1
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Liu C, Yu R. Neural mechanisms underpinning metacognitive shifts driven by non-informative predictions. Neuroimage 2024; 296:120670. [PMID: 38848980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans constantly make predictions and such predictions allow us to prepare for future events. Yet, such benefits may come with drawbacks as premature predictions may potentially bias subsequent judgments. Here we examined how prediction influences our perceptual decisions and subsequent confidence judgments, on scenarios where the predictions were arbitrary and independent of the identity of the upcoming stimuli. We defined them as invalid and non-informative predictions. Behavioral results showed that, such non-informative predictions biased perceptual decisions in favor of the predicted choice, and such prediction-induced perceptual bias further increased the metacognitive efficiency. The functional MRI results showed that activities in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) encoded the response consistency between predictions and perceptual decisions. Activity in mPFC predicted the strength of this congruency bias across individuals. Moreover, the parametric encoding of confidence in putamen was modulated by prediction-choice consistency, such that activity in putamen was negatively correlated with confidence rating after inconsistent responses. These findings suggest that predictions, while made arbitrarily, orchestrate the neural representations of choice and confidence judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhen Liu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Marketing, and Information Systems, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, PR China.
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2
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Papitto G, Friederici AD, Zaccarella E. Distinct neural mechanisms for action access and execution in the human brain: insights from an fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae163. [PMID: 38629799 PMCID: PMC11022341 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed actions are fundamental to human behavior, whereby inner goals are achieved through mapping action representations to motor outputs. The left premotor cortex (BA6) and the posterior portion of Broca's area (BA44) are two modulatory poles of the action system. However, how these regions support the representation-output mapping within the system is not yet understood. To address this, we conducted a finger-tapping functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment using action categories ranging from specific to general. Our study found distinct neural behaviors in BA44 and BA6 during action category processing and motor execution. During access of action categories, activity in a posterior portion of BA44 (pBA44) decreased linearly as action categories became less specific. Conversely, during motor execution, activity in BA6 increased linearly with less specific categories. These findings highlight the differential roles of pBA44 and BA6 in action processing. We suggest that pBA44 facilitates access to action categories by utilizing motor information from the behavioral context while the premotor cortex integrates motor information to execute the selected action. This finding enhances our understanding of the interplay between prefrontal cortical regions and premotor cortex in mapping action representation to motor execution and, more in general, of the cortical mechanisms underlying human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Papitto
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity (IMPRS NeuroCom), Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emiliano Zaccarella
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Stephanstraße 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Chen H, Liang Q, Wang B, Liu H, Dong G, Li K. Sports game intervention aids executive function enhancement in children with autism - An fNIRS study. Neurosci Lett 2024; 822:137647. [PMID: 38242348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Executive dysfunction is a prevalent issue in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While the efficacy of physical exercise in enhancing cognitive abilities in these children is well-documented, research exploring the relationship between physical exercise and brain function remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cognitively stimulating exercise on executive functions (EF) in children with ASD. The study enrolled thirty children with ASD who were randomly allocated into two groups: a sports game learning group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was utilized to monitor cerebral function alterations pre- and post- an eight-week intervention program. The study focused on three core components of executive function: working memory, inhibitory control (IC), and cognitive flexibility (CF). Results revealed a significant improvement in the EF in the intervention group. After eight weeks of intervention, neural activity, along with improved EF performance, was enhanced significantly in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). During post-intervention, EF tasks were also significantly activated in the dorsolateral PFC, orbitofrontal cortex, and frontal pole area. Furthermore, an increase in short-distance functional connectivity within the PFC was observed during resting states. These results imply that engagement in sports game training can significantly improve EF information processing, augmenting task-related cortical activations and the efficiency of brain function networks in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, China; Department of Sports, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China; Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Baijie Wang
- Shooting and Cycling Sports Management Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | | | - Guijun Dong
- Department of Sports, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China
| | - Kefeng Li
- Department of Medicine, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, China; Quzhou Key Laboratory of Acupuncture, Tuina and Neural Network Regulation, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou, China.
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4
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Warsi NM, Wong SM, Germann J, Boutet A, Arski ON, Anderson R, Erdman L, Yan H, Suresh H, Gouveia FV, Loh A, Elias GJB, Kerr E, Smith ML, Ochi A, Otsubo H, Sharma R, Jain P, Donner E, Lozano AM, Snead OC, Ibrahim GM. Dissociable default-mode subnetworks subserve childhood attention and cognitive flexibility: Evidence from deep learning and stereotactic electroencephalography. Neural Netw 2023; 167:827-837. [PMID: 37741065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility encompasses the ability to efficiently shift focus and forms a critical component of goal-directed attention. The neural substrates of this process are incompletely understood in part due to difficulties in sampling the involved circuitry. We leverage stereotactic intracranial recordings to directly resolve local-field potentials from otherwise inaccessible structures to study moment-to-moment attentional activity in children with epilepsy performing a flexible attentional task. On an individual subject level, we employed deep learning to decode neural features predictive of task performance indexed by single-trial reaction time. These models were subsequently aggregated across participants to identify predictive brain regions based on AAL atlas and FIND functional network parcellations. Through this approach, we show that fluctuations in beta (12-30 Hz) and gamma (30-80 Hz) power reflective of increased top-down attentional control and local neuronal processing within relevant large-scale networks can accurately predict single-trial task performance. We next performed connectomic profiling of these highly predictive nodes to examine task-related engagement of distributed functional networks, revealing exclusive recruitment of the dorsal default mode network during shifts in attention. The identification of distinct substreams within the default mode system supports a key role for this network in cognitive flexibility and attention in children. Furthermore, convergence of our results onto consistent functional networks despite significant inter-subject variability in electrode implantations supports a broader role for deep learning applied to intracranial electrodes in the study of human attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebras M Warsi
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simeon M Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jürgen Germann
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandre Boutet
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivia N Arski
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lauren Erdman
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Han Yan
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hrishikesh Suresh
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aaron Loh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gavin J B Elias
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kerr
- Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
| | - Mary Lou Smith
- Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8
| | - Ayako Ochi
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Otsubo
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roy Sharma
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Puneet Jain
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Donner
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Carter Snead
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George M Ibrahim
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Weber J, Iwama G, Solbakk AK, Blenkmann AO, Larsson PG, Ivanovic J, Knight RT, Endestad T, Helfrich R. Subspace partitioning in the human prefrontal cortex resolves cognitive interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220523120. [PMID: 37399398 PMCID: PMC10334727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220523120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human prefrontal cortex (PFC) constitutes the structural basis underlying flexible cognitive control, where mixed-selective neural populations encode multiple task features to guide subsequent behavior. The mechanisms by which the brain simultaneously encodes multiple task-relevant variables while minimizing interference from task-irrelevant features remain unknown. Leveraging intracranial recordings from the human PFC, we first demonstrate that competition between coexisting representations of past and present task variables incurs a behavioral switch cost. Our results reveal that this interference between past and present states in the PFC is resolved through coding partitioning into distinct low-dimensional neural states; thereby strongly attenuating behavioral switch costs. In sum, these findings uncover a fundamental coding mechanism that constitutes a central building block of flexible cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Weber
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for the Mechanisms of Mental Function and Dysfunction, University of Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Iwama
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for the Mechanisms of Mental Function and Dysfunction, University of Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kristin Solbakk
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0372Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland Hospital, 8657Mosjøen, Norway
| | - Alejandro O. Blenkmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
| | - Pal G. Larsson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0372Oslo, Norway
| | - Jugoslav Ivanovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0372Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert T. Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Psychology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Tor Endestad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, 0373Oslo, Norway
