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Gnatenko DV, Xu X, Zhu W, Schmidt VA. Transcript profiling identifies iqgap2(-/-) mouse as a model for advanced human hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71826. [PMID: 23951254 PMCID: PMC3741273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is broadly accepted that genetically engineered animal models do not always recapitulate human pathobiology. Therefore identifying best-fit mouse models of human cancers that truly reflect the corresponding human disease is of vital importance in elucidating molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and developing preventive and therapeutic approaches. A new hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mouse model lacking a novel putative tumor suppressor IQGAP2 has been generated by our laboratory. The aim of this study was to obtain the molecular signature of Iqgap2−/− HCC tumors and establish the relevance of this model to human disease. Here we report a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of Iqgap2−/− livers and a cross-species comparison of human and Iqgap2−/− HCC tumors using Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) and unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis. We identified the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as the top canonical pathway dysregulated in Iqgap2−/− livers. We also demonstrated that Iqgap2−/− hepatic tumors shared genetic signatures with HCC tumors from patients with advanced disease as evidenced by a 78% mouse-to-human microarray data set concordance rate with 117 out of 151 identified ortholog genes having similar expression profiles across the two species. Collectively, these results indicate that the Iqgap2 knockout mouse model closely recapitulates human HCC at the molecular level and supports its further application for the study of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V. Gnatenko
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Valentina A. Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2
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Jeng JE, Chuang LY, Chuang WL, Chang JG, Tsai JF. Insulin-like growth factor II in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomark Med 2010; 1:261-71. [PMID: 20477401 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignant human tumors. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process with a multifactorial etiology. Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection, alcohol drinking and cirrhosis of any etiology are the major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Growth factors, their receptors and related proteins are involved in the process of malignant transformation. The IGF axis is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of normal, transformed and malignant hepatocytes. In the context of hepatocarcinogenesis, IGF-II has, in particular, been investigated thoroughly. Increased IGF-II bioavailability, protease activity of IGF-binding proteins and IGF-I receptor expression, decreased expression of IGF-II receptor and IGF-binding proteins are thought to contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma genesis. This review will first focus on the role of the IGF axis in hepatocarcinogenesis. In the second part it will emphasize circulating IGF-II levels in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, and diagnostic application of serum IGF-II level in both small and larger hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Eing Jeng
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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3
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Grønborg M, Bunkenborg J, Kristiansen TZ, Jensen ON, Yeo CJ, Hruban RH, Maitra A, Goggins MG, Pandey A. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human pancreatic juice. J Proteome Res 2005; 3:1042-55. [PMID: 15473694 DOI: 10.1021/pr0499085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic technologies provide an excellent means for analysis of body fluids for cataloging protein constituents and identifying biomarkers for early detection of cancers. The biomarkers currently available for pancreatic cancer, such as CA19-9, lack adequate sensitivity and specificity contributing to late diagnosis of this deadly disease. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive characterization of the "pancreatic juice proteome" in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreatic juice was first fractionated by 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 170 unique proteins were identified including known pancreatic cancer tumor markers (e.g., CEA, MUC1) and proteins overexpressed in pancreatic cancers (e.g., hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) and lipocalin 2). In addition, we identified a number of proteins that have not been previously described in pancreatic juice (e.g., tumor rejection antigen (pg96) and azurocidin). Interestingly, a novel protein that is 85% identical to HIP/PAP was identified, which we have designated as PAP-2. The proteins identified in this study could be directly assessed for their potential as biomarkers for pancreatic cancer by quantitative proteomics methods or immunoassays.
