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Zhang D, Hua Z, Li Z. The role of glutamate and glutamine metabolism and related transporters in nerve cells. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14617. [PMID: 38358002 PMCID: PMC10867874 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate and glutamine are the most abundant amino acids in the blood and play a crucial role in cell survival in the nervous system. Various transporters found in cell and mitochondrial membranes, such as the solute carriers (SLCs) superfamily, are responsible for maintaining the balance of glutamate and glutamine in the synaptic cleft and within cells. This balance affects the metabolism of glutamate and glutamine as non-essential amino acids. AIMS This review aims to provide an overview of the transporters and enzymes associated with glutamate and glutamine in neuronal cells. DISCUSSION We delve into the function of glutamate and glutamine in the nervous system by discussing the transporters involved in the glutamate-glutamine cycle and the key enzymes responsible for their mutual conversion. Additionally, we highlight the role of glutamate and glutamine as carbon and nitrogen donors, as well as their significance as precursors for the synthesis of reduced glutathione (GSH). CONCLUSION Glutamate and glutamine play a crucial role in the brain due to their special effects. It is essential to focus on understanding glutamate and glutamine metabolism to comprehend the physiological behavior of nerve cells and to treat nervous system disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Zhang
- Department of PediatricsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environment and Metabolic DiseasesShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Zhongyan Hua
- Department of PediatricsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environment and Metabolic DiseasesShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of PediatricsShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
- Medical Research Center, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environment and Metabolic DiseasesShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
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2
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Chameh HM, Falby M, Movahed M, Arbabi K, Rich S, Zhang L, Lefebvre J, Tripathy SJ, De Pittà M, Valiante TA. Distinctive biophysical features of human cell-types: insights from studies of neurosurgically resected brain tissue. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1250834. [PMID: 37860223 PMCID: PMC10584155 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1250834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological characterization of live human tissue from epilepsy patients has been performed for many decades. Although initially these studies sought to understand the biophysical and synaptic changes associated with human epilepsy, recently, it has become the mainstay for exploring the distinctive biophysical and synaptic features of human cell-types. Both epochs of these human cellular electrophysiological explorations have faced criticism. Early studies revealed that cortical pyramidal neurons obtained from individuals with epilepsy appeared to function "normally" in comparison to neurons from non-epilepsy controls or neurons from other species and thus there was little to gain from the study of human neurons from epilepsy patients. On the other hand, contemporary studies are often questioned for the "normalcy" of the recorded neurons since they are derived from epilepsy patients. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the distinct biophysical features of human cortical neurons and glia obtained from tissue removed from patients with epilepsy and tumors. We then explore the concept of within cell-type diversity and its loss (i.e., "neural homogenization"). We introduce neural homogenization to help reconcile the epileptogenicity of seemingly "normal" human cortical cells and circuits. We propose that there should be continued efforts to study cortical tissue from epilepsy patients in the quest to understand what makes human cell-types "human".
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeira Moradi Chameh
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madeleine Falby
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mandana Movahed
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keon Arbabi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Rich
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jérémie Lefebvre
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shreejoy J. Tripathy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maurizio De Pittà
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Taufik A. Valiante
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Center for Neural Science and Technology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Chen L, Luo T, Cui W, Zhu M, Xu Z, Huang H. Kalirin is involved in epileptogenesis by modulating the activity of the Rac1 signaling pathway. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 131:102289. [PMID: 37196826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a common chronic brain disease. Despite the availability of various anti-seizure drugs, approximately 30 % of patients do not respond to treatment. Recent research suggests that Kalirin plays a role in regulating neurological function. However, the pathogenesis of Kalirin in epileptic seizures remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of Kalirin in epileptogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS An epileptic model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Endogenous Kalirin was inhibited using shRNA. The expression of Kalirin, Rac1, and Cdc42 in the hippocampal CA1 region was measured using Western blotting. Spine and synaptic structures were examined using Golgi staining and electron microscopy. Moreover, the necrotic neurons in CA1 were examined using HE staining. RESULTS The results indicated that the epileptic score increased in epileptic animals, while inhibition of Kalirin decreased the epileptic scores and increased the latent period of the first seizure attack. Inhibition of Kalirin attenuated the increases in Rac1 expression, dendritic spine density, and synaptic vesicle number in the CA1 region induced by PTZ. However, the increase in Cdc42 expression was not affected by the inhibition of Kalirin. CONCLUSION This study suggests that Kalirin is involved in the development of seizures by modulating the activity of Rac1, providing a novel anti-epileptic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China
| | - Wenxiu Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China
| | - ManMing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China.
