1
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Guo L, Huang E, Wang T, Ling Y, Li Z. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of asthma across multiple datasets. Ann Med 2024; 56:2258926. [PMID: 38489401 PMCID: PMC10946276 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2258926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma, a prevalent chronic respiratory disorder, remains enigmatic, notwithstanding considerable advancements in our comprehension. Continuous efforts are crucial for discovering novel molecular targets and gaining a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we analyzed gene expression data from 212 individuals, including asthma patients and healthy controls, to identify 267 differentially expressed genes, among which C1orf64 and C7orf26 emerged as potential key genes in asthma pathogenesis. Various bioinformatics tools, including differential gene expression analysis, pathway enrichment, drug target prediction, and single-cell analysis, were employed to explore the potential roles of the genes. RESULTS Quantitative PCR demonstrated differential expression of C1orf64 and C7orf26 in the asthmatic airway epithelial tissue, implying their potential involvement in asthma pathogenesis. GSEA enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of these genes in signaling pathways associated with asthma progression, such as ABC transporters, cell cycle, CAMs, DNA replication, and the Notch signaling pathway. Drug target prediction, based on upregulated and downregulated differential expression, highlighted potential asthma treatments, including Tyrphostin-AG-126, Cephalin, Verrucarin-a, and Emetine. The selection of these drugs was based on their significance in the analysis and their established anti-inflammatory and antiviral invasion properties. Utilizing Seurat and Celldex packages for single-cell sequencing analysis unveiled disease-specific gene expression patterns and cell types. Expression of C1orf64 and C7orf26 in T cells, NK cells, and B cells, instrumental in promoting hallmark features of asthma, was observed, suggesting their potential influence on asthma development and progression. CONCLUSION This study uncovers novel genetic aspects of asthma, highlighting potential therapeutic pathways. It exemplifies the power of integrative bioinformatics in decoding complex disease patterns. However, these findings require further validation, and the precise roles of C1orf64 and C7orf26 in asthma warrant additional investigation to validate their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianshan Guo
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Enhao Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tongting Wang
- Department of Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengzhao Li
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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2
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Carnero Contentti E, Correale J. Current Perspectives: Evidence to Date on BTK Inhibitors in the Management of Multiple Sclerosis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3473-3490. [PMID: 36238195 PMCID: PMC9553159 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s348129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Basic and translational studies have shown that B cells and myeloid cells are critical players for the development and course of the disease. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is essential for B cell receptor-mediated B cell activation and for normal B cell development and maturation. In addition to its role in B cells, BTK is also involved in several functions of myeloid cells. Although significant number of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) have been approved for clinical use in MS patients, novel targeted therapies should be studied in refractory patients and patients with progressive forms of the disease. On the basis of its role in B cells and myeloid cells, BTK inhibitors can provide attractive therapeutic benefits for MS. In this article, we review the main effects of BTK inhibitors on different cell types involved in the pathogenesis of MS and summarise recent advances in the development of BTK inhibitors as novel therapeutic approaches in different MS clinical trials. Available data regarding the efficacy and safety of these drugs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquimíca Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Arsenault S, Benoit RY, Clift F, Moore CS. Does the use of the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors and the c-kit inhibitor masitinib result in clinically significant outcomes among patients with various forms of multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 67:104164. [PMID: 36126539 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system accompanied by chronic inflammation, axonal loss, and neurodegeneration. Traditionally, MS has been thought of as a T-cell mediated disease, but research over the past decade has demonstrated the importance of B cells in both acute demyelination and disease progression. The highly selective irreversible Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors