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McDonald MA, Stevenson CH, Kersten HM, Danesh-Meyer HV. Eye Movement Abnormalities in Glaucoma Patients: A Review. Eye Brain 2022; 14:83-114. [PMID: 36105571 PMCID: PMC9467299 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s361946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common condition that relies on careful clinical assessment to diagnose and determine disease progression. There is growing evidence that glaucoma is associated not only with loss of retinal ganglion cells but also with degeneration of cortical and subcortical brain structures associated with vision and eye movements. The effect of glaucoma pathophysiology on eye movements is not well understood. In this review, we examine the evidence surrounding altered eye movements in glaucoma patients compared to healthy controls, with a focus on quantitative eye tracking studies measuring saccades, fixation, and optokinetic nystagmus in a range of visual tasks. The evidence suggests that glaucoma patients have alterations in several eye movement domains. Patients exhibit longer saccade latencies, which worsen with increasing glaucoma severity. Other saccadic abnormalities include lower saccade amplitude and velocity, and difficulty inhibiting reflexive saccades. Fixation is pathologically altered in glaucoma with reduced stability. Optokinetic nystagmus measures have also been shown to be abnormal. Complex visual tasks (eg reading, driving, and navigating obstacles), integrate these eye movements and result in behavioral adaptations. The review concludes with a summary of the evidence and recommendations for future research in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clark H Stevenson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah M Kersten
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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McDonald MA, Tayebi M, McGeown JP, Kwon EE, Holdsworth SJ, Danesh-Meyer HV. A window into eye movement dysfunction following mTBI: A scoping review of magnetic resonance imaging and eye tracking findings. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2714. [PMID: 35861623 PMCID: PMC9392543 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), commonly known as concussion, is a complex neurobehavioral phenomenon affecting six in 1000 people globally each year. Symptoms last between days and years as microstructural damage to axons and neurometabolic changes result in brain network disruption. There is no clinically available objective biomarker to diagnose the severity of injury or monitor recovery. However, emerging evidence suggests eye movement dysfunction (e.g., saccades and smooth pursuits) in patients with mTBI. Patients with a higher symptom burden and prolonged recovery time following injury may show higher degrees of eye movement dysfunction. Likewise, recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have revealed both white matter tract damage and functional network alterations in mTBI patients, which involve areas responsible for the ocular motor control. This scoping review is presented in three sections: Section 1 explores the anatomical control of eye movements to aid the reader with interpreting the discussion in subsequent sections. Section 2 examines the relationship between abnormal MRI findings and eye tracking after mTBI based on the available evidence. Finally, Section 3 communicates gaps in our knowledge about MRI and eye tracking, which should be addressed in order to substantiate this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
| | - Maryam Tayebi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joshua P McGeown
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand.,Auckland University of Technology Traumatic Brain Injury Network, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eryn E Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand.,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samantha J Holdsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Guo L, Wang H, Zhou J, Tang W, Wang R, Xiao Z, Wu L, Wang J, Li L, Lei Y, Sun X, Tang Z. Magnetic resonance imaging investigations reveal that PM 2.5 exposure triggers visual dysfunction in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112866. [PMID: 34634599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate how PM2.5 exposure affects the microstructure, metabolites or functions of the visual system. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to groups exposed to the filtered air (the control group) or the concentrated ambient PM2.5 (the PM2.5 group). Visual evoked potentials (VEP), electroretinograms (ERG), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) were performed. Parameters were obtained and compared between the two groups, including latencies and amplitudes of the P1 wave, N1 wave and P2 wave from VEP, latencies and amplitudes of the a wave and b wave from ERG, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusion (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) from DTI, visual cortex (VC) metabolites from 1H-MRS, and regional homogeneity (ReHo) from rsfMRI. RESULTS Compared with the values of the control group, the PM2.5 group showed a prolonged N1 latency (43.11 ± 7.94 ms vs. 38.75 ± 4.60 ms) and lowered P1 amplitude (5.62 ± 4.38 μV vs. 8.56 ± 5.92 μV) on VEP (all p < 0.05). On ERG, the amplitude of the a wave was lowered (- 91.39 ± 56.29 μV vs. - 138.68 ± 89.05 μV), the amplitude of the b wave was lowered (194.38 ± 126.27 μV vs. 284.72 ± 170.99 μV), and the latency of the b wave was prolonged (37.78 ± 10.72 ms vs. 33.01 ± 4.34 ms) than the values of the control group (all p < 0.05). DTI indicated FA increase in the bilateral piriform cortex (Pir), FA decrease in the bilateral somatosensory cortex (S) and the bilateral striatum (Stri), AD decrease in the bilateral VC, the right S and the bilateral Pir, MD decrease in the bilateral Pir, and RD decrease in the bilateral Pir in the PM2.5 mice (all p < 0.05, Alphasim corrected). 1H-MRS showed Glutamate (Glu) increase and Phosphocholine (PCh) increase in the VC of the PM2.5 group than those of the control group (PCh 1.63 ± 0.25 vs. 1.50 ± 0.25; PCh/total creatine(tCr) 0.19 ± 0.03 vs. 0.18 ± 0.03; Glu 10.46 ± 1.50 vs. 9.60 ± 1.19; Glu/tcr 1.23 ± 0.11 vs. 1.12 ± 0.11) (all p < 0.05). rsfMRI showed higher ReHo in the PM2.5 mice in the left superior colliculus, the left motor cortex, the hippocampus, the periaqueductal gray and the right mesencephalic reticular formation (all p < 0.01, AlphaSim corrected). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that PM2.5 exposure triggered visual dysfunction, and altered microstructure, metabolite and function in the retina and visual brain areas along the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linying Guo
- Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - He Wang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Typhoon Institute, CMA, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weijun Tang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zebin Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 22, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Lingjie Wu
- Department of Ear, Nose & Throat, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zuohua Tang
- Department of Radiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Aloufi AE, Rowe FJ, Meyer GF. Behavioural performance improvement in visuomotor learning correlates with functional and microstructural brain changes. Neuroimage 2020; 227:117673. [PMID: 33359355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of practice-induced functional and structural changes in our brains can help us design more effective learning environments that provide better outcomes. Although there is growing evidence from human neuroimaging that experience-dependent brain plasticity is expressed in measurable brain changes that are correlated with behavioural performance, the relationship between behavioural performance and structural or functional brain changes, and particularly the time course of these changes, is not well characterised. To understand the link between neuroplastic changes and behavioural performance, 15 healthy participants in this study followed a systematic eye movement training programme for 30 min daily at home, 5 days a week and for 6 consecutive weeks. Behavioural performance statistics and eye tracking data were captured throughout the training period to evaluate learning outcomes. Imaging data (DTI and fMRI) were collected at baseline, after two and six weeks of continuous training, and four weeks after training ended. Participants showed significant improvements in behavioural performance (faster task completion time, lower fixation number and fixation duration). Spatially overlapping reductions in microstructural diffusivity measures (MD, AD and RD) and functional activation increases (BOLD signal) were observed in two main areas: extrastriate visual cortex (V3d) and the frontal part of the cerebellum/Fastigial Oculomotor Region (FOR), which are both involved in visual processing. An increase of functional activity was also recorded in the right frontal eye field. Behavioural, structural and functional changes were correlated. Microstructural change is a better predictor for long-term behavioural change than functional activation is, whereas the latter is superior in predicting instantaneous performance. Structural and functional measures at week 2 of the training programme also predict performance at week 6 and 10, which suggests that imaging data at an early stage of training may be useful in optimising practice environments or rehabilitative training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Aloufi
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK
| | - F J Rowe
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - G F Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.
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5
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Lin G, Al Ani R, Niechwiej-Szwedo E. Age-Related Deficits in Binocular Vision Are Associated With Poorer Inhibitory Control in Healthy Older Adults. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:605267. [PMID: 33324156 PMCID: PMC7723854 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.605267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust association between reduced visual acuity and cognitive function in older adults has been revealed in large population studies. The aim of this work was to assess the relation between stereoacuity, a key aspect of binocular vision, and inhibitory control, an important component of executive functions. Inhibition was tested using the antisaccade task in older adults with normal or reduced stereopsis (study 1), and in young adults with transiently reduced stereopsis (study 2). Older adults with reduced stereopsis made significantly more errors on the antisaccade task in comparison to those with normal stereopsis. Specifically, there was a significant correlation between stereoacuity and antisaccade errors (r = 0.27, p = 0.019). In contrast, there were no significant differences in antisaccade errors between the normal and reduced stereopsis conditions in the young group. Altogether, results suggest that the association between poorer stereopsis and lower inhibitory control in older adults might arise due to central nervous system impairment that affects the processing of binocular disparity and antisaccades. These results add to a growing body of literature, which highlights the interdependence of sensory and cognitive decline in older adults.
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6
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Yao B, Neggers SFW, Kahn RS, Thakkar KN. Altered thalamocortical structural connectivity in persons with schizophrenia and healthy siblings. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 28:102370. [PMID: 32798913 PMCID: PMC7451425 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thalamo-prefrontal structural connectivity reduced in persons with schizophrenia. Similar reduction in thalamo-prefrontal connectivity in healthy siblings. Thalamo-motor structural connectivity increased in persons with schizophrenia. No alterations in thalamo-motor structural connectivity in healthy siblings.