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4
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Smith LA, Chen C, Lax NZ, Taylor RW, Erskine D, McFarland R. Astrocytic pathology in Alpers' syndrome. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:86. [PMID: 37259148 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractory epilepsy is the main neurological manifestation of Alpers' syndrome, a severe childhood-onset mitochondrial disease caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase gamma gene (POLG). The pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning neuronal hyperexcitabilty leading to seizures in Alpers' syndrome remain unknown. However, pathological changes to reactive astrocytes are hypothesised to exacerbate neural dysfunction and seizure-associated cortical activity in POLG-related disease. Therefore, we sought to phenotypically characterise astrocytic pathology in Alpers' syndrome. We performed a detailed quantitative investigation of reactive astrocytes in post-mortem neocortical tissues from thirteen patients with Alpers' syndrome, eight neurologically normal controls and five sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) patients, to control for generalised epilepsy-associated astrocytic pathology. Immunohistochemistry to identify glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-reactive astrocytes revealed striking reactive astrogliosis localised to the primary visual cortex of Alpers' syndrome tissues, characterised by abnormal-appearing hypertrophic astrocytes. Phenotypic characterisation of individual GFAP-reactive astrocytes demonstrated decreased abundance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins and altered expression of key astrocytic proteins including Kir4.1 (subunit of the inwardly rectifying K+ ion channel), AQP4 (astrocytic water channel) and glutamine synthetase (enzyme that metabolises glutamate). These phenotypic astrocytic changes were typically different from the pathology observed in SUDEP tissues, suggesting alternative mechanisms of astrocytic dysfunction between these epilepsies. Crucially, our findings provide further evidence of occipital lobe involvement in Alpers' syndrome and support the involvement of reactive astrocytes in the pathogenesis of POLG-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Chun Chen
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nichola Z Lax
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
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5
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Andersen JV, Schousboe A. Glial Glutamine Homeostasis in Health and Disease. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1100-1128. [PMID: 36322369 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine is an essential cerebral metabolite. Several critical brain processes are directly linked to glutamine, including ammonia homeostasis, energy metabolism and neurotransmitter recycling. Astrocytes synthesize and release large quantities of glutamine, which is taken up by neurons to replenish the glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter pools. Astrocyte glutamine hereby sustains the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, synaptic transmission and general brain function. Cerebral glutamine homeostasis is linked to the metabolic coupling of neurons and astrocytes, and relies on multiple cellular processes, including TCA cycle function, synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter uptake. Dysregulations of processes related to glutamine homeostasis are associated with several neurological diseases and may mediate excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. In particular, diminished astrocyte glutamine synthesis is a common neuropathological component, depriving neurons of an essential metabolic substrate and precursor for neurotransmitter synthesis, hereby leading to synaptic dysfunction. While astrocyte glutamine synthesis is quantitatively dominant in the brain, oligodendrocyte-derived glutamine may serve important functions in white matter structures. In this review, the crucial roles of glial glutamine homeostasis in the healthy and diseased brain are discussed. First, we provide an overview of cellular recycling, transport, synthesis and metabolism of glutamine in the brain. These cellular aspects are subsequently discussed in relation to pathological glutamine homeostasis of hepatic encephalopathy, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Further studies on the multifaceted roles of cerebral glutamine will not only increase our understanding of the metabolic collaboration between brain cells, but may also aid to reveal much needed therapeutic targets of several neurological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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6
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Henao‐Restrepo J, López‐Murillo C, Valderrama‐Carmona P, Orozco‐Santa N, Gomez J, Gutiérrez‐Vargas J, Moraga R, Toledo J, Littau JL, Härtel S, Arboleda‐Velásquez JF, Sepulveda‐Falla D, Lopera F, Cardona‐Gómez GP, Villegas A, Posada‐Duque R. Gliovascular alterations in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease: APOE3 Christchurch homozygote glioprotection. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13119. [PMID: 36130084 PMCID: PMC10041169 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to brain insults, astrocytes become reactive, promoting protection and tissue repair. However, astroglial reactivity is typical of brain pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considering the heterogeneity of the reactive response, the role of astrocytes in the course of different forms of AD has been underestimated. Colombia has the largest human group known to have familial AD (FAD). This group carries the autosomal dominant and fully penetrant mutation E280A in PSEN1, which causes early-onset AD. Recently, our group identified an E280A carrier who did not develop FAD. The individual was homozygous for the Christchurch mutation R136S in APOE3 (APOEch). Remarkably, APOE is the main genetic risk factor for developing sporadic AD (SAD) and most of cerebral ApoE is produced by astroglia. Here, we characterized astrocyte properties related to reactivity, glutamate homeostasis, and structural integrity of the gliovascular unit (GVU), as factors that could underlie the pathogenesis or protection of AD. Specifically, through histological and 3D microscopy analyses of postmortem samples, we briefly describe the histopathology and cytoarchitecture of the frontal cortex of SAD, FAD, and APOEch, and demonstrate that, while astrodegeneration and vascular deterioration are prominent in SAD, FAD is characterized by hyperreactive-like glia, and APOEch displays the mildest astrocytic and vascular alterations despite having the highest burden of Aβ. Notably, astroglial, gliovascular, and vascular disturbances, as well as brain cell death, correlate with the specific astrocytic phenotypes identified in each condition. This study provides new insights into the potential relevance of the gliovasculature in the development and protection of AD. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the components of the GVU in human samples of SAD, FAD, and APOEch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Henao‐Restrepo