evobrutinib, tolebrutinib, and orelabrutinib, and the reversible BTK inhibitor fenebrutinib, all target B-cell activation and aspects of innate immunity, including macrophage and microglia biology. The c-KIT inhibitor masitinib mitigates neuroinflammation by controlling the survival, migration, and degranulation of mast cells, leading to the inhibition of proinflammatory and vasoactive molecular cascades that result from mast cell activation. This article will review and critically appraise the ongoing clinical trials of two classes of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are emerging as potential medical treatments for the varying subtypes of MS: BTK inhibitors and c-KIT inhibitors. Specifically, this review will attempt to answer whether BTK inhibitors have measurable positive clinical effects on patients with RRMS, SPMS with relapses, relapse-free SPMS, and PPMS through their effect on MRI T1 lesions; annualized relapse rate; EDSS scale; MSFC score; and time to onset of composite 12-week confirmed disability progression. Additionally, this review will examine the literature to determine if masitinib has positive clinical effects on patients with PPMS or relapse-free SPMS through its effect on EDSS or MSFC scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Arsenault
- Discipline of Medicine (Neurology), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
| | - Rochelle Y Benoit
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Fraser Clift
- Discipline of Medicine (Neurology), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Craig S Moore
- Discipline of Medicine (Neurology), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
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4
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Lim S, Lee S. Chemical Modulators for Targeting Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Bench to Clinic. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165088. [PMID: 36014340 PMCID: PMC9414776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by diverse behavioral symptoms such as repetitive behaviors, social deficits, anxiety, hyperactivity, and irritability. Despite their increasing incidence, the specific pathological mechanisms of ASD are still unknown, and the degree and types of symptoms that vary from patient to patient make it difficult to develop drugs that target the core symptoms of ASD. Although various atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants have been applied to regulate ASD symptoms, these drugs can only alleviate the symptoms and do not target the major causes. Therefore, development of novel drugs targeting factors directly related to the onset of ASD is required. Among the various factors related to the onset of ASD, several chemical modulators to treat ASD, focused on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and glutamate receptors, microbial metabolites, and inflammatory cytokines, are explored in this study. In particular, we focus on the chemical drugs that have improved various aspects of ASD symptoms in animal models and in clinical trials for various ages of patients with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhyun Lim
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-958-5138
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5
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Lv W, Liu Y, Li S, Lv L, Lu H, Xin H. Advances of nano drug delivery system for the theranostics of ischemic stroke. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:248. [PMID: 35641956 PMCID: PMC9153106 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
From the global perspective, stroke refers to a highly common cause of disability and death. Ischemic stroke (IS), attributed to blood vessel blockage, preventing the flow of blood to brain, acts as the most common form of stroke. Thus far, thrombolytic therapy is the only clinical treatment for IS with the approval from the FDA. Moreover, the physiology barrier complicates therapeutically and diagnostically related intervention development of IS. Accordingly, developing efficient and powerful curative approaches for IS diagnosis and treatment is urgently required. The advent of nanotechnology has brought dawn and hope to better curative and imaging forms for the management of IS. This work reviews the recent advances and challenges correlated with the nano drug delivery system for IS therapy and diagnosis. The overview of the current knowledge of the important molecular pathological mechanisms in cerebral ischemia and how the drugs cross the blood brain barrier will also be briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The Jiangyin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, 214400, Jiangyin, China
| | - Yijiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Jiangyin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, 214400, Jiangyin, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyan Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The Jiangyin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, 214400, Jiangyin, China
| | - Hongdan Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hongliang Xin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.