| | - Randolph Helfrich
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for Neurology, University Medical Center Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Warsi NM, Wong SM, Suresh H, Arski ON, Yan H, Ebden M, Kerr E, Smith ML, Ochi A, Otsubo H, Sharma R, Jain P, Donner EJ, Snead OC, Ibrahim GM. Interictal discharges delay target-directed eye movements and impair attentional set-shifting in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2022; 63:2571-2582. [PMID: 35833751 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The theory of transient cognitive impairment in epilepsy posits that lapses in attention result from ephemeral disruption of attentional circuitry by interictal events. Eye movements are intimately associated with human attention and can be monitored in real -time using eye-tracking technologies. Here, we sought to characterize the associations between interictal discharges (IEDs), gaze, and attentional behaviour in children with epilepsy. METHODS Eleven consecutive children undergoing invasive monitoring with stereotactic electrodes for localization-related epilepsy performed an attentional set-shifting task while tandem intracranial electroencephalographic signals and eye-tracking data were recorded. Using an established algorithm, IEDs were detected across all intracranial electrodes on a trial-by-trial basis. Hierarchical mixed-effects modelling was performed to delineate associations between trial reaction time (RT), eye movements, and IEDs. RESULTS Hierarchical mixed-effects modelling revealed that both the presence of an IED (β±SE=72.74±24.21ms, p=0.003) and the frequency of epileptiform events (β±SE=67.54±17.30ms, p<0.001) were associated with prolonged RT on the attentional set-shifting task. IED occurrence at the time of stimulus presentation was associated with delays in gaze initiation toward the visual targets (p=0.017). SIGNIFICANCE The occurrence of epileptiform activity in close temporal association with stimulus presentation is associated with delays in target-directed gaze and prolonged response time, hallmarks of momentary lapses in attention. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of transient impairments in children and support the use of visual tracking as a correlate of higher-order attentional behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebras M Warsi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Simeon M Wong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - Hrishikesh Suresh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Olivia N Arski
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - Han Yan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON.,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Mark Ebden
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - Elizabeth Kerr
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - Mary Lou Smith
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - Ayako Ochi
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - Hiroshi Otsubo
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - Roy Sharma
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - Puneet Jain
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | | | - O Carter Snead
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - George M Ibrahim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
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7
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Characterising the unity and diversity of executive functions in a within-subject fMRI study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8182. [PMID: 35581269 PMCID: PMC9114123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioural studies investigating the relationship between Executive Functions (EFs) demonstrated evidence that different EFs are correlated with each other, but also that they are partially independent from each other. Neuroimaging studies investigating such an interrelationship with respect to the functional neuroanatomical correlates are sparse and have revealed inconsistent findings. To address this question, we created four tasks derived from the same basic paradigm, one each for updating, inhibition, switching, and dual-tasking. We assessed brain activity through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in twenty-nine participants while they performed the four EF tasks plus control tasks. For the analysis, we first determined the neural correlates of each EF by subtracting the respective control tasks from the EF tasks. We tested for unity in EF tasks by calculating the conjunction across these four "EF-minus-control" contrasts. This identified common areas including left lateral frontal cortices [middle and superior frontal gyrus (BA 6)], medial frontal cortices (BA 8) as well as parietal cortices [inferior and superior parietal lobules (BA 39/7)]. We also observed areas activated by two or three EF tasks only, such as frontoparietal areas [e.g., SFG (BA8) right inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), left precuneus (BA 7)], and subcortical regions [bilateral thalamus (BA 50)]. Finally, we found areas uniquely activated for updating [bilateral MFG (BA 8) and left supramarginal gyrus (BA 39)], inhibition (left IFG BA 46), and dual-tasking [left postcentral gyrus (BA 40)]. These results demonstrate that the functional neuroanatomical correlates of the four investigated EFs show unity as well as diversity.
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8
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Seng GJ, Lai MC, Goh JOS, Tseng WYI, Gau SSF. Gray matter volume alteration is associated with insistence on sameness and cognitive flexibility in autistic youth. Autism Res 2022; 15:1209-1221. [PMID: 35491911 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are hallmark characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies suggest that insistence on sameness (IS) characterized as higher-order RRBs may be a promising subgrouping variable for ASD. Cognitive inflexibility may underpin IS behaviors. However, the neuroanatomical correlates of IS and associated cognitive functions remain unclear. We analyzed data from 140 autistic youth and 124 typically developing (TD) youth (mean age = 15.8 years). Autistic youth were stratified by median-split based on three current IS items in the autism diagnostic interview-revised into two groups (high, HIS, n = 70, and low, LIS, n = 70). Differences in cognitive flexibility were assessed by the Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery (CANTAB). T1-weighted brain structural images were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to identify differences in gray matter (GM) volume among the three groups. GM volume of regions showing group differences was then correlated with cognitive flexibility. The HIS group showed decreased GM volumes in the left supramarginal gyrus compared to the LIS group and increased GM volumes in the vermis VIII and left cerebellar lobule VIII compared to TD individuals. We did not find significant correlations between regional GM volumes and extra-dimensional shift errors. IS may be a unique RRB component and a potentially valuable stratifier of ASD. However, the neurocognitive underpinnings require further clarification. LAY SUMMARY: The present study found parietal, temporal and cerebellar gray matter volume alterations in autistic youth with greater insistence on sameness. The findings suggest that insistence on sameness may be a useful feature to parse the heterogeneity of the autism spectrum yet further research investigating the underlying neurocognitive mechanism is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Jye Seng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua Oon Soo Goh
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Issac Tseng
- College of Medicine, Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Jiao L, Meng N, Wang Z, Schwieter JW, Liu C. Partially shared neural mechanisms of language control and executive control in bilinguals: Meta-analytic comparisons of language and task switching studies. Neuropsychologia 2022; 172:108273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Gao Y, Jiang Y, Ming Q, Zhang J, Ma R, Wu Q, Dong D, Sun X, He J, Cao W, Yuan S, Yao S. Neuroanatomical changes associated with conduct disorder in boys: influence of childhood maltreatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:601-613. [PMID: 33398650 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment (CM) poses a serious risk to the physical, emotional and psychological well-being of children, and can advance the development of maladaptive behaviors, including conduct disorder (CD). CD involves repetitive, persistent violations of others' basic rights and societal norms. Little is known about whether and how CM influences the neural mechanisms underlying CD, and CD-characteristic neuroanatomical changes have not yet been defined in a structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) study. Here, we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM) to investigate the influence of the CD diagnosis and CM on the brain in 96 boys diagnosed with CD (62 with CM) and 86 typically developing (TD) boys (46 with CM). The participants were 12-17 years of age. Compared to the CM- CD group, the CM+ CD group had structural gray matter (GM) alterations in the fronto-limbic regions, including the left amygdala, right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), right putamen, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We also found boys with CD exhibited increased GM volume in bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), as well as decreased GM volume and decreased gyrification in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) relative to TD boys. Regional GM volume correlated with aggression and conduct problem severity in the CD group, suggesting that the GM changes may contribute to increased aggression and conduct problems in boys with CD who have suffered CM. In conclusion, these results demonstrate previously unreported CM-associated distinct brain structural changes among CD-diagnosed boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidian Gao
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yali Jiang
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingsen Ming
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jibiao Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ren Ma
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daifeng Dong
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Sun
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayue He
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wanyi Cao
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuwen Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center of Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center on Psychiatry and Psychology, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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11
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Domain L, Guillery M, Linz N, König A, Batail JM, David R, Corouge I, Bannier E, Ferré JC, Dondaine T, Drapier D, Robert GH. Multimodal MRI cerebral correlates of verbal fluency switching and its impairment in women with depression. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 33:102910. [PMID: 34942588 PMCID: PMC8713114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search of biomarkers in the field of depression requires easy implementable tests that are biologically rooted. Qualitative analysis of verbal fluency tests (VFT) are good candidates, but its cerebral correlates are unknown. METHODS We collected qualitative semantic and phonemic VFT scores along with grey and white matter anatomical MRI of depressed (n = 26) and healthy controls (HC, n = 25) women. Qualitative VFT variables are the "clustering score" (i.e. the ability to produce words within subcategories) and the "switching score" (i.e. the ability to switch between clusters). The clustering and switching scores were automatically calculated using a data-driven approach. Brain measures were cortical thickness (CT) and fractional anisotropy (FA). We tested for associations between CT, FA and qualitative VFT variables within each group. RESULTS Patients had reduced switching VFT scores compared to HC. Thicker cortex was associated with better switching score in semantic VFT bilaterally in the frontal (superior, rostral middle and inferior gyri), parietal (inferior parietal lobule including the supramarginal gyri), temporal (transverse and fusiform gyri) and occipital (lingual gyri) lobes in the depressed group. Positive association between FA and the switching score in semantic VFT was retrieved in depressed patients within the corpus callosum, right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, right superior longitudinal fasciculus extending to the anterior thalamic radiation (all p < 0.05, corrected). CONCLUSION Together, these results suggest that automatic qualitative VFT scores are associated with brain anatomy and reinforce its potential use as a surrogate for depression cerebral bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Domain
