, which remains difficult to cure. The very high recurrence rate has been partly attributed to the presence of GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) within the tumors, which have been associated with elevated chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression. CXCR4 is frequently overexpressed in cancer tissues, including GBM, and usually correlates with a poor prognosis. We have created a CXCR4-retargeted oncolytic herpesvirus (oHSV) by insertion of an anti-human CXCR4 nanobody in glycoprotein D of an attenuated HSV-1 (ΔICP34.5, ΔICP6, and ΔICP47), thereby describing a proof of principle for the use of nanobodies to target oHSVs toward specific cellular entities. Moreover, this virus has been armed with a transgene expressing a soluble form of TRAIL to trigger apoptosis. In vitro, this oHSV infects U87MG CXCR4+ and patient-derived GSCs in a CXCR4-dependent manner and, when armed, triggers apoptosis. In a U87MG CXCR4+ orthotopic xenograft mouse model, this oHSV slows down tumor growth and significantly improves mice survival. Customizing oHSVs with diverse nanobodies for targeting multiple proteins appears as an interesting approach for tackling the heterogeneity of GBM, especially GSCs. Altogether, our study must be considered as a proof of principle and a first step toward personalized GBM virotherapies to complement current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Sanchez Gil
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Maxime Dubois
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Virginie Neirinckx
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Lombard
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHU of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Natacha Coppieters
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Paolo D’Arrigo
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Damla Isci
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Therese Aldenhoff
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Brouwers
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Cédric Lassence
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, CHU of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marielle Lebrun
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Sadzot-Delvaux
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Corresponding author Catherine Sadzot-Delvaux, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 11 Avenue de l’Hôpital, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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6
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Shen Y, Zhou C, Cao Y, Li Q, Deng H, Gu S, Wu Y, Shen Z. Expression profile and prognostic value of CXCR family members in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:259. [PMID: 35978426 PMCID: PMC9382762 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CXC chemokine receptor gene family consists of seven well-established members which are broadly involved in biological functions of various cancers. Currently, limited studies have shed light on the expression profile of CXCR family members (CXCRs), as well as their prognostic value, in head and neck squamous cells carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods The data for this study were retrieved from the Cancer Genome Atlas database and other publicly available databases, including gene expression, methylation profiles, clinical information, immunological features, and prognoses. The expression pattern and prognostic values of CXCRs were identified, and the potential mechanism underlying CXCRs function in HNSCC was investigated by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Results CXCRs were differentially expressed in HNSCC. As shown by Kaplan–Meier analysis, high CXCR3-6 expression was significantly associated with better prognostic outcomes of HNSCC patients, including overall survival and progression-free survival. According to the results of univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk regression analysis, it was demonstrated that upregulation of CXCR3-6 was an independent factor for better prognosis, while the two other clinical features, age and stage, were factors for worse prognosis. A significant positive correlation between CXCR3-6 and tumor-infiltrated immune cells was revealed by results from Tumor Immune Estimation Resource and CIBERSORT analysis database. The main involvement of CXCRs in immune and inflammatory responses was further confirmed by GSEA. Conclusions Overall, this study provided a rationale for targeting CXCRs as a promising therapeutic strategy of HNSCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02713-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.,Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Chongchang Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yujie Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.,Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongxia Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanshan Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yidong Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China. .,Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China.
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7
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Qiu L, Xu Y, Xu H, Yu B. The clinicopathological and prognostic value of CXCR4 expression in patients with lung cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:681. [PMID: 35729596 PMCID: PMC9210617 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been suggested to play an important role in several types of cancers and is related to biological behaviors connected with tumor progression. However, the clinical significance and application of CXCR4 in lung cancer remain disputable. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the impact of CXCR4 expression on survival and clinicopathological features in lung cancer. Methods Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for relevant studies. We pooled hazard ratios (HRs)/odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by STATA 12.0 to evaluate the potential value of CXCR4 expression. Results Twenty-seven relevant articles involving 2932 patients with lung cancer were included in our meta-analysis. The results revealed that CXCR4 expression was apparently associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.42–1.82) and disease-free survival (HR 3.39, 95% CI 2.38–4.83). Furthermore, a significant correlation with poor OS was obvious in non-small cell lung cancer patients (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.40–1.81) and in patients showing CXCR4 expression in the cytoplasm (HR 2.10, 95% CI 1.55–2.84) and the membrane (HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.24–2.45). CXCR4 expression was significantly associated with men (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.08–1.61), advanced tumor stages (T3-T4) (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.28–4.28), advanced nodal stages (N > 0) (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.90–2.90), distant metastasis (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.53–8.69), advanced TNM stages (TNM stages III, IV) (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.95–4.93) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.44–4.12) but was not associated with age, smoking history, histopathology, differentiation, lymphatic vessel invasion or local recurrence. Conclusion High expression of CXCR4 is related to tumor progression and might be an adverse prognostic factor for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 1111 Jiangnan Road, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 1111 Jiangnan Road, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 1111 Jiangnan Road, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Biyun Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 1111 Jiangnan Road, Zhejiang, 315000, China.
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8
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Notch signaling in malignant gliomas: supporting tumor growth and the vascular environment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:737-747. [PMID: 35624227 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant form of glioma, which is the most commonly occurring tumor of the central nervous system. Notch signaling in glioblastoma is considered to be a marker of an undifferentiated tumor cell state, associated with tumor stem cells. Notch is also known for facilitating tumor dormancy escape, recurrence and progression after treatment. Studies in vitro suggest that reducing, removing or blocking the expression of this gene triggers tumor cell differentiation, which shifts the phenotype away from stemness status and consequently facilitates treatment. In contrast, in the vasculature, Notch appears to also function as an important receptor that defines mature non-leaking vessels, and increasing its expression promotes tumor normalization in models of cancer in vivo. Failures in clinical trials with Notch inhibitors are potentially related to their opposing effects on the tumor versus the tumor vasculature, which points to the need for a greater understanding of this signaling pathway.
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Circular RNA circFGFR1 Functions as an Oncogene in Glioblastoma Cells through Sponging to hsa-miR-224-5p. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7990251. [PMID: 35059468 PMCID: PMC8764274 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7990251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, increased studies have shown the important regulatory role of circular RNA (circRNA) in cancer progression and development, including glioblastoma (GBM). However, the function of circRNAs in glioblastoma is still largely unclear. Here, we state that circFGFR1 is elevated in glioma cells, resulting in aggravated glioma aggravated malignancy. The upregulation of circFGFR1 also promotes glioma growth in mouse xenograft models. Furthermore, CXCR4 level in glioma cells is positively correlated with circFGFR1 level, and higher CXCR4 expression is found in circFGFR1 overexpression groups. The effect of circFGFR1 on glioma malignancy is abolished in CXCR4 knockout cells. Then, RIP, RNA pull-down, and luciferase reporter assay results showed that hsa-miR-224-5p directly binds to circFGFR1 and CXCR4 mRNA. The CXCR4 3′-untranslated region (UTR) activated luciferase activity was reduced with hsa-miR-224-5p transfection, while it is reversed when cotransfected with circFGFR1, indicating that circFGFR1 acts as a hsa-miR-244-5p sponge to increase CXCR4 expression. The hsa-miR-224-5p expression is negatively corrected with the glioma malignancy through inhibiting CXCR4 level. Besides, the circFGFR1-induced regulation in glioma malignancy is also abrogated in hsa-miR-224-5p knockout cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that circFGFR1 plays a critical role in the tumorigenic behaviors in glioma cells by upregulating CXCR4 expression via sponging to hsa-miR-224-5p. These findings provide a new perspective on circRNAs during GBM development.