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6
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Collongues N, Becker G, Jolivel V, Ayme-Dietrich E, de Seze J, Binamé F, Patte-Mensah C, Monassier L, Mensah-Nyagan AG. A Narrative Review on Axonal Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:981-1042. [PMID: 35610531 PMCID: PMC9338208 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in demyelination and neurodegeneration. The therapeutic strategy is now largely based on reducing inflammation with immunosuppressive drugs. Unfortunately, when disease progression is observed, no drug offers neuroprotection apart from its anti-inflammatory effect. In this review, we explore current knowledge on the assessment of neurodegeneration in MS and look at putative targets that might prove useful in protecting the axon from degeneration. Among them, Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-apoptotic and antioxidant agents, sex hormones, statins, channel blockers, growth factors, and molecules preventing glutamate excitotoxicity have already been studied. Some of them have reached phase III clinical trials and carry a great message of hope for our patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Collongues
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM U1434, Strasbourg, France. .,Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France. .,University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Jolivel
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Estelle Ayme-Dietrich
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme de Seze
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM U1434, Strasbourg, France.,Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabien Binamé
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Patte-Mensah
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Monassier
- University Department of Pharmacology, Addictology, Toxicology and Therapeutic, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.,NeuroCardiovascular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, UR7296, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ayikoé Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategy, INSERM U1119, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Giovannoni G, Popescu V, Wuerfel J, Hellwig K, Iacobaeus E, Jensen MB, García-Domínguez JM, Sousa L, De Rossi N, Hupperts R, Fenu G, Bodini B, Kuusisto HM, Stankoff B, Lycke J, Airas L, Granziera C, Scalfari A. Smouldering multiple sclerosis: the 'real MS'. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022; 15:17562864211066751. [PMID: 35096143 PMCID: PMC8793117 DOI: 10.1177/17562864211066751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a philosophical approach or deductive reasoning, we challenge the dominant clinico-radiological worldview that defines multiple sclerosis (MS) as a focal inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). We provide a range of evidence to argue that the 'real MS' is in fact driven primarily by a smouldering pathological disease process. In natural history studies and clinical trials, relapses and focal activity revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in MS patients on placebo or on disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) were found to be poor predictors of long-term disease evolution and were dissociated from disability outcomes. In addition, the progressive accumulation of disability in MS can occur independently of relapse activity from early in the disease course. This scenario is underpinned by a more diffuse smouldering pathological process that may affect the entire CNS. Many putative pathological drivers of smouldering MS can be potentially modified by specific therapeutic strategies, an approach that may have major implications for the management of MS patients. We hypothesise that therapeutically targeting a state of 'no evident inflammatory disease activity' (NEIDA) cannot sufficiently prevent disability accumulation in MS, meaning that treatment should also focus on other brain and spinal cord pathological processes contributing to the slow loss of neurological function. This should also be complemented with a holistic approach to the management of other systemic disease processes that have been shown to worsen MS outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark St., Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Veronica Popescu
- Universitair MS Centrum, Hasselt, Belgium; Noorderhart Hospital, Pelt, Belgium; Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jens Wuerfel
- MIAC AG, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Klinikum der Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Michael B Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | | | - Livia Sousa
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Raymond Hupperts
- Zuyderland Medisch Centrum, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Department of Neurology, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bodini
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, APHP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hanna-Maija Kuusisto
- Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Customer and Patient Safety, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne University, ICM, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France; APHP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jan Lycke
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Cristina Granziera
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Scalfari