- Universitary Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - M Guillery
- Universitary Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - N Linz
- ki:elements, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - A König
- Stars Team, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA), Sophia Antipolis, France; CoBTeK (Cognition-Behaviour-Technology) Lab, FRIS-University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - J M Batail
- Universitary Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - R David
- Old-age Psychiatry DEPARTMENT, Geriatry Division, University of Nice, France
| | - I Corouge
- U1228 Empenn, UMR 6074, IRISA, University of Rennes 1, France
| | - E Bannier
- U1228 Empenn, UMR 6074, IRISA, University of Rennes 1, France
| | - J C Ferré
- U1228 Empenn, UMR 6074, IRISA, University of Rennes 1, France
| | - T Dondaine
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, LilNCog, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - D Drapier
- Universitary Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - G H Robert
- Universitary Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France; U1228 Empenn, UMR 6074, IRISA, University of Rennes 1, France
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12
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Churchill NW, Hutchison MG, Graham SJ, Schweizer TA. Brain function associated with reaction time after sport-related concussion. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1508-1517. [PMID: 32851585 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Concussion is associated with significant functional disturbances in the first week post-injury. Computerized neurocognitive testing tools have become widely adopted in concussion management, to identify specific domains of impairment and obtain more objective measures of recovery. Reaction time (RT) slowing is a common sequela of concussion, however, the functional brain networks that underlie RT performance remain under-studied in both healthy and concussed athletic cohorts. This study used blood-oxygenation-level-dependent function magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) to evaluate resting brain function of 45 university-level athletes with concussion in the first week post-injury, along with a control cohort of 102 athletes without recent concussion. We evaluated the main effects of concussion and RT on functional connectivity, along with concussion × RT interactions, using multivariate analysis techniques. Concussion was associated with reduced connectivity throughout the brain, whereas RT slowing was associated with elevated connectivity in parietal and temporal regions, for both control and concussed groups. For the concussed group, RT slowing was also associated with disrupted connectivity between fronto-insular and default mode networks. For concussed athletes, the brain networks associated with slower post-injury RT also showed similar but non-significant associations with longitudinal changes in RT performance relative to pre-injury baseline. These study findings provide new insights into the effects of concussion on neurocognitive function and suggest the presence of functional brain networks that are specific to concussion-related RT slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Churchill
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, ON, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Michael G Hutchison
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon J Graham
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, ON, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tom A Schweizer
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St. Michael's Hospital Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Research Program, St. Michael's Hospital, ON, Toronto, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, ON, Toronto, Canada
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13
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Wong SM, Arski ON, Warsi NM, Pang EW, Kerr E, Smith ML, Dunkley BT, Ochi A, Otsubo H, Sharma R, Jain P, Donner E, Snead OC, Ibrahim GM. Phase Resetting in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Subserves Childhood Attention and Is Impaired by Epilepsy. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:29-40. [PMID: 34255825 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms that underlie selective attention in children are poorly understood. By administering a set-shifting task to children with intracranial electrodes stereotactically implanted within anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for epilepsy monitoring, we demonstrate that selective attention in a set-shifting task is dependent upon theta-band phase resetting immediately following stimulus onset and that the preferred theta phase angle is predictive of reaction time during attentional shift. We also observe selective enhancement of oscillatory coupling between the ACC and the dorsal attention network and decoupling with the default mode network during task performance. When transient focal epileptic activity occurs around the time of stimulus onset, phase resetting is impaired, connectivity changes with attentional and default mode networks are abolished, and reaction times are prolonged. The results of the present work highlight the fundamental mechanistic role of oscillatory phase in ACC in supporting attentional circuitry and present novel opportunities to remediate attention deficits in children with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon M Wong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St Room 407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Olivia N Arski
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Nebras M Warsi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St Room 407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth W Pang
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kerr
- Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mary Lou Smith
- Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Benjamin T Dunkley
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St Room 407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Ayako Ochi
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Otsubo
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Roy Sharma
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Puneet Jain
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Donner
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - O Carter Snead
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - George M Ibrahim
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St Room 407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay St., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
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14
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Le TM, Wang W, Zhornitsky S, Dhingra I, Zhang S, Li CSR. Interdependent Neural Correlates of Reward and Punishment Sensitivity During Rewarded Action and Inhibition of Action. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1662-1676. [PMID: 31667492 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging studies have distinguished the brain correlates of approach and avoidance behaviors and suggested the influence of individual differences in trait sensitivity to reward (SR) and punishment (SP) on these neural processes. Theoretical work of reinforcement sensitivity postulates that SR and SP may interdependently regulate behavior. Here, we examined the distinct and interrelated neural substrates underlying rewarded action versus inhibition of action in relation to SR and SP as evaluated by the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire. Forty-nine healthy adults performed a reward go/no-go task with approximately 2/3 go and 1/3 no-go trials. Correct go and no-go responses were rewarded and incorrect responses were penalized. The results showed that SR and SP modulated rewarded go and no-go, respectively, both by recruiting the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and left middle frontal gyrus (rACC/left MFG). Importantly, SR and SP influenced these regional activations in opposite directions, thus exhibiting an antagonistic relationship as suggested by the reinforcement sensitivity theory. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that heightened SR contributed to higher rewarded go success rate via enhanced rACC/left MFG activity. The findings demonstrate interrelated neural correlates of SR and SP to support the diametric processes of behavioral approach and avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang M Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Isha Dhingra
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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15
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Wrege JS, Ruocco AC, Carcone D, Lang UE, Lee ACH, Walter M. Facial Emotion Perception in Borderline Personality Disorder: Differential Neural Activation to Ambiguous and Threatening Expressions and Links to Impairments in Self and Interpersonal Functioning. J Affect Disord 2021; 284:126-135. [PMID: 33592431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) perceive emotional expressions in faces intended to convey no emotion and display a heightened sensitivity to facial expressions conveying threat, such as fear. In BPD, the amygdala activates in response to ambiguous and threatening facial expressions, although the differential sensitivity of this brain region to higher and lower intensities of fearful expressions and the relationship of this neural activity to personality impairments have not yet been investigated. METHODS In the present study, we examined brain activation during an implicit facial emotion task with neutral faces and fearful expressions displayed at 50% and 100% intensity in patients with BPD (n=45) and healthy controls (HC; n=25). RESULTS On neutral faces, higher brain activation was found in BPD compared to HC in the right temporal pole, amygdala, hippocampus, pallidum, and orbitofrontal cortex, whereas no significant whole-brain group differences were observed for either intensity of fearful expressions. A region-of-interest analysis focused on the amygdala-hippocampal complex showed greater activation for neutral and 50%-intensity fearful faces in BPD. Severity of personality impairment in the domains of empathy and identity were associated with higher precuneus activity during neutral and 100%-fearful face processing. LIMITATIONS Brain activation differences of this naturalistic severely ill inpatient sample may be influenced by comorbid Axis-I disorders often seen in samples of BPD. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a heightened amygdala-hippocampal response to neutral faces and moderate-intensity fearful expressions in BPD, while self and interpersonal impairments are associated with task-based activations in regions implicated in self-referential processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes S Wrege
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, University Psychiatric Clinics of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4002 Switzerland.