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Laudicella R, Quartuccio N, Argiroffi G, Alongi P, Baratto L, Califaretti E, Frantellizzi V, De Vincentis G, Del Sole A, Evangelista L, Baldari S, Bisdas S, Ceci F, Iagaru A. Unconventional non-amino acidic PET radiotracers for molecular imaging in gliomas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3925-3939. [PMID: 33851243 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this review was to explore the potential clinical application of unconventional non-amino acid PET radiopharmaceuticals in patients with gliomas. METHODS A comprehensive search strategy was used based on SCOPUS and PubMed databases using the following string: ("perfusion" OR "angiogenesis" OR "hypoxia" OR "neuroinflammation" OR proliferation OR invasiveness) AND ("brain tumor" OR "glioma") AND ("Positron Emission Tomography" OR PET). From all studies published in English, the most relevant articles were selected for this review, evaluating the mostly used PET radiopharmaceuticals in research centers, beyond amino acid radiotracers and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), for the assessment of different biological features, such as perfusion, angiogenesis, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, cell proliferation, tumor invasiveness, and other biological characteristics in patients with glioma. RESULTS At present, the use of non-amino acid PET radiopharmaceuticals specifically designed to assess perfusion, angiogenesis, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, cell proliferation, tumor invasiveness, and other biological features in glioma is still limited. CONCLUSION The use of investigational PET radiopharmaceuticals should be further explored considering their promising potential and studies specifically designed to validate these preliminary findings are needed. In the clinical scenario, advancements in the development of new PET radiopharmaceuticals and new imaging technologies (e.g., PET/MR and the application of the artificial intelligence to medical images) might contribute to improve the clinical translation of these novel radiotracers in the assessment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Laudicella
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - N Quartuccio
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, A.R.N.A.S. Ospedali Civico, Di Cristina e Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Argiroffi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Alongi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit,, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Ct. da Pietra Pollastra-pisciotto, Cefalù, Italy
| | - L Baratto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - E Califaretti
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - V Frantellizzi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G De Vincentis
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Del Sole
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Evangelista
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - S Baldari
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Bisdas
- Department of Neuroradiology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Ceci
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrei Iagaru
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Ji W, Liu Y, Xu B, Mei J, Cheng C, Xiao Y, Yang K, Huang W, Jiao J, Liu H, Shao J. Bioinformatics Analysis of Expression Profiles and Prognostic Values of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Family Genes in Glioma. Front Genet 2021; 12:625234. [PMID: 34276757 PMCID: PMC8283826 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.625234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family genes—of which there are seven members: STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B, and STAT6—have been associated with the progression of multiple cancers. However, their prognostic values in glioma remain unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated the expression, the prognostic value, and the potential mechanism of the STAT family genes in glioma. The expression of STAT1/2/3/5A/6 members were significantly higher and positively correlated with IDH mutations, while the expression of STAT5B was lower and negatively correlated with IDH mutations in glioma. Survival analysis indicated that the upregulation of STAT1/2/3/5A/6 and downregulation of STAT5B expression was associated with poorer overall survival in glioma. Joint effects analysis of STAT1/2/3/5A/5B/6 expression suggested that the prognostic value of the group was more significant than that of each individual gene. Thus, we constructed a risk score model to predict the prognosis of glioma. The receiver operating characteristic curve and calibration curves showed good performance as prognostic indicators in both TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) and the CGGA (Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas) databases. Furthermore, we analyzed the correlation between STAT expression with immune infiltration in glioma. The Protein–protein interaction network and enrichment analysis showed that STAT members and co-expressed genes mainly participated in signal transduction activity, Hepatitis B, the Jak-STAT signaling pathway, transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding, and the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway in glioma. In summary, our study analyzed the expression, prognostic values, and biological roles of the STAT gene family members in glioma, based on which we developed a new risk score model to predict the prognosis of glioma more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuankun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiantong Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfei Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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12
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Tietze S, Michen S, Schackert G, Temme A. Prospects of immune checkpoint blockade and vaccine-based immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Innov Surg Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/iss-2020-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary brain tumor endowed with a dismal prognosis. Nowadays, immunotherapy in a particular immune checkpoint blockade and therapeutic vaccines are being extensively pursued. Yet, several characteristics of GBM may impact such immunotherapeutic approaches. This includes tumor heterogeneity, the relatively low mutational load of primary GBM, insufficient delivery of antibodies to tumor parenchyma and the unique immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM. Moreover, standard treatment of GBM, comprising temozolomide chemotherapy, radiotherapy and in most instances the application of glucocorticoids for management of brain edema, results in a further increased immunosuppression. This review will provide a brief introduction to the principles of vaccine-based immunotherapy and give an overview of the current clinical studies, which employed immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses-based vaccination, cell-based and peptide-based vaccines. Recent experiences as well as the latest developments are reviewed. Overcoming obstacles, which limit the induction and long-term immune response against GBM when using vaccination approaches, are necessary for the implementation of effective immunotherapy of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tietze
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Susanne Michen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Dresden , Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery/Tumor Immunology , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , Dresden , Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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13
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Le Joncour V, Guichet PO, Dembélé KP, Mutel A, Campisi D, Perzo N, Desrues L, Modzelewski R, Couraud PO, Honnorat J, Ferracci FX, Marguet F, Laquerrière A, Vera P, Bohn P, Langlois O, Morin F, Gandolfo P, Castel H. Targeting the Urotensin II/UT G Protein-Coupled Receptor to Counteract Angiogenesis and Mesenchymal Hypoxia/Necrosis in Glioblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652544. [PMID: 33937253 PMCID: PMC8079989 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most common primary brain tumors characterized by strong invasiveness and angiogenesis. GBM cells and microenvironment secrete angiogenic factors and also express chemoattractant G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to their advantage. We investigated the role of the vasoactive peptide urotensin II (UII) and its receptor UT on GBM angiogenesis and tested potential ligand/therapeutic options based on this system. On glioma patient samples, the expression of UII and UT increased with the grade with marked expression in the vascular and peri-necrotic mesenchymal hypoxic areas being correlated with vascular density. In vitro human UII stimulated human endothelial HUV-EC-C and hCMEC/D3 cell motility and tubulogenesis. In mouse-transplanted Matrigel sponges, mouse (mUII) and human UII markedly stimulated invasion by macrophages, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. In U87 GBM xenografts expressing UII and UT in the glial and vascular compartments, UII accelerated tumor development, favored hypoxia and necrosis associated with increased proliferation (Ki67), and induced metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 expression in Nude mice. UII also promoted a “tortuous” vascular collagen-IV expressing network and integrin expression mainly in the vascular compartment. GBM angiogenesis and integrin αvβ3 were confirmed by in vivo99mTc-RGD tracer imaging and tumoral capture in the non-necrotic area of U87 xenografts in Nude mice. Peptide analogs of UII and UT antagonist were also tested as potential tumor repressor. Urotensin II-related peptide URP inhibited angiogenesis in vitro and failed to attract vascular and inflammatory components in Matrigel in vivo. Interestingly, the UT antagonist/biased ligand urantide and the non-peptide UT antagonist palosuran prevented UII-induced tubulogenesis in vitro and significantly delayed tumor growth in vivo. Urantide drastically prevented endogenous and UII-induced GBM angiogenesis, MMP, and integrin activations, associated with GBM tumoral growth. These findings show that UII induces GBM aggressiveness with necrosis and angiogenesis through integrin activation, a mesenchymal behavior that can be targeted by UT biased ligands/antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Le Joncour
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Guichet
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France
| | - Kleouforo-Paul Dembélé
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandre Mutel
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France
| | - Daniele Campisi
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Perzo
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France
| | - Laurence Desrues
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France
| | - Romain Modzelewski
- EA 4108, Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes (LITIS), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Neuro-Oncology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France.,Institute NeuroMyoGéne, INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Lyon, France.,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François-Xavier Ferracci
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France.,Neurosurgery Service, Rouen CHU Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Florent Marguet
- Anathomocytopathology Service, Rouen CHU Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | - Pierre Vera
- EA 4108, Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes (LITIS), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre Bohn
- EA 4108, Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes (LITIS), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Olivier Langlois
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France.,Neurosurgery Service, Rouen CHU Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Fabrice Morin
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France
| | - Pierrick Gandolfo
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France
| | - Hélène Castel
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, DC2N, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Rouen Université, Rouen, France
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14
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Jacobs SM, Wesseling P, de Keizer B, Tolboom N, Ververs FFT, Krijger GC, Westerman BA, Snijders TJ, Robe PA, van der Kolk AG. CXCR4 expression in glioblastoma tissue and the potential for PET imaging and treatment with [ 68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor /[ 177Lu]Lu-Pentixather. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:481-491. [PMID: 33550492 PMCID: PMC8803771 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose CXCR4 (over)expression is found in multiple human cancer types, while expression is low or absent in healthy tissue. In glioblastoma it is associated with a poor prognosis and more extensive infiltrative phenotype. CXCR4 can be targeted by the diagnostic PET agent [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor and its therapeutic counterpart [177Lu]Lu-Pentixather. We aimed to investigate the expression of CXCR4 in glioblastoma tissue to further examine the potential of these PET agents. Methods CXCR4 mRNA expression was examined using the R2 genomics platform. Glioblastoma tissue cores were stained for CXCR4. CXCR4 staining in tumor cells was scored. Stained tissue components (cytoplasm and/or nuclei of the tumor cells and blood vessels) were documented. Clinical characteristics and information on IDH and MGMT promoter methylation status were collected. Seven pilot patients with recurrent glioblastoma underwent [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET; residual resected tissue was stained for CXCR4. Results Two large mRNA datasets (N = 284; N = 540) were assesed. Of the 191 glioblastomas, 426 cores were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Seventy-eight cores (23 tumors) were CXCR4 negative, while 18 cores (5 tumors) had both strong and extensive staining. The remaining 330 cores (163 tumors) showed a large inter- and intra-tumor variation for CXCR4 expression; also seen in the resected tissue of the seven pilot patients—not directly translatable to [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET results. Both mRNA and immunohistochemical analysis showed CXCR4 negative normal brain tissue and no significant correlation between CXCR4 expression and IDH or MGMT status or survival. Conclusion Using immunohistochemistry, high CXCR4 expression was found in a subset of glioblastomas as well as a large inter- and intra-tumor variation. Caution should be exercised in directly translating ex vivo CXCR4 expression to PET agent uptake. However, when high CXCR4 expression can be identified with [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor, these patients might be good candidates for targeted radionuclide therapy with [177Lu]Lu-Pentixather in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05196-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Jacobs
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart de Keizer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nelleke Tolboom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F F Tessa Ververs
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard C Krijger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart A Westerman
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers/VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J Snijders
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre A Robe
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anja G van der Kolk
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Lin JZ, Lin N. A risk signature of three autophagy-related genes for predicting lower grade glioma survival is associated with tumor immune microenvironment. Genomics 2021; 113:767-777. [PMID: 33069830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for lower-grade gliomas (LGG) has been challenging. Though emerging approaches such as immunotherapy is promising, it is still faced with immune tolerance, an obstacle that may be overcome by targeting autophagy-related (ATG) genes. After identifying three differentially expressed ATG genes (RIPK2, MUL1 and CXCR4), we constructed an ATG gene risk signature by Kaplan-Meier, univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and multivariate Cox regression, followed by internal and external validation using K-M and ROC analysis. Since gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) suggested that the signature was strongly associated with immune cell functions, CIBERSORT, LM22 matrix and Pearson correlation were further performed, showing that the risk signature was significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint genes. In conclusion, we identified and independently validated an ATG gene risk signature for LGG patients, as well as discovering its significant association with LGG immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Zhe Lin
- Neurosurgical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Nuan Lin
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
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16
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Caligiuri A, Pastore M, Lori G, Raggi C, Di Maira G, Marra F, Gentilini A. Role of Chemokines in the Biology of Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082215. [PMID: 32784743 PMCID: PMC7463556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a heterogeneous tumor with poor prognosis, can arise at any level in the biliary tree. It may derive from epithelial cells in the biliary tracts and peribiliary glands and possibly from progenitor cells or even hepatocytes. Several risk factors are responsible for CCA onset, however an inflammatory milieu nearby the biliary tree represents the most common condition favoring CCA development. Chemokines play a key role in driving the immunological response upon liver injury and may sustain tumor initiation and development. Chemokine receptor-dependent pathways influence the interplay among various cellular components, resulting in remodeling of the hepatic microenvironment towards a pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrogenic, pro-angiogenic and pre-neoplastic setting. Moreover, once tumor develops, chemokine signaling may influence its progression. Here we review the role of chemokines in the regulation of CCA development and progression, and the modulation of angiogenesis, metastasis and immune control. The potential role of chemokines and their receptors as possible biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for hepatobiliary cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Marra
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (A.G.); Tel.: +39-055-2758095 or +39-055-2758498 or +39-055-2758499 (F.M.); +39-055-2751801 (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentilini
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (A.G.); Tel.: +39-055-2758095 or +39-055-2758498 or +39-055-2758499 (F.M.); +39-055-2751801 (A.G.)