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Boyko A. Tyrosine kinases: a target of epigenetic influences and a new direction in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:27-30. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212207227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Meier UC, Cipian RC, Karimi A, Ramasamy R, Middeldorp JM. Cumulative Roles for Epstein-Barr Virus, Human Endogenous Retroviruses, and Human Herpes Virus-6 in Driving an Inflammatory Cascade Underlying MS Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757302. [PMID: 34790199 PMCID: PMC8592026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles for viral infections and aberrant immune responses in driving localized neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) are the focus of intense research. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as a persistent and frequently reactivating virus with major immunogenic influences and a near 100% epidemiological association with MS, is considered to play a leading role in MS pathogenesis, triggering localized inflammation near or within the central nervous system (CNS). This triggering may occur directly via viral products (RNA and protein) and/or indirectly via antigenic mimicry involving B-cells, T-cells and cytokine-activated astrocytes and microglia cells damaging the myelin sheath of neurons. The genetic MS-risk factor HLA-DR2b (DRB1*1501β, DRA1*0101α) may contribute to aberrant EBV antigen-presentation and anti-EBV reactivity but also to mimicry-induced autoimmune responses characteristic of MS. A central role is proposed for inflammatory EBER1, EBV-miRNA and LMP1 containing exosomes secreted by viable reactivating EBV+ B-cells and repetitive release of EBNA1-DNA complexes from apoptotic EBV+ B-cells, forming reactive immune complexes with EBNA1-IgG and complement. This may be accompanied by cytokine- or EBV-induced expression of human endogenous retrovirus-W/-K (HERV-W/-K) elements and possibly by activation of human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) in early-stage CNS lesions, each contributing to an inflammatory cascade causing the relapsing-remitting neuro-inflammatory and/or progressive features characteristic of MS. Elimination of EBV-carrying B-cells by antibody- and EBV-specific T-cell therapy may hold the promise of reducing EBV activity in the CNS, thereby limiting CNS inflammation, MS symptoms and possibly reversing disease. Other approaches targeting HHV-6 and HERV-W and limiting inflammatory kinase-signaling to treat MS are also being tested with promising results. This article presents an overview of the evidence that EBV, HHV-6, and HERV-W may have a pathogenic role in initiating and promoting MS and possible approaches to mitigate development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute-Christiane Meier
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abbas Karimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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García-Merino A. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A New Generation of Promising Agents for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:2560. [PMID: 34685540 PMCID: PMC8534278 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), as demonstrated through the success of various B cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a critical molecule in intracellular signaling from the receptor of B cells and receptors expressed in the cells of the innate immune system. BTK inhibitors may be a non-cell-depleting alternative to B cell modulation. In this review, the structure, signaling, and roles of BTK are reviewed among the different inhibitors assayed in animal models of MS and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Merino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation for Biomedical Research, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Microglia: The Missing Link to Decipher and Therapeutically Control MS Progression? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073461. [PMID: 33801644 PMCID: PMC8038003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutically controlling chronic progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a major challenge. MS progression is defined as a steady loss of parenchymal and functional integrity of the central nervous system (CNS), occurring independent of relapses or focal, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detectable inflammatory lesions. While it clinically surfaces in primary or secondary progressive MS, it is assumed to be an integral component of MS from the very beginning. The exact mechanisms causing progression are still unknown, although evolving evidence suggests that they may substantially differ from those driving relapse biology. To date, progression is assumed to be caused by an interplay of CNS-resident cells and CNS-trapped hematopoietic cells. On the CNS-resident cell side, microglia that are phenotypically and functionally related to cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage may play a key role. Microglia function is highly transformable. Depending on their molecular signature, microglia can trigger neurotoxic pathways leading to neurodegeneration, or alternatively exert important roles in promoting neuroprotection, downregulation of inflammation, and stimulation of repair. Accordingly, to understand and to possibly alter the role of microglial activation during MS disease progression may provide a unique opportunity for the development of suitable, more effective therapeutics. This review focuses on the current understanding of the role of microglia during disease progression of MS and discusses possible targets for therapeutic intervention.
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12
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Almalki WH, Alghamdi S, Alzahrani A, Zhang W. Emerging paradigms in treating cerebral infarction with nanotheranostics: opportunities and clinical challenges. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:826-835. [PMID: 33383212 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interest is increasing in the use of nanotheranostics as diagnosis, imaging and therapeutic tools for stroke management, but movement to the clinic remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm al-qura University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenzhi Zhang