Schizophrenia has long been framed as a disorder of altered brain connectivity, with dysfunction in thalamocortical circuity potentially playing a key role in the development of the illness phenotype, including psychotic symptomatology and cognitive impairments. There is emerging evidence for functional and structural hypoconnectivity between thalamus and prefrontal cortex in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, as well as hyperconnectivity between thalamus and sensory and motor cortices. However, it is unclear whether thalamocortical dysconnectivity is a general marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia or a specific mechanism of schizophrenia pathophysiology. This study aimed to answer this question by using diffusion-weighted imaging to examine thalamocortical structural connectivity in 22 persons with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ), 20 siblings of individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SIB), and 44 healthy controls (HC) of either sex. Probabilistic tractography was used to quantify structural connectivity between thalamus and six cortical regions of interest. Thalamocortical structural connectivity was compared among the three groups using cross-thalamic and voxel-wise approaches. Thalamo-prefrontal structural connectivity was reduced in both SZ and SIB relative to HC, while SZ and SIB did not differ from each other. Thalamo-motor structural connectivity was increased in SZ relative to SIB and HC, while SIB and HC did not differ from each other. Hemispheric differences also emerged in thalamic connectivity with motor, posterior parietal, and temporal cortices across all groups. The results support the hypothesis that altered thalamo-prefrontal structural connectivity is a general marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia, whereas altered connectivity between thalamus and motor cortex is related to illness expression or illness-related secondary factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beier Yao
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katharine N Thakkar
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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7
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Reyes S, Rimkus CDM, Lozoff B, Biswal BB, Peirano P, Algarin C. Assessing cognitive control and the reward system in overweight young adults using sensitivity to incentives and white matter integrity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233915. [PMID: 32484819 PMCID: PMC7266313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control and incentive sensitivity are related to overeating and obesity. Optimal white matter integrity is relevant for an efficient interaction among reward-related brain regions. However, its relationship with sensitivity to incentives remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the incentive sensitivity and its relationship to white matter integrity in normal-weight and overweight groups. Seventy-six young adults participated in this study: 31 were normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] 18.5 to < 25.0 kg/m2, 14 females) and 45 were overweight (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, 22 females). Incentive sensitivity was assessed using an antisaccade task that evaluates the effect of incentives (neutral, reward, and loss avoidance) on cognitive control performance. Diffusion tensor imaging studies were performed to assess white matter integrity. The relationship between white matter microstructure and incentive sensitivity was investigated through tract-based spatial statistics. Behavioral antisaccade results showed that normal-weight participants presented higher accuracy (78.0 vs. 66.7%, p = 0.01) for loss avoidance incentive compared to overweight participants. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis revealed a positive relationship between fractional anisotropy and loss avoidance accuracy in the normal-weight group (p < 0.05). No relationship reached significance in the overweight group. These results support the hypothesis that white matter integrity is relevant for performance in an incentivized antisaccade task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussanne Reyes
- Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina de Medeiros Rimkus
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM-44), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bharat B. Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Patricio Peirano
- Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Algarin
- Laboratory of Sleep and Functional Neurobiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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8
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Tso IF, Lasagna CA, Fitzgerald KD, Colombi C, Sripada C, Peltier SJ, Johnson TD, Thakkar KN. Disrupted Eye Gaze Perception as a Biobehavioral Marker of Social Dysfunction: An RDoC Investigation. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2020; 5:e200021. [PMID: 33072887 PMCID: PMC7566880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social dysfunction is an intractable problem in a wide spectrum of psychiatric illnesses, undermining patients' capacities for employment, independent living, and maintaining meaningful relationships. Identifying common markers of social impairment across disorders and understanding their mechanisms are prerequisites to developing targeted neurobiological treatments that can be applied productively across diagnoses and illness stages to improve functional outcome. This project focuses on eye gaze perception, the ability to accurately and efficiently discriminate others' gaze direction, as a potential biomarker of social functioning that cuts across psychiatric diagnoses. This premise builds on both the monkey and human literatures showing gaze perception as a basic building block supporting higher-level social communication and social development, and reports of abnormal gaze perception in multiple psychiatric conditions accompanied by prominent social dysfunction (e.g., psychosis-spectrum disorders, autism-spectrum disorders, social phobia). A large sample (n = 225) of adolescent and young adult (age 14-30) psychiatric patients (regardless of diagnosis) with various degrees of impaired social functioning, and demographically-matched healthy controls (n = 75) will be recruited for this study. Participant's psychiatric phenotypes, cognition, social cognition, and community functioning will be dimensionally characterized. Eye gaze perception will be assessed using a psychophysical task, and two metrics (precision, self-referential bias) that respectively tap into gaze perception disturbances at the visual perceptual and interpretation levels, independent of general deficits, will be derived using hierarchical Bayesian modeling. A subset of the participants (150 psychiatric patients, 75 controls) will additionally undergo multimodal fMRI to determine the functional and structural brain network features of altered gaze perception. The specific aims of this project are three-fold: (1) Determine the generality of gaze perception disturbances in psychiatric patients with prominent social dysfunction; (2) Map behavioral indices of gaze perception disturbances to dimensions of psychiatric phenotypes and core functional domains; and (3) Identify the neural correlates of altered gaze perception in psychiatric patients with social dysfunction. Successfully completing these specific aims will identify the specific basic deficits, clinical profile, and underlying neural circuits associated with social dysfunction that can be used to guide targeted, personalized treatments, thus advancing NIMH's Strategic Objective 1 (describe neural circuits associated with mental illnesses and map the connectomes for mental illnesses) and Objective 3 (develop new treatments based on discoveries in neuroscience and behavioral science).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy F. Tso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA,Correspondence: Ivy F. Tso,