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Carolina López‐Murillo
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Pablo Valderrama‐Carmona
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Natalia Orozco‐Santa
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Johana Gomez
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaSIU, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Johanna Gutiérrez‐Vargas
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Health Sciences FacultyRemington University CorporationMedellínColombia
| | - Renato Moraga
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Jessica Lisa Littau
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's DiseaseInstitute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Joseph F. Arboleda‐Velásquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Diego Sepulveda‐Falla
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's DiseaseInstitute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaSIU, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona‐Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Andrés Villegas
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaSIU, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Rafael Posada‐Duque
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
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7
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Panayotacopoulou MT, Papageorgiou I, Pagida M, Katsogridaki AE, Chrysanthou-Piterou M, Valous NA, Halama N, Patsouris E, Konstantinidou AE. Microglia Activation in the Midbrain of the Human Neonate: The Effect of Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:208-224. [PMID: 35092294 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (PHI) is a major risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric deficits later in life. We previously reported that after prolonged PHI, the dopaminergic neurons of the human neonate showed a dramatic reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra, without important signs of neuronal degeneration despite the significant reduction in their cell size. Since microglia activation could precede neuronal death, we now investigated 2 microglia activation markers, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), and the phagocytosis marker Cd68. The highest Iba1 immunoreactivity was found in neonates with neuropathological lesions of severe/abrupt PHI, while the lowest in subjects with moderate/prolonged or older PHI. Subjects with very severe/prolonged or chronic PHI showed an increased Iba1 expression and very activated microglial morphology. Heavy attachment of microglia on TH neurons and remarkable expression of Cd68 were also observed indicating phagocytosis in this group. Females appear to express more Iba1 than males, suggesting a gender difference in microglia maturation and immune reactivity after PHI insult. PHI-induced microglial "priming" during the sensitive for brain development perinatal/neonatal period, in combination with genetic or other epigenetic factors, could predispose the survivors to neuropsychiatric disorders later in life, possibly through a sexually dimorphic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Panayotacopoulou
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (MTP, MP, AEK, MC-P).,University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Kostas Stefanis", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (MTP, MP, AEK, MC-P, EP)
| | - Ismini Papageorgiou
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany (IP).,Institute of Radiology, Südharz Hospital Nordhausen, Nordhausen, Germany (IP)
| | - Marianna Pagida
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (MTP, MP, AEK, MC-P).,University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Kostas Stefanis", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (MTP, MP, AEK, MC-P, EP)
| | - Alexandra E Katsogridaki
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (MTP, MP, AEK, MC-P).,University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Kostas Stefanis", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (MTP, MP, AEK, MC-P, EP)
| | - Margarita Chrysanthou-Piterou
- From the Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (MTP, MP, AEK, MC-P).,University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Kostas Stefanis", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (MTP, MP, AEK, MC-P, EP)
| | - Nektarios A Valous
- Applied Tumor Immunity Clinical Cooperation Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (NAV)
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg, Germany (NH).,Division of Translational Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (NH)
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Kostas Stefanis", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (MTP, MP, AEK, MC-P, EP).,1st Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece (EP, AEK)
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8
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He T, Li N, Shi P, Xu X, Nie J, Lu X, Yu P, Fan Y, Ge F, Guan X. Electroacupuncture alleviates spatial memory deficits in METH withdrawal mice by enhancing astrocyte-mediated glutamate clearance in the dCA1. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13068. [PMID: 34128302 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) elicits endogenous glutamate (Glu) in the brain, which could partially explain METH-induced memory deficits. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on spatial memory deficits in METH withdrawal mice and its potential synaptic mechanisms. We found that EA at acupoints 'Baihui' and 'Yintang' ameliorated the impaired spatial memory in METH withdrawal mice. In parallel, EA attenuated the Glu levels in vivo and suppressed the neuronal activities within dCA1 of METH withdrawal mice, as indicated by the decreasing c-Fos levels and the amplitude of mEPSP. In the dCA1, EA decreased A1-like astrocytes but increased astrocytic glutamatergic transporting molecules including glutamate transporter 1 and glutamine synthase. However, EA seemed to have no effects on presynaptic Glu transmission from the dCA3, as evidenced by the similiar levels of c-Fos in the dCA3 neurons, synaptic vesicular markers of dCA3 neural terminals and values of paired-pulse ratio in the dCA1 neurons between EA-treated and sham EA-treated METH withdrawal mice. These findings suggest that EA might normalize the dCA1 Glu levels at least in part through enhancing astrocyte-mediated Glu clearance. Taken together, astrocytes might be a novel target for developing therapeutic interventions against the impaired memory behaviours in METH users, and EA represents a promising non-invasive therapeutic strategy for the management of drug-caused memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng He
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Nanqin Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Pengbo Shi
- Department of Orthopedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Jiaxun Nie
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Xue Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Peiyao Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine Daegu Haany University Gyeongsan South Korea
| | - Feifei Ge