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17
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Luo L, Chen C, He H, Cai M, Ling C. Silencing of Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) Non-Coding RNA Activated by DNA Damage (NORAD) Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, Migration, and Promotes Apoptosis of Glioma Cells via Downregulating the Expression of AKR1B1. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922659. [PMID: 32778640 PMCID: PMC7392058 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the functions of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage (NORAD) in glioma and identify the potential mechanisms. Material/Methods The expression of NORAD and AKR1B1 in human glioma cell lines were examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Then, cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were tested by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation assay, Transwell, and scratch wound healing assay after NORAD silencing. Meanwhile, western blotting was utilized to measure the expression of migration-related proteins. Apoptosis of glioma cells was detected using flow cytometry and apoptosis-related proteins expression was determined. Moreover, the correlation between NORAD and AKR1B1 was verified by RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP assay). After co-transfection with AKR1B1 overexpressed plasmid and NORAD siRNA, cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis were examined again. Furthermore, the expression of proteins in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling was tested using western blotting. Results The results revealed that NORAD and AKR1B1 were highly expressed in glioma cells. NORAD silencing inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration but promoted apoptosis of glioma cells, accompanied by the expression changes of migration- and apoptosis-related proteins. However, after co-transfection with AKR1B1 pcDNA3.1 in NORAD silencing cells, the effects of NORAD silencing on proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis were attenuated. Consistently, the expression of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) was decreased after NORAD silencing, which were reversed following AKR1B1 overexpression. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that NORAD silencing suppressed proliferation, invasion, and migration and boosted apoptosis of glioma cells via downregulating the AKR1B1 expression, which may provide a potential therapeutic target for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Haiyong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Meiqin Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Cong Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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18
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99mTc-CXCR4-L for Imaging of the Chemokine-4 Receptor Associated with Brain Tumor Invasiveness: Biokinetics, Radiation Dosimetry, and Proof of Concept in Humans. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2020; 2020:2525037. [PMID: 32410920 PMCID: PMC7201577 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2525037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the chemokine-4 receptor (CXCR4) in brain tumors is associated with high cancer cell invasiveness. Recently, we reported the preclinical evaluation of 99mTc-CXCR4-L (cyclo-D-Tyr-D-[NMe]Orn[EDDA-99mTc-6-hydrazinylnicotinyl]-Arg-NaI-Gly) as a SPECT radioligand capable of specifically detecting the CXCR4 protein. This research aimed to estimate the biokinetic behavior and radiation dosimetry of 99mTc-CXCR4-L in healthy subjects, as well as to correlate the radiotracer uptake by brain tumors in patients, with the histological grade of differentiation and CXCR4 expression evaluated by immunohistochemistry. 99mTc-CXCR4-L was obtained from freeze-dried kits prepared under GMP conditions (radiochemical purities >97%). Whole-body scans from six healthy volunteers were acquired at 0.3, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after 99mTc-CXCR4-L administration (0.37 GBq). Time-activity curves of different source organs were obtained from the image sequence to adjust the biokinetic models. The OLINDA/EXM code was employed to calculate the equivalent and effective radiation doses. Nine patients with evidence of brain tumor injury (6 primaries and 3 recurrent), determined by MRI, underwent cerebral SPECT at 3 h after administration of 99mTc-CXCR4-L (0.74 GBq). Data were expressed as a T/B (tumor uptake/background) ratio. Biopsy examinations included histological grading and anti-CXCR4 immunohistochemistry. Results showed a fast blood activity clearance (T1/2α = 0.81 min and T1/2β = 12.19 min) with renal and hepatobiliary elimination. The average equivalent doses were 6.10E − 04, 1.41E − 04, and 3.13E − 05 mSv/MBq for the intestine, liver, and kidney, respectively. The effective dose was 3.92E − 03 mSv/MBq. SPECT was positive in 7/9 patients diagnosed as grade II oligodendroglioma (two patients), grade IV glioblastoma (two patients), grade IV gliosarcoma (one patient), metastasis, and diffuse astrocytoma with T/B ratios of 1.3, 2.3, 13, 7, 19, 5.5, and 3.9, respectively, all of them with positive immunohistochemistry. A direct relationship between the grade of differentiation and the expression of CXCR4 was found. The two negative SPECT studies showed negative immunohistochemistry with a diagnosis of reactive gliosis. This “proof-of-concept” research warrants further clinical studies to establish the usefulness of 99mTc-CXCR4-L in the diagnosis and prognosis of brain tumors.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review summarizes recent advances on three important issues in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) management: the identification of specific NF1 gene mutations predicting the risk for developing neurological malignancies; the molecular features of NF1-associated tumors and their differences from sporadic neoplasms; genetic, epigenetic, or microenviromental factors leading benign tumors to a malignant transformation in NF1. RECENT FINDINGS The association between the risk of developing optic pathway glioma and specific germiline NF1 mutations is still debated and further studies are needed with large, new cohorts of patients. The available evidences suggest that gliomas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) in NF1 have a distinct genetic signatures, different from those observed in sporadic neoplasms. Some neoplasms, very rare in general population, such as subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, can be observed in NF1. A subgroup of low-grade NF1-gliomas, some MPNSTs and plexiform neurofibromas contain abundant T lymphocyte infiltrates suggesting that immunotherapy could be a potential therapeutic approach. SUMMARY These data support the notion that next-generation sequencing efforts are helpful in the genetic characterization of NF1-associated malignancies A better knowledge of those tumors at the genomic level, is essential for addressing new treatments and may contribute to a deeper comprehension of NF1/RAS signaling also in sporadic cancers.
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Exploring Novel Molecular Targets for the Treatment of High-Grade Astrocytomas Using Peptide Therapeutics: An Overview. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020490. [PMID: 32093304 PMCID: PMC7072800 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse astrocytomas are the most aggressive and lethal glial tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Their high cellular heterogeneity and the presence of specific barriers, i.e., blood–brain barrier (BBB) and tumor barrier, make these cancers poorly responsive to all kinds of currently available therapies. Standard therapeutic approaches developed to prevent astrocytoma progression, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, do not improve the average survival of patients. However, the recent identification of key genetic alterations and molecular signatures specific for astrocytomas has allowed the advent of novel targeted therapies, potentially more efficient and characterized by fewer side effects. Among others, peptides have emerged as promising therapeutic agents, due to their numerous advantages when compared to standard chemotherapeutics. They can be employed as (i) pharmacologically active agents, which promote the reduction of tumor growth; or (ii) carriers, either to facilitate the translocation of drugs through brain, tumor, and cellular barriers, or to target tumor-specific receptors. Since several pathways are normally altered in malignant gliomas, better outcomes may result from combining multi-target strategies rather than targeting a single effector. In the last years, several preclinical studies with different types of peptides moved in this direction, providing promising results in murine models of disease and opening new perspectives for peptide applications in the treatment of high-grade brain tumors.