| | - Carly A. Lasagna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kate D. Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Costanza Colombi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chandra Sripada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Scott J. Peltier
- Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Timothy D. Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katharine N. Thakkar
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan, MI 48824, USA
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9
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Assaf Y, Johansen-Berg H, Thiebaut de Schotten M. The role of diffusion MRI in neuroscience. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e3762. [PMID: 28696013 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted imaging has pushed the boundaries of neuroscience by allowing us to examine the white matter microstructure of the living human brain. By doing so, it has provided answers to fundamental neuroscientific questions, launching a new field of research that had been largely inaccessible. We briefly summarize key questions that have historically been raised in neuroscience concerning the brain's white matter. We then expand on the benefits of diffusion-weighted imaging and its contribution to the fields of brain anatomy, functional models and plasticity. In doing so, this review highlights the invaluable contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging in neuroscience, presents its limitations and proposes new challenges for future generations who may wish to exploit this powerful technology to gain novel insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Assaf
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Group, Frontlab, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et la moelle (ICM) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche CENIR, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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10
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Cognitive Control of Saccadic Selection and Inhibition from within the Core Cortical Saccadic Network. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2497-2508. [PMID: 30683684 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1419-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to select the task-relevant stimulus for a saccadic eye movement, while inhibiting saccades to task-irrelevant stimuli, is crucial for active vision. Here, we present a novel saccade-contingent behavioral paradigm and investigate the neural basis of the central cognitive functions underpinning such behavior, saccade selection, saccade inhibition, and saccadic choice, in female and male human participants. The paradigm allows for exceptionally well-matched contrasts, with task demands formalized with stochastic accumulation-to-threshold models. Using fMRI, we replicated the core cortical eye-movement network for saccade generation (frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex, and higher-level visual areas). However, in contrast to previously published tasks, saccadic selection and inhibition recruited only this core network. Brain-behavior analyses further showed that inhibition efficiency may be underpinned by white-matter integrity of tracts between key saccade-generating regions, and that inhibition efficiency is associated with right inferior frontal gyrus engagement, potentially implementing general-purpose inhibition. The core network, however, was insufficient for saccadic choice, which recruited anterior regions commonly attributed to saccadic action selection, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. Jointly, the results indicate that extra-saccadic activity observed for free choice, and in previously published tasks probing saccadic control, is likely due to increased load on higher-level cognitive processes, and not saccadic selection per se, which is achieved within the canonical cortical eye movement network.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability to selectively attend to, and to not attend to, parts of the world is crucial for successful action. Mapping the neural substrate of the key cognitive functions underlying such behavior, saccade selection and inhibition, is a challenge. Canonical tasks, often preceding the cognitive neuroscience revolution by decennia, were not designed to isolate single cognitive functions, and result in extremely widespread brain activity. We developed a novel behavioral paradigm, which demonstrates the following: (1) the cognitive control of saccades is achieved within key cortical saccadic brain regions; (2) individual variability in control efficiency is related to white-matter connectivity between the same regions; and (3) widespread activity in canonical tasks is likely related to higher-level cognitive demands and not saccadic control.
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11
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Schaeffer DJ, Johnston KD, Gilbert KM, Gati JS, Menon RS, Everling S. In vivo manganese tract tracing of frontal eye fields in rhesus macaques with ultra-high field MRI: Comparison with DWI tractography. Neuroimage 2018; 181:211-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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12
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Schaeffer DJ, Rodrigue AL, Burton CR, Pierce JE, Murphy MN, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. White matter fiber integrity of the saccadic eye movement network differs between schizophrenia and healthy groups. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1967-1977. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jordan E. Pierce
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - Megan N. Murphy
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - Brett A. Clementz
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - Jennifer E. McDowell
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
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