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MESH Headings
- Agglutinins/analysis
- Agglutinins/genetics
- Agglutinins/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blood Proteins/analysis
- Blood Proteins/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/analysis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Chromatography, Liquid
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/analysis
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lithostathine
- Mass Spectrometry
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pancreatic Juice/chemistry
- Pancreatic Juice/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Peptide Fragments/analysis
- Phylogeny
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteome/classification
- Proteome/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Trypsin/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
- alpha-Defensins/analysis
- alpha-Defensins/genetics
- alpha-Defensins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Grønborg
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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4
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Mazziotti G, Sorvillo F, Morisco F, Carbone A, Rotondi M, Stornaiuolo G, Precone DF, Cioffi M, Gaeta GB, Caporaso N, Carella C. Serum insulin-like growth factor I evaluation as a useful tool for predicting the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis: a prospective study. Cancer 2002; 95:2539-45. [PMID: 12467068 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although experimental studies have demonstrated an important role of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in hepatocarcinogenesis, the clinical data about IGF-I in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are scarce and controversial. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first prospective study investigating the longitudinal correlation between modifications in serum IGF-I levels and the development of HCC in a cohort of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis. METHODS One hundred fourteen consecutive patients with HCV-related Child Grade A cirrhosis were followed prospectively at the Second University of Naples for 56.4 +/- 12.0 months with ultrasound examinations of the liver and serum alpha-fetoprotein determination every 6 months. At each clinical evaluation, the severity of disease was graded according to the established Child-Pugh scoring system. Serum IGF-I levels were measured prospectively at the study entry and at least every 12 months throughout follow-up. RESULTS Twenty patients (19.2%) developed HCC during follow-up. Eleven of these patients had persistent Child Grade A cirrhosis for the whole study, whereas the other 9 patients developed HCC after their cirrhosis progressed from Child Grade A to Grade B. In patients who remained free of HCC for the whole study, serum IGF-I concentrations did not modify significantly during follow-up. Conversely, in patients who developed HCC, IGF-I levels decreased significantly during follow-up (from 72.6 +/- 29.9 microg/L to 33.8 +/- 14.5 microg/L; P = 0.001). In these patients, the significant decrease occurred both in patients with persistent Child Grade A cirrhosis and in patients with cirrhosis that progressed from Child Grade A to Grade B. The reduction in IGF-I level preceded the diagnosis of HCC by 9.3 +/- 3.1 months. CONCLUSIONS This prospective study demonstrates that, in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis, 1) the development of HCC is accompanied by a significant reduction of serum IGF-I levels independent of the grade of impairment of liver function; and 2) modification of the IGF-I level precedes the morphologic appearance of HCC, permitting a precocious diagnosis of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gherardo Mazziotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine F. Magrassi, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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5
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Fan ZR, Yang DH, Cui J, Qin HR, Huang CC. Expression of insulin like growth factor II and its receptor in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:285-8. [PMID: 11819776 PMCID: PMC4723538 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z R Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, The First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510282 Guangdong Province, China
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6
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Desbois-Mouthon C, Cadoret A, Blivet-Van Eggelpoël MJ, Bertrand F, Cherqui G, Perret C, Capeau J. Insulin and IGF-1 stimulate the beta-catenin pathway through two signalling cascades involving GSK-3beta inhibition and Ras activation. Oncogene 2001; 20:252-9. [PMID: 11313952 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2000] [Revised: 09/28/2000] [Accepted: 10/27/2000] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined the interplay between the insulin/IGF-1- and beta-catenin-regulated pathways, both of which are suspected to play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Insulin and IGF-1 stimulated the transcription of a Lef/Tcf-dependent luciferase reporter gene by 3-4-fold in HepG2 cells. This stimulation was mediated through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K)/Akt and the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) since the effects of