| | - Anthony C Ruocco
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean Carcone
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, University Psychiatric Clinics of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4002 Switzerland
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Walter
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, University Psychiatric Clinics of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4002 Switzerland
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16
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Berberat J, Huggenberger R, Montali M, Gruber P, Pircher A, Lövblad KO, Killer HE, Remonda L. Brain activation patterns in medicated versus medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during fMRI tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21:53. [PMID: 33740903 PMCID: PMC7977301 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-021-00579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult-attention-deficit-hyperactive-disorder (ADHD) is often unrecognized condition. FMRI examination along with neuropsychological testing might strengthen the diagnosis. We hypothesized that ADHD-adults with and without medication would show different fMRI pattern compared to healthy controls while testing tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching. Methods 45 subjects in three age-matched groups: (1) controls, (2) ADHD-adults under medication (ADHD+) and (3) medication-naïve adults with ADHD (ADHD−) underwent fMRI and neuropsychological testing. Group analysis and population-based statistics were performed. Results DTVP-A, intellectual ability as well as attention capability, visual-perceptual and visual-motor abilities showed no significant differences between the groups. However, fMRI revealed statistically significant differences between the ADHD+, ADHD− and control groups on tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching on adults in bilateral fronto-striatal brain regions, inferior fronto-frontal, fronto-cingulate and fronto-parietal networks as well as in the parietal lobe (p < 0.05). Conclusions fMRI offers the potential to differentiate between the ADHD+, ADHD− and control groups. FMRI possibly opens a new window for monitoring the therapeutic effect of ADHD medication. Trial registration NCT02578342, registered at August 2015 to clinical trial registry (https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT02578342).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatta Berberat
- Department of Neuroradiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland. .,Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Margherita Montali
- Department of Neuroradiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Gruber
- Department of Neuroradiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Achmed Pircher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Olof Lövblad
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter E Killer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Luca Remonda
- Department of Neuroradiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland.,University of Bern, 3011, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Executive Function in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis of fMRI Studies. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 50:4022-4038. [PMID: 32200468 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in executive function (EF) are clinical markers for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the neural mechanisms underlying abnormal EF in ASD remain unclear. This meta-analysis investigated the construct, abnormalities, and age-related changes of EF in ASD. Thirty-three fMRI studies of inhibition, updating, and switching in individuals with high-functioning ASD were included (n = 1114; age range 7-57 years). The results revealed that the EF construct in ASD could be unitary (i.e., common EF) in children/adolescents, but unitary and diverse (i.e., common EF and inhibition) in adults. Abnormalities in this EF construct were found across development in individuals with ASD in comparison with typically developing individuals. Implications and recommendations are discussed for EF theory and for practice in ASD.
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18
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Wu T, Chen C, Spagna A, Wu X, Mackie M, Russell‐Giller S, Xu P, Luo Y, Liu X, Hof PR, Fan J. The functional anatomy of cognitive control: A domain‐general brain network for uncertainty processing. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1265-1292. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
| | - Caiqi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of PsychologySouth China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Alfredo Spagna
- Department of PsychologyColumbia University in the City of New York New York New York
| | - Xia Wu
- Faculty of PsychologyTianjin Normal University Tianjin China
| | - Melissa‐Ann Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois
| | - Shira Russell‐Giller
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Yue‐jia Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
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19
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LeWinn KZ, Shih EW. Social Experience and the Developing Brain: Opportunities for Social Epidemiologists in the Era of Population-Based Neuroimaging. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-019-00222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Ort E, Fahrenfort JJ, Reeder R, Pollmann S, Olivers CN. Frontal cortex differentiates between free and imposed target selection in multiple-target search. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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21
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Lemire-Rodger S, Lam J, Viviano JD, Stevens WD, Spreng RN, Turner GR. Inhibit, switch, and update: A within-subject fMRI investigation of executive control. Neuropsychologia 2019; 132:107134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Worringer B, Langner R, Koch I, Eickhoff SB, Eickhoff CR, Binkofski FC. Common and distinct neural correlates of dual-tasking and task-switching: a meta-analytic review and a neuro-cognitive processing model of human multitasking. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1845-1869. [PMID: 31037397 PMCID: PMC7254756 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although there are well-known limitations of the human cognitive system in performing two tasks simultaneously (dual-tasking) or alternatingly (task-switching), the question for a common vs. distinct neural basis of these multitasking limitations is still open. We performed two Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on dual-tasking or task-switching and tested for commonalities and differences in the brain regions associated with either domain. We found a common core network related to multitasking comprising bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS), left dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC), and right anterior insula. Meta-analytic contrasts revealed eight fronto-parietal clusters more consistently activated in dual-tasking (bilateral frontal operculum, dPMC, and anterior IPS, left inferior frontal sulcus and left inferior frontal gyrus) and, conversely, four clusters (left inferior frontal junction, posterior IPS, and precuneus as well as frontomedial cortex) more consistently activated in task-switching. Together with sub-analyses of preparation effects in task-switching, our results argue against purely passive structural processing limitations in multitasking. Based on these findings and drawing on current theorizing, we present a neuro-cognitive processing model of multitasking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Worringer
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Iring Koch
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Jägerstr. 17-19, 52066, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Claudia R Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand C Binkofski
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Center Jülich, Pauwelsstr. 30, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance JARA-BRAIN, Pauwelsstr. 30, Aachen, Germany
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23
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Bajaj S, Raikes A, Smith R, Dailey NS, Alkozei A, Vanuk JR, Killgore WDS. The Relationship Between General Intelligence and Cortical Structure in Healthy Individuals. Neuroscience 2018; 388:36-44. [PMID: 30012372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Considerable work in recent years has examined the relationship between cortical thickness (CT) and general intelligence (IQ) in healthy individuals. It is not known whether specific IQ variables (i.e., perceptual reasoning [PIQ], verbal comprehension IQ [VIQ], and full-scale IQ [FSIQ]) are associated with multiple cortical measures (i.e., CT, cortical volume (CV), cortical surface area (CSA) and cortical gyrification (CG)) within the same individuals. Here we examined the association between these neuroimaging metrics and IQ in 56 healthy adults. At a cluster-forming threshold (CFT) of p < 0.05, we observed significant positive relationships between CT and all three IQ variables in regions within the posterior frontal and superior parietal lobes. Regions within the temporal and posterior frontal lobes exhibited positive relationships between CV and two IQ variables (PIQ and FSIQ) and regions within the inferior parietal lobe exhibited positive relationships between CV and PIQ. Additionally, CV was positively associated with VIQ in the left insula and with FSIQ within the inferior frontal gyrus. At a more stringent CFT (p < 0.01), the CT-PIQ, CT-VIQ, CT-FSIQ, and CV-PIQ relationships remained significant within the posterior frontal lobe, as did the CV-PIQ relationship within the temporal and inferior parietal lobes. We did not observe statistically significant relationships between IQ and either CSA or CG. Our findings suggest that the neural basis of IQ extends beyond previously observed relationships with fronto-parietal regions. We also conclude that CT and CV may be more useful metrics than CSA or CG in the study of intellectual abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Bajaj
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (SCAN Lab), Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Adam Raikes
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (SCAN Lab), Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Ryan Smith
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (SCAN Lab), Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Natalie S Dailey
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (SCAN Lab), Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Anna Alkozei
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (SCAN Lab), Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - John R Vanuk
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (SCAN Lab), Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - William D S Killgore
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory (SCAN Lab), Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
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24