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
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9
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Haim LB, Schirmer L, Zulji A, Sabeur K, Tiret B, Ribon M, Chang S, Lamers WH, BoillEée S, Chaumeil MM, Rowitch DH. Evidence for glutamine synthetase function in mouse spinal cord oligodendrocytes. Glia 2021; 69:2812-2827. [PMID: 34396578 PMCID: PMC8502205 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme that metabolizes glutamate into glutamine. While GS is highly enriched in astrocytes, expression in other glial lineages has been noted. Using a combination of reporter mice and cell type-specific markers, we show that GS is expressed in myelinating oligodendrocytes (OL) but not oligodendrocyte progenitor cells of the mouse and human ventral spinal cord. To investigate the role of GS in mature OL, we used a conditional knockout (cKO) approach to selectively delete GS-encoding gene (Glul) in OL, which caused a significant decrease in glutamine levels on mouse spinal cord extracts. GS cKO mice (CNP-cre+ :Glulfl/fl ) showed no differences in motor neuron numbers, size or axon density; OL differentiation and myelination in the ventral spinal cord was normal up to 6 months of age. Interestingly, GS cKO mice showed a transient and specific decrease in peak force while locomotion and motor coordination remained unaffected. Last, GS expression in OL was increased in chronic pathological conditions in both mouse and humans. We found a disease-stage dependent increase of OL expressing GS in the ventral spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, we showed that GLUL transcripts levels were increased in OL in leukocortical tissue from multiple sclerosis but not control patients. These findings provide evidence towards OL-encoded GS function in spinal cord sensorimotor axis, which is dysregulated in chronic neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Ben Haim
- Department of Pediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amel Zulji
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Department of Pediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brice Tiret
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science and of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthieu Ribon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine BoillEée
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Myriam M. Chaumeil
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science and of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David H. Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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10
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Tse K, Beamer E, Simpson D, Beynon RJ, Sills GJ, Thippeswamy T. The Impacts of Surgery and Intracerebral Electrodes in C57BL/6J Mouse Kainate Model of Epileptogenesis: Seizure Threshold, Proteomics, and Cytokine Profiles. Front Neurol 2021; 12:625017. [PMID: 34322075 PMCID: PMC8312573 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.625017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) is commonly used to study epileptogenesis and epilepsy in experimental models. Chronic gliosis and neurodegeneration at the injury site are known to be associated with surgically implanted electrodes in both humans and experimental models. Currently, however, there are no reports on the impact of intracerebral electrodes on proteins in the hippocampus and proinflammatory cytokines in the cerebral cortex and plasma in experimental models. We used an unbiased, label-free proteomics approach to identify the altered proteins in the hippocampus, and multiplex assay for cytokines in the cerebral cortex and plasma of C57BL/6J mice following bilateral surgical implantation of electrodes into the cerebral hemispheres. Seven days following surgery, a repeated low dose kainate (KA) regimen was followed to induce status epilepticus (SE). Surgical implantation of electrodes reduced the amount of KA necessary to induce SE by 50%, compared with mice without surgery. Tissues were harvested 7 days post-SE (i.e., 14 days post-surgery) and compared with vehicle-treated mice. Proteomic profiling showed more proteins (103, 6.8% of all proteins identified) with significantly changed expression (p < 0.01) driven by surgery than by KA treatment itself without surgery (27, 1.8% of all proteins identified). Further, electrode implantation approximately doubled the number of KA-induced changes in protein expression (55, 3.6% of all identified proteins). Further analysis revealed that intracerebral electrodes and KA altered the expression of proteins associated with epileptogenesis such as inflammation (C1q system), neurodegeneration (cystatin-C, galectin-1, cathepsin B, heat-shock protein 25), blood–brain barrier dysfunction (fibrinogen-α, serum albumin, α2 macroglobulin), and gliosis (vimentin, GFAP, filamin-A). The multiplex assay revealed a significant increase in key cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL12p70, IFN-γ, and KC/GRO in the cerebral cortex and some in the plasma in the surgery group. Overall, these findings demonstrate that surgical implantation of depth electrodes alters some of the molecules that may have a role in epileptogenesis in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Tse
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Beamer
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Simpson
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme J Sills
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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11
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Wang Z, Xie R, Yang X, Yin H, Li X, Liu T, Ma Y, Gao J, Zang Z, Ruan R, Li Y, Huang K, Chen Q, Shen K, Lv S, Zhang C, Yang H, Warner M, Gustafsson JA, Liu S, Fan X. Female mice lacking ERβ display excitatory/inhibitory synaptic imbalance to drive the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Theranostics 2021; 11:6074-6089. [PMID: 33897900 PMCID: PMC8058727 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a highly prevalent and drug-refractory neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures. Estrogen is identified to be proconvulsant and lowers the seizure threshold of female epilepsy. Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) has been proposed to mediate neuroprotection in epilepsy, although the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Rationale: In this study, we investigated the role of ERβ in the epileptogenesis of female temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods: Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, western blots, Golgi staining, 1H MRS and whole-cell patch-clamp were used to evaluate ERβ expression, pathological changes, and synaptic excitation /inhibition (E/I) balance in female TLE patients and ovariectomized (OVX) chronic epileptic mice. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were recorded to evaluate the epileptic susceptibility in OVX WT and ERβ-/- mice. And high-throughput RNA-sequence was performed to identify differential expression genes (DEGs) which can elucidate the potential mechanism of ERβ regulating the seizure susceptibility. Results: ERβ expression was decreased in the brains of female TLE patients and OVX chronic epileptic mice. ERβ deletion enhanced seizure susceptibility and exacerbated the imbalance of synaptic E/I in hippocampal CA1 area of OVX epileptic mice. In line with these observations, RNA-sequence data further identified glutamine ligase (GLUL) as the target of ERβ involved in regulating synaptic E/I in CA1. Furthermore, ERβ agonist WAY-200070 markedly suppressed epileptic phenotypes and normalized GLUL expression in CA1 region of kainic acid (KA) induced OVX chronic epileptic model. Conclusions: Our data provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of female TLE, and indicate ERβ provides a new therapeutic strategy for female TLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongke Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Ruxin Xie
