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Fabres RB, Cardoso DS, Aragón BA, Arruda BP, Martins PP, Ikebara JM, Drobyshevsky A, Kihara AH, de Fraga LS, Netto CA, Takada SH. Consequences of oxygen deprivation on myelination and sex-dependent alterations. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103864. [PMID: 37268283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in newborns, occurring with a higher prevalence in preterm infants, reaching 20 % to 50 % mortality in newborns in the perinatal period. When they survive, 25 % exhibit neuropsychological pathologies, such as learning difficulties, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy. White matter injury is one of the main features found in oxygen deprivation injury, which can lead to long-term functional impairments, including cognitive delay and motor deficits. The myelin sheath accounts for much of the white matter in the brain by surrounding axons and enabling the efficient conduction of action potentials. Mature oligodendrocytes, which synthesize and maintain myelination, also comprise a significant proportion of the brain's white matter. In recent years, oligodendrocytes and the myelination process have become potential therapeutic targets to minimize the effects of oxygen deprivation on the central nervous system. Moreover, evidence indicate that neuroinflammation and apoptotic pathways activated during oxygen deprivation may be influenced by sexual dimorphism. To summarize the most recent research about the impact of sexual dimorphism on the neuroinflammatory state and white matter injury after oxygen deprivation, this review presents an overview of the oligodendrocyte lineage development and myelination, the impact of oxygen deprivation and neuroinflammation on oligodendrocytes in neurodevelopmental disorders, and recent reports about sexual dimorphism regarding the neuroinflammation and white matter injury after neonatal oxygen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bandeira Fabres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Débora Sterzeck Cardoso
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Petrucelli Arruda
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Pamela Pinheiro Martins
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Juliane Midori Ikebara
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, Alameda da Universidade, s/n, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil.
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2
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Raredon MSB, Yang J, Kothapalli N, Lewis W, Kaminski N, Niklason LE, Kluger Y. Comprehensive visualization of cell-cell interactions in single-cell and spatial transcriptomics with NICHES. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:6865029. [PMID: 36458905 PMCID: PMC9825783 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Recent years have seen the release of several toolsets that reveal cell-cell interactions from single-cell data. However, all existing approaches leverage mean celltype gene expression values, and do not preserve the single-cell fidelity of the original data. Here, we present NICHES (Niche Interactions and Communication Heterogeneity in Extracellular Signaling), a tool to explore extracellular signaling at the truly single-cell level. RESULTS NICHES allows embedding of ligand-receptor signal proxies to visualize heterogeneous signaling archetypes within cell clusters, between cell clusters and across experimental conditions. When applied to spatial transcriptomic data, NICHES can be used to reflect local cellular microenvironment. NICHES can operate with any list of ligand-receptor signaling mechanisms, is compatible with existing single-cell packages, and allows rapid, flexible analysis of cell-cell signaling at single-cell resolution. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION NICHES is an open-source software implemented in R under academic free license v3.0 and it is available at http://github.com/msraredon/NICHES. Use-case vignettes are available at https://msraredon.github.io/NICHES/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neeharika Kothapalli
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Wesley Lewis
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Laura E Niklason
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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3
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Zhang J, Sun JG, Xing X, Wu R, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Yuan F, Wang S, Yuan Z. c-Abl-induced Olig2 phosphorylation regulates the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Glia 2022; 70:1084-1099. [PMID: 35156232 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS), are differentiated from OL progenitor cells (OPCs). The proliferation of existing OPCs is indispensable for myelination during CNS development and remyelination in response to demyelination stimulation. The transcription factor Olig2 is required for the specification of OLs and is expressed in the OL lineage. However, the post-translational modification of Olig2 in the proliferation of OPCs is poorly understood. Herein, we identified that c-Abl directly phosphorylates Olig2 mainly at the Tyr137 site, and that Olig2 phosphorylation is essential for OPC proliferation. The expression levels of c-Abl gradually decreased with brain development; moreover, c-Abl was highly expressed in OPCs. OL-specific c-Abl knockout at the developmental stage led to an insufficient proliferation of OPCs, a decreased expression of myelin-related genes, and myelination retardation. Accordingly, a c-Abl-specific kinase inhibitor suppressed OPC proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, we observed that OL-specific c-Abl knockout reduced OPC proliferation and remyelination in a cuprizone model of demyelination. In addition, we found that nilotinib, a clinically used c-Abl inhibitor, decreased the expression of myelin basic protein (Mbp) and motor coordination in mice, indicating a neurological side effect of a long-term administration of the c-Abl inhibitor. Thus, we identified the important role of c-Abl in OLs during developmental myelination and remyelination in a disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian-Guang Sun
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Xing
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wu
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lujun Zhou
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army No.5 Medical Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shukun Wang
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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5