insulin and IGF-1 were inhibited by dominant-negative mutants of PI 3-K or Akt and an uninhibitable GSK-3beta. Together with inhibiting GSK-3beta, insulin and IGF-1 increased the cytoplasmic levels of beta-catenin. The PI 3-K/Akt/GSK-3beta pathway was not the sole to mediate insulin and IGF-1 stimulation of Lef/Tcf-dependent transcription. The Ras signalling pathway was also required as (i) the stimulatory effects of insulin and IGF-1 were inhibited by dominant-negative Ras or the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 and (ii) activated Ha-Ras or constitutively active MEK1 synergized with catalytically inactive GSK-3beta to stimulate Lef/Tcf-dependent transcription. This study provides the first evidence that insulin and IGF-1 stimulate the beta-catenin pathway through two signalling cascades bifurcating downstream of PI 3-K and involving GSK-3beta inhibition and Ras activation. These findings demonstrate for the first time the ability of insulin and IGF-1 to activate the beta-catenin pathway in hepatoma cells and thereby provide new insights into the role of these factors in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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7
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Stuver SO, Kuper H, Tzonou A, Lagiou P, Spanos E, Hsieh CC, Mantzoros C, Trichopoulos D. Insulin-like growth factor 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver cancer in men. Int J Cancer 2000. [PMID: 10861461 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000701)87:1%3c118::aid-ijc17%3e3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis has important autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine roles in the promotion of growth. Alterations of the IGF system have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of several malignancies, but the relation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk is unclear. To address this issue, we used an immunoradiometric assay to quantify IGF-1 levels in serum samples in a hospital-based, case-control study in Greece. The study subjects were all men and included 53 patients with HCC positive for hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C virus infections, 20 virus-negative HCC patients, 25 virus-negative patients with metastatic liver cancer (MLC), and 111 virus-negative control subjects. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression, using IGF-1 as the dependent variable. The mean value of IGF-1 was 65.9 ng/ml among virus-positive HCC patients, 79.5 ng/ml among virus-negative HCC patients, 110.8 ng/ml among patients with MLC, and 174.7 ng/ml among hospital controls. After controlling for the degree of liver damage, as assessed by prothrombin time and serum albumin level, the reduction in IGF-1 level among HCC patients was found to be more than could be attributed to liver damage alone. This finding may have both diagnostic and pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Stuver
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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8
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Stuver SO, Kuper H, Tzonou A, Lagiou P, Spanos E, Hsieh CC, Mantzoros C, Trichopoulos D. Insulin-like growth factor 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver cancer in men. Int J Cancer 2000; 87:118-21. [PMID: 10861461 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000701)87:1<118::aid-ijc17>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis has important autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine roles in the promotion of growth. Alterations of the IGF system have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of several malignancies, but the relation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk is unclear. To address this issue, we used an immunoradiometric assay to quantify IGF-1 levels in serum samples in a hospital-based, case-control study in Greece. The study subjects were all men and included 53 patients with HCC positive for hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C virus infections, 20 virus-negative HCC patients, 25 virus-negative patients with metastatic liver cancer (MLC), and 111 virus-negative control subjects. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression, using IGF-1 as the dependent variable. The mean value of IGF-1 was 65.9 ng/ml among virus-positive HCC patients, 79.5 ng/ml among virus-negative HCC patients, 110.8 ng/ml among patients with MLC, and 174.7 ng/ml among hospital controls. After controlling for the degree of liver damage, as assessed by prothrombin time and serum albumin level, the reduction in IGF-1 level among HCC patients was found to be more than could be attributed to liver damage alone. This finding may have both diagnostic and pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Stuver
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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9
