1
|
Zhang T, Gan Y, Bai Y, Hao W, Zeng Z, Wu F, Li X. Influence of cold-stimulated adipocyte supernatant on the expression of adhesion-related molecules in Schwann cell line. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 35:101523. [PMID: 37529013 PMCID: PMC10388730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bell's palsy is the most common form of facial nerve palsy. This study aimed to explore the pathogenesis of Bell's palsy by investigating the effect of cold-stimulated adipocyte supernatant on adhesion molecule expression in Schwann cell line. Schwann cells were cultured in regular or adipocyte-conditioned medium and analyzed using RNA sequencing. The mRNA expression of Schwann cell adhesion molecules melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), protocadherin 9 (PCDH9), and intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) was determined using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Differentially expressed genes were identified, and Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were conducted. Compared with Schwann cells in 37 °C, the expression of MCAM, PCDH9, and ICAM1 was downregulated in Schwann cells treated with cold-stimulated adipocyte supernatant compared with Schwann cells in 37 °C. Adipocytes subjected to cold exposure may weaken the adhesion capacity of Schwann cells and disrupt the local homeostasis of Schwann cell-axon interactions by affecting the expression of MCAM, PCDH9, and ICAM1, ultimately leading to the development of demyelinating lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yaxin Gan
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yulan Bai
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Weijiang Hao
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Ziqi Zeng
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xianqi Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, 399-0781, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Takaku S, Sango K. Pretreatment with Zonisamide Mitigates Oxaliplatin-Induced Toxicity in Rat DRG Neurons and DRG Neuron–Schwann Cell Co-Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179983. [PMID: 36077386 PMCID: PMC9456039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (OHP) is a platinum-based agent that can cause peripheral neuropathy, an adverse effect in which the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are targeted. Zonisamide has exhibited neuroprotective activities toward adult rat DRG neurons in vitro and therefore, we aimed to assess its potential efficacy against OHP-induced neurotoxicity. Pretreatment with zonisamide (100 μM) alleviated the DRG neuronal death caused by OHP (75 μM) and the protective effects were attenuated by a co-incubation with 25 μM of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; MEK/ERK) inhibitor, U0126, or the phosphatidyl inositol-3′-phosphate-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002. Pretreatment with zonisamide also suppressed the OHP-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation in lined DRG neurons, ND7/23, while the OHP-induced DRG neuronal death was alleviated by pretreatment with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB239063 (25 μM). Although zonisamide failed to protect the immortalized rat Schwann cells IFRS1 from OHP-induced cell death, it prevented neurite degeneration and demyelination-like changes, as well as the reduction of the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (AKT) phosphorylation in DRG neuron–IFRS1 co-cultures exposed to OHP. Zonisamide’s neuroprotection against the OHP-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy is possibly mediated by a stimulation of the MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and suppression of the p38 MAPK pathway in DRG neurons. Future studies will allow us to solidify zonisamide as a promising remedy against the neurotoxic adverse effects of OHP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Takaku
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-6834-2359; Fax: +81-5316-3150
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Förster A, Brand F, Banan R, Hüneburg R, Weber CAM, Ewert W, Kronenberg J, Previti C, Elyan N, Beyer U, Martens H, Hong B, Bräsen JH, Erbersdobler A, Krauss JK, Stangel M, Samii A, Wolf S, Preller M, Aretz S, Wiese B, Hartmann C, Weber RG. Rare germline variants in the E-cadherin gene CDH1 are associated with the risk of brain tumors of neuroepithelial and epithelial origin. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:191-210. [PMID: 33929593 PMCID: PMC8217027 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of brain tumor development is poorly understood. Here, leukocyte DNA of 21 patients from 15 families with ≥ 2 glioma cases each was analyzed by whole-genome or targeted sequencing. As a result, we identified two families with rare germline variants, p.(A592T) or p.(A817V), in the E-cadherin gene CDH1 that co-segregate with the tumor phenotype, consisting primarily of oligodendrogliomas, WHO grade II/III, IDH-mutant, 1p/19q-codeleted (ODs). Rare CDH1 variants, previously shown to predispose to gastric and breast cancer, were significantly overrepresented in these glioma families (13.3%) versus controls (1.7%). In 68 individuals from 28 gastric cancer families with pathogenic CDH1 germline variants, brain tumors, including a pituitary adenoma, were observed in three cases (4.4%), a significantly higher prevalence than in the general population (0.2%). Furthermore, rare CDH1 variants were identified in tumor DNA of 6/99 (6%) ODs. CDH1 expression was detected in undifferentiated and differentiating oligodendroglial cells isolated from rat brain. Functional studies using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in or stably transfected cell models demonstrated that the identified CDH1 germline variants affect cell membrane expression, cell migration and aggregation. E-cadherin ectodomain containing variant p.(A592T) had an increased intramolecular flexibility in a molecular dynamics simulation model. E-cadherin harboring intracellular variant p.(A817V) showed reduced β-catenin binding resulting in increased cytosolic and nuclear β-catenin levels reverted by treatment with the MAPK interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 inhibitor CGP 57380. Our data provide evidence for a role of deactivating CDH1 variants in the risk and tumorigenesis of neuroepithelial and epithelial brain tumors, particularly ODs, possibly via WNT/β-catenin signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Förster
