1
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A neural model of vulnerability and resilience to stress-related disorders linked to differential susceptibility. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:514-524. [PMID: 33649455 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Expert opinion remains divided concerning the impact of putative risk factors on vulnerability to depression and other stress-related disorders. A large body of literature has investigated gene by environment interactions, particularly between the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and negative environments, on the risk for depression. However, fewer studies have simultaneously investigated the outcomes in both negative and positive environments, which could explain some of the inconclusive findings. This is embodied by the concept of differential susceptibility, i.e., the idea that certain common gene polymorphisms, prenatal factors, and traits make some individuals not only disproportionately more susceptible and responsive to negative, vulnerability-promoting environments, but also more sensitive and responsive to positive, resilience-enhancing environmental conditions. Although this concept from the field of developmental psychology is well accepted and supported by behavioral findings, it is striking that its implementation in neuropsychiatric research is limited and that underlying neural mechanisms are virtually unknown. Based on neuroimaging studies that examined how factors mediating differential susceptibility affect brain function, we posit that environmental sensitivity manifests in increased salience network activity, increased salience and default mode network connectivity, and increased salience and central executive network connectivity. These changes in network function may bring about automatic exogenous attention for positive and negative stimuli and flexible attentional set-shifting. We conclude with a call to action; unraveling the neural mechanisms through which differential susceptibility factors mediate vulnerability and resilience may lead us to personalized preventive interventions.
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2
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Exner A, Tapia León I, Mueller EM, Klucken T. Cardiac response in aversive and appetitive olfactory conditioning: Evidence for a valence-independent CS-elicited bradycardia. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13912. [PMID: 34388264 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While the examination of conditioned cardiac responses is well established in human fear conditioning research, comparable studies using less-aversive or rather appetitive unconditioned stimuli (UCS) are sparse and results are mixed. Therefore, the aim of this study was a systematic analysis of cardiac reactions in aversive and appetitive conditioning. Olfactory stimuli were used as unconditioned stimuli as they are suitable reinforcers in both an aversive and an appetitive conditioning offering the opportunity for a comparison between conditioned responses. In total, n = 86 participants took part in both an aversive and an appetitive differential conditioning task with a counterbalanced order across participants. Aversive or appetitive odors, respectively, served as UCS and neutral geometrical figures as CS. Subjective ratings, skin conductance response (SCRs), and evoked cardiac reactions were analyzed and compared between tasks. Conditioned responses in subjective ratings could be observed in both aversive conditioning and appetitive conditioning, while SCRs discriminated between CS+ and CS- in aversive conditioning only. Regarding conditioned cardiac responses, the deceleration for the CS+ was longer than for the CS- in both tasks. In addition, a higher deceleration magnitude and a shorter acceleration for the CS+ as compared to the CS- were found in aversive but not in appetitive conditioning. There were medium-size correlations between aversive and appetitive CRs for subjective ratings and none for physiological responses. The results suggest similarities between cardiac response patterns in aversive and appetitive conditioning, which implies that bradycardia in conditioning might not be fear-specific but presents a valence-independent CS-elicited bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Exner
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Isabell Tapia León
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Erik M Mueller
- Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tim Klucken
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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3
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Zhang Y, Shao J, Wang X, Chen Z, Liu H, Pei C, Zhang S, Yao Z, Lu Q. Functional impairment-based segmentation of anterior cingulate cortex in depression and its relationship with treatment effects. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4035-4047. [PMID: 34008911 PMCID: PMC8288091 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In major depressive disorder (MDD), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is widely related to depression impairment and antidepressant treatment response. The multiplicity of ACC subdivisions calls for a fine‐grained investigation of their functional impairment and recovery profiles. We recorded resting state fMRI signals from 59 MDD patients twice before and after 12‐week antidepressant treatment, as well as 59 healthy controls (HCs). With functional connectivity (FC) between each ACC voxel and four regions of interests (bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [DLPFC] and amygdalae), subdivisions with variable impairment were identified based on groups' dissimilarity values between MDD patients before treatment and HC. The ACC was subdivided into three impairment subdivisions named as MedialACC, DistalACC, and LateralACC according to their dominant locations. Furthermore, the impairment pattern and the recovery pattern were measured based on group statistical analyses. DistalACC impaired more on its FC with left DLPFC, whereas LateralACC showed more serious impairment on its FC with bilateral amygdalae. After treatment, FCs between DistalACC and left DLPFC, and between LateralACC and right amygdala were normalized while impaired FC between LateralACC and left amygdala kept dysfunctional. Subsequently, FC between DistalACC and left DLPFC might contribute to clinical outcome prediction. Our approach could provide an insight into how the ACC was impaired in depression and partly restored after antidepressant treatment, from the perspective of the interaction between ACC subregions and critical frontal and subcortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Southeast University, Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Junneng Shao
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Southeast University, Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Southeast University, Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhilu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Pei
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Southeast University, Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuqiang Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Southeast University, Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijian Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Lu
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Southeast University, Ministry of Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Nanjing, China
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4
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Arsalidou M, Vijayarajah S, Sharaev M. Basal ganglia lateralization in different types of reward. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:2618-2646. [PMID: 31927758 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reward processing is a fundamental human activity. The basal ganglia are recognized for their role in reward processes; however, specific roles of the different nuclei (e.g., nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen and globus pallidus) remain unclear. Using quantitative meta-analyses we assessed whole-brain and basal ganglia specific contributions to money, erotic, and food reward processing. We analyzed data from 190 fMRI studies which reported stereotaxic coordinates of whole-brain, within-group results from healthy adult participants. Results showed concordance in overlapping and distinct cortical and sub-cortical brain regions as a function of reward type. Common to all reward types was concordance in basal ganglia nuclei, with distinct differences in hemispheric dominance and spatial extent in response to the different reward types. Food reward processing favored the right hemisphere; erotic rewards favored the right lateral globus pallidus and left caudate body. Money rewards engaged the basal ganglia bilaterally including its most anterior part, nucleus accumbens. We conclude by proposing a model of common reward processing in the basal ganglia and separate models for money, erotic, and food rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Arsalidou
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation. .,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sagana Vijayarajah
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maksim Sharaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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5