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Chen L, Zhu M, Yu S, Hai L, Zhang L, Zhang C, Zhao P, Zhou H, Wang S, Yang X. Arg kinase mediates CXCL12/CXCR4-induced invadopodia formation and invasion of glioma cells. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111893. [PMID: 32035133 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Compared with noninvasive tumor cells, glioma cells overexpress chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), which exhibits significantly greater expression in invasive tumor cells than in noninvasive tumor cells. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12, also known as stromal derived factor-1, SDF-1) and its cell surface receptor CXCR4 activate a signaling axis that induces the expression of membrane type-2 matrix metalloproteinase (MT2-MMP), which plays a pivotal role in the invasion and migration of various cancer cells; however, the specific mechanism involved in this is unclear. Recently, studies have shown that invadopodia can recruit and secrete related enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), to degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), promoting the invasion and migration of tumor cells. Phosphorylated cortactin (pY421-cortactin) is required for the formation and maturation of invadopodia, but the upstream regulatory factors and kinases involved in phosphorylation have not been elucidated. In this study, we found that CXCL12/CXCR4 was capable of inducing glioma cell invadopodia formation, probably by regulating cortactin phosphorylation. The interaction of cortactin and Arg (also known as Abl-related nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, ABL2) in glioma cells was demonstrated. The silencing of Arg inhibited glioma cell invadopodia formation and invasion by blocking cortactin phosphorylation. Moreover, CXCL12 could not induce glioma cell invasion in Arg-knockdown glioma cells. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Arg mediates CXCL12/CXCR4-induced glioma cell invasion, and CXCL12/CXCR4 regulates invadopodia maturation through the Arg-cortactin pathway, which indicates that Arg could be a candidate therapeutic target to inhibit glioma cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, PR China
| | - Shengping Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Long Hai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.
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22
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Yi L, Zhou X, Li T, Liu P, Hai L, Tong L, Ma H, Tao Z, Xie Y, Zhang C, Yu S, Yang X. Notch1 signaling pathway promotes invasion, self-renewal and growth of glioma initiating cells via modulating chemokine system CXCL12/CXCR4. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:339. [PMID: 31382985 PMCID: PMC6683584 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma initiating cells (GICs), also known as glioma stem cells (GSCs), play an important role in the progression and recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) due to their potential for self-renewal, multiple differentiation and tumor initiation. In the recent years, Notch1 has been found to be overexpressed in GICs. However, the regulatory mechanism of Notch1 in the self-renewal and invasion ability of GICs remains unclear. This study aims to explore the effect of Notch pathway on self-renewal and invasion of GICs and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Bioinformatic analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to evaluate the expression of Notch1 and Hes1 in GBM samples. Immunofluorescent (IF) staining was performed to observe the distribution of Notch1 and CXCR4 in GBM and GICs. Both pharmacological intervention and RNA interference were employed to investigate the role of Notch1 in GICs self-renewal, invasion and tumor growth in vitro or in vivo. The crosstalk effect of Notch1 and CXCL12/CXCR4 system on GIC self-renewal and invasion was explored by sphere formation assay, limiting dilution assay and Transwell assay. Western blots were used to verify the activation of Notch1/CXCR4/AKT pathway in self-renewal, invasion and tumor growth of GICs. Luciferase reporter assay was used to testify the potential binding site of Notch1 signaling and CXCR4. The orthotopic GICs implantations were established to analyze the role and the mechanism of Notch1 in glioma progression in vivo. RESULTS Notch1 signaling activity was elevated in GBM tissues. Notch1 and CXCR4 were both upregulated in GICs, compared to Notch1 positive glioma cells comprised a large proportion in the CD133+ glioma cell spheres, CXCR4 positive glioma cells which usually expressed Notch1 both and dispersed in the periphery of the sphere, only represent a small subset of CD133+ glioma cell spheres. Furthermore, downregulation of the Notch1 pathway by shRNA and MK0752 significantly inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway via the decreased expression of CXCR4 in GICs, and weakened the self-renewal, invasion and tumor growth ability of GICs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the cross-talk between Notch1 signaling and CXCL12/CXCR4 system could contribute to the self-renewal and invasion of GICs, and this discovery could help drive the design of more effective therapies in Notch1-targeted treatment of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xingchen Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233000, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Peidong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Long Hai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, China
| | - Luqing Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Haiwen Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhennan Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Neuro-Oncology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Shengping Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Guidotti G, Brambilla L, Rossi D. Peptides in clinical development for the treatment of brain tumors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Chen Y, Bao C, Zhang X, Lin X, Huang H, Wang Z. Long non-coding RNA HCG11 modulates glioma progression through cooperating with miR-496/CPEB3 axis. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12615. [PMID: 31310044 PMCID: PMC6797506 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives It has been widely reported that long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can participate in multiple biological processes of human cancers. lncRNA HLA complex group 11 (HCG11) has been reported in human cancers as a tumour suppressor. This study focused on investigating the function and mechanism of HCG11 in glioma. Materials and methods Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set and qRT‐PCR analysis, the expression pattern of HCG11 was identified in glioma samples. The mechanism associated with HCG11 downregulation was determined by mechanism experiments. Gain‐of‐function assays were conducted for the identification of HCG11 function in glioma progression. Mechanism investigation based on the luciferase reporter assay, RIP assay and pull‐down assay was used to explore the downstream molecular mechanism of HCG11. The role of molecular pathway in the progression of glioma was analysed in accordance with the rescue assays. Results HCG11 was expressed at low level in glioma samples compared with normal samples. FOXP1 could bind with HCG11 and transcriptionally inactivated HCG11. Overexpression of HCG11 efficiently suppressed cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest and promoted cell apoptosis. HCG11 was predominantly enriched in the cytoplasm of glioma cells and acted as a competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) by sponging micro‐496 to upregulate cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3 (CPEB3). CEPB3 and miR‐496 involved in HCG11‐mediated glioma progression. Conclusions HCG11 inhibited glioma progression by regulating miR‐496/CPEB3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Division of PET/CT, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunchun Bao
- Department of Radiology, Division of PET/CT, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiuxing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Division of PET/CT, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinshi Lin
- Department of Radiology, Division of PET/CT, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongou Huang
- Department of Radiology, Division of PET/CT, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Division of PET/CT, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Chuntova P, Downey KM, Hegde B, Almeida ND, Okada H. Genetically Engineered T-Cells for Malignant Glioma: Overcoming the Barriers to Effective Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3062. [PMID: 30740109 PMCID: PMC6357938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas carry a dismal prognosis. Conventional treatment using chemo- and radiotherapy has limited efficacy with adverse events. Therapy with genetically engineered T-cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, may represent a promising approach to improve patient outcomes owing to their potential ability to attack highly infiltrative tumors in a tumor-specific manner and possible persistence of the adaptive immune response. However, the unique anatomical features of the brain and susceptibility of this organ to irreversible tissue damage have made immunotherapy especially challenging in the setting of glioma. With safety concerns in mind, multiple teams have initiated clinical trials using CAR T-cells in glioma patients. The valuable lessons learnt from those trials highlight critical areas for further improvement: tackling the issues of the antigen presentation and T-cell homing in the brain, immunosuppression in the glioma microenvironment, antigen heterogeneity and off-tumor toxicity, and the adaptation of existing clinical therapies to reflect the intricacies of immune response in the brain. This review summarizes the up-to-date clinical outcomes of CAR T-cell clinical trials in glioma patients and examines the most pressing hurdles limiting the efficacy of these therapies. Furthermore, this review uses these hurdles as a framework upon which to evaluate cutting-edge pre-clinical strategies aiming to overcome those barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Chuntova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kira M Downey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bindu Hegde
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Neil D Almeida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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26
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ZHOU Y, CAO HB, LI WJ, ZHAO L. The CXCL12 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 chemokine axis: Oncogenic properties, molecular targeting, and synthetic and natural product CXCR4 inhibitors for cancer therapy. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:801-810. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Yi L, Tong L, Li T, Hai L, Abeysekera IR, Tao Z, Ma H, Liu P, Xie Y, Li J, Yuan F, Yu S, Yang X. Bioinformatic analyses reveal the key pathways and genes in the CXCR4 mediated mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:741-748. [PMID: 29767255 PMCID: PMC6059702 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most lethal types of tumour, despite severe treatment methods. The Cancer Genome Atlas has categorised GBMs into proneural, neural, classical and mesenchymal subtypes; the mesenchymal subgroup has the worst prognosis. CXCR4 has been reported as selectively overexpressed in the mesenchymal subtype and positively associated with MES markers. However, to the best of our knowledge the underlying mechanisms regarding how CXCR4 may regulate mesenchymal GBM are still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the critical pathways mediated by CXCR4 in mesenchymal GBM using bioinformatic analyses. The results suggested that CXCR4 is a predictor of poor prognosis and may serve as a biomarker of the mesenchymal subtype in patients with GBM. In addition, CXCR4 mediated the mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathway, which was identified specifically in patients with mesenchymal GBM. CXCR4 associated genes or pathways may be a 'basket trial' option for the management of melanoma, prostate cancer and mesenchymal GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Luqing Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Long Hai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Iruni Roshanie Abeysekera
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Zhennan Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Haiwen Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peidong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jiabo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shengping Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Heightened CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression in NF1-associated neurofibromas. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34:877-882. [PMID: 29455242 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-3745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common autosomal dominantly inherited disorder that affects both the skin and the nervous system. NF1 occurs due to the mutations in the NF1 gene. Neurofibromas are the most common Schwann cell-based tumors in NF1 patients, which are mainly categorized into dermal and plexiform neurofibromas. Studies on different tumor types demonstrate that CXCR4 expression increases in tumor tissues and is linked to metastasis and cancer progression. PURPOSE In the present study, we aimed to analyze the gene expression of CXCR4, and its ligand CXCL12, in human neurofibromas. METHODS Eight NF1 patients aged between 5 and 37 (2 males, 6 females) were selected. The patient group comprised 1 plexiform neurofibroma, 1 pheochromocytoma, and 6 dermal neurofibromas. Following pathological examination and diagnosis, tumors were co-stained with antibodies against Schwann cell marker S100 and target molecule CXCR4. CXCR4 expression in Schwann cell-based tumors was detected at the protein level. RNA isolated from the same tumors was used for RT-PCR-based studies to measure the quantitative expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12. RESULTS CXCR4 gene expression increased 3- to 120-fold and CXCL12 gene expression increased 33- to 512-fold in all human Schwann cell-based tumors. CONCLUSION In order to validate the role of CXCR4 and its relationship with CXCL12 in NF1, future studies should be performed with additional tumors and different tumor types.