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Huachun Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Tianyao Liu
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Junwei Gao
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Ruotong Ruan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Qingbo Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Maragret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77054
- Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, 141 86 Novum, Sweden
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
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12
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Verhoog QP, Holtman L, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. Astrocytes as Guardians of Neuronal Excitability: Mechanisms Underlying Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:591690. [PMID: 33324329 PMCID: PMC7726323 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.591690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by e.g., status epilepticus, traumatic brain injury, or stroke, astrocytes may adopt a reactive phenotype. This process of reactive astrogliosis is important to restore brain homeostasis. However, persistent reactive astrogliosis can be detrimental for the brain and contributes to the development of epilepsy. In this review, we will focus on physiological functions of astrocytes in the normal brain as well as pathophysiological functions in the epileptogenic brain, with a focus on acquired epilepsy. We will discuss the role of astrocyte-related processes in epileptogenesis, including reactive astrogliosis, disturbances in energy supply and metabolism, gliotransmission, and extracellular ion concentrations, as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction and dysregulation of blood flow. Since dysfunction of astrocytes can contribute to epilepsy, we will also discuss their role as potential targets for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirijn P. Verhoog
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Holtman
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Erwin A. van Vliet
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Mitochondria at Work: New Insights into Regulation and Dysregulation of Cellular Energy Supply and Metabolism. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110526. [PMID: 33266387 PMCID: PMC7700424 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are of great relevance to health, and their dysregulation is associated with major chronic diseases. Research on mitochondria-156 brand new publications from 2019 and 2020-have contributed to this review. Mitochondria have been fundamental for the evolution of complex organisms. As important and semi-autonomous organelles in cells, they can adapt their function to the needs of the respective organ. They can program their function to energy supply (e.g., to keep heart muscle cells going, life-long) or to metabolism (e.g., to support hepatocytes and liver function). The capacity of mitochondria to re-program between different options is important for all cell types that are capable of changing between a resting state and cell proliferation, such as stem cells and immune cells. Major chronic diseases are characterized by mitochondrial dysregulation. This will be exemplified by cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, immune system disorders, and cancer. New strategies for intervention in chronic diseases will be presented. The tumor microenvironment can be considered a battlefield between cancer and immune defense, competing for energy supply and metabolism. Cancer cachexia is considered as a final stage of cancer progression. Nevertheless, the review will present an example of complete remission of cachexia via immune cell transfer. These findings should encourage studies along the lines of mitochondria, energy supply, and metabolism.
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14
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Gavegnano C, Haile W, Koneru R, Hurwitz SJ, Kohler JJ, Tyor WR, Schinazi RF. Novel method to quantify phenotypic markers of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in a murine SCID model. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:838-845. [PMID: 32901392 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV infection in the CNS persists with reported increases in activation of macrophages (MΦ), microglia, and surrounding astrocytes/neurons, conferring HIV-induced inflammation. Chronic inflammation results in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) with reported occurrence of up to half of individuals with HIV infection. The existing HAND mouse model used by laboratories including ours, and the effect of novel agents on its pathology present with labor-intensive and time-consuming limitations since brain sections and immunohistochemistry assays have to be performed and analyzed. A novel flow cytometry-based system to objectively quantify phenotypic effects of HIV using a SCID mouse HAND model was developed which demonstrated that the HIV-infected mice had significant increases in astrogliosis, loss of neuronal dendritic marker, activation of murine microglia, and human macrophage explants compared to uninfected control mice. HIV p24 could also be quantified in the brains of the infected mice. Correlation of these impairments with HIV-induced brain inflammation and previous behavioral abnormalities studies in mice suggests that this model can be used as a fast and relevant throughput methodology to quantify preclinical testing of novel treatments for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gavegnano
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Woldeab Haile
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30209, USA.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Raj Koneru
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30209, USA.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Selwyn J Hurwitz
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James J Kohler
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - William R Tyor
- Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30209, USA. .,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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15