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Tapia León I, Kruse O, Stark R, Klucken T. Relationship of sensation seeking with the neural correlates of appetitive conditioning. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:769-775. [PMID: 31309971 PMCID: PMC6778827 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has linked sensation seeking with a heightened risk for drug abuse and other risk-taking behavior. As appetitive conditioning presents a model for the etiology and maintenance of addictive behavior, investigating sensation seeking in a classical conditioning paradigm might elucidate possible pathways toward addiction within this model. Furthermore, the theoretical concept underlying sensation seeking proposes a negative relationship between reward processing and sensation seeking in only moderately arousing situations, which has been neglected by previous research. This study aimed to investigate this inverse relationship in moderately stimulating situations entailing reward processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects (N = 38) participated in a classical conditioning paradigm in which a neutral stimulus (CS+) was repeatedly paired with a monetary reward, while another neutral stimulus (CS−) was not. Imaging results revealed a negative relationship between sensation seeking and neural responses in the insula, amygdala and nucleus accumbens during the early phase and in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during the late phase of conditioning. These findings suggest reduced reward learning and consequently diminished processing of outcome expectancy in appetitive conditioning in subjects with high sensation seeking scores. The results are discussed with respect to clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Tapia León
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany
| | - Onno Kruse
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany.,Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany
| | - Tim Klucken
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35394, Germany
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6
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Kruse O, Klein S, Tapia León I, Stark R, Klucken T. Amygdala and nucleus accumbens involvement in appetitive extinction. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:1833-1841. [PMID: 31909526 PMCID: PMC7267974 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extinction of appetitive conditioning is regarded as an important model for the treatment of psychiatric disorders like addiction. However, very few studies have investigated its neural correlates. Therefore, we investigated neural correlates of appetitive extinction in a large human sample including all genders (N = 76, 40 females) to replicate and extend results from a previous study. During differential appetitive conditioning, one stimulus (CS+) was paired with the chance to win a monetary reward, whereas another stimulus (CS−) was not. During appetitive extinction on the next day, neither the CS+ nor the CS− were reinforced. After successful acquisition of appetitive conditioning, the extinction phase elicited significant reductions of valence and arousal ratings toward the CS+ and a significant reduction in skin conductance responses to the CS+ from early to late extinction. On a neural level, early extinction showed significant differential (CS+ − CS−) activation in dACC and hippocampus, whereas involvement of the vACC and caudate nucleus did not replicate. The differential activation of amygdala and nucleus accumbens during late extinction was replicated, with the amygdala displaying significantly higher differential activation during the late phase of extinction as compared to the early phase of extinction. We show discernible signals for reward learning and extinction in subregions of amygdala and nucleus accumbens after extinction learning. This successful replication underlines the role of nucleus accumbens and amygdala in neural models of appetitive extinction in humans that was previously only based on animal findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno Kruse
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Siegen, Siegen, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sanja Klein
- Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Isabell Tapia León
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Siegen, Siegen, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Klucken
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Siegen, Siegen, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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7
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Wang W, Zhornitsky S, Le TM, Dhingra I, Zhang S, Krystal JH, Li CSR. Cue-elicited craving, thalamic activity, and physiological arousal in adult non-dependent drinkers. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 116:74-82. [PMID: 31202048 PMCID: PMC6606341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Changes in physiological arousal frequently accompany cognitive and affective challenges. Many studies employed cue exposure paradigms to investigate the neural processes underlying cue-elicited drug and alcohol craving. However, whether cue-elicited craving relates to changes in physiological arousal and the neural bases underlying the potential relationship remain unclear. Here we examined cerebral cue-related activations in relation to differences in skin conductance responses (SCR) recorded during alcohol vs. neutral cue blocks in 61 non-dependent alcohol drinkers (30 men). Imaging and skin conductance data were collected and processed with published routines. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine the inter-relationship between regional activities, cue-elicited craving, and SCR. The results showed higher SCR during alcohol than during neutral cue exposure. Despite no differences in drinking characteristics, men as compared to women demonstrated higher craving rating, and men but not women demonstrated a positive correlation between alcohol (vs. neutral) cue-evoked craving and SCR. Further, across subjects, thalamic cue activity was positively correlated with differences in SCR between alcohol and neutral cue blocks in men but not in women. Mediation analyses suggested that thalamic activity mediated the correlation between craving and SCR across men and women, and in men but not women alone. These findings substantiate physiological and neural correlates of alcohol cue response and suggest important sex differences in the physiological and neural processes of cue evoked craving. Centered on the intralaminar and mediodorsal subregions, the thalamic correlate may represent a neural target for behavioral or pharmacological therapy to decrease cue-elicited arousal and craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Thang M. Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Isha Dhingra
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - John H. Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Chiang-shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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8
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Pietrock C, Ebrahimi C, Katthagen TM, Koch SP, Heinz A, Rothkirch M, Schlagenhauf F. Pupil dilation as an implicit measure of appetitive Pavlovian learning. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13463. [PMID: 31424104 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Appetitive Pavlovian conditioning is a learning mechanism of fundamental biological and pathophysiological significance. Nonetheless, its exploration in humans remains sparse, which is partly attributed to the lack of an established psychophysiological parameter that aptly represents conditioned responding. This study evaluated pupil diameter and other ocular response measures (gaze dwelling time, blink duration and count) as indices of conditioning. Additionally, a learning model was used to infer participants' learning progress on the basis of their pupil dilation. Twenty-nine healthy volunteers completed an appetitive differential delay conditioning paradigm with a primary reward, while the ocular response measures along with other psychophysiological (heart rate, electrodermal activity, postauricular and eyeblink reflex) and behavioral (ratings, contingency awareness) parameters were obtained to examine the relation among different measures. A significantly stronger increase in pupil diameter, longer gaze duration and shorter eyeblink duration was observed in response to the reward-predicting cue compared to the control cue. The Pearce-Hall attention model best predicted the trial-by-trial pupil diameter. This conditioned response was corroborated by a pronounced heart rate deceleration to the reward-predicting cue, while no conditioning effect was observed in the electrodermal activity or startle responses. There was no discernible correlation between the psychophysiological response measures. These results highlight the potential value of ocular response measures as sensitive indices for representing appetitive conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pietrock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Ebrahimi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Teresa M Katthagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan P Koch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Rothkirch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Schlagenhauf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Klucken T, Kruse O, Klein S, Kampa M, Tapia León I, Stark R. The relationship between neuroticism and appetitive conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 164:107068. [PMID: 31415871 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Appetitive conditioning is considered a central mechanism for the vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. However, the investigation of individual differences that are related to altered appetitive learning has been almost neglected so far. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between neuroticism and appetitive conditioning processes. 79 subjects participated in a differential conditioning procedure in which a conditioned stimulus (CS+) was paired with a reward (money) after a fast behavioral response, while a second conditioned stimulus (CS-) was never followed by a reward, irrespective of the behavioral response. As a main result, neuroticism correlated negatively with the underlying neural processes of appetitive conditioning in females, but not in males. In detail, higher levels of neuroticism were associated with decreased neural responses in the left (p = .001) and right amygdala (p = .011), left (p = .063) and right (p = .019) nucleus accumbens, and left (p = .002) and right (p = .021) orbitofrontal cortex (all results are family-wise-error-corrected). The present results support previous findings, which also showed an inverse sex-specific effect in the context of neuroticism and emotional processing in females. In addition, the findings suggest that neuroticism is not solely linked to increased amygdala sensitivity during the processing of negative stimuli but also to decreased neural responses when processing rewarding stimuli. Possible explanations for the sex differences and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Klucken
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany
| | - Onno Kruse
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sanja Klein
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Miriam Kampa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Isabell Tapia León
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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10
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Karel P, Almacellas‐Barbanoj A, Prijn J, Kaag A, Reneman L, Verheij MM, Homberg JR. Appetitive to aversive counter-conditioning as intervention to reduce reinstatement of reward-seeking behavior: the role of the serotonin transporter. Addict Biol 2019; 24:344-354. [PMID: 29292566 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Counter-conditioning can be a valid strategy to reduce reinstatement of reward-seeking behavior. However, this has not been tested in laboratory animals with extended cocaine-taking backgrounds nor is it well understood, which individual differences may contribute to its effects. Here, we set out to investigate the influence of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genotype on the effectiveness of counter-conditioning after extended access to cocaine self-administration. To this end, 5-HTT+/+ and 5-HTT-/- rats underwent a touch screen-based approach to test if reward-induced reinstatement of responding to a previously counter-conditioned cue is reduced, compared with a non-counter-conditioned cue, in a within-subject manner. We observed an overall extinction deficit of cocaine-seeking behavior in 5-HTT-/- rats and a resistance to punishment during the counter-conditioning session. Furthermore, we observed a significant decrease in reinstatement to cocaine and sucrose associated cues after counter-conditioning but only in 5-HTT+/+ rats. In short, we conclude that the paradigm we used was able to produce effects of counter-conditioning of sucrose seeking behavior in line with what is described in literature, and we demonstrate that it can be effective even after long-term exposure to cocaine, in a genotype-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour The Netherlands
| | - Amanda Almacellas‐Barbanoj
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Prijn
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour The Netherlands
| | - Anne‐Marije Kaag
- Addiction, Development, and Psychopathology (ADAPT) lab, Department of PsychologyUniversity of Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and CognitionUniversity of Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Michel M.M. Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour The Netherlands
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for NeuroscienceDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour The Netherlands
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11
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Strahler J, Kruse O, Wehrum-Osinsky S, Klucken T, Stark R. Neural correlates of gender differences in distractibility by sexual stimuli. Neuroimage 2018; 176:499-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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12
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Tapia León I, Kruse O, Stalder T, Stark R, Klucken T. Neural correlates of subjective CS/UCS association in appetitive conditioning. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1637-1646. [PMID: 29297960 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Explicit knowledge of conditioned stimulus (CS)/unconditioned stimulus (UCS) associations is proposed as important factor in classical conditioning. However, while previous studies have focused on its roles in fear conditioning, it has been neglected in the context of appetitive conditioning. The present functional magnetic resonance study aimed to investigate neural activation and functional connectivity linked to subjective CS/UCS association in appetitive conditioning. In total, 85 subjects participated in an appetitive acquisition procedure in which a neutral stimulus (CS+) was paired with a monetary reward, while another neutral stimulus (CS-) was never paired with the reward. Directly afterwards, subjective CS/UCS association was assessed by measuring the extent to which the CS+ was thought to be associated with the UCS compared to the CS-. Close relationships were established between subjective CS/UCS association and activations in the primary visual cortex (V1) during the early phase of conditioning and in the striatum during the late conditioning phase. In addition, we observed inverse relationships between subjective CS/UCS association and both V1/ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and striatal/vmPFC connectivity. The results suggest the involvement of decoupling vmPFC connectivity in reward learning in general and the roles of attentional processes in the formation of the subjective CS/UCS association during the early phase and reward prediction during the late phase of appetitive conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Tapia León
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Onno Kruse
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.,Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Stalder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Klucken
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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13
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Perry LM, Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Williams LM. Sex differences modulating serotonergic polymorphisms implicated in the mechanistic pathways of risk for depression and related disorders. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:737-762. [PMID: 27870440 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite consistent observations of sex differences in depression and related emotional disorders, we do not yet know how these sex differences modulate the effects of genetic polymorphisms implicated in risk for these disorders. This Mini-Review focuses on genetic polymorphisms of the serotonergic system to illustrate how sex differences might modulate the neurobiological pathways involved in the development of depression. We consider the interacting role of environmental factors such as early-life stress. Given limited current knowledge about this topic, we highlight methodological considerations, challenges, and guidelines for future research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeAnn M Perry
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea N Goldstein-Piekarski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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14
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Hoffmann H. Situating Human Sexual Conditioning. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:2213-2229. [PMID: 28698969 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conditioning is often thought of as a basic, automatic learning process that has limited applicability to higher-level human behavior. In addition, conditioning is seen as separable from, and even secondary to, "innate" processes. These ideas involve some misconceptions. The aim of this article is to provide a clearer, more refined sense of human sexual conditioning. After providing some background information and reviewing what is known from laboratory conditioning studies, human sexual conditioning is compared to sexual conditioning in nonhumans, to "innate" sexual responding, and to other types of human learning processes. Recommendations for moving forward in human sexual conditioning research are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hoffmann
- Department of Psychology, Knox College, Galesburg, IL, 61401, USA.