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Brand
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rouzbeh Banan
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Hüneburg
- National Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine A M Weber
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Ewert
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Köln, Germany
| | - Christopher Previti
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, High Throughput Sequencing Unit W190, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Omics IT and Data Management Core Facility W610, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Elyan
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Beyer
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Martens
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bujung Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan H Bräsen
- Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amir Samii
- Department of Neurosurgery, International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Wolf
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, High Throughput Sequencing Unit W190, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Preller
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Stefan Aretz
- National Center for Hereditary Tumor Syndromes, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Wiese
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Henriettenstift, Diakovere Krankenhaus gGmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Hartmann
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruthild G Weber
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang M, Kleele T, Xiao Y, Plucinska G, Avramopoulos P, Engelhardt S, Schwab MH, Kneussel M, Czopka T, Sherman DL, Brophy PJ, Misgeld T, Brill MS. Completion of neuronal remodeling prompts myelination along developing motor axon branches. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211755. [PMID: 33538762 PMCID: PMC7868780 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal remodeling and myelination are two fundamental processes during neurodevelopment. How they influence each other remains largely unknown, even though their coordinated execution is critical for circuit function and often disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders. It is unclear whether myelination stabilizes axon branches during remodeling or whether ongoing remodeling delays myelination. By modulating synaptic transmission, cytoskeletal dynamics, and axonal transport in mouse motor axons, we show that local axon remodeling delays myelination onset and node formation. Conversely, glial differentiation does not determine the outcome of axon remodeling. Delayed myelination is not due to a limited supply of structural components of the axon–glial unit but rather is triggered by increased transport of signaling factors that initiate myelination, such as neuregulin. Further, transport of promyelinating signals is regulated via local cytoskeletal maturation related to activity-dependent competition. Our study reveals an axon branch–specific fine-tuning mechanism that locally coordinates axon remodeling and myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Wang
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleele
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yan Xiao
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriela Plucinska
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Petros Avramopoulos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus H Schwab
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), Institute for Molecular Neurogenetics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Czopka
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Diane L Sherman
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter J Brophy
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Monika S Brill
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chiang ACA, Seua AV, Singhmar P, Arroyo LD, Mahalingam R, Hu J, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ. Bexarotene normalizes chemotherapy-induced myelin decompaction and reverses cognitive and sensorimotor deficits in mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:193. [PMID: 33183353 PMCID: PMC7661216 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequently reported neurotoxic sequelae of cancer treatment include cognitive deficits and sensorimotor abnormalities that have long-lasting negative effects on the quality of life of an increasing number of cancer survivors. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood and there is no effective treatment. We show here that cisplatin treatment of mice not only caused cognitive dysfunction but also impaired sensorimotor function. These functional deficits are associated with reduced myelin density and complexity in the cingulate and sensorimotor cortex. At the ultrastructural level, myelin abnormalities were characterized by decompaction. We used this model to examine the effect of bexarotene, an agonist of the RXR-family of nuclear receptors. Administration of only five daily doses of bexarotene after completion of cisplatin treatment was sufficient to normalize myelin density and fiber coherency and to restore myelin compaction in cingulate and sensorimotor cortex. Functionally, bexarotene normalized performance of cisplatin-treated mice in tests for cognitive and sensorimotor function. RNAseq analysis identified the TR/RXR pathway as one of the top canonical pathways activated by administration of bexarotene to cisplatin-treated mice. Bexarotene also activated neuregulin and netrin pathways that are implicated in myelin formation/maintenance, synaptic function and axonal guidance. In conclusion, short term treatment with bexarotene is sufficient to reverse the adverse effects of cisplatin on white matter structure, cognitive function, and sensorimotor performance. These encouraging findings warrant further studies into potential clinical translation and the underlying mechanisms of bexarotene for chemobrain.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wilson ER, Della-Flora Nunes G, Weaver MR, Frick LR, Feltri ML. Schwann cell interactions during the development of the peripheral nervous system. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:464-489. [PMID: 32281247 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells play a critical role in the development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), establishing important relationships both with the extracellular milieu and other cell types, particularly neurons. In this review, we discuss various Schwann cell interactions integral to the proper establishment, spatial arrangement, and function of the PNS. We include signals that cascade onto Schwann cells from axons and from the extracellular matrix, bidirectional signals that help to establish the axo-glial relationship and how Schwann cells in turn support the axon. Further, we speculate on how Schwann cell interactions with other components of the developing PNS ultimately promote the complete construction of the peripheral nerve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gustavo Della-Flora Nunes
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael R Weaver
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Luciana R Frick
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Torii T, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi J. Cellular Signal-Regulated Schwann Cell Myelination and Remyelination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:3-22. [PMID: 31760634 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing studies have demonstrated multiple signaling molecules responsible for oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells development such as migration, differentiation, myelination, and axo-glial interaction. However, complicated roles in these events are still poorly understood. This chapter focuses on well established intracellular signaling transduction and recent topics that control myelination and are elucidated from accumulating evidences. The underlying molecular mechanisms, which involved in membrane trafficking through small GTPase Arf6 and its activator cytohesins, demonstrate the crosstalk between well established intracellular signaling transduction and a new finding signaling pathway in glial cells links to physiological phenotype and essential role in peripheral nerve system (PNS). Since Arf family proteins affect the expression levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ) and Krox20, which is a transcription factor regulatory factor in early developmental stages of Schwann cells, Arf proteins likely to be key regulator for Schwann cells development. Herein, we discuss how intracellular signaling transductions in Schwann cells associate with myelination in CNS and PNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Torii
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prata DP, Costa-Neves B, Cosme G, Vassos E. Unravelling the genetic basis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with GWAS: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 114:178-207. [PMID: 31096178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review findings of GWAS in schizophrenia (SZ) and in bipolar disorder (BD); and to interpret findings, with a focus on identifying independent replications. METHOD PubMed search, selection and review of all independent GWAS in SZ or BD, published since March 2011, i.e. studies using non-overlapping samples within each article, between articles, and with those of the previous review (Li et al., 2012). RESULTS From the 22 GWAS included in this review, the genetic associations surviving standard GWAS-significance were for genetic markers in the regions of ACSL3/KCNE4, ADCY2, AMBRA1, ANK3, BRP44, DTL, FBLN1, HHAT, INTS7, LOC392301, LOC645434/NMBR, LOC729457, LRRFIP1, LSM1, MDM1, MHC, MIR2113/POU3F2, NDST3, NKAPL, ODZ4, PGBD1, RENBP, TRANK1, TSPAN18, TWIST2, UGT1A1/HJURP, WHSC1L1/FGFR1 and ZKSCAN4. All genes implicated across both reviews are discussed in terms of their function and implication in neuropsychiatry. CONCLUSION Taking all GWAS to date into account, AMBRA1, ANK3, ARNTL, CDH13, EFHD1 (albeit with different alleles), MHC, PLXNA2 and UGT1A1 have been implicated in either disorder in at least two reportedly non-overlapping samples. Additionally, evidence for a SZ/BD common genetic basis is most strongly supported by the implication of ANK3, NDST3, and PLXNA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Prata
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK; Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Bernardo Costa-Neves
- Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, Av. do Brasil, 53 1749-002, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cosme
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Modulation of cell-cell interactions for neural tissue engineering: Potential therapeutic applications of cell adhesion molecules in nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 2019; 197:327-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