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Sneider JT, Cohen-Gilbert JE, Hamilton DA, Stein ER, Golan N, Oot EN, Seraikas AM, Rohan ML, Harris SK, Nickerson LD, Silveri MM. Adolescent Hippocampal and Prefrontal Brain Activation During Performance of the Virtual Morris Water Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:238. [PMID: 29997486 PMCID: PMC6028523 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontal cortex undergoes substantial structural and functional changes during adolescence and significant developmental changes also occur in the hippocampus. Both of these regions are notably vulnerable to alcohol and other substance use, which is typically initiated during adolescence. Identifying measures of brain function during adolescence, particularly before initiation of drug or alcohol use, is critical to understanding how such behaviors may affect brain development, especially in these vulnerable brain regions. While there is a substantial developmental literature on adolescent working memory, less is known about spatial memory. Thus, a virtual Morris water task (vMWT) was applied to probe function of the adolescent hippocampus. Multiband blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired at 3T during task performance. Participants included 32 healthy, alcohol- and drug-naïve adolescents, 13–14 years old, examined at baseline of a 3-year longitudinal MRI study. Significantly greater BOLD activation was observed in the hippocampus and surrounding areas, and in prefrontal regions involved in executive function, during retrieval relative to motor performance. In contrast, significantly greater BOLD activation was observed in components of the default mode network, including frontal medial cortex, during the motor condition (when task demands were minimal) relative to the retrieval condition. Worse performance (longer path length) during retrieval was associated with greater activation of angular gyrus/supramarginal gyrus, whereas worse performance (longer path length/latency) during motor control was associated with less activation of frontal pole. Furthermore, while latency (time to complete task) was greater in females than in males, there were no sex differences in path length (accuracy), suggesting that females required more time to navigate the virtual environment, but did so as effectively as males. These findings demonstrate that performance of the vMWT elicits hippocampal and prefrontal activation patterns in early adolescence, similar to activation observed during spatial memory retrieval in adults. Given that this task is sensitive to hippocampal function, and that the adolescent hippocampus is notably vulnerable to the effects of alcohol and other substances, data acquired using this task during healthy adolescent development may provide a framework for understanding neurobiological impact of later initiation of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Sneider
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julia E Cohen-Gilbert
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Derek A Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Elena R Stein
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Noa Golan
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Emily N Oot
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna M Seraikas
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Michael L Rohan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Sion K Harris
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lisa D Nickerson
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,Applied Neuroimaging Statistics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Marisa M Silveri
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.,School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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25
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Role of Spontaneous Brain Activity in Explicit and Implicit Aspects of Cognitive Flexibility under Socially Conflicting Situations: A Resting-state fMRI Study using Fractional Amplitude of Low-frequency Fluctuations. Neuroscience 2017; 367:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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van Timmeren T, Jansen JM, Caan MWA, Goudriaan AE, van Holst RJ. White matter integrity between left basal ganglia and left prefrontal cortex is compromised in gambling disorder. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1590-1600. [PMID: 27612435 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathological gambling (PG) is a behavioral addiction characterized by an inability to stop gambling despite the negative consequences, which may be mediated by cognitive flexibility deficits. Indeed, impaired cognitive flexibility has previously been linked to PG and also to reduced integrity of white matter connections between the basal ganglia and the prefrontal cortex. It remains unclear, however, how white matter integrity problems relate to cognitive inflexibility seen in PG. We used a cognitive switch paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging in pathological gamblers (PGs; n = 26) and healthy controls (HCs; n = 26). Cognitive flexibility performance was measured behaviorally by accuracy and reaction time on the switch task, while brain activity was measured in terms of blood oxygen level-dependent responses. We also used diffusion tensor imaging on a subset of data (PGs = 21; HCs = 21) in combination with tract-based spatial statistics and probabilistic fiber tracking to assess white matter integrity between the basal ganglia and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Although there were no significant group differences in either task performance, related neural activity or tract-based spatial statistics, PGs did show decreased white matter integrity between the left basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex. Our results complement and expand similar findings from a previous study in alcohol-dependent patients. Although we found no association between white matter integrity and task performance here, decreased white matter connections may contribute to a diminished ability to recruit prefrontal networks needed for regulating behavior in PG. Hence, our findings could resonate an underlying risk factor for PG, and we speculate that these findings may extend to addiction in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim van Timmeren
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Jochem M. Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
- Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology; Leiden University; The Netherlands
| | - Matthan W. A. Caan
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
- Arkin Institute of Mental Health; The Netherlands
| | - Ruth J. van Holst
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Cognition, Brain and Behaviour; Radboud University; The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Radboud University Medical Center; The Netherlands
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27
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Pierce JE, McDowell JE. Contextual effects on cognitive control and BOLD activation in single versus mixed saccade tasks. Brain Cogn 2017; 115:12-20. [PMID: 28371646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The context or trial history of a task influences response efficiency in mixed paradigms based on cognitive control demands for task set selection. In the current study, the impact of context on prosaccade and antisaccade trials in single and mixed tasks was investigated with BOLD fMRI. Prosaccades require a look towards a newly appearing target, while antisaccades require cognitive control for prepotent response inhibition and generation of a saccade to the opposite location. Results indicated slower prosaccade reaction times and more antisaccade errors for switched than repeated or single trials, and slower antisaccade reaction times for single than mixed trials. BOLD activation was greater for the mixed than the single context in frontal eye fields and precuneus, while switch trials had greater activation than repeat trials in posterior parietal and middle occipital cortex. Greater antisaccade activation was observed overall in saccade circuitry, although effects were evident primarily for the mixed task when considered separately. Finally, an interaction was observed in superior frontal cortex, precuneus, anterior cingulate, and thalamus with strong responses for antisaccade switch trials in the latter two regions. Altogether this response pattern demonstrated the sensitivity of cognitive control to changing task conditions, especially due to task switching costs. Such context-specific differences highlight the importance of trial history when assessing cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Pierce
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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28
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Tremel JJ, Laurent PA, Wolk DA, Wheeler ME, Fiez JA. Neural signatures of experience-based improvements in deterministic decision-making. Behav Brain Res 2016; 315:51-65. [PMID: 27523644 PMCID: PMC5017924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Feedback about our choices is a crucial part of how we gather information and learn from our environment. It provides key information about decision experiences that can be used to optimize future choices. However, our understanding of the processes through which feedback translates into improved decision-making is lacking. Using neuroimaging (fMRI) and cognitive models of decision-making and learning, we examined the influence of feedback on multiple aspects of decision processes across learning. Subjects learned correct choices to a set of 50 word pairs across eight repetitions of a concurrent discrimination task. Behavioral measures were then analyzed with both a drift-diffusion model and a reinforcement learning model. Parameter values from each were then used as fMRI regressors to identify regions whose activity fluctuates with specific cognitive processes described by the models. The patterns of intersecting neural effects across models support two main inferences about the influence of feedback on decision-making. First, frontal, anterior insular, fusiform, and caudate nucleus regions behave like performance monitors, reflecting errors in performance predictions that signal the need for changes in control over decision-making. Second, temporoparietal, supplementary motor, and putamen regions behave like mnemonic storage sites, reflecting differences in learned item values that inform optimal decision choices. As information about optimal choices is accrued, these neural systems dynamically adjust, likely shifting the burden of decision processing from controlled performance monitoring to bottom-up, stimulus-driven choice selection. Collectively, the results provide a detailed perspective on the fundamental ability to use past experiences to improve future decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A Wolk
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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29
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Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience. Trends Neurosci 2016; 38:571-8. [PMID: 26343956 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility, the readiness with which one can selectively switch between mental processes to generate appropriate behavioral responses, develops in a protracted manner and is compromised in several prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders. It is unclear whether cognitive flexibility arises from neural substrates distinct from the executive control network (ECN) or from the interplay of nodes within this and other networks. Here we review neuroimaging studies of cognitive flexibility, focusing on set shifting and task switching. We propose that more consistent operationalization and study of cognitive flexibility is required in clinical and developmental neuroscience. We suggest that an important avenue for future research is the characterization of the relationship between neural flexibility and cognitive flexibility in typical and atypical development.