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Zhu M, Paddock GV. Expression of the hepatocyte growth factor-like protein gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma and interleukin-6-induced increased expression in hepatoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1449:63-72. [PMID: 10076051 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most frequent malignant tumors. It may occur following exposure to various agents, including viruses and chemical carcinogens; however, the underlying mechanisms of the hepatocarcinogenesis are not known. The present study is the result of our search for genes which may be abundantly expressed in human primary liver carcinoma. One of these genes was found to encode the human hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFLP), also known as macrophage-stimulating protein. HGFLP is structurally homologous to hepatocyte growth factor, a potent growth factor for liver. HGFLP mRNA was also found to be overexpressed in a hepatoblastoma sample and in a sample of subacute fulminant hepatic necrosis. In a study on the effects of cytokines on the expression of HGFLP, we found that IL-6 increased expression of HGFLP mRNA in Hep G2 cells, but IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha had no effect. An increase in HGFLP could be the result of inflammation and/or tissue injury and its overexpression may prove to be useful as an indicator of hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, 250504, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Blomsma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Tsai JF, Chuang LY, Jeng JE, Yang ML, Chang WY, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Clinical relevance of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the urine of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76:213-26. [PMID: 9193456 DOI: 10.1097/00005792-199705000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the clinical relevance of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in the urine of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), TGF-beta 1 was measured, by radioimmunoassay, in 140 patients with HCC, 50 cirrhotic patients, 30 patients with chronic active hepatitis, and 50 healthy controls. The results indicate that there were significantly increased urinary TGF-beta 1 levels in patients with HCC. Raised TGF-beta 1 levels were associated, in a dose-related fashion, with increased risk for development of HCC (odds ratio, 1.05, 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.07). HCC patients with raised TGF-beta 1 levels had shorter survival than those with normal TGF-beta 1 levels (p = 0.038). TGF-beta 1 levels decreased after successful anticancer therapy (p < 0.0001). There was an inverse correlation between TGF-beta 1 and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (r = -0.199, p < 0.04). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis indicated that parallel determination of TGF-beta 1 and AFP significantly increased the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy, with a high specificity. In conclusion, raised urinary TGF-beta 1 was associated with HCC development. It is a predictor of poor prognosis, and a tumor marker for diagnosis and therapeutic follow-up of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan
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12
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Desdouets C, Fabre M, Gauthier F, Bréchot C, Sobczak-Thépot J. Proliferation and differentiation of a human hepatoblastoma transplanted in the Nude mouse. J Hepatol 1995; 23:569-77. [PMID: 8583146 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8278(95)80064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A pure epithelial human hepatoblastoma was directly transplanted to athymic Nude mice to provide a model system to study proliferation and differentiation of these tumoral cells. The first transplantation selected the embryonal component of this tumor, while subsequent passages selected in addition neuroendocrine and mesenchymal cells that evolved into osteoid and bony trabeculae. The embryonal character of this hepatoblastoma was further demonstrated by the expression of glutamine synthetase mRNA and a fetal pattern of mRNAs encoding insulin-like growth factor II. However, alphafetoprotein mRNA was detectable in neither the original nor the transplanted tumors. Finally, although p53 mRNA levels were increased, no mutation was detected in the p53 gene.
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13
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Minuk GY, Kaita K, Gauthier T, Dembinski T, Murphy LJ. Effect of exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-I binding protein (IGFBP-I) mRNA abundance following partial hepatectomy in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1995; 73:1546-51. [PMID: 8789406 DOI: 10.1139/y95-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-I binding protein (IGFBP-I) are highly expressed in the liver and may play an important role in enhancing hepatic regeneration following partial hepatectomy in rats. Since hepatic levels of these growth factors are influenced by pituitary growth hormone release, which in turn is regulated by systemic serum gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations, we chose to examine the effects of elevated serum GABA concentrations on hepatic IGF-I and IGFBP-I mRNA abundance following partial hepatectomy in the rat. The results of our experiments revealed that at serum GABA concentrations similar to those associated with liver failure, peak hepatic IGF-I and IGFBP-I mRNA levels were significantly lower in GABA-treated rats compared with saline-treated controls (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). To exclude a direct effect of GABA on hepatocyte IGF-I and IGFBP-I mRNA expression, suspensions of isolated hepatocytes were incubated in the presence and absence of exogenous GABA. In these experiments GABA treatment did not lower either IGF-I or IGFBP-I mRNA or protein levels. These findings suggest that increased concentrations of GABA in the systemic circulation could contribute to the impairment in hepatic regenerative activity that occurs in animals and humans with advanced liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Y Minuk