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15
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Kruse O, Tapia León I, Stark R, Klucken T. Neural correlates of appetitive extinction in humans. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:106-115. [PMID: 27803289 PMCID: PMC5537618 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Appetitive extinction receives attention as an important model for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. However, in humans, its underlying neural correlates remain unknown. To close this gap, we investigated appetitive acquisition and extinction with fMRI in a 2-day monetary incentive delay paradigm. During appetitive conditioning, one stimulus (CS+) was paired with monetary reward, while another stimulus (CS−) was never rewarded. Twenty-four hours later, subjects underwent extinction, in which neither CS was reinforced. Appetitive conditioning elicited stronger skin conductance responses to the CS+ as compared with the CS−. Regarding subjective ratings, the CS+ was rated more pleasant and arousing than the CS− after conditioning. Furthermore, fMRI-results (CS+ − CS−) showed activation of the reward circuitry including amygdala, midbrain and striatal areas. During extinction, conditioned responses were successfully extinguished. In the early phase of extinction, we found a significant activation of the caudate, the hippocampus, the dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (dACC and vACC). In the late phase, we found significant activation of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the amygdala. Correlational analyses with subjective ratings linked extinction success to the vACC and the NAcc, while associating the dACC with reduced extinction. The results reveal neural correlates of appetitive extinction in humans and extend assumptions from models for human extinction learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno Kruse
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Isabell Tapia León
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Klucken
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience.,Bender Institute for Neuroimaging (BION), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Levin RJ, Both S, Georgiadis J, Kukkonen T, Park K, Yang CC. The Physiology of Female Sexual Function and the Pathophysiology of Female Sexual Dysfunction (Committee 13A). J Sex Med 2017; 13:733-59. [PMID: 27114190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The article consists of six sections written by separate authors that review female genital anatomy, the physiology of female sexual function, and the pathophysiology of female sexual dysfunction but excluding hormonal aspects. AIM To review the physiology of female sexual function and the pathophysiology of female sexual dysfunction especially since 2010 and to make specific recommendations according to the Oxford Centre for evidence based medicine (2009) "levels of evidence" wherever relevant. CONCLUSION Recommendations were made for particular studies to be undertaken especially in controversial aspects in all six sections of the reviewed topics. Despite numerous laboratory assessments of female sexual function, genital assessments alone appear insufficient to characterise fully the complete sexual response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy J Levin
- Reader in Physiology (Retired), Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK: Section 2.
| | - Stephanie Both
- Department of Psychosomatic Gynecology and Sexology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands: Section 3
| | - Janniko Georgiadis
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands: Section 4
| | - Tuuli Kukkonen
- College of Social and Applied Human Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada: Section 6
| | - Kwangsung Park
- Department of Urology, Chonnan National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea: Section 5
| | - Claire C Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA: Section 1
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17
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Lonsdorf TB, Menz MM, Andreatta M, Fullana MA, Golkar A, Haaker J, Heitland I, Hermann A, Kuhn M, Kruse O, Meir Drexler S, Meulders A, Nees F, Pittig A, Richter J, Römer S, Shiban Y, Schmitz A, Straube B, Vervliet B, Wendt J, Baas JMP, Merz CJ. Don't fear 'fear conditioning': Methodological considerations for the design and analysis of studies on human fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:247-285. [PMID: 28263758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The so-called 'replicability crisis' has sparked methodological discussions in many areas of science in general, and in psychology in particular. This has led to recent endeavours to promote the transparency, rigour, and ultimately, replicability of research. Originating from this zeitgeist, the challenge to discuss critical issues on terminology, design, methods, and analysis considerations in fear conditioning research is taken up by this work, which involved representatives from fourteen of the major human fear conditioning laboratories in Europe. This compendium is intended to provide a basis for the development of a common procedural and terminology framework for the field of human fear conditioning. Whenever possible, we give general recommendations. When this is not feasible, we provide evidence-based guidance for methodological decisions on study design, outcome measures, and analyses. Importantly, this work is also intended to raise awareness and initiate discussions on crucial questions with respect to data collection, processing, statistical analyses, the impact of subtle procedural changes, and data reporting specifically tailored to the research on fear conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B Lonsdorf
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mareike M Menz
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Andreatta
- University of Würzburg, Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miguel A Fullana
- Anxiety Unit, Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions, Hospital del Mar, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armita Golkar
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology Section, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Haaker
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Hamburg, Germany; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology Section, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivo Heitland
- Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Hermann
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Department of Psychology, Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Kuhn
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Onno Kruse
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Department of Psychology, Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Giessen, Germany
| | - Shira Meir Drexler
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ann Meulders
- KU Leuven, Health Psychology, Leuven, Belgium; Maastricht University, Research Group Behavioral Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frauke Nees
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andre Pittig
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Richter
- University of Greifswald, Department of Physiological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sonja Römer
- Saarland University, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Youssef Shiban
- University of Regensburg, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja Schmitz
- University of Regensburg, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bram Vervliet
- KU Leuven, Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Excellence on Generalization, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Wendt
- University of Greifswald, Department of Physiological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johanna M P Baas
- Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian J Merz
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Bochum, Germany
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18
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19
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Vai B, Bulgarelli C, Godlewska BR, Cowen PJ, Benedetti F, Harmer CJ. Fronto-limbic effective connectivity as possible predictor of antidepressant response to SSRI administration. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:2000-2010. [PMID: 27756525 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.09.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The timely selection of the optimal treatment for depressed patients is critical to improve remission rates. The detection of pre-treatment variables able to predict differential treatment response may provide novel approaches for treatment selection. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) modulate the fronto-limbic functional response and connectivity, an effect preceding the overt clinical antidepressant effects. Here we investigated whether the cortico-limbic connectivity associated with emotional bias measured before SSRI administration predicts the efficacy of antidepressant treatment in MDD patients. fMRI and Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) were combined to study if effective connectivity might differentiate healthy controls (HC) and patients affected by major depression who later responded (RMDD, n=21), or failed to respond (nRMDD, n=12), to 6 weeks of escitalopram administration. Sixteen DCMs exploring connectivity between anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), Amygdala (Amy), and fusiform gyrus (FG) were constructed. Analyses revealed that nRMDD had reduced endogenous connectivity from Amy to VLPFC and to ACC, with an increased connectivity and modulation of the ACC to Amy connectivity when processing of fearful emotional stimuli compared to HC. RMDD and HC did not significantly differ among themselves. Pre-treatment effective connectivity in fronto-limbic circuitry could be an important factor affecting antidepressant response, and highlight the mechanisms which may be involved in recovery from depression. These results suggest that fronto-limbic connectivity might provide a neural biomarker to predict the clinical outcome to SSRIs administration in major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Vai
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy; Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria Ss. Assunta, Roma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Bulgarelli
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Philip J Cowen
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Milan, Italy
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20