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Halder A, Yadav K, Aggarwal A, Singhal N, Sandhir R. Activation of TNFR1 and TLR4 following oxygen glucose deprivation promotes mitochondrial fission in C6 astroglial cells. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109714. [PMID: 32693013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have emerged as active players in the innate immune response triggered by various types of insults. Recent literature suggests that mitochondria are key participants in innate immunity. The present study investigates the role of ischemia-induced innate immune response on p65/PGC-1α mediated mitochondrial dynamics in C6 astroglial cells. OGD conditions induced astroglial differentiation in C6 cells and increased the expression of hypoxia markers; HIF-1α, HO-1 and Cox4i2. OGD conditions resulted in induction of innate immune response in terms of expression of TNFR1 and TLR4 along with increase in IL-6 and TNF-α levels. OGD conditions resulted in decreased expression of I-κB with a concomitant increase in phos-p65 levels. The expression of PGC-1α, a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, was also increased. Immunochemical staining suggested that phos-p65 and PGC-1α was co-localized. Studies on mitochondrial fusion (Mfn-1) and fission (DRP1) markers revealed shift toward fission. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential decreased with increased DNA degradation and apoptosis confirming mitochondrial fission under OGD conditions. However, inhibition of phos-p65 by MG132 reduced the co-localization of phos-p65/ PGC-1α and significantly increased the Mfn-1 expression. The findings demonstrate the involvement of TNFR1 and TLR4 mediated immune response followed by interaction between phos-p65 and PGC-1α in promoting fission in C6 cells under hypoxic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Halder
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamalendra Yadav
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aanchal Aggarwal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Nitin Singhal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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16
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Zhang H, Lian Y, Xie N, Cheng X, Chen C, Xu H, Zheng Y. Antagomirs targeting miR-142-5p attenuate pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Exp Cell Res 2020; 393:112089. [PMID: 32439493 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to involve in pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). miR-142-5p is found increased in TLE, but its role remains unknown. In the study, we established a mouse model of status epilepticus (SE) with pilocarpine and a cell model of TLE. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed an up-regulation of miR-142-5p and down-regulation of mitochondrial Rho 1 (Miro1) in the mouse mode of SE. Administration of miR-142-5p antagomirs via intracerebroventricular injection attenuated pilocarpine-induced SE and hippocampal damage, and alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction along with increased mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP and Ca (2+) levels. The expression of mitochondrial trafficking kinesin protein (Trak) 1 and Trak2 was up-regulated by inhibiting miR-142-5p. Antagomirs targeting miR-142-5p suppressed pilocarpine-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by decreased ROS generation and MPO activity, and increased SOD activity. Silencing miR-142-5p reduced neuronal death in pilocarpine-treated hippocampus and magnesium-free (MGF)-treated neurons. Inhibition of miR-142-5p decreased cytoplasmic Cytochrome C and increased mitochondrial Cytochrome C, reduced cleaved-caspase3 and Bax levels, and elevated Bcl2 in vivo and in vitro. Further, dual-luciferase assay verified Miro1 as a target of miR-142-5p, suggesting that miR-142-5p might function via targeting Mrio1. Depletion of Miro1 inhibited the protective effect of silencing miR-142-5p on hippocampal neurons in vitro. Taken together, down-regulation of miR-142-5p via targeting Miro1 inhibits neuronal death and mitochondrial dysfunction, and thus attenuates pilocarpine-induced SE, suggesting the potential involvement of miR-142-5p in the pathogenesis of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Yajun Lian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China.
| | - Nanchang Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Hongliang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
| | - Yake Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, PR China
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17
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Ribeiro RP, Ponz-Segrelles G, Bleidorn C, Aguado MT. Comparative transcriptomics in Syllidae (Annelida) indicates that posterior regeneration and regular growth are comparable, while anterior regeneration is a distinct process. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:855. [PMID: 31726983 PMCID: PMC6854643 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Annelids exhibit remarkable postembryonic developmental abilities. Most annelids grow during their whole life by adding segments through the action of a segment addition zone (SAZ) located in front of the pygidium. In addition, they show an outstanding ability to regenerate their bodies. Experimental evidence and field observations show that many annelids are able to regenerate their posterior bodies, while anterior regeneration is often limited or absent. Syllidae, for instance, usually show high abilities of posterior regeneration, although anterior regeneration varies across species. Some syllids are able to partially restore the anterior end, while others regenerate all lost anterior body after bisection. Here, we used comparative transcriptomics to detect changes in the gene expression profiles during anterior regeneration, posterior regeneration and regular growth of two syllid species: Sphaerosyllis hystrix and Syllis gracilis; which exhibit limited and complete anterior regeneration, respectively. Results We detected a high number of genes with differential expression: 4771 genes in S. hystrix (limited anterior regeneration) and 1997 genes in S. gracilis (complete anterior regeneration). For both species, the comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that gene expression during posterior regeneration and regular growth was very similar, whereas anterior regeneration was characterized by up-regulation of several genes. Among the up-regulated genes, we identified putative homologs of regeneration-related genes associated to cellular proliferation, nervous system development, establishment of body axis, and stem-cellness; such as rup and JNK (in S. hystrix); and glutamine synthetase, elav, slit, Hox genes, β-catenin and PL10 (in S. gracilis). Conclusions Posterior regeneration and regular growth show no significant differences in gene expression in the herein investigated syllids. However, anterior regeneration is associated with a clear change in terms of gene expression in both species. Our comparative transcriptomic analysis was able to detect differential expression of some regeneration-related genes, suggesting that syllids share some features of the regenerative mechanisms already known for other annelids and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rannyele Passos Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Ponz-Segrelles
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Teresa Aguado
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, España.