10
|
Yulis M, Kusters DHM, Nusrat A. Cadherins: cellular adhesive molecules serving as signalling mediators. J Physiol 2018; 596:3883-3898. [PMID: 29968384 PMCID: PMC6117591 DOI: 10.1113/jp275328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The single pass, transmembrane proteins of the cadherin family have been appreciated as important proteins that regulate intercellular adhesion. In addition to this critical function, cadherins contribute to important signalling events that control cellular homeostasis. Many examples exist of classical, desmosomal and atypical cadherins participating in the regulation of signalling events that control homeostatic functions in cells. Much of the work on cadherin mediated signalling focuses on classical cadherins or on specific disease states such as pemphigus vulgaris. Cadherin mediated signalling has been shown to play critical roles during development, in proliferation, apoptosis, disease pathobiology and beyond. It is becoming increasingly clear that cadherins operate through a range of molecular mechanisms. The diversity of pathways and cellular functions regulated by cadherins suggests that we have only scratched the surface in terms of the roles that these versatile proteins play in signalling and cellular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Yulis
- Department of PathologyThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA
| | | | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of PathologyThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang P, He J, Wang S, Wang X, Liu Q, Peng W, Qian T. miR-3075 Inhibited the Migration of Schwann Cells by Targeting Cntn2. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1879-1886. [PMID: 30078168 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a complex biological process that involves the expression changes of various coding and non-coding RNAs. Previously, a number of novel miRNAs that were dysregulated in rat sciatic nerve stumps after peripheral nerve injury were identified and functionally annotated by Solexa sequencing. In the current study, we studied one of these identified novel miRNAs, miR-3075, in depth. Results of transwell-based cell migration assay showed that increased expression of miR-3075 suppressed the migration rate of Schwann cells while decreased expression of miR-3075 elevated the migration rate of Schwann cells, demonstrating that miR-3075 inhibited Schwann cell migration. Results of BrdU cell proliferation assay showed that neither miR-3075 mimic nor miR-3075 inhibitor would affect Schwann cell proliferation. We further studied candidate target genes of miR-3075 by using bioinformatic tools and analyzing gene expression patterns and found that miR-3075 might target contactin 2 (Cntn2). Previous study showed that Cntn2 regulated cell migration and myelination. Our current observation suggested that the biological effects of miR-3075 on Schwann cell phenotype might by through the negative regulation of Cntn2. Overall, our study revealed the function of a novel miRNA, miR-3075, and expanded our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianghong He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenqiang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianmei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yi S, Wang XH, Xing LY. Transcriptome analysis of adherens junction pathway-related genes after peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1804-1810. [PMID: 30136696 PMCID: PMC6128067 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.237127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural regeneration process is driven by a wide range of molecules and pathways. Adherens junctions are critical cellular junctions for the integrity of peripheral nerves. However, few studies have systematically characterized the transcript changes in the adherens junction pathway following injury. In this study, a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury was established by forceps. Deep sequencing data were analyzed using comprehensive transcriptome analysis at 0, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after injury. Results showed that most individual molecules in the adherens junctions were either upregulated or downregulated after nerve injury. The mRNA expression of ARPC1B, ARPC3, TUBA8, TUBA1C, CTNNA2, ACTN3, MET, HGF, NME1 and ARF6, which are involved in the adherens junction pathway and in remodeling of adherens junctions, was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Most of these genes were upregulated in the sciatic nerve stump following peripheral nerve injury, except for CTNNA2, which was downregulated. Our findings reveal the dynamic changes of key molecules in adherens junctions and in remodeling of adherens junctions. These key genes provide a reference for the selection of clinical therapeutic targets for peripheral nerve injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xing-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling-Yan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lafon Hughes LI, Romeo Cardeillac CJ, Cal Castillo KB, Vilchez Larrea SC, Sotelo Sosa JR, Folle Ungo GA, Fernández Villamil SH, Kun González AE. Poly(ADP-ribosylation) is present in murine sciatic nerve fibers and is altered in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1E neurodegenerative model. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3318. [PMID: 28503382 PMCID: PMC5428328 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) is a polymer synthesized by poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) as a postranslational protein modification and catabolized mainly by poly-ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (PARG). In spite of the existence of cytoplasmic PARPs and PARG, research has been focused on nuclear PARPs and PAR, demonstrating roles in the maintenance of chromatin architecture and the participation in DNA damage responses and transcriptional regulation. We have recently detected non-nuclear PAR structurally and functionally associated to the E-cadherin rich zonula adherens and the actin cytoskeleton of VERO epithelial cells. Myelinating Schwann cells (SC) are stabilized by E-cadherin rich autotypic adherens junctions (AJ). We wondered whether PAR would map to these regions. Besides, we have demonstrated an altered microfilament pattern in peripheral nerves of Trembler-J (Tr-J) model of CMT1-E. We hypothesized that cytoplasmic PAR would accompany such modified F-actin pattern. Methods Wild-type (WT) and Tr-J mice sciatic nerves cryosections were subjected to immunohistofluorescence with anti-PAR antibodies (including antibody validation), F-actin detection with a phalloidin probe and DAPI/DNA counterstaining. Confocal image stacks were subjected to a colocalization highlighter and to semi-quantitative image analysis. Results We have shown for the first time the presence of PAR in sciatic nerves. Cytoplasmic PAR colocalized with F-actin at non-compact myelin regions in WT nerves. Moreover, in Tr-J, cytoplasmic PAR was augmented in close correlation with actin. In addition, nuclear PAR was detected in WT SC and was moderately increased in Tr-J SC. Discussion The presence of PAR associated to non-compact myelin regions (which constitute E-cadherin rich autotypic AJ/actin anchorage regions) and the co-alterations experienced by PAR and the actin cytoskeleton in epithelium and nerves, suggest that PAR may be a constitutive component of AJ/actin anchorage regions. Is PAR stabilizing the AJ-actin complexes? This question has strong implications in structural cell biology and cell signaling networks. Moreover, if PAR played a stabilizing role, such stabilization could participate in the physiological control of axonal branching. PARP and PAR alterations exist in several neurodegenerative pathologies including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Hungtington’s diseases. Conversely, PARP inhibition decreases PAR and promotes neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons in vitro. Coherently, the PARP inhibitor XAV939 improves myelination in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Until now such results have been interpreted in terms of nuclear PARP activity. Our results indicate for the first time the presence of PARylation in peripheral nerve fibers, in a healthy environment. Besides, we have evidenced a PARylation increase in Tr-J, suggesting that the involvement of cytoplasmic PARPs and PARylation in normal and neurodegenerative conditions should be re-evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Lafon Hughes
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos J Romeo Cardeillac
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Karina B Cal Castillo
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Salomé C Vilchez Larrea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José R Sotelo Sosa
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo A Folle Ungo
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia H Fernández Villamil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra E Kun González
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu L, Wang K, Ma T, Huang L, Xia B, Zhu S, Yang Y, Liu Z, Quan X, Luo K, Kong D, Huang J, Luo Z. Noncovalent Bonding of RGD and YIGSR to an Electrospun Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Conduit through Peptide Self-Assembly to Synergistically Promote Sciatic Nerve Regeneration in Rats. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28140528 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nerve conduit with biofunctionalities can regulate neurite outgrowth, as well as the migration, proliferation, and myelination activity of Schwann cells. In the present study, polycaprolactone (PCL) conduits are coated with Naphthalene-phenylalanine-phenylalanine-glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartic (Nap-FFGRGD) and Naphthalene-phenylalanine-phenylalanine-glycine-cysteine-aspartic-proline-glycine-tyrosine-isoleucine-glycine-serine-arginine (Nap-FFGCDPGYIGSR) by self-assembly. In vitro studies demonstrate that arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) and tyrosine-isoleucine-glycine-serine-arginine (YIGSR) are capable of synergistically enhancing the ability of PCL to support the adhesion and proliferation of Schwann cells, as well as increasing neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglions explants. This synergistic effect may occur via the activation of both the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathways. RGD/YIGSR modifications demonstrate beneficial effects across a 15 mm sciatic nerve gap in axonal regeneration and functional recovery. In addition, increased vascularization is observed in the RGD/YIGSR-PCL group, which might contribute to their beneficial effects on nerve regeneration. These findings indicate the potential of the RGD/YIGSR-PCL conduit to promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery, making the RGD/YIGSR-PCL conduit an attractive candidate for the treatment of a critical nerve defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials; Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); College of Life Science; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Teng Ma
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Bing Xia
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Yafeng Yang
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Xin Quan
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Kai Luo