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30
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Abstract
Glucose toxicity may play a crucial role in evoking neurologic complications of critical illness. We studied whether the neuropathological alterations in fatal human critical illness observed under hyperglycemia are present and can be attenuated by maintaining normoglycemia in a mouse model of prolonged sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Mice were randomized to moderate hyperglycemia (>8.3 mmol/L, n = 8) or normoglycemia (4.4-6.7 mmol/L, n = 8). After 5 days, hippocampus and frontal cortex from septic mice were compared with those from healthy controls (n = 8). Blood glucose was 7.8 ± 1.3 mmol/L in hyperglycemic and 6.1 ± 0.7 mmol/L in normoglycemic critically ill mice (P = 0.007). The percentage of damaged neurons was twofold higher in frontal cortex (P = 0.01) and hippocampus (P = 0.06) of hyperglycemic ill mice than that of healthy mice. In frontal cortex, neuronal damage was attenuated under normoglycemia (P = 0.04). Critical illness reduced astrocyte density and activation status fourfold in hippocampus (P ≤ 0.02), but not in frontal cortex, irrespective of glycemic control. Microglia were twofold to fourfold more abundant in both brain areas of hyperglycemic critically ill mice (P ≤ 0.002), but only in frontal cortex were they reduced in number with normoglycemia (P = 0.0008). The density of apoptotic cells and abundance of carbonylated proteins were significantly higher than normal in frontal cortex of hyperglycemic ill mice only (P = 0.05). In a mouse model of prolonged polymicrobial sepsis, remarkable neuropathological changes develop with neuronal damage, impaired astrocyte activation, increased microglia, apoptosis, and accumulation of carbonylated proteins. These changes were partially prevented or attenuated when hyperglycemia was prevented with insulin. Frontal cortex appeared more vulnerable to hyperglycemic insults than hippocampus.
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31
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Van Autreve S, De. Baene W, Baeken C, van Heeringen K, Vancayseele N, Vervaet M. Differential Neural Correlates of Set-Shifting in the Bingeing-Purging and Restrictive Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa: An fMRI Study. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2016; 24:277-85. [PMID: 26856396 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Van Autreve
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Wouter De. Baene
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences; Ghent University; Belgium
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology; Tilburg University; The Netherlands
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Kees van Heeringen
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Nikita Vancayseele
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Myriam Vervaet
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Ghent University; Belgium
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32
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Turner BO, Marinsek N, Ryhal E, Miller MB. Hemispheric lateralization in reasoning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1359:47-64. [PMID: 26426534 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that reasoning in humans relies on a number of related processes whose neural loci are largely lateralized to one hemisphere or the other. A recent review of this evidence concluded that the patterns of lateralization observed are organized according to two complementary tendencies. The left hemisphere attempts to reduce uncertainty by drawing inferences or creating explanations, even at the cost of ignoring conflicting evidence or generating implausible explanations. Conversely, the right hemisphere aims to reduce conflict by rejecting or refining explanations that are no longer tenable in the face of new evidence. In healthy adults, the hemispheres work together to achieve a balance between certainty and consistency, and a wealth of neuropsychological research supports the notion that upsetting this balance results in various failures in reasoning, including delusions. However, support for this model from the neuroimaging literature is mixed. Here, we examine the evidence for this framework from multiple research domains, including an activation likelihood estimation analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of reasoning. Our results suggest a need to either revise this model as it applies to healthy adults or to develop better tools for assessing lateralization in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O Turner
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Nicole Marinsek
- Dynamical Neuroscience, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Emily Ryhal
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
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33
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Bharani KL, Paller KA, Reber PJ, Weintraub S, Yanar J, Morrison RG. Compensatory processing during rule-based category learning in older adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2015; 23:304-26. [PMID: 26422522 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1091438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Healthy older adults typically perform worse than younger adults at rule-based category learning, but better than patients with Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. To further investigate aging's effect on rule-based category learning, we monitored event-related potentials (ERPs) while younger and neuropsychologically typical older adults performed a visual category-learning task with a rule-based category structure and trial-by-trial feedback. Using these procedures, we previously identified ERPs sensitive to categorization strategy and accuracy in young participants. In addition, previous studies have demonstrated the importance of neural processing in the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe for this task. In this study, older adults showed lower accuracy and longer response times than younger adults, but there were two distinct subgroups of older adults. One subgroup showed near-chance performance throughout the procedure, never categorizing accurately. The other subgroup reached asymptotic accuracy that was equivalent to that in younger adults, although they categorized more slowly. These two subgroups were further distinguished via ERPs. Consistent with the compensation theory of cognitive aging, older adults who successfully learned showed larger frontal ERPs when compared with younger adults. Recruitment of prefrontal resources may have improved performance while slowing response times. Additionally, correlations of feedback-locked P300 amplitudes with category-learning accuracy differentiated successful younger and older adults. Overall, the results suggest that the ability to adapt one's behavior in response to feedback during learning varies across older individuals, and that the failure of some to adapt their behavior may reflect inadequate engagement of prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna L Bharani
- a Department of Psychology , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Ken A Paller
- b Department of Psychology , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Paul J Reber
- b Department of Psychology , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- c Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Jorge Yanar
- d Department of Physics , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Robert G Morrison
- e Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Institute , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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Jansen JM, van Holst RJ, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, Caan MWA, Goudriaan AE. Brain function during cognitive flexibility and white matter integrity in alcohol-dependent patients, problematic drinkers and healthy controls. Addict Biol 2015; 20:979-89. [PMID: 25477246 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility has been associated with prefrontal white matter (WM) integrity in healthy controls (HCs), showing that lower WM integrity is associated with worse performance. Although both cognitive flexibility and WM integrity have been found to be aberrant in alcohol-dependent (AD) patients, the relationship between the two has never been tested. In this study, we investigated the association between WM tract density and cognitive flexibility in patients with AD (n = 26) and HCs (n = 22). In order to assess the influence of AD severity, we also included a group of problematic drinkers (PrDs; n = 23) who did not meet the AD criteria. Behavioral responses and brain activity during a cognitive flexibility task were measured during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Probabilistic fiber tracking was performed between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia; two crucial regions for task switching. Finally, the task-related functional connectivity between these areas was assessed. There were no significant group differences in the task performance. However, compared with HCs, AD patients and PrDs showed decreased WM integrity and increased prefrontal brain activation during task switching. Evidence is presented for a compensatory mechanism, involving recruitment of additional prefrontal resources in order to compensate for WM and neural function impairments in AD patients and PrDs. Although present in both alcohol groups, the PrDs were more successful in invoking this compensatory mechanism when compared to the AD patients. We propose that this may therefore serve as a protective factor, precluding transition from problematic drinking into alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem M. Jansen
- Academic Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry; Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research; The Netherlands
| | - Ruth J. van Holst
- Academic Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry; Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research; The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Cognition, Brain and Behaviour; Radboud University; The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Radboud University Medical Centre; The Netherlands