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18
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Gavegnano C, Haile WB, Hurwitz S, Tao S, Jiang Y, Schinazi RF, Tyor WR. Baricitinib reverses HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in a SCID mouse model and reservoir seeding in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:182. [PMID: 31561750 PMCID: PMC6764124 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) occur in up to half of HIV-positive individuals, even with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), adjunctive therapies are needed. Chronic CNS inflammation contributes to HAND and HIV encephalitis (HIVE). Baricitinib is a JAK 1/2 inhibitor approved in the USA, EU, and Japan for rheumatoid arthritis, demonstrating potent inhibition of IL-6, D-dimer, CRP, TNF-α, IFN-α/β, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Methods Our modified murine HAND model was used to evaluate the ability of baricitinib to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and modulate monocyte/macrophage-driven HAND. Severity of HAND was measured by assessing cognitive performance of low- and high-dose baricitinib treated versus untreated HAND mice. The severity of brain neuroinflammation was evaluated in these mouse groups after flow cytometric analyses. We also assessed the ability of baricitinib to block events in myeloid and lymphoid cells in vitro that may undergird the persistence of HIV in the central nervous system (CNS) in primary human macrophages (Mϕ) and lymphocytes including HIV replication, HIV-induced activation, reservoir expansion, and reservoir maintenance. Results In vivo, both doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg qd baricitinib crossed the BBB and reversed behavioral abnormalities conferred by HIV infection. Moreover, baricitinib significantly reduced HIV-induced neuroinflammation marked by glial activation: activated microglia (MHCII+/CD45+) and astrogliosis (GFAP). Baricitinib also significantly reduced the percentage of p24+ human macrophages in mouse brains (p < 0.05 versus HAND mice; t test). In vitro, baricitinib significantly reduced markers of persistence, reservoir size, and reseeding in Mϕ. Conclusion These results show that blocking the JAK/STAT pathway reverses cognitive deficits and curtails inflammatory markers in HAND in mice. Our group recently reported safety and tolerability of ruxolitinib in HIV-infected individuals (Marconi et al., Safety, tolerability and immunologic activity of ruxolitinib added to suppressive ART, 2019), underscoring potential safety and utility of JAK inhibitors for additional human trials. The data reported herein coupled with our recent human trial with JAK inhibitors provide compelling preclinical data and impetus for considering a trial of baricitinib in HAND individuals treated with cART to reverse cognitive deficits and key events driving viral persistence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1565-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gavegnano
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Woldeab B Haile
- Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30209, USA.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
| | - Selwyn Hurwitz
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sijia Tao
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - William R Tyor
- Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30209, USA. .,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
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19
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Effect of Ibuprofen on Autophagy of Astrocytes During Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epilepsy and its Significance: An Experimental Study. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2566-2576. [PMID: 31535354 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease. Astrogliosis is an important pathological change in epileptic lesions. Studies have reported that ibuprofen can affect autophagy and/or inhibit cell proliferation in many diseases. This study investigated the effect and significance of ibuprofen on autophagy of astrocytes during pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced epilepsy. 60 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group (received normal saline), PTZ group, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) + PTZ group, ibuprofen + PTZ group and 3-MA + ibuprofen + PTZ group. Dose of each agent was 35 mg/kg (PTZ), 10 mg/kg (3-MA) and 30 mg/kg (ibuprofen) and all drugs were administered intraperitoneally 15 times on alternate days (29 days). Human astrocytes were cultured in vitro. Behavioral performance (i.e., latency, grade and duration of seizures) and EEG of rats were observed and recorded. Proliferation of astrocytes was detected by CCK-8 method. Immunofluorescence and Western blot test were used to detect the expression of LC3 and GFAP. Mean number, grade and duration of seizures were markedly reduced in ibuprofen + PTZ group and 3-MA + ibuprofen + PTZ group (P < 0.05). Similarly, peak of EEG waves were markedly reduced in ibuprofen + PTZ group and 3-MA + ibuprofen + PTZ group (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the level of LC3 in ibuprofen group was significantly increased in vitro (P < 0.05). While, levels of LC3 were significantly higher and that of GFAP were significantly lower in ibuprofen + PTZ group (P < 0.05) compared to PTZ group in vivo. Ibuprofen reduces the proliferation of astrocytes by increasing autophagy, thus affecting the development of epilepsy. Therefore, ibuprofen may be used as an adjuvant to improve efficacy of treatment in epilepsy.
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20
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Kobylarek D, Iwanowski P, Lewandowska Z, Limphaibool N, Szafranek S, Labrzycka A, Kozubski W. Advances in the Potential Biomarkers of Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:685. [PMID: 31312171 PMCID: PMC6614180 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by recurrent, spontaneous, and unpredictable seizures. It is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. Comprehensive studies on epilepsy in recent decades have revealed the complexity of epileptogenesis, in which immunological processes, epigenetic modifications, and structural changes in neuronal tissues have been identified as playing a crucial role. This review discusses the recent advances in the biomarkers of epilepsy. We evaluate the possible molecular background underlying the clinical changes observed in recent studies, focusing on therapeutic investigations, and the evidence of their safety and efficacy in the human population. This article reviews the pathophysiology of epilepsy, including recent reports on the effects of oxidative stress and hypoxia, and focuses on specific biomarkers and their clinical implications, along with further perspectives in epilepsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kobylarek
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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21
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Xin W, Mironova YA, Shen H, Marino RAM, Waisman A, Lamers WH, Bergles DE, Bonci A. Oligodendrocytes Support Neuronal Glutamatergic Transmission via Expression of Glutamine Synthetase. Cell Rep 2019; 27:2262-2271.e5. [PMID: 31116973 PMCID: PMC6544175 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate has been implicated in a wide range of brain pathologies and is thought to be metabolized via the astrocyte-specific enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS). We show here that oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glia of the central nervous system, also express high levels of GS in caudal regions like the midbrain and the spinal cord. Selective removal of oligodendrocyte GS in mice led to reduced brain glutamate and glutamine levels and impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission without disrupting myelination. Furthermore, animals lacking oligodendrocyte GS displayed deficits in cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization, a behavior that is dependent on glutamatergic signaling in the midbrain. Thus, oligodendrocytes support glutamatergic transmission through the actions of GS and may represent a therapeutic target for pathological conditions related to brain glutamate dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Xin