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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14
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Zvibel I, Brill S, Reid LM. Insulin-like growth factor II regulation of gene expression in rat and human hepatomas. J Cell Physiol 1995; 162:36-43. [PMID: 7529237 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041620106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) regulated tissue-specific gene expression in hepatoma cell lines, but had no effect on expression of tissue-specific genes in primary cultures of E14 and newborn rat liver cells depleted of erythroid cells. No change was observed in these primary cultures with respect to alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-FP), albumin, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and IGF II receptors. Two well-differentiated hepatoma, HepG2 and FTO-2B, and a poorly differentiated hepatoma, H4AzC2, did not show increased proliferation in the presence of IGF II, yet showed gene expression changes in response to IGF II. In HepG2 cells, IGF II increased albumin mRNA levels and resulted in a shift from clusters of cells positive to 100% of the cells expressing immunohistochemically detectable albumin. The transcription factor HNF-3 beta mRNA and protein levels of the bile duct markers, CK19 and GGT, were also increased in the presence of IGF II. Other genes tested were not affected, including alpha-1-antitrypsin, and two liver-specific transcription factors, HNF-4 and HNF-3 alpha. In FTO-2B cells, IGF II increased the expression of albumin, CK19, and GGT, without accompanying changes in albumin and GGT mRNAs. In H4A7C2 cells, IGF II reduced CK19 and OC.3 protein levels and GGT, transferrin, and HNF-3 beta mRNAs. The effects of IGF II on H4AZC2 cells were not blocked in the presence of an anti-rat IGF II receptor antibody. We conclude that IGF II affects tissue-specific gene expression of hepatomas and qualitative and quantitative aspects of its influence on the hepatomas is dependent on their degree of differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Albumins/analysis
- Albumins/genetics
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/pharmacology
- Keratins/analysis
- Keratins/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/analysis
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics
- Transferrin/analysis
- Transferrin/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- alpha-Fetoproteins/analysis
- alpha-Fetoproteins/genetics
- gamma-Glutamyltransferase/analysis
- gamma-Glutamyltransferase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zvibel
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Bronx, New York 10461
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15
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Su Q, Liu YF, Zhang JF, Zhang SX, Li DF, Yang JJ. Expression of insulin-like growth factor II in hepatitis B, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: its relationship with hepatitis B virus antigen expression. Hepatology 1994; 20:788-99. [PMID: 7927218 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Expression of insulin-like growth factor II in two human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and in hepatitis B, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in 419 cases were investigated, and its relationship with the expression of hepatitis B virus X gene was studied by means of immunohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The results demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SMMC 7721 and QGY 7703) in culture could express insulin-like growth factor II. Expression seemed to be regulated by cell density, which was suggested as the molecular basis of the contact inhibition of cell proliferation. In tissue sections, cells with high expression of insulin-like growth factor II were observed not only in hepatocellular carcinoma (93%) but also in 95% of the pericancerous liver tissues, 72% of cirrhotic livers, 64% of chronic active hepatitis and 37% of chronic persistent hepatitis. In most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, insulin-like growth factor II was localized in the cytoplasm of the cancer cells. In the benign liver disorders, four types of cells that highly expressed insulin-like growth factor II were observed: (a) a kind of small liver cell we named the small polygonal liver cell; (b) multinuclear giant hepatocytes; (c) hepatocytes in most of hyperplastic and neoplastic nodules, small hepatocyte nodules and some of regenerative nodules; and (d) some proliferating ductular cells. Even more interestingly, insulin-like growth factor II expression was shown to be closely related to the expression of hepatitis B virus X gene product. We suggest that the activation of insulin-like growth factor II gene and its overexpression may be a crucial step in the processes of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis and that the X gene product may activate the insulin-like growth factor II gene through a transactivation mechanism. In addition, we studied the characteristics of small polygonal liver cells, and the roles they may