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Academic Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry; Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research; The Netherlands
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Academic Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry; Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research; The Netherlands
- VU University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| | - Matthan W. A. Caan
- Academic Medical Centre; Department of Radiology; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Academic Medical Centre; Department of Psychiatry; Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research; The Netherlands
- Arkin Mental Health; The Netherlands
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35
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Altered Resting-State Connectivity within Executive Networks after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130483. [PMID: 26172281 PMCID: PMC4501762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is associated with significant mortality rates, and most survivors experience significant cognitive deficits across multiple domains, including executive function. It is critical to determine the neural basis for executive deficits in aSAH, in order to better understand and improve patient outcomes. This study is the first examination of resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a group of aSAH patients, used to characterize changes in functional connectivity of the frontoparietal network. We scanned 14 aSAH patients and 14 healthy controls, and divided patients into “impaired” and “unimpaired” groups based on a composite executive function score. Impaired patients exhibited significantly lower quality of life and neuropsychological impairment relative to controls, across multiple domains. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis demonstrated that unimpaired patients were not significantly different from controls, but impaired patients had increased frontoparietal connectivity. Patients evidenced increased frontoparietal connectivity as a function of decreased executive function and decreased mood (i.e. quality of life). In addition, T1 morphometric analysis demonstrated that these changes are not attributable to local cortical atrophy among aSAH patients. These results establish significant, reliable changes in the endogenous brain dynamics of aSAH patients, that are related to cognitive and mood outcomes.
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36
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Abstract
Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one's environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.
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37
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Fleming KA, Heintzelman SJ, Bartholow BD. Specifying Associations Between Conscientiousness and Executive Functioning: Mental Set Shifting, Not Prepotent Response Inhibition or Working Memory Updating. J Pers 2015; 84:348-60. [PMID: 25564728 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conscientiousness is characterized by self-control, organization, and goal orientation and is positively related to a number of health and professional outcomes. Thus, it is commonly suggested that conscientiousness should be related to superior executive functioning (EF) abilities, especially prepotent response inhibition. However, little empirical support for this notion has emerged, perhaps due to oversimplified and underspecified modeling of EF. The current study sought to fill this gap by testing relations between conscientiousness and three facets of EF using a nested factors latent variable approach. Participants (N = 420; Mage = 22.5; 50% male; 91% Caucasian) completed a measure of conscientiousness and nine EF tasks designed to tap three related yet distinguishable facets of EF: working memory updating, mental set shifting, and prepotent response inhibition. Structural equation models showed that conscientiousness is positively associated with the EF facet of mental set shifting but not response inhibition or working memory updating. Despite the common notion that conscientiousness is associated with cognitive abilities related to rigid control over impulses (i.e., inhibition), the current results suggest the cognitive ability most associated with conscientiousness is characterized by flexibility and the ability to adapt to changing environmental contingencies and task demands.
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Yerys BE, Antezana L, Weinblatt R, Jankowski KF, Strang J, Vaidya CJ, Schultz RT, Gaillard WD, Kenworthy L. Neural Correlates of Set-Shifting in Children With Autism. Autism Res 2015; 8:386-97. [PMID: 25599972 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often associated with high levels of inflexible thinking and rigid behavior. The neural correlates of these behaviors have been investigated in adults and older adolescents, but not children. Prior studies utilized set-shifting tasks that engaged multiple levels of shifting, and depended on learning abstract rules and establishing a strong prepotent bias. These additional demands complicate simple interpretations of the results. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of set-shifting in 20 children (ages 7-14) with ASD and 19 typically developing, matched, control children. Participants completed a set-shifting task that minimized nonshifting task demands through the use of concrete instructions that provide spatial mapping of stimuli-responses. The shift/stay sets were given an equal number of trials to limit the prepotent bias. Both groups showed an equivalent "switch cost," responding less accurately and slower to Switch stimuli than Stay stimuli, although the ASD group was less accurate overall. Both groups showed activation in prefrontal, striatal, parietal, and cerebellum regions known to govern effective set-shifts. Compared to controls, children with ASD demonstrated decreased activation of the right middle temporal gyrus across all trials, but increased activation in the mid-dorsal cingulate cortex/superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal, and right inferior frontal gyri during the Switch vs. Stay contrast. The successful behavioral switching performance of children with ASD comes at the cost of requiring greater engagement of frontal regions, suggesting less efficiency at this lowest level of shifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Yerys
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Weinblatt
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Kathryn F Jankowski
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - John Strang
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Chandan J Vaidya
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William D Gaillard
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC.,Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Lauren Kenworthy
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Mahy CE, Moses LJ, Kliegel M. The development of prospective memory in children: An executive framework. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Garrett A, Lock J, Datta N, Beenhaker J, Kesler SR, Reiss AL. Predicting clinical outcome using brain activation associated with set-shifting and central coherence skills in Anorexia Nervosa. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 57:26-33. [PMID: 25027478 PMCID: PMC4127363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) have neuropsychological deficits in Set-Shifting (SS) and central coherence (CC) consistent with an inflexible thinking style and overly detailed processing style, respectively. This study investigates brain activation during SS and CC tasks in patients with AN and tests whether this activation is a biomarker that predicts response to treatment. METHODS FMRI data were collected from 21 females with AN while performing an SS task (the Wisconsin Card Sort) and a CC task (embedded figures), and used to predict outcome following 16 weeks of treatment (either 16 weeks of cognitive behavioral therapy or 8 weeks cognitive remediation therapy followed by 8 weeks of cognitive behavioral therapy). RESULTS Significant activation during the SS task included bilateral dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left anterior middle frontal gyrus. Higher scores on the neuropsychological test of SS (measured outside the scanner at baseline) were correlated with greater DLPFC and VLPFC/insula activation. Improvements in SS following treatment were significantly predicted by a combination of low VLPFC/insula and high anterior middle frontal activation (R squared = .68, p = .001). For the CC task, visual and parietal cortical areas were activated, but were not significantly correlated with neuropsychological measures of CC and did not predict outcome. CONCLUSION Cognitive flexibility requires the support of several prefrontal cortex resources. As previous studies suggest that the VLPFC is important for selecting context-appropriate responses, patients who have difficulties with this skill may benefit the most from cognitive therapy with or without cognitive remediation therapy. The ability to sustain inhibition of an unwanted response, subserved by the anterior middle frontal gyrus, is a cognitive feature that predicts favorable outcome to cognitive treatment. CC deficits may not be an effective predictor of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Garrett
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research,Stanford Eating Disorders Research Program,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - James Lock
- Stanford Eating Disorders Research Program,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Nandini Datta
- Stanford Eating Disorders Research Program,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Judy Beenhaker
- Stanford Eating Disorders Research Program,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Shelli R. Kesler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Allan L. Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