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Bilgi MM, Simsek F, Akan ST, Aksoy B, Kitis O, Gonul AS. The Common Brain Structures Correlated with Personality Traits in Healthy Mothers and Their Daughters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20150815033406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Melih Bilgi
- Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, SoCAT Neuroscience Research Group, Izmir - Turkey
| | - Fatma Simsek
- Izmir Karsiyaka State Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, SoCAT Neuroscience Research Group, Izmir - Turkey
| | - Sebnem Tunay Akan
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT Neuroscience Research Group, Izmir - Turkey
| | - Burcu Aksoy
- Dokuz Eylul Univesity, School of Nursing, SoCAT Neuroscience Research Group, Izmir - Turkey
| | - Omer Kitis
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, SoCAT Neuroscience Research Group, Izmir - Turkey
| | - Ali Saffet Gonul
- Izmir Ege School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT Neuroscience Research Group, Izmir - Turkey
- Mercer University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Macon - Georgia
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21
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Poeppl TB, Langguth B, Rupprecht R, Safron A, Bzdok D, Laird AR, Eickhoff SB. The neural basis of sex differences in sexual behavior: A quantitative meta-analysis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 43:28-43. [PMID: 27742561 PMCID: PMC5123903 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sexuality as to its etymology presupposes the duality of sexes. Using quantitative neuroimaging meta-analyses, we demonstrate robust sex differences in the neural processing of sexual stimuli in thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia. In a narrative review, we show how these relate to the well-established sex differences on the behavioral level. More specifically, we describe the neural bases of known poor agreement between self-reported and genital measures of female sexual arousal, of previously proposed male proneness to affective sexual conditioning, as well as hints of unconscious activation of bonding mechanisms during sexual stimulation in women. In summary, our meta-analytic review demonstrates that neurofunctional sex differences during sexual stimulation can account for well-established sex differences in sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm B Poeppl
- University of Regensburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitaetsstrasse 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Berthold Langguth
- University of Regensburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitaetsstrasse 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- University of Regensburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitaetsstrasse 84, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Adam Safron
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
| | - Danilo Bzdok
- RWTH Aachen University, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), JARA Brain, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428 Jülich, Germany; INRIA, Neurospin - CEA, Parietal Team, Bât 145, Point Courrier 156, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Angela R Laird
- Florida International University, Department of Physics, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428 Jülich, Germany; Heinrich Heine University, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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22
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Gola M, Wordecha M, Marchewka A, Sescousse G. Visual Sexual Stimuli-Cue or Reward? A Perspective for Interpreting Brain Imaging Findings on Human Sexual Behaviors. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:402. [PMID: 27574507 PMCID: PMC4983547 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing number of neuroimaging studies using visual sexual stimuli (VSS), especially within the emerging field of research on compulsive sexual behaviors (CSB). A central question in this field is whether behaviors such as excessive pornography consumption share common brain mechanisms with widely studied substance and behavioral addictions. Depending on how VSS are conceptualized, different predictions can be formulated within the frameworks of Reinforcement Learning or Incentive Salience Theory, where a crucial distinction is made between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (related to reward anticipation vs. reward consumption, respectively). Surveying 40 recent human neuroimaging studies we show existing ambiguity about the conceptualization of VSS. Therefore, we feel that it is important to address the question of whether VSS should be considered as conditioned stimuli (cue) or unconditioned stimuli (reward). Here we present our own perspective, which is that in most laboratory settings VSS play a role of reward, as evidenced by: (1) experience of pleasure while watching VSS, possibly accompanied by genital reaction; (2) reward-related brain activity correlated with these pleasurable feelings in response to VSS; (3) a willingness to exert effort to view VSS similarly as for other rewarding stimuli such as money; and (4) conditioning for cues predictive of VSS. We hope that this perspective article will initiate a scientific discussion on this important and overlooked topic and increase attention for appropriate interpretations of results of human neuroimaging studies using VSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Gola
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wordecha
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Marchewka
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Guillaume Sescousse
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
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23
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Schweckendiek J, Stark R, Klucken T. Neuroticism and extraversion moderate neural responses and effective connectivity during appetitive conditioning. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:2992-3002. [PMID: 27132706 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical appetitive conditioning constitutes a basic learning process through which environmental stimuli can be associated with reward. Previous studies showed that individual differences in neuroticism and extraversion influence emotional processing and have been shown to modulate neural activity in subcortical and prefrontal areas in response to emotional stimuli. However, the role of individual differences in appetitive conditioning has so far not been investigated in detail. The aim of this study was to assess the association between neuroticism and extraversion with neural activity and connectivity during appetitive conditioning. The conditioned stimulus (CS) was either a picture of a dish or a cup. One stimulus (CS+) was paired with a monetary reward and the other stimulus (CS-) was associated with its absence while hemodynamic activity was measured by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging. A significant negative correlation of neuroticism scores with amygdala activity was observed during appetitive conditioning. Further, extraversion was positively associated with responses in the hippocampus and the thalamus. In addition, effective connectivity between the amygdala as a seed region and the anterior cingulate cortex, the insula, and the thalamus was negatively correlated with neuroticism scores and positively correlated with extraversion scores. The results may indicate a neural correlate for the deficits in appetitive learning in subjects with high neuroticism scores and point to a facilitating effect of extraversion on reward-related learning. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2992-3002, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schweckendiek
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Klucken
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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24
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Klucken T, Wehrum-Osinsky S, Schweckendiek J, Kruse O, Stark R. Altered Appetitive Conditioning and Neural Connectivity in Subjects With Compulsive Sexual Behavior. J Sex Med 2016; 13:627-36. [PMID: 26936075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been growing interest in a better understanding of the etiology of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB). It is assumed that facilitated appetitive conditioning might be an important mechanism for the development and maintenance of CSB, but no study thus far has investigated these processes. AIM To explore group differences in neural activity associated with appetitive conditioning and connectivity in subjects with CSB and a healthy control group. METHODS Two groups (20 subjects with CSB and 20 controls) were exposed to an appetitive conditioning paradigm during a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, in which a neutral stimulus (CS+) predicted visual sexual stimuli and a second stimulus (CS-) did not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Blood oxygen level-dependent responses and psychophysiologic interaction. RESULTS As a main result, we found increased amygdala activity during appetitive conditioning for the CS+ vs the CS- and decreased coupling between the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex in the CSB vs control group. CONCLUSION The findings show that neural correlates of appetitive conditioning and neural connectivity are altered in patients with CSB. The increased amygdala activation might reflect facilitated conditioning processes in patients with CSB. In addition, the observed decreased coupling could be interpreted as a marker for impaired emotion regulation success in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Klucken
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sina Wehrum-Osinsky
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Schweckendiek
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Onno Kruse
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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25