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Establishment of primary cell culture and an intracranial xenograft model of pediatric ependymoma: a prospect for therapy development and understanding of tumor biology. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21731-21743. [PMID: 29774098 PMCID: PMC5955158 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ependymoma (EPN), the third most common pediatric brain tumor, is a central nervous system (CNS) malignancy originating from the walls of the ventricular system. Surgical resection followed by radiation therapy has been the primary treatment for most pediatric intracranial EPNs. Despite numerous studies into the prognostic value of histological classification, the extent of surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy, there have been relatively few studies into the molecular and cellular biology of EPNs. Results We elucidated the ultrastructure of the cultured EPN cells and characterized their profile of immunophenotypic pluripotency markers (CD133, CD90, SSEA-3, CXCR4). We established an experimental EPN model by the intracerebroventricular infusion of EPN cells labeled with multimodal iron oxide nanoparticles (MION), thereby generating a tumor and providing a clinically relevant animal model. MRI analysis was shown to be a valuable tool when combined with effective MION labeling techniques to accompany EPN growth. Conclusions We demonstrated that GFAP/CD133+CD90+/CD44+ EPN cells maintained key histopathological and growth characteristics of the original patient tumor. The characterization of EPN cells and the experimental model could facilitate biological studies and preclinical drug screening for pediatric EPNs. Methods In this work, we established notoriously challenging primary cell culture of anaplastic EPNs (WHO grade III) localized in the posterior fossa (PF), using EPNs obtained from 1 to 10-year-old patients (n = 07), and then characterized their immunophenotype and ultrastructure to finally develop a xenograft model.
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Chia K, Mazzolini J, Mione M, Sieger D. Tumor initiating cells induce Cxcr4-mediated infiltration of pro-tumoral macrophages into the brain. eLife 2018; 7:e31918. [PMID: 29465400 PMCID: PMC5821457 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now clear that microglia and macrophages are present in brain tumors, but whether or how they affect initiation and development of tumors is not known. Exploiting the advantages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model, we showed that macrophages and microglia respond immediately upon oncogene activation in the brain. Overexpression of human AKT1 within neural cells of larval zebrafish led to a significant increase in the macrophage and microglia populations. By using a combination of transgenic and mutant zebrafish lines, we showed that this increase was caused by the infiltration of peripheral macrophages into the brain mediated via Sdf1b-Cxcr4b signaling. Intriguingly, confocal live imaging reveals highly dynamic interactions between macrophages/microglia and pre-neoplastic cells, which do not result in phagocytosis of pre-neoplastic cells. Finally, depletion of macrophages and microglia resulted in a significant reduction of oncogenic cell proliferation. Thus, macrophages and microglia show tumor promoting functions already during the earliest stages of the developing tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelda Chia
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Julie Mazzolini
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Marina Mione
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Dirk Sieger
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Ferrer VP, Moura Neto V, Mentlein R. Glioma infiltration and extracellular matrix: key players and modulators. Glia 2018; 66:1542-1565. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rolf Mentlein
- Department of Anatomy; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
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Su R, Cao S, Ma J, Liu Y, Liu X, Zheng J, Chen J, Liu L, Cai H, Li Z, Zhao L, He Q, Xue Y. Knockdown of SOX2OT inhibits the malignant biological behaviors of glioblastoma stem cells via up-regulating the expression of miR-194-5p and miR-122. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:171. [PMID: 29132362 PMCID: PMC5683208 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence has highlighted the potential role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the biological behaviors of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). Here, we elucidated the function and possible molecular mechanisms of the effect of lncRNA-SOX2OT on the biological behaviors of GSCs. Results Real-time PCR demonstrated that SOX2OT expression was up-regulated in glioma tissues and GSCs. Knockdown of SOX2OT inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of GSCs, and promoted GSCs apoptosis. MiR-194-5p and miR-122 were down-regulated in human glioma tissues and GSCs, and miR-194-5p and miR-122 respectively exerted tumor-suppressive functions by inhibiting the proliferation, migration and invasion of GSCs, while promoting GSCs apoptosis. Knockdown of SOX2OT significantly increased the expression of miR-194-5p and miR-122 in GSCs. Dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that SOX2OT bound to both miR-194-5p and miR-122. SOX3 and TDGF-1 were up-regulated in human glioma tissues and GSCs. Knockdown of SOX3 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of GSCs, promoted GSCs apoptosis, and decreased TDGF-1 mRNA and protein expression through direct binding to the TDGF-1 promoter. Over-expression of miR-194-5p and miR-122 decreased the mRNA and protein expression of SOX3 by targeting its 3’UTR. Knockdown of TDGF-1 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of GSCs, promoted GSCs apoptosis, and inhibited the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Furthermore, SOX3 knockdown also inhibited the SOX2OT expression through direct binding to the SOX2OT promoter and formed a positive feedback loop. Conclusion This study is the first to demonstrate that the SOX2OT-miR-194-5p/miR-122-SOX3-TDGF-1 pathway forms a positive feedback loop and regulates the biological behaviors of GSCs, and these findings might provide a novel strategy for glioma treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-017-0737-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Cao
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lini Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianru He
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Gagner JP, Sarfraz Y, Ortenzi V, Alotaibi FM, Chiriboga LA, Tayyib AT, Douglas GJ, Chevalier E, Romagnoli B, Tuffin G, Schmitt M, Lemercier G, Dembowsky K, Zagzag D. Multifaceted C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) Inhibition Interferes with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy-Induced Glioma Dissemination. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2080-2094. [PMID: 28734730 PMCID: PMC5809520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to antiangiogenic therapy in glioblastoma (GBM) patients may involve hypoxia-induced expression of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) on invading tumor cells, macrophage/microglial cells (MGCs), and glioma stem cells (GSCs). We determined whether antagonizing CXCR4 with POL5551 disrupts anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy-induced glioma growth and dissemination. Mice bearing orthotopic CT-2A or GL261 gliomas received POL5551 and/or anti-VEGF antibody B20-4.1.1. Brain tissue was analyzed for tumor volume, invasiveness, hypoxia, vascular density, proliferation, apoptosis, GSCs, and MGCs. Glioma cells were evaluated for CXCR4 expression and polymorphism and POL5551's effects on CXCR4 ligand binding, cell viability, and migration. No CXCR4 mutations were identified. POL5551 inhibited CXCR4 binding to its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1α, and reduced hypoxia- and stromal cell-derived factor-1α-mediated migration dose-dependently but minimally affected cell viability. In vivo, B20-4.1.1 increased hypoxic foci and invasiveness, as seen in GBM patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy. Combination of POL5551 and B20-4.1.1 reduced both glioma invasiveness by 16% to 39% and vascular density compared to B20-4.1.1 alone in both glioma models. Reduced populations of GSCs and MGCs were also seen in CT-2A tumors. POL5551 concentrations, evaluated by mass spectrometry, were higher in tumors than in neighboring brain tissues, likely accounting for the results. Inhibition of CXCR4-regulated tumoral, stem cell, and immune mechanisms by adjunctive CXCR4 antagonists may help overcome antiangiogenic therapy resistance, benefiting GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Gagner
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yasmeen Sarfraz
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Valerio Ortenzi
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Fawaz M Alotaibi
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Luis A Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Awab T Tayyib
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Zagzag