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De Baene W, Brass M. Dissociating strategy-dependent and independent components in task preparation. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:331-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Federico F, Delogu F, Raffone A. Maintenance and manipulation of object sequences in working memory: a lifespan study. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1883-7. [PMID: 24928473 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many studied reported that working memory components receive remarkable changes during lifespan. In order to better investigate this, we evaluated working memory components on human subjects belonging to five groups (10 subjects each) at different ages 6, 8 and 10 years old, young adult (age) and old adult (age). Our pattern of results shows a major transition in object sequence manipulation performance between ages 8 and 10 years. If related to young adults results, both 10-year-old children and old adults differed in accuracy and RT (specificare cosa significa) in both maintenance and manipulation conditions. In particular, young adults and old adults differ in RTs in the manipulation condition. Our results also suggest that a change in response strategy from 6 to 8 years of age, to prioritize accuracy may be present. Our findings appear consistent with recent neuroscientific findings, and lead to novel predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Federico
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 78, Via dei Marsi, 00185, Rome, Italy,
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Leung RC, Zakzanis KK. Brief Report: Cognitive Flexibility in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Quantitative Review. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:2628-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Oh A, Vidal J, Taylor MJ, Pang EW. Neuromagnetic correlates of intra- and extra-dimensional set-shifting. Brain Cogn 2014; 86:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Cognitive flexibility in internet addicts: fMRI evidence from difficult-to-easy and easy-to-difficult switching situations. Addict Behav 2014; 39:677-83. [PMID: 24368005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Internet addiction disorder (IAD) has raised widespread public health concerns. In this study, we explored the cognitive flexibility in IAD subjects using a color-word Stroop task. Behavioral and imaging data were collected from 15 IAD subjects (21.2±3.2years) and 15 healthy controls (HC, 22.1±3.6years). Group comparisons found that IAD subjects show higher superior temporal gyrus activations than healthy controls in switching (easy to difficult; difficult to easy) than in repeating trials. In addition, in difficult-to-easy situation, IAD subjects show higher brain activation in bilateral insula than healthy controls; in easy-to-difficult situation, IAD subjects show higher brain activation in bilateral precuneus than healthy controls. Correlations were also performed between behavioral performances and brain activities in relevant brain regions. Taken together, we concluded that IAD subjects engaged more endeavors in executive control and attention in the switching task. From another perspective, IAD subjects show impaired cognitive flexibilities.
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Dong G, Zhou H, Lin X, Hu Y, Lu Q. Why the processing of repeated targets are better than that of no repetition: evidence from easy-to-difficult and difficult-to-easy switching situations. Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:4. [PMID: 24524597 PMCID: PMC3942170 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have found that the processing of repeated targets are easier than that of non-repetition. Although several theories attempt to explain this issue, the underlying mechanism still remains uncovered. In this study, we tried to address this issue by exploring the underlying brain responses during this process. Methods Brain activities were recorded while thirty participants performing a Stroop task (Chinese version) in the MRI scanner. Using pseudo-random strategies, we created two types of switching conditions (easy-to-difficult; difficult-to-easy) and relevant repeating conditions. Results The results show that, in difficult-to-easy switching situation, higher brain activations are found in left precuneus than repeating ones (the precuneus is thought related with attention demands). In easy-to-difficult switching conditions, higher brain activations are found in precuneus, superior temporal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus than repeating trials (most of these regions are thought related with executive function). No overlapping brain regions are observed in con_CON and incon_INCON conditions. Beta figures of the survived clusters in different conditions, correlations between brain activations and switch cost were calculated. Conclusions The present study suggests that the feature that response time in switching trials are longer than that in repeating trials are caused by the extra endeavors engaged in the switching processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangheng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, P,R, China.
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Impairments in set-shifting but not reversal learning in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia: Further evidence for medial prefrontal deficits. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:405-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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48
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Ishii-Takahashi A, Takizawa R, Nishimura Y, Kawakubo Y, Kuwabara H, Matsubayashi J, Hamada K, Okuhata S, Yahata N, Igarashi T, Kawasaki S, Yamasue H, Kato N, Kasai K, Kano Y. Prefrontal activation during inhibitory control measured by near-infrared spectroscopy for differentiating between autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 4:53-63. [PMID: 24298446 PMCID: PMC3842411 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based solely on symptomatic and behavioral assessments can be difficult, even for experts. Thus, the development of a neuroimaging marker that differentiates ASDs from ADHD would be an important contribution to this field. We assessed the differences in prefrontal activation between adults with ASDs and ADHD using an entirely non-invasive and portable neuroimaging tool, near-infrared spectroscopy. This study included 21 drug-naïve adults with ASDs, 19 drug-naïve adults with ADHD, and 21 healthy subjects matched for age, sex, and IQ. Oxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes in the prefrontal cortex were assessed during a stop signal task and a verbal fluency task. During the stop signal task, compared to the control group, the ASDs group exhibited lower activation in a broad prefrontal area, whereas the ADHD group showed underactivation of the right premotor area, right presupplementary motor area, and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Significant differences were observed in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex between the ASDs and ADHD groups during the stop signal task. The leave-one-out cross-validation method using mean oxygenated hemoglobin changes yielded a classification accuracy of 81.4% during inhibitory control. These results were task specific, as the brain activation pattern observed during the verbal fluency task did not differentiate the ASDs and ADHD groups significantly. This study therefore provides evidence of a difference in left ventrolateral prefrontal activation during inhibitory control between adults with ASDs and ADHD. Thus, near-infrared spectroscopy may be useful as an auxiliary tool for the differential diagnosis of such developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Ishii-Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Vicario CM. Cognitively controlled timing and executive functions develop in parallel? A glimpse on childhood research. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:146. [PMID: 24133423 PMCID: PMC3794316 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo M Vicario
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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50
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Remijnse PL, van den Heuvel OA, Nielen MMA, Vriend C, Hendriks GJ, Hoogendijk WJG, Uylings HBM, Veltman DJ. Cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression is associated with distinct neural correlates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59600. [PMID: 23637737 PMCID: PMC3634812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are frequently co-morbid, and dysfunctional frontal-striatal circuits have been implicated in both disorders. Neurobiological distinctions between OCD and MDD are insufficiently clear, and comparative neuroimaging studies are extremely scarce. OCD and MDD may be characterized by cognitive rigidity at the phenotype level, and frontal-striatal brain circuits constitute the neural substrate of intact cognitive flexibility. In the present study, 18 non-medicated MDD-free patients with OCD, 19 non-medicated OCD-free patients with MDD, and 29 matched healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of a self-paced letter/digit task switching paradigm. Results showed that both patient groups responded slower relative to controls during repeat events, but only in OCD patients slowing was associated with decreased error rates. During switching, patients with OCD showed increased activation of the putamen, anterior cingulate and insula, whereas MDD patients recruited inferior parietal cortex and precuneus to a lesser extent. Patients with OCD and MDD commonly failed to reveal anterior prefrontal cortex activation during switching. This study shows subtle behavioral abnormalities on a measure of cognitive flexibility in MDD and OCD, associated with differential frontal-striatal brain dysfunction in both disorders. These findings may add to the development of biological markers that more precisely characterize frequently co-morbid neuropsychiatric disorders such as OCD and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L. Remijnse
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Odile A. van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan M. A. Nielen
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Vriend
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Witte J G. Hoogendijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry B. M. Uylings
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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