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Kuhn M, Haaker J, Glotzbach-Schoon E, Schümann D, Andreatta M, Mechias ML, Raczka K, Gartmann N, Büchel C, Mühlberger A, Pauli P, Reif A, Kalisch R, Lonsdorf TB. Converging evidence for an impact of a functional NOS gene variation on anxiety-related processes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:803-12. [PMID: 26746182 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a complex phenotype with substantial heritability, anxiety and related phenotypes are characterized by a complex polygenic basis. Thereby, one candidate pathway is neuronal nitric oxide (NO) signaling, and accordingly, rodent studies have identified NO synthase (NOS-I), encoded by NOS1, as a strong molecular candidate for modulating anxiety and hippocampus-dependent learning processes. Using a multi-dimensional and -methodological replication approach, we investigated the impact of a functional promoter polymorphism (NOS1-ex1f-VNTR) on human anxiety-related phenotypes in a total of 1019 healthy controls in five different studies. Homozygous carriers of the NOS1-ex1f short-allele displayed enhanced trait anxiety, worrying and depression scores. Furthermore, short-allele carriers were characterized by increased anxious apprehension during contextual fear conditioning. While autonomous measures (fear-potentiated startle) provided only suggestive evidence for a modulatory role of NOS1-ex1f-VNTR on (contextual) fear conditioning processes, neural activation at the amygdala/anterior hippocampus junction was significantly increased in short-allele carriers during context conditioning. Notably, this could not be attributed to morphological differences. In accordance with data from a plethora of rodent studies, we here provide converging evidence from behavioral, subjective, psychophysiological and neuroimaging studies in large human cohorts that NOS-I plays an important role in anxious apprehension but provide only limited evidence for a role in (contextual) fear conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kuhn
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,
| | - Jan Haaker
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evelyn Glotzbach-Schoon
- Department of Psychology I, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg
| | - Dirk Schümann
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Andreatta
- Department of Psychology I, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg
| | - Marie-Luise Mechias
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karolina Raczka
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Gartmann
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Mühlberger
- Department of Psychology I, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology I, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, and
| | - Raffael Kalisch
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Tina B Lonsdorf
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Nees F, Heinrich A, Flor H. A mechanism-oriented approach to psychopathology: The role of Pavlovian conditioning. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:351-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lange I, Kasanova Z, Goossens L, Leibold N, De Zeeuw CI, van Amelsvoort T, Schruers K. The anatomy of fear learning in the cerebellum: A systematic meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:83-91. [PMID: 26441374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent neuro-imaging studies have implicated the cerebellum in several higher-order functions. Its role in human fear conditioning has, however, received limited attention. The current meta-analysis examines the loci of cerebellar contributions to fear conditioning in healthy subjects, thus mapping, for the first time, the neural response to conditioned aversive stimuli onto the cerebellum. By using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) technique for analyses, we identified several distinct regions in the cerebellum that activate in response to the presentation of the conditioned stimulus: the cerebellar tonsils, lobules HIV-VI, and the culmen. These regions have separately been implicated in fear acquisition, consolidation of fear memories and expression of conditioned fear responses. Their specific role in these processes may be attributed to the general contribution of cerebellar cortical networks to timing and prediction. Our meta-analysis highlights the potential role of the cerebellum in human cognition and emotion in general, and addresses the possibility how deficits in associative cerebellar learning may play a role in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Future studies are needed to further clarify the mechanistic role of the cerebellum in higher order functions and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lange
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Zuzana Kasanova
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Goossens
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Leibold
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Schruers
- Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands; University of Leuven, Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, Leuven, Belgium
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Andreatta M, Pauli P. Appetitive vs. Aversive conditioning in humans. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:128. [PMID: 26042011 PMCID: PMC4436895 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) becomes associated with a biologically salient event (unconditioned stimulus, US), which might be pain (aversive conditioning) or food (appetitive conditioning). After a few associations, the CS is able to initiate either defensive or consummatory responses, respectively. Contrary to aversive conditioning, appetitive conditioning is rarely investigated in humans, although its importance for normal and pathological behaviors (e.g., obesity, addiction) is undeniable. The present study intents to translate animal findings on appetitive conditioning to humans using food as an US. Thirty-three participants were investigated between 8 and 10 am without breakfast in order to assure that they felt hungry. During two acquisition phases, one geometrical shape (avCS+) predicted an aversive US (painful electric shock), another shape (appCS+) predicted an appetitive US (chocolate or salty pretzel according to the participants' preference), and a third shape (CS-) predicted neither US. In a extinction phase, these three shapes plus a novel shape (NEW) were presented again without US delivery. Valence and arousal ratings as well as startle and skin conductance (SCR) responses were collected as learning indices. We found successful aversive and appetitive conditioning. On the one hand, the avCS+ was rated as more negative and more arousing than the CS- and induced startle potentiation and enhanced SCR. On the other hand, the appCS+ was rated more positive than the CS- and induced startle attenuation and larger SCR. In summary, we successfully confirmed animal findings in (hungry) humans by demonstrating appetitive learning and normal aversive learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Andreatta
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
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Klucken T, Schweckendiek J, Blecker C, Walter B, Kuepper Y, Hennig J, Stark R. The association between the 5-HTTLPR and neural correlates of fear conditioning and connectivity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:700-7. [PMID: 25140050 PMCID: PMC4420749 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence links the 5-HTTLPR genotype to the modulation of amygdala reactivity during fear conditioning, which is considered to convey the increased vulnerability for anxiety disorders in s-allele carriers. In addition to amygdala reactivity, the 5-HTTLPR has been shown to be related to alterations in structural and effective connectivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 5-HTTLPR genotype on amygdala reactivity and effective connectivity during fear conditioning, as well as structural connectivity [as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)]. To integrate different classification strategies, we used the bi-allelic (s-allele vs l/l-allele group) as well as the tri-allelic (low-functioning vs high-functioning) classification approach. S-allele carriers showed exaggerated amygdala reactivity and elevated amygdala-insula coupling during fear conditioning (CS + > CS-) compared with the l/l-allele group. In addition, DTI analysis showed increased fractional anisotropy values in s-allele carriers within the uncinate fasciculus. Using the tri-allelic classification approach, increased amygdala reactivity and amygdala insula coupling were observed in the low-functioning compared with the high-functioning group. No significant differences between the two groups were found in structural connectivity. The present results add to the current debate on the influence of the 5-HTTLPR on brain functioning. These differences between s-allele and l/l-allele carriers may contribute to altered vulnerability for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Klucken
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Schweckendiek
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlo Blecker
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bertram Walter
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kuepper
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Juergen Hennig
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stark
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, and Department of Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Phillips ML, Chase HW, Sheline YI, Etkin A, Almeida JR, Deckersbach T, Trivedi MH. Identifying predictors, moderators, and mediators of antidepressant response in major depressive disorder: neuroimaging approaches. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172:124-38. [PMID: 25640931 PMCID: PMC4464814 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite significant advances in neuroscience and treatment development, no widely accepted biomarkers are available to inform diagnostics or identify preferred treatments for individuals with major depressive disorder. METHOD In this critical review, the authors examine the extent to which multimodal neuroimaging techniques can identify biomarkers reflecting key pathophysiologic processes in depression and whether such biomarkers may act as predictors, moderators, and mediators of treatment response that might facilitate development of personalized treatments based on a better understanding of these processes. RESULTS The authors first highlight the most consistent findings from neuroimaging studies using different techniques in depression, including structural and functional abnormalities in two parallel neural circuits: serotonergically modulated implicit emotion regulation circuitry, centered on the amygdala and different regions in the medial prefrontal cortex; and dopaminergically modulated reward neural circuitry, centered on the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. They then describe key findings from the relatively small number of studies indicating that specific measures of regional function and, to a lesser extent, structure in these neural circuits predict treatment response in depression. CONCLUSIONS Limitations of existing studies include small sample sizes, use of only one neuroimaging modality, and a focus on identifying predictors rather than moderators and mediators of differential treatment response. By addressing these limitations and, most importantly, capitalizing on the benefits of multimodal neuroimaging, future studies can yield moderators and mediators of treatment response in depression to facilitate significant improvements in shorter- and longer-term clinical and functional outcomes.