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Neuropathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; New York University Langone Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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Gravina GL, Mancini A, Colapietro A, Vitale F, Vetuschi A, Pompili S, Rossi G, Marampon F, Richardson PJ, Patient L, Patient L, Burbidge S, Festuccia C. The novel CXCR4 antagonist, PRX177561, reduces tumor cell proliferation and accelerates cancer stem cell differentiation in glioblastoma preclinical models. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28639900 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and the most lethal primary brain tumor among adults. Standard of care is the association of radiotherapy with concomitant or adjuvant temozolomide. However, to date, recurrence is inevitable. The CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway is upregulated in the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment regulating tumor cell proliferation, local invasion, angiogenesis, and the efficacy of radio-chemotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the novel CXCR4 antagonist, PRX177561, in preclinical models of glioblastoma. CXCR4 expression and PRX177561 effects were assessed on a panel of 12 human glioblastoma cells lines and 5 patient-derived glioblastoma stem cell cultures. Next, the effect of PRX177561 was tested in vivo, using subcutaneous injection of U87MG, U251, and T98G cells as well as orthotopic intrabrain inoculation of luciferase-transfected U87MG cells. Here we found that PRX177561 impairs the proliferation of human glioblastoma cell lines, increases apoptosis, and reduces CXCR4 expression and cell migration in response to stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha in vitro. PRX177561 reduced the expression of stem cell markers and increased that of E-cadherin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in U87MG cells consistent with a reduction in cancer stem cells. In vivo, PRX177561 reduced the weight and increased the time to progression of glioblastoma subcutaneous tumors while increasing disease-free survival and overall survival of mice bearing orthotopic tumors. Our findings suggest that targeting stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha/CXCR4 axis by PRX177561 might represent a novel therapeutic approach against glioblastoma and support further investigation of this compound in more complex preclinical settings in order to determine its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,2 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Division of Radiotherapy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Colapietro
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Flora Vitale
- 3 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Neurobiology Laboratory, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- 4 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Human Anatomy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Pompili
- 4 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Human Anatomy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossi
- 5 Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Lee Patient
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lee Patient
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Festuccia
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Ma X, Shang F, Zhu W, Lin Q. CXCR4 expression varies significantly among different subtypes of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and its low expression or hypermethylation might predict favorable overall survival. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:941-946. [PMID: 28685624 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1351299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR4 is an oncogene in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) but the mechanism of its dysregulation and its prognostic value in GBM have not been fully understood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Bioinformatic analysis was performed by using R2 and the UCSC Xena browser based on data from GSE16011 in GEO datasets and in GBM cohort in TCGA database (TCGA-GBM). Kaplan Meier curves of overall survival (OS) were generated to assess the association between CXCR4 expression/methylation and OS in patients with GBM. RESULTS GBM patients with high CXCR4 expression had significantly worse 5 and 10 yrs OS (p < 0.05). Across different GBM subtypes, there was an inverse relationship between overall DNA methylation and CXCR4 expression. CXCR4 expression was significantly lower in CpG island methylation phenotype (CIMP) group than in non CIMP group. Log rank test results showed that patients with high CXCR4 methylation (first tertile) had significantly better 5 yrs OS (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION CXCR4 expression is regulated by DNA methylation in GBM and its low expression or hypermethylation might indicate favorable OS in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Ma
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Yuquan Hospital , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Feng Shang
- b Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Weidong Zhu
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Beijing Tongzhou District Chinese Medicine Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Qingtang Lin
- b Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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Guo X, Xu S, Gao X, Wang J, Xue H, Chen Z, Zhang J, Guo X, Qian M, Qiu W, Li G. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes vasculogenic mimicry formation induced by hypoxia via CXCR4/AKT/EMT pathway in human glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80358-80372. [PMID: 29113309 PMCID: PMC5655204 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is over-expressed and secreted in various cancer cells in particular in response to hypoxia. Recent studies have shown that, under hypoxic conditions, glioblastoma (GBM) cells display the ability to drive blood-perfused vasculogenic mimicry (VM). The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of MIF in the regulation of hypoxia-induced VM in GBM cells. By analyzing clinical specimens, we observed the co-localization of MIF, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and VM in hypoxic regions of gliomas. In vitro, the exposure of GBM cells (U87 and U251) to hypoxia increased the expression of MIF and CXCR4 and induced VMs. Other data demonstrated that ectogenic rhMIF promoted VMs in GBM cells and knock-down endogenous MIF attenuated hypoxia-induced VMs. In addition, we demonstrated that MIF augmented VM formation ability by enhancing the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the CXCR4-AKT pathway. Moreover, in vivo, the subcutaneous injection of rhMIF resulted in the progression of EMT and VMs formation. On the contrary, CXCR4-AKT pathway inhibitors blocked the effects of rhMIF on EMT and VMs formation. Collectively, our results support a critical role for the MIF-CXCR4 signaling axis in regulating hypoxia-induced VMs formation, indicating the potential usefulness of MIF as a notable target for the anti-vascularization treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Shugang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Brian Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009-Bergen, Norway
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Zihang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jinsen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China.,Brian Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C inhibition down- regulates CXCR4 expression and interferes with proliferation, invasion and glycolysis in glioma cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176108. [PMID: 28423060 PMCID: PMC5397108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays a crucial role in tumors, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive glioma. Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), a catabolic enzyme of PC metabolism, is involved in several aspects of cancer biology and its inhibition down-modulates the expression of growth factor membrane receptors interfering with their signaling pathways. In the present work we investigated the possible interplay between CXCR4 and PC-PLC in GBM cells. Methods Confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, western blot analyses, and the evaluation of migration and invasion potential were performed on U87MG cells after PC-PLC inhibition with the xanthate D609. The intracellular metabolome was investigated by magnetic resonance spectroscopy; lactate levels and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were analyzed by colorimetric assay. Results Our studies demonstrated that CXCR4 and PC-PLC co-localize and are associated on U87MG cell membrane. D609 reduced CXCR4 expression, cell proliferation and invasion, interfering with AKT and EGFR activation and expression. Metabolic analyses showed a decrease in intracellular lactate concentration together with a decrement in LDH activity. Conclusions Our data suggest that inhibition of PC-PLC could represent a new molecular approach in glioma biology not only for its ability in modulating cell metabolism, glioma growth and motility, but also for its inhibitory effect on crucial molecules involved in cancer progression.
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Kim JY, Lee J, Koh JS, Park MJ, Chang UK. Establishment and characterization of a chordoma cell line from the tissue of a patient with dedifferentiated-type chordoma. J Neurosurg Spine 2016; 25:626-635. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.3.spine151077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Chordoma is a rare bone tumor of the axial skeleton believed to originate from the remnants of the embryonic notochord. The available tumor cells are characteristically physaliferous and express brachyury, a transcription factor critical for mesoderm specification. Although chordomas are histologically not malignant, treatments remain challenging because they are resistant to radiation therapy and because wide resection is impossible in most cases. Therefore, a better understanding of the biology of chordomas using established cell lines may lead to the advancement of effective treatment strategies. The authors undertook a study to obtain this insight.
METHODS
Chordoma cells were isolated from the tissue of a patient with dedifferentiated-type chordoma (DTC) that had recurred. Cells were cultured with DMEM/F12 containing 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin). Cell proliferation rate was measured by MTS assay. Cell-cycle distribution and cell surface expression of proteins were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Expression of proteins was analyzed by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Radiation resistance was measured by clonogenic survival assay. Tumor formation was examined by injection of chordoma cells at hindlimb of nude mice.