- Senior Research Scientist, Inn Research Sdn. Bhd., Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Pinke KH, Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, Lara VS, Sartori A. Should mast cells be considered therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1995-2007. [PMID: 32394947 PMCID: PMC7716037 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.282238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells of the myeloid lineage that are found throughout the body, including the central nervous system. They perform many functions associated with innate and specific immunity, angiogenesis, and vascular homeostasis. Moreover, they have been implicated in a series of pathologies (e.g., hypersensitivity reactions, tumors, and inflammatory disorders). In this review, we propose that this cell could be a relevant therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis, which is a central nervous system degenerative disease. To support this proposition, we describe the general biological properties of mast cells, their contribution to innate and specific immunity, and the participation of mast cells in the various stages of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis development. The final part of this review is dedicated to an overview of the available mast cells immunomodulatory drugs and their activity on multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, including our own experience related to the effect of ketotifen fumarate on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Henriette Pinke
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Martin E, Aigrot MS, Grenningloh R, Stankoff B, Lubetzki C, Boschert U, Zalc B. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Promotes Myelin Repair. Brain Plast 2020; 5:123-133. [PMID: 33282676 PMCID: PMC7685672 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). In multiple sclerosis (MS) and related experimental models, microglia have either a pro-inflammatory or a pro-regenerative/pro-remyelinating function. Inhibition of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), a member of the Tec family of kinases, has been shown to block differentiation of pro-inflammatory macrophages in response to granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor in vitro. However, the role of BTK in the CNS is unknown. Methods: Our aim was to investigate the effect of BTK inhibition on myelin repair in ex vivo and in vivo experimental models of demyelination and remyelination. The remyelination effect of a BTK inhibitor (BTKi; BTKi-1) was then investigated in LPC-induced demyelinated cerebellar organotypic slice cultures and metronidazole-induced demyelinated Xenopus MBP-GFP-NTR transgenic tadpoles. Results: Cellular detection of BTK and its activated form BTK-phospho-Y223 (p-BTK) was determined by immunohistochemistry in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures, before and after lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced demyelination. A low BTK signal detected by immunolabeling under normal conditions in cerebellar slices was in sharp contrast to an 8.5-fold increase in the number of BTK-positive cells observed in LPC-demyelinated slice cultures. Under both conditions, approximately 75% of cells expressing BTK and p-BTK were microglia and 25% were astrocytes. Compared with spontaneous recovery, treatment of demyelinated slice cultures and MTZ-demyelinated transgenic tadpoles with BTKi resulted in at least a 1.7-fold improvement of remyelination. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that BTK inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Martin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Stéphane Aigrot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Roland Grenningloh
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, United States (a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France.,AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ursula Boschert
- Ares Trading S.A. an affiliate of Merck Serono S.A., Eysins, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Zalc
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
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15
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Carnero Contentti E, Correale J. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a promising emerging treatment option for multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 25:377-381. [PMID: 32910702 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2020.1822817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Fleni , Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Alsanea S, Al-Hosaini KA, Mahmood HM, Alzahrani MZ, Attia SM. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase signaling by tyrphostin AG126 downregulates the IL-21/IL-21R and JAK/STAT pathway in the BTBR mouse model of autism. Neurotoxicology 2019; 77:1-11. [PMID: 31811869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders that are associated with deficits in social interaction and communication. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG126 represents a promising therapeutic agent for several neuroinflammatory disorders. There are currently no treatments available that can improve ASD and we previously showed that AG126 treatment exerts beneficial effects on BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice, a model for autism that shows the core features of ASD; however, the immunological mechanisms and molecular targets associated with this effect were previously unclear. This study was undertaken to delineate the neuroprotective effect of AG126 on BTBR mice. Here, using this mouse model, we investigated the effects of AG126 administration on IL-21R, IL-21, IL-22, TNF-α, NOS2, STAT3, IL-27, and Foxp3 production by CD8+ T cells in the spleen by flow cytometry. We further explored the mRNA and protein expression of IL-21, IL-22, IL-1β, TNF-α, NOS2, JAK1, STAT3, IL-27, and Foxp3 in brain tissue by RT-PCR, and western blotting. We found that BTBR mice treated with AG126 exhibited significant decreases in IL-21R-, IL-21-, IL-22-, TNF-α-, NOS2-, STAT3-producing, and increases in IL-27- and Foxp3-producing, CD8+ T cells. Our results further demonstrated that AG126 treatment effectively decreased IL-21, IL-22, IL-1β, TNF-α, NOS2, JAK1, and STAT3, and increased IL-27 and Foxp3 mRNA and protein expression in brain tissues. Our findings suggest