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Iram T, Kern F, Kaur A, Myneni S, Morningstar AR, Shin H, Garcia MA, Yerra L, Palovics R, Yang AC, Hahn O, Lu N, Shuken SR, Haney MS, Lehallier B, Iyer M, Luo J, Zetterberg H, Keller A, Zuchero JB, Wyss-Coray T. Young CSF restores oligodendrogenesis and memory in aged mice via Fgf17. Nature 2022; 605:509-515. [PMID: 35545674 PMCID: PMC9377328 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent understanding of how the systemic environment shapes the brain throughout life has led to numerous intervention strategies to slow brain ageing1-3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) makes up the immediate environment of brain cells, providing them with nourishing compounds4,5. We discovered that infusing young CSF directly into aged brains improves memory function. Unbiased transcriptome analysis of the hippocampus identified oligodendrocytes to be most responsive to this rejuvenated CSF environment. We further showed that young CSF boosts oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation and differentiation in the aged hippocampus and in primary OPC cultures. Using SLAMseq to metabolically label nascent mRNA, we identified serum response factor (SRF), a transcription factor that drives actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, as a mediator of OPC proliferation following exposure to young CSF. With age, SRF expression decreases in hippocampal OPCs, and the pathway is induced by acute injection with young CSF. We screened for potential SRF activators in CSF and found that fibroblast growth factor 17 (Fgf17) infusion is sufficient to induce OPC proliferation and long-term memory consolidation in aged mice while Fgf17 blockade impairs cognition in young mice. These findings demonstrate the rejuvenating power of young CSF and identify Fgf17 as a key target to restore oligodendrocyte function in the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA,Correspondence to or
| | - Fabian Kern
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Achint Kaur
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Saket Myneni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Allison R. Morningstar
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Heather Shin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Miguel A. Garcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lakshmi Yerra
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Robert Palovics
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew C. Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Oliver Hahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nannan Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Steven R. Shuken
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael s. Haney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benoit Lehallier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Andreas Keller
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J. Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Correspondence to or
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6
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Wang X, Li Z, Wang C, Bai H, Wang Z, Liu Y, Bao Y, Ren M, Liu H, Wang J. Enlightenment of Growth Plate Regeneration Based on Cartilage Repair Theory: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:654087. [PMID: 34150725 PMCID: PMC8209549 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.654087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth plate (GP) is a cartilaginous region situated between the epiphysis and metaphysis at the end of the immature long bone, which is susceptible to mechanical damage because of its vulnerable structure. Due to the limited regeneration ability of the GP, current clinical treatment strategies (e.g., bone bridge resection and fat engraftment) always result in bone bridge formation, which will cause length discrepancy and angular deformity, thus making satisfactory outcomes difficult to achieve. The introduction of cartilage repair theory and cartilage tissue engineering technology may encourage novel therapeutic approaches for GP repair using tissue engineered GPs, including biocompatible scaffolds incorporated with appropriate seed cells and growth factors. In this review, we summarize the physiological structure of GPs, the pathological process, and repair phases of GP injuries, placing greater emphasis on advanced tissue engineering strategies for GP repair. Furthermore, we also propose that three-dimensional printing technology will play a significant role in this field in the future given its advantage of bionic replication of complex structures. We predict that tissue engineering strategies will offer a significant alternative to the management of GP injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianggang Wang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Zuhao Li
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haotian Bai
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Zhonghan Wang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yirui Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA 965 Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Ming Ren
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - He Liu
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Orthopaedic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Orthopaedic Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
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7
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Yang X, Liu H, Zhang Q, Liu K, Yu D, Zhang Y, Shi Z. MiR-96 promotes apoptosis of nucleus pulpous cells by targeting FRS2. Hum Cell 2020; 33:1017-1025. [PMID: 32578051 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which microRNA (miR)-96 regulates the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The expression of miR-96 in normal intervertebral discs and in IDD was detected by performing reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. CCK8 assay was applied to examine the proliferation of nucleus pulpous (NP) cells and flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell apoptosis and cell cycle profile. In addition, the immunofluorescence analysis was employed to detect cell proliferation. The expressions of proteins were assessed by western blot analysis. TargetScan and miRDB were used to predict the target genes of miR-96. The results indicated that miR-96 expression was upregulated in IDD compared with normal intervertebral discs. Overexpression of miR-96 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of NP cells via inducing apoptosis and G1 arrest. In addition, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) was identified as the target of miR-96 and overexpression of FRS2 could revere the effect of miR-96 mimics in NP cells. Therefore, these findings demonstrated that miR-96 plays a critical role during the progression of IDD and miR-96 may serve as a target for the treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Spine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, No.51 Xiaoguan Street, Outside, Andingmen, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Hengping Liu
- Department of Spine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, No.51 Xiaoguan Street, Outside, Andingmen, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- Department of Spine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, No.51 Xiaoguan Street, Outside, Andingmen, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kan Liu
- Department of Spine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, No.51 Xiaoguan Street, Outside, Andingmen, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Department of Spine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, No.51 Xiaoguan Street, Outside, Andingmen, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Spine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, No.51 Xiaoguan Street, Outside, Andingmen, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zongting Shi
- Department of Spine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, No.51 Xiaoguan Street, Outside, Andingmen, Beijing, 100029, China
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