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Yevgeniya A Mironova
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rosa A M Marino
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Academic Medical Center, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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22
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Tse K, Hammond D, Simpson D, Beynon RJ, Beamer E, Tymianski M, Salter MW, Sills GJ, Thippeswamy T. The impact of postsynaptic density 95 blocking peptide (Tat-NR2B9c) and an iNOS inhibitor (1400W) on proteomic profile of the hippocampus in C57BL/6J mouse model of kainate-induced epileptogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1378-1392. [PMID: 31090233 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antiepileptogenic agents that prevent the development of epilepsy following a brain insult remain the holy grail of epilepsy therapeutics. We have employed a label-free proteomic approach that allows quantification of large numbers of brain-expressed proteins in a single analysis in the mouse (male C57BL/6J) kainate (KA) model of epileptogenesis. In addition, we have incorporated two putative antiepileptogenic drugs, postsynaptic density protein-95 blocking peptide (PSD95BP or Tat-NR2B9c) and a highly selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 1400W, to give an insight into how such agents might ameliorate epileptogenesis. The test drugs were administered after the induction of status epilepticus (SE) and the animals were euthanized at 7 days, their hippocampi removed, and subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 2,579 proteins were identified; their normalized abundance was compared between treatment groups using ANOVA, with correction for multiple testing by false discovery rate. Significantly altered proteins were subjected to gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. KA-induced SE was most robustly associated with an alteration in the abundance of proteins involved in neuroinflammation, including heat shock protein beta-1 (HSP27), glial fibrillary acidic protein, and CD44 antigen. Treatment with PSD95BP or 1400W moderated the abundance of several of these proteins plus that of secretogranin and Src substrate cortactin. Pathway analysis identified the glutamatergic synapse as a key target for both drugs. Our observations require validation in a larger-scale investigation, with candidate proteins explored in more detail. Nevertheless, this study has identified several mechanisms by which epilepsy might develop and several targets for novel drug development. OPEN PRACTICES: This article has been awarded Open Data. All materials and data are publicly accessible as supporting information. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Tse
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dean Hammond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Deborah Simpson
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edward Beamer
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Tymianski
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W Salter
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graeme J Sills
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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23
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Blaszczyk L, Maître M, Lesté-Lasserre T, Clark S, Cota D, Oliet SHR, Fénelon VS. Sequential alteration of microglia and astrocytes in the rat thalamus following spinal nerve ligation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:349. [PMID: 30572902 PMCID: PMC6302506 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal reactive astrocytes and microglia are known to participate to the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. However, whether reactive astrocytes and microglia in thalamic nuclei that process sensory-discriminative aspects of pain play a role in pain behavior remains poorly investigated. Therefore, the present study evaluated whether the presence of reactive glia (hypertrophy, increased number and upregulation of glial markers) in the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus (VPL) correlates with pain symptoms, 14 and 28 days after unilateral L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats. Methods Mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia (von Frey filament stimulation) as well as ambulatory pain (dynamic weight bearing apparatus) were assessed. Levels of nine glial transcripts were determined by quantitative real-time PCR on laser microdissected thalamic nuclei, and levels of proteins were assessed by Western blot. We also studied by immunohistofluorescence the expression of glial markers that label processes (GFAP for astrocytes and iba-1 for microglia) and cell body (S100β for astrocytes and iba-1 for microglia) and quantified the immunostained surface and the number of astrocytes and microglia (conventional counts and optical dissector method of stereological counting). Results Differential, time-dependent responses were observed concerning microglia and astrocytes. Specifically, at day 14, iba-1 immunostained area and number of iba-1 immunopositive cells were decreased in the VPL of SNL as compared to naïve rats. By contrast, at day 28, GFAP-immunostained area was increased in the VPL of SNL as compared to naïve rats while number of GFAP/S100β immunopositive cells remained unchanged. Using quantitative real-time PCR of laser microdissected VPL, we found a sequential increase in mRNA expression of cathepsin S (day 14), fractalkine (day 28), and fractalkine receptor (day 14), three well-known markers of microglial reactivity. Using Western blot, we confirmed an increase in protein expression of fractalkine receptor at day 14. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a sequential alteration of microglia and astrocytes in the thalamus of animals with lesioned peripheral nerves. Furthermore, our data report unprecedented concomitant molecular signs of microglial activation and morphological signs of microglial decline in the thalamus of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Blaszczyk
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marlène Maître
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Lesté-Lasserre
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Samantha Clark
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane H R Oliet
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie S Fénelon
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France. .,Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France.
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24
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McGann JC, Mandel G. Neuronal activity induces glutathione metabolism gene expression in astrocytes. Glia 2018; 66:2024-2039. [PMID: 30043519 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The idea that astrocytes provide support for neurons has a long history, but whether neurons play an instructive role in these processes is poorly understood. To address this question, we co-culture astrocytes with genetically labeled neurons, permitting their separation by flow cytometry, and test whether the presence of neurons influences the astrocyte transcriptome. We find that numerous pathways are regulated in the co-cultured astrocytes, in a time-dependent matter coincident with synaptic maturation. In particular, the induction of glutathione metabolic genes is prominent, resulting in increased glutathione production. We show that the induction of the glutathione pathway is mediated by astrocytic metabotropic glutamate receptors. Using a candidate approach, we identify direct binding of the nuclear factor E2-related factor, NRF2, to several of the induced genes. Blocking nuclear accumulation of astrocytic NRF2 abolishes neuron-induced glutathione gene induction and glutathione production. Our results suggest that astrocyte transcriptional and metabolic profiles are tightly coupled to the activity of neurons, consistent with the model that astrocytes dynamically support healthy brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C McGann
- Oregon Health and Science, Sam Jackson Park Road, Ortland, Oregon 97239
| | - Gail Mandel
- Oregon Health and Science, Sam Jackson Park Road, Ortland, Oregon 97239
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