that AG126 elicits a neuroprotective response through downregulation of the IL-21/IL-21R and JAK/STAT pathway in BTBR mice, which could represent a promising novel therapeutic target for ASD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sary Alsanea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A Al-Hosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz M Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Z Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Choi JY, Yun J, Hwang CJ, Lee HP, Kim HD, Chun H, Park PH, Choi DY, Han SB, Hong JT. (E)-2-methoxy-4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-1-en-1-yl) Phenol Ameliorates MPTP-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration by Inhibiting the STAT3 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112632. [PMID: 31146332 PMCID: PMC6600543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. We have previously demonstrated that (E)-2-methoxy-4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-1-en-1-yl) phenol (MMPP), a selective signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor, has anti-inflammatory properties in several inflammatory disease models. We investigated whether MMPP could protect against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic cell loss and behavioral impairment. Imprinting control region (ICR) mice (8 weeks old, n = 10 per group) were administered MMPP (5 mg/kg) in drinking water for 1 month, and injected with MPTP (15 mg/kg, four times with 2 h intervals) during the last 7 days of treatment. MMPP decreased MPTP-induced behavioral impairments in rotarod, pole, and gait tests. We also showed that MMPP ameliorated dopamine depletion in the striatum and inflammatory marker elevation in primary cultured neurons by high-performance liquid chromatography and immunohistochemical analysis. Increased activation of STAT3, p38, and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) were observed in the substantia nigra and striatum after MPTP injection, effects that were attenuated by MMPP treatment. Furthermore, MMPP inhibited STAT3 activity and expression of neuroinflammatory proteins, including ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+; 0.5 mM)-treated primary cultured cells. However, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors augmented the activity of MMPP. Collectively, our results suggest that MMPP may be an anti-inflammatory agent that attenuates dopaminergic neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation through MAO-B and MAPK pathway-dependent inhibition of STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Hee Pom Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Hae Deun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Hyungok Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Dong Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaemgmyeong 1-ro, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
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18
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Kaviarasi S, Yuba E, Harada A, Krishnan UM. Emerging paradigms in nanotechnology for imaging and treatment of cerebral ischemia. J Control Release 2019; 300:22-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Häusser-Kinzel S, Weber MS. The Role of B Cells and Antibodies in Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromyelitis Optica, and Related Disorders. Front Immunol 2019; 10:201. [PMID: 30800132 PMCID: PMC6375838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our pathophysiological concept of the most common central nervous system demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, strikingly evolved by recent discoveries suggesting that B lymphocytes substantially contribute in its initiation and chronic propagation. In this regard, activated B cells are nowadays considered to act as important antigen-presenting cells for the activation of T cells and as essential source of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hereby, they create a milieu in which other immune cells differentiate and join an orchestrated inflammatory infiltration of the CNS. Without a doubt, this scientific leap was critically pioneered by the empirical use of anti-CD20 antibodies in recent clinical MS trials, which revealed that the therapeutic removal of immature and mature B cells basically halted development of new inflammatory flares in otherwise relapsing MS patients. This stabilization occurred largely independent of any indirect effect on plasma cell-produced antibody levels. On the contrary, peripherally produced autoantibodies are probably the most important B cell component in two other CNS demyelinating diseases which are currently in the process of being delineated as separate disease entities. The first one is neuromyelitis optica in which an antibody response against aquaporin-4 targets and destroys astrocytes, the second, likely distinct entity embraces a group of patients containing antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. In this review, we will describe and summarize pro-inflammatory B cell properties in these three CNS demyelinating disorders; we will however also provide an overview on the emerging concept that B cells or B cell subsets may exert immunologically counterbalancing properties, which may be therapeutically desirable to maintain and foster in inflammatory CNS demyelination. In an outlook, we will discuss accordingly, how this potentially important aspect can be harnessed to advance future B cell-directed therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis; Functional significance and therapeutic implications. Does the specificity matter? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 25:131-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Alshammari MA, Attia SM. Protection by tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tyrphostin AG126, through the suppression of IL-17A, RORγt, and T-bet signaling, in the BTBR mouse model of autism. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:328-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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