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials; Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); College of Life Science; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Analysis of gene expression in the nervous system identifies key genes and novel candidates for health and disease. Neurogenetics 2017; 18:81-95. [PMID: 28190221 PMCID: PMC5359387 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-017-0509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases in the developed world has risen over the last century, concomitant with an increase in average human lifespan. A major challenge is therefore to identify genes that control neuronal health and viability with a view to enhancing neuronal health during ageing and reducing the burden of neurodegeneration. Analysis of gene expression data has recently been used to infer gene functions for a range of tissues from co-expression networks. We have now applied this approach to transcriptomic datasets from the mammalian nervous system available in the public domain. We have defined the genes critical for influencing neuronal health and disease in different neurological cell types and brain regions. The functional contribution of genes in each co-expression cluster was validated using human disease and knockout mouse phenotypes, pathways and gene ontology term annotation. Additionally a number of poorly annotated genes were implicated by this approach in nervous system function. Exploiting gene expression data available in the public domain allowed us to validate key nervous system genes and, importantly, to identify additional genes with minimal functional annotation but with the same expression pattern. These genes are thus novel candidates for a role in neurological health and disease and could now be further investigated to confirm their function and regulation during ageing and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen MS, Kim H, Jagot-Lacoussiere L, Maurel P. Cadm3 (Necl-1) interferes with the activation of the PI3 kinase/Akt signaling cascade and inhibits Schwann cell myelination in vitro. Glia 2016; 64:2247-2262. [PMID: 27658374 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Axo-glial interactions are critical for myelination and the domain organization of myelinated fibers. Cell adhesion molecules belonging to the Cadm family, and in particular Cadm3 (axonal) and its heterophilic binding partner Cadm4 (Schwann cell), mediate these interactions along the internode. Using targeted shRNA-mediated knockdown, we show that the removal of axonal Cadm3 promotes Schwann cell myelination in the in vitro DRG neuron/Schwann cell myelinating system. Conversely, over-expressing Cadm3 on the surface of DRG neuron axons results in an almost complete inability by Schwann cells to form myelin segments. Axons of superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, which do not normally support the formation of myelin segments by Schwann cells, express higher levels of Cadm3 compared to DRG neurons. Knocking down Cadm3 in SCG neurons promotes myelination. Finally, the extracellular domain of Cadm3 interferes in a dose-dependent manner with the activation of ErbB3 and of the pro-myelinating PI3K/Akt pathway, but does not interfere with the activation of the Mek/Erk1/2 pathway. While not in direct contradiction, these in vitro results shed lights on the apparent lack of phenotype that was reported from in vivo studies of Cadm3-/- mice. Our results suggest that Cadm3 may act as a negative regulator of PNS myelination, potentially through the selective regulation of the signaling cascades activated in Schwann cells by axonal contact, and in particular by type III Nrg-1. Further analyses of peripheral nerves in the Cadm-/- mice will be needed to determine the exact role of axonal Cadm3 in PNS myelination. GLIA 2016;64:2247-2262.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shuo Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Hyosung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Patrice Maurel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Terada N, Saitoh Y, Kamijo A, Ohno S, Ohno N. Involvement of membrane skeletal molecules in the Schmidt-Lanterman incisure in Schwann cells. Med Mol Morphol 2015; 49:5-10. [PMID: 26541343 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-015-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane skeletal networks form a two-dimensional lattice structure beneath erythrocyte membranes. 4.1R-MPP (membrane palmitoylated protein) 1-glycophorin C is one of the basic molecular complexes of the membrane skeleton. An analogous molecular complex, 4.1G-MPP6-cell adhesion molecule 4 (CADM4), is incorporated into the Schmidt-Lanterman incisure (SLI), a truncated cone shape in the myelin internode that is a specific feature of myelinated nerve fibers formed in Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. In this review, the dynamic structure of peripheral nerve fibers under stretching conditions is demonstrated using in vivo cryotechnique. The structures of nerve fibers had a beaded appearance, and the heights of SLI circular-truncated cones increased at the narrow sites of nerve fibers under the stretched condition. The height of SLI-truncated cones was lower in 4.1G-deficient nerve fibers than in wild-type nerve fibers. 4.1G was essential for the molecular targeting of MPP6 and CADM4 in SLI. The signal transduction protein, Src, was also involved in the 4.1G-MPP6-CADM4 molecular complex. The phosphorylation of Src was altered by the deletion of 4.1G. Thus, we herein demonstrate a membrane skeletal molecular complex in SLI that has potential roles in the regulation of adhesion and signal transduction as well as in structural stability in Schwann cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Terada
- Division of Health Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo City, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Akio Kamijo
- Division of Health Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo City, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo City, Yamanashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|