RESULTS
The putative (DTC) cells were polygonal and did not have the conventional physaliferous characteristic seen in the U-CH1 cell line. The DTC cells exhibited similar growth rate and cell-cycle distribution, but they exhibited higher clonogenic activity in soft agar than U-CH1 cells. The DTC cells expressed high levels of platelet-derived growth factor receptor–β and a low level of brachyury and cytokeratins; they showed higher expression of stemness-related and epithelial to mesenchymal transition–related proteins than the U-CH1 cells. Intriguingly, FACS analysis revealed that DTC cells exhibited marginal surface expression of CD24 and CD44 and high surface expression of CXCR4 in comparison to U-CH1 cells. In addition, blockade of CXCR4 with its antagonist AMD3100 effectively suppressed the growth of both cell lines. The DTC cells were more resistant to paclitaxel, cisplatin, etoposide, and ionizing radiation than the U-CH1 cells. Injection of DTC cells into the hindlimb region of nude mice resulted in the efficient formation of tumors, and the histology of xenograft tumors was very similar to that of the original patient tumor.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of the established DTC cells along with preestablished cell lines of chordoma may help bring about greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the chordoma that will lead to therapeutic strategies targeting chordomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Yub Kim
- 1Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence,
- 4Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jongsun Lee
- 1Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence,
| | | | - Myung-Jin Park
- 1Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence,
| | - Ung-Kyu Chang
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences; and
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Coly PM, Perzo N, Le Joncour V, Lecointre C, Schouft MT, Desrues L, Tonon MC, Wurtz O, Gandolfo P, Castel H, Morin F. Chemotactic G protein-coupled receptors control cell migration by repressing autophagosome biogenesis. Autophagy 2016; 12:2344-2362. [PMID: 27715446 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1235125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotactic migration is a fundamental behavior of cells and its regulation is particularly relevant in physiological processes such as organogenesis and angiogenesis, as well as in pathological processes such as tumor metastasis. The majority of chemotactic stimuli activate cell surface receptors that belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Although the autophagy machinery has been shown to play a role in cell migration, its mode of regulation by chemotactic GPCRs remains largely unexplored. We found that ligand-induced activation of 2 chemotactic GPCRs, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and the urotensin 2 receptor UTS2R, triggers a marked reduction in the biogenesis of autophagosomes, in both HEK-293 and U87 glioblastoma cells. Chemotactic GPCRs exert their anti-autophagic effects through the activation of CAPNs, which prevent the formation of pre-autophagosomal vesicles from the plasma membrane. We further demonstrated that CXCR4- or UTS2R-induced inhibition of autophagy favors the formation of adhesion complexes to the extracellular matrix and is required for chemotactic migration. Altogether, our data reveal a new link between GPCR signaling and the autophagy machinery, and may help to envisage therapeutic strategies in pathological processes such as cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Michaël Coly
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Nicolas Perzo
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Vadim Le Joncour
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Céline Lecointre
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Schouft
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Laurence Desrues
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Olivier Wurtz
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Pierrick Gandolfo
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Hélène Castel
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
| | - Fabrice Morin
- a Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, DC2N , Rouen , France.,b Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB) , Rouen , France
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Demoin DW, Shindo M, Zhang H, Edwards KJ, Serganova I, Pillarsetty NVK, Lewis JS, Blasberg RG. Synthesis and evaluation of an (18)F-labeled pyrimidine-pyridine amine for targeting CXCR4 receptors in gliomas. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:606-11. [PMID: 27485481 PMCID: PMC5363724 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4, fusin, CD184) is expressed on several tissues involved in immune regulation and is upregulated in many diseases including malignant gliomas. A radiolabeled small molecule that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier can aid in identifying CXCR4-expressing gliomas and monitoring CXCR4-targeted therapy. In the current work, we have synthesized and evaluated an [(18)F]-labeled small molecule based on a pyrimidine-pyridine amine for its ability to target CXCR4. EXPERIMENTAL The nonradioactive standards and the nitro precursor used in this study were prepared using established methods. An HPLC method was developed to separate the nitro-precursor from the nonradioactive standard and radioactive product. The nitro-precursor was radiolabeled with (18)F under inert, anhydrous conditions using the [(18)F]-kryptofix 2.2.2 complex to form the desired N-(4-(((6-[(18)F]fluoropyridin-2-yl)amino)methyl)benzyl)pyrimidin-2-amine ([(18)F]-3). The purified radiolabeled compound was used in serum stability, partition coefficient, cellular uptake, and in vivo cancer targeting studies. RESULTS [(18)F]-3 was synthesized in 4-10% decay-corrected yield (to start of synthesis). [(18)F]-3 (tR ≈ 27 min) was separated from the precursor (tR ≈ 30 min) using a pentafluorophenyl column with an isocratic solvent system. [(18)F]-3 displayed acceptable serum stability over 2 h. The amount of [(18)F]-3 bound to the plasma proteins was determined to be > 97%. The partition coefficient (LogD7.4) is 1.4 ± 0.5. Competitive in vitro inhibition indicated 3 does not inhibit uptake of (67)Ga-pentixafor. Cell culture media incubation and ex vivo urine analysis indicate rapid metabolism of [(18)F]-3 into hydrophilic metabolites. Thus, in vitro uptake of [(18)F]-3 in CXCR4 overexpressing U87 cells (U87 CXCR4) and U87 WT indicated no specific binding. In vivo studies in mice bearing U87 CXCR4 and U87 WT tumors on the left and right shoulders were carried out using [(18)F]-3 and (68)Ga-pentixafor on consecutive days. The CXCR4 positive tumor was clearly visualized in the PET study using (68)Ga-pentixafor, but not with [(18)F]-3. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully synthesized both a radiolabeled analog to previously reported CXCR4-targeting molecules and a nitro precursor. Our in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that [(18)F]-3 is rapidly metabolized and, therefore, does not target CXCR4-expressing tumors. Optimization of the structure to improve the in vivo (and in vitro) stability, binding, and solubility could lead to an appropriate CXCR4-targeted radiodiagnositic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Wayne Demoin
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Masahiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kimberly J Edwards
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inna Serganova
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Naga Vara Kishore Pillarsetty
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald G Blasberg
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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Logun MT, Bisel NS, Tanasse EA, Zhao W, Gunasekera B, Mao L, Karumbaiah L. Glioma Cell Invasion is Significantly Enhanced in Composite Hydrogel Matrices Composed of Chondroitin 4- and 4,6-Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:6052-6064. [PMID: 28217304 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of astrocytoma accounting for a majority of primary malignant brain tumors in the United States. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains are key constituents of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM) implicated in promoting tumor invasion. However, the mechanisms by which sulfated CS-GAGs promote brain tumor invasion are currently unknown. We hypothesize that glioma cell invasion is triggered by the altered sulfation of CS-GAGs in the tumor extracellular environment, and that this is potentially mediated by independent mechanisms involving CXCL12/CXCR4 and LAR signaling respectively. This was tested in vitro by encapsulating the human glioma cell line U87MG-EGFP into monosulfated (4-sulfated; CS-A), composite (4 and 4,6-sulfated; CS-A/E), unsulfated hyaluronic acid (HA), and unsulfated agarose (AG; polysaccharide) hydrogels within microfluidics-based choice assays. Our results demonstrated the enhanced preferential cell invasion into composite hydrogels, when compared to other hydrogel matrices (p<0.05). Haptotaxis assays demonstrated the significantly (p<0.05) faster migration of U87MG-EGFP cells in CXCL12 containing CS-GAG hydrogels when compared to other hydrogel matrices containing the same chemokine concentration. This is likely due to the significantly (p<0.05) greater affinity of composite CS-GAGs to CXCL12 over other hydrogel matrices. Results from qRT-PCR assays further demonstrated the significant (p<0.05) upregulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, and the CSPG receptor LAR in glioma cells within CS-GAG hydrogels compared to control hydrogels. Western blot analysis of cell lysates derived from glioma cells encapsulated in different hydrogel matrices further corroborate qRT-PCR results, and indicate the presence of a potential variant of LAR that is selectively expressed only in glioma cells encapsulated in CS-GAG hydrogels. These results suggest that sulfated CS-GAGs may directly induce enhanced invasion and haptotaxis of glioma cells associated with aggressive brain tumors via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan T Logun
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, ADS Complex, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Nicole S Bisel
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, ADS Complex, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Emily A Tanasse
- College of Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho
| | - Wujun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Bhagya Gunasekera
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, ADS Complex, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Leidong Mao
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, ADS Complex, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Katkoori VR, Basson MD, Bond VC, Manne U, Bumpers HL. Nef-M1, a peptide antagonist of CXCR4, inhibits tumor angiogenesis and epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition in colon and breast cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27763-77. [PMID: 26318034 PMCID: PMC4695024 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nef-M1 peptide competes effectively with the natural ligand of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), stromal cell-derived factor 1-alpha, to induce apoptosis and inhibit growth in colon cancer (CRC) and breast cancer (BC). Its role in tumor angiogenesis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulation, key steps involved in tumor growth and metastasis, are unknown. We evaluated the angioinhibitory effect of Nef-M1 peptide and examined its role in the inhibition of EMT in these cancers. Colon (HT29) and breast (MDA-MB231) cancer cells expressing CXCR4 were studied in vitro and in xenograft tumors propagated in severe combined immunodeficient mice. The mice were treated intraperitoneally with Nef-M1 or scrambled amino acid sequence of Nef-M1 (sNef-M1) peptide, a negative control, starting at the time of tumor implantation. Sections from tumors were evaluated for tumor angiogenesis, as measured by microvessel density (MVD) based on immunostaining of endothelial markers. In vitro tumor angiogenesis was assessed by treating human umbilical vein endothelial cells with conditioned media from the tumor cell lines. A BC cell line (MDA-MB 468) which does not express CXCR4 was used to study the actions of Nef-M1 peptide. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses assessed the effect of Nef-M1 on tumor angiogenesis and EMT in both tumors and cancer cells. Metastatic lesions of CRC and BC expressed more CXCR4 than primary lesions. It was also found that tumors from mice treated with sNef-M1 had well established vascularity, while Nef-M1 treated tumors had very poor vascularization. Indeed, the mean MVD was lower in tumors from Nef-M1 treated mice than in sNef-M1 treated tumors. Nef-M1 treated tumor has poor morphology and loss of endothelial integrity. Although conditioned medium from CRC or BC cells supported HUVEC tube formation, the conditioned medium from Nef-M1 treated CRC or BC cells did not support tube formation. Western blot analyses revealed that Nef-M1 effectively suppressed the expression of VEGF-A in CRC and BC cells and tumors. This suggests that Nef-M1 treated CRC and BC cells are more consistent with E-cadherin signature, and thus appears more epithelial in nature. Our data indicate that Nef-M1 peptide inhibits tumor angiogenesis and the oncogenic EMT process. Targeting the chemokine receptor, CXCR4, mediated pathways using Nef-M1 may prove to be a novel therapeutic approach for CRC and BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat R Katkoori