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Klucken T, Kruse O, Wehrum-Osinsky S, Hennig J, Schweckendiek J, Stark R. Impact of COMT Val158Met-polymorphism on appetitive conditioning and amygdala/prefrontal effective connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:1093-101. [PMID: 25394948 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Appetitive conditioning is an important mechanism for the development, maintenance, and treatment of psychiatric disorders like substance abuse. Therefore, it is important to identify genetic variations, which impact appetitive conditioning. It has been suggested that the Val(158) Met-polymorphism in the Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT) is associated with the alteration of neural processes of appetitive conditioning due to the central role of the dopaminergic system in reward processing. However, no study has so far investigated the relationship between variations in the COMT Val(158) Met-polymorphism and appetitive conditioning. In this fMRI study, an appetitive conditioning paradigm was applied, in which one neutral stimulus (CS+) predicted appetitive stimuli (UCS) while a second neutral stimulus (CS-) was never paired with the UCS. As a main result, we observed a significant association between the COMT Val(158) Met-genotype and appetitive conditioning: skin conductance responses (SCRs) revealed a significant difference between CS+ and CS- in Val/Val-allele carriers but not in the other genotype groups. Val/Val-allele carriers showed increased hemodynamic responses in the amygdala compared with the Met/Met-allele group in the contrast CS+ > CS-. In addition, psychophysiological-interaction analysis revealed increased effective amygdala/ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity in Met/Met-allele carriers. The increased amygdala activity points to facilitated appetitive conditioning in Val/Val-allele carriers while the amygdala/prefrontal connectivity results could be regarded as a marker for altered emotion regulation during conditioning, which potentially impacts appetitive learning sensitivity. The SCRs finding indicates a stronger conditioned response in the Val/Val-allele group and dovetails with the neural differences between the groups. These findings contribute to the current research on COMT in emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Klucken
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
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Wehrum‐Osinsky S, Klucken T, Kagerer S, Walter B, Hermann A, Stark R. At the Second Glance: Stability of Neural Responses Toward Visual Sexual Stimuli. J Sex Med 2014; 11:2720-37. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Therapygenetics: anterior cingulate cortex–amygdala coupling is associated with 5-HTTLPR and treatment response in panic disorder with agoraphobia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:135-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Brom M, Laan E, Everaerd W, Spinhoven P, Both S. Extinction and renewal of conditioned sexual responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105955. [PMID: 25170909 PMCID: PMC4149496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extinction involves an inhibitory form of new learning that is highly dependent on the context for expression. This is supported by phenomena such as renewal and spontaneous recovery, which may help explain the persistence of appetitive behavior, and related problems such as addictions. Research on these phenomena in the sexual domain is lacking, where it may help to explain the persistence of learned sexual responses. Method Men (n = 40) and women (n = 62) participated in a differential conditioning paradigm, with genital vibrotactile stimulation as US and neutral pictures as conditional stimuli (CSs). Dependent variables were genital and subjective sexual arousal, affect, US expectancy, and approach and avoid tendencies towards the CSs. Extinction and renewal of conditioned sexual responses were studied by context manipulation (AAA vs. ABA condition). Results No renewal effect of genital conditioned responding could be detected, but an obvious recovery of US expectancy following a context change after extinction (ABA) was demonstrated. Additionally, women demonstrated recovery of subjective affect and subjective sexual arousal. Participants in the ABA demonstrated more approach biases towards stimuli. Conclusions The findings support the context dependency of extinction and renewal of conditioned sexual responses in humans. This knowledge may have implications for the treatment of disturbances in sexual appetitive responses such as hypo- and hypersexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Brom
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychosomatic Gynaecology and Sexology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ellen Laan
- Department of Sexology and Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Everaerd
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Spinhoven
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Both
- Department of Psychosomatic Gynaecology and Sexology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lonsdorf TB, Golkar A, Lindström KM, Haaker J, Öhman A, Schalling M, Ingvar M. BDNFval66met affects neural activation pattern during fear conditioning and 24 h delayed fear recall. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:664-71. [PMID: 25103087 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the most abundant neutrophin in the mammalian central nervous system, is critically involved in synaptic plasticity. In both rodents and humans, BDNF has been implicated in hippocampus- and amygdala-dependent learning and memory and has more recently been linked to fear extinction processes. Fifty-nine healthy participants, genotyped for the functional BDNFval66met polymorphism, underwent a fear conditioning and 24h-delayed extinction protocol while skin conductance and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses (functional magnetic resonance imaging) were acquired. We present the first report of neural activation pattern during fear acquisition 'and' extinction for the BDNFval66met polymorphism using a differential conditioned stimulus (CS)+ > CS- comparison. During conditioning, we observed heightened allele dose-dependent responses in the amygdala and reduced responses in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in BDNFval66met met-carriers. During early extinction, 24h later, we again observed heightened responses in several regions ascribed to the fear network in met-carriers as opposed to val-carriers (insula, amygdala, hippocampus), which likely reflects fear memory recall. No differences were observed during late extinction, which likely reflects learned extinction. Our data thus support previous associations of the BDNFval66met polymorphism with neural activation in the fear and extinction network, but speak against a specific association with fear extinction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B Lonsdorf
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Armita Golkar
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kara M Lindström
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jan Haaker
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Arne Öhman
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin Schalling
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Stockholm Brain Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: Phenotypic plasticity and human development. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:1243-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s095457941300059x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the claim that individual differences exist in developmental plasticity and that phenotypic plasticity should be a subject of study in its own right. To advance this argument, we begin by highlighting challenges that evolutionary thinking poses for a science of development and psychopathology, including for the diathesis–stress framework that has (fruitfully) guided so much empirical inquiry on developmental risk, resilience, and dysregulation. With this foundation laid, we raise a series of issues that the differential-susceptibility hypothesis calls attention to, while highlighting findings that have emerged over just the past several years and are pertinent to some of the questions posed. Even though it is clear that this new perspective on Person × Environment interaction is stimulating research and influencing how hypotheses are framed and data interpreted, a great many topics remain that need empirical attention. Our intention is to encourage students of development and psychopathology to treat phenotypic plasticity as an individual-difference construct while exploring unknowns in the differential-susceptibility equation.