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Vincent C Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harvey L Bumpers
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Lansing, MI, USA
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Mercurio L, Ajmone-Cat MA, Cecchetti S, Ricci A, Bozzuto G, Molinari A, Manni I, Pollo B, Scala S, Carpinelli G, Minghetti L. Targeting CXCR4 by a selective peptide antagonist modulates tumor microenvironment and microglia reactivity in a human glioblastoma model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:55. [PMID: 27015814 PMCID: PMC4807593 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway regulates tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis and the tumor-microenvironment cross-talk in several solid tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and fatal brain cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of peptide R, a new specific CXCR4 antagonist that we recently developed by a ligand-based approach, in an in vitro and in vivo model of GBM. The well-characterized CXCR4 antagonist Plerixafor was also included in the study. METHODS The effects of peptide R on CXCR4 expression, cell survival and migration were assessed on the human glioblastoma cell line U87MG exposed to CXCL12, by immunofluorescence and western blotting, MTT assay, flow cytometry and transwell chamber migration assay. Peptide R was then tested in vivo, by using U87MG intracranial xenografts in CD1 nude mice. Peptide R was administered for 23 days since cell implantation and tumor volume was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 4.7 T. Glioma associated microglia/macrophage (GAMs) polarization (anti-tumor M1 versus pro-tumor M2 phenotypes) and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 were assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We found that peptide R impairs the metabolic activity and cell proliferation of human U87MG cells and stably reduces CXCR4 expression and cell migration in response to CXCL12 in vitro. In the orthotopic U87MG model, peptide R reduced tumor cellularity, promoted M1 features of GAMs and astrogliosis, and hindered intra-tumor vasculature. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that targeting CXCR4 by peptide R might represent a novel therapeutic approach against GBM, and contribute to the rationale to further explore in more complex pre-clinical settings the therapeutic potential of peptide R, alone or in combination with standard therapies of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mercurio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Serena Cecchetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ricci
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bozzuto
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Molinari
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Manni
- Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Pollo
- Division of Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Molecular Immunology, Functional Genomics, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, "Fondazione G. Pascale" IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulia Carpinelli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Minghetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Vag T, Gerngross C, Herhaus P, Eiber M, Philipp-Abbrederis K, Graner FP, Ettl J, Keller U, Wester HJ, Schwaiger M. First Experience with Chemokine Receptor CXCR4-Targeted PET Imaging of Patients with Solid Cancers. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:741-6. [PMID: 26769866 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.161034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that is overexpressed in various human cancers and is involved in tumor metastasis. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate a novel CXCR4-targeted PET probe in patients with solid cancers with reported in vitro evidence of CXCR4 overexpression and to estimate its potential diagnostic value. METHODS Twenty-one patients with histologically proven pancreatic cancer, laryngeal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, glioblastoma, sarcoma, or cancer of unknown primary underwent PET imaging using the novel CXCR4 nuclear probe (68)Ga-pentixafor. The SUVmax of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow was measured to determine physiologic tracer distribution. For evaluation of tracer accumulation in solid cancers, SUVmax and tumor-to-background (T/B) ratios were determined in a total of 43 malignant lesions, including 8 primary tumors, 3 locally recurrent tumors, and 32 metastases. When available, the SUVmax of malignant lesions was compared with the corresponding SUVmax measured in routine (18)F-FDG PET. RESULTS Moderate tracer accumulation was detectable in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen, with a mean SUVmax of 3.1, 3.7, and 5.6, respectively. By visual interpretation criteria, 9 of 11 primary and locally recurrent tumors were detectable, exhibiting a mean SUVmax of 4.7 (range, 2.1-10.9) and a mean T/B ratio of 2.9. Twenty of 32 evaluated metastases were visually detectable (mean SUVmax, 4.5 [range, 3.2-13.8]; mean T/B ratio, 2.8). The highest signal was detected in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer (SUVmax, 10.9; T/B ratio, 8.4) and a patient with cancer of unknown primary (SUVmax, 13.8; T/B ratio, 8.1). Compared with (18)F-FDG PET, which was additionally performed in 10 patients, (68)Ga-pentixafor PET had a lower SUVmax in all measured malignant lesions. CONCLUSION On the basis of these first observations in a small and heterogeneous patient cohort, the in vitro CXCR4 expression profile of solid cancers and metastases described in the previous literature does not seem to sufficiently depict the in vivo distribution revealed by CXCR4-targeted PET. Moreover, the detectability of solid cancers seems to be generally lower for (68)Ga-pentixafor than for (18)F-FDG PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Vag
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Gerngross
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Herhaus
- III Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Frank-Philipp Graner
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Ettl
- Clinic of Gynecology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- III Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany Institute of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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Es-Haghi M, Soltanian S, Dehghani H. Perspective: Cooperation of Nanog, NF-κΒ, and CXCR4 in a regulatory network for directed migration of cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1559-65. [PMID: 26715265 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed cell migration is a crucial mobility phase of cancer stem cells having stemness and tumorigenic characteristics. It is known that CXCR4 plays key roles in the perception of chemotactic gradients throughout the directed migration of CSCs. There are a number of complex signaling pathways and transcription factors that coordinate with CXCR4/CXCL12 axis during directed migration. In this review, we focus on some transcription factors such as Nanog, NF-κB, and Bmi-1 that cooperate with CXCR4/CXCL12 for the maintenance of stemness and induction of metastasis behavior in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Es-Haghi
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Soltanian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. .,Embryonic and Stem Cell Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Recent advance in molecular angiogenesis in glioblastoma: the challenge and hope for anti-angiogenic therapy. Brain Tumor Pathol 2015; 32:229-36. [PMID: 26437643 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-015-0233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most highly malignant brain tumor in the human central nerve system. In this paper, we review new and significant molecular findings on angiogenesis and possible resistance mechanisms. Expression of a number of genes and regulators has been shown to be upregulated in GBM microvessel cells, such as interleukin-8, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, Tax-interacting protein-1, hypoxia induced factor-1 and anterior gradient protein 2. The regulator factors that may strongly promote angiogenesis by promoting endothelial cell metastasis, changing the microenvironment, enhancing the ability of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy, and that inhibit angiogenesis are reviewed. Based on the current knowledge, several potential targets and strategies are proposed for better therapeutic outcomes, such as its mRNA interference of DII4-Notch signaling pathway and depletion of b1 integrin expression. We also discuss possible mechanisms underlying the resistance to anti-angiogenesis and future directions and challenges in developing new targeted therapy for GBM.
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Abstract
Chemokines mediate numerous physiological and pathological processes related primarily to cell homing and migration. The chemokine CXCL12, also known as stromal cell-derived factor-1, binds the G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR4, which, through multiple divergent pathways, leads to chemotaxis, enhanced intracellular calcium, cell adhesion, survival, proliferation, and gene transcription. CXCR4, initially discovered for its involvement in HIV entry and leukocytes trafficking, is overexpressed in more than 23 human cancers. Cancer cell CXCR4 overexpression contributes to tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, relapse, and therapeutic resistance. CXCR4 antagonism has been shown to disrupt tumor-stromal interactions, sensitize cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs, and reduce tumor growth and metastatic burden. As such, CXCR4 is a target not only for therapeutic intervention but also for noninvasive monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic guidance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological involvement of CXCR4 in human cancers, the current status of CXCR4-based therapeutic approaches, as well as recent advances in noninvasive imaging of CXCR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit Chatterjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Babak Behnam Azad
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Wang Z, Zhang M, Wang L, Wang S, Kang F, Li G, Jacobson O, Niu G, Yang W, Wang J, Chen X. Prospective Study of (68)Ga-NOTA-NFB: Radiation Dosimetry in Healthy Volunteers and First Application in Glioma Patients. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:882-9. [PMID: 26000059 PMCID: PMC4440444 DOI: 10.7150/thno.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is overexpressed in various types of human cancers. As a specific imaging agent of CXCR4, 68Ga-NOTA-NFB was investigated in this study to assess its safety, biodistribution and dosimetry properties in healthy volunteers, and to preliminarily evaluate its application in glioma patients. Methods: Six healthy volunteers underwent whole-body PET scans at 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 h after 68Ga-NOTA-NFB injection (mean dose, 182.4 ± 3.7 MBq (4.93 ± 0.10 mCi)). For time-activity curve calculations, 1 mL blood samples were obtained at 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after the injection. The estimated radiation doses were calculated by OLINDA/EXM software. Eight patients with glioma were enrolled and underwent both 68Ga-NOTA-NFB and 18F-FDG PET/CT scans before surgery. The expression of CXCR4 on the resected brain tumor tissues was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Results:68Ga-NOTA-NFB was safe and well tolerated by all subjects. A rapid activity clearance from the blood circulation was observed. The organs with the highest absorbed doses were spleen (193.8 ± 32.5 μSv/MBq) and liver (119.3 ± 25.0 μSv/MBq). The mean effective dose was 25.4 ± 6.1 μSv/MBq. The maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) and the maximum target to non-target ratios (T/NTmax) of 68Ga-NOTA-NFB PET/CT in glioma tissues were 4.11 ± 2.90 (range, 0.45-8.21) and 9.21 ± 8.75 (range, 3.66-24.88), respectively, while those of 18F-FDG PET/CT were 7.34 ± 2.90 (range, 3.50-12.27) and 0.86 ± 0.41 (range, 0.35-1.59). The histopathological staining confirmed that CXCR4 was overexpressed on resected tumor tissues with prominent 68Ga-NOTA-NFB uptake. Conclusion: With a favorable radiation dosimetry profile, 68Ga-NOTA-NFB is safe for clinical imaging. Compared to 18F-FDG PET/CT, 68Ga-NOTA-NFB PET/CT is more sensitive in detecting glioma and could have potential in diagnosing and treatment planning for CXCR4 positive patients.
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