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Abstract
Conduct disorder is a childhood behaviour disorder that is characterized by persistent aggressive or antisocial behaviour that disrupts the child's environment and impairs his or her functioning. A proportion of children with conduct disorder have psychopathic traits. Psychopathic traits consist of a callous-unemotional component and an impulsive-antisocial component, which are associated with two core impairments. The first is a reduced empathic response to the distress of other individuals, which primarily reflects reduced amygdala responsiveness to distress cues; the second is deficits in decision making and in reinforcement learning, which reflects dysfunction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and striatum. Genetic and prenatal factors contribute to the abnormal development of these neural systems, and social-environmental variables that affect motivation influence the probability that antisocial behaviour will be subsequently displayed.
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Wielpuetz C, Kuepper Y, Grant P, Munk AJL, Hennig J. Acute responsivity of the serotonergic system to S-citalopram and positive emotionality-the moderating role of the 5-HTTLPR. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:486. [PMID: 23986679 PMCID: PMC3750213 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the idea that the central serotonergic system has a modulatory function on behavior and personality in general, we aimed to highlight its association to habitual positive emotionality. In a placebo-controlled double-blind and randomized cross-over neuroendocrine challenge design (n = 72 healthy males) we investigated the association of the central serotonergic responsivity, 5-HTTLPR-genotype as well as their combined effects on positive emotionality. Regression analyses revealed an involvement of the serotonergic system in positive emotionality. There was, however, no direct association between positive emotionality and cortisol responses to S-citalopram; rather 5-HTTLPR-genotype showed an association (p < 0.05). That is, positive emotionality scores increased with the number of s-alleles carried by the individuals. Most notable was the moderating role of 5-HTTLPR-genotype (p < 0.05) on the association between acute serotonergic responsivity and positive emotionality. Indeed, this association was only found in ss-homozygotes, in which the acute responsivity of the serotonergic system additionally seems to contribute to the level of positive emotionality (r = 0.70, p < 0.05). The findings correspond to previous research demonstrating that the 5-HTTLPR is not only involved in the negative-emotional aspects of behavior and temperament, but is associated, moreover, with positive affectivity-supporting the assumption of its valence-neutrality. In addition, our data are in line with the idea of possible influences of the 5-HTTLPR-genotype on early neuronal development. They also indicate the need for further studies in order to clearly elucidate the role of the serotonergic system and its subcomponents in the regulation of positive emotionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Wielpuetz
- Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Department of Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University GiessenGiessen, Germany
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Cheon BK, Livingston RW, Hong YY, Chiao JY. Gene × environment interaction on intergroup bias: the role of 5-HTTLPR and perceived outgroup threat. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1268-75. [PMID: 23887814 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived threat from outgroups is a consistent social-environmental antecedent of intergroup bias (i.e. prejudice, ingroup favoritism). The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) has been associated with individual variations in sensitivity to context, particularly stressful and threatening situations. Here, we examined how 5-HTTLPR and environmental factors signaling potential outgroup threat dynamically interact to shape intergroup bias. Across two studies, we provide novel evidence for a gene-environment interaction on the acquisition of intergroup bias and prejudice. Greater exposure to signals of outgroup threat, such as negative prior contact with outgroups and perceived danger from the social environment, were more predictive of intergroup bias among participants possessing at least one short allele (vs two long alleles) of 5-HTTLPR. Furthermore, this gene x environment interaction was observed for biases directed at diverse ethnic and arbitrarily-defined outgroups across measures reflecting intergroup biases in evaluation and discriminatory behavior. These findings reveal a candidate genetic mechanism for the acquisition of intergroup bias, and suggest that intergroup bias is dually inherited and transmitted through the interplay of social (i.e. contextual cues of outgroup threat) and biological mechanisms (i.e. genetic sensitivity toward threatening contexts) that regulate perceived intergroup threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby K Cheon
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, and School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, and School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Robert W Livingston
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, and School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Yi Hong
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, and School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, and School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Joan Y Chiao
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA, and School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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Schweckendiek J, Klucken T, Merz CJ, Kagerer S, Walter B, Vaitl D, Stark R. Learning to like disgust: neuronal correlates of counterconditioning. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:346. [PMID: 23847514 PMCID: PMC3703531 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging lines of research suggest that exaggerated disgust responses play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of certain anxiety disorders. One strategy that might effectively alter disgust responses is counterconditioning. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine if the neuronal bases of disgust responses are altered through a counterconditioning procedure. One disgust picture (conditioned stimulus: CS+disg) announced a monetary reward, while a second disgust picture (CS-disg) was never paired with the reward. Two neutral control pictures (CS+con/CS-con) were conditioned in the same manner. Analyses of evaluative conditioning showed that both CS+ were rated significantly more positive after conditioning as compared to the corresponding CS−. Thereby, the CS+disg and the CS+con received an equal increase in valence ratings. Regarding the fMRI data, ANOVA results showed main effects of the conditioning procedure (i.e., CS+ vs. CS−) in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Further, main effects of the picture category (disgust vs. control) were found in the bilateral insula and the orbitofrontal cortex. No interaction effects were detected. In conclusion, the results imply that learning and anticipation of reward was not significantly influenced by the disgust content of the CS pictures. This suggests that the affect induced by the disgust pictures and the affect created by the anticipation of reward may not influence the processing of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schweckendiek
- Department of Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus Liebig University Giessen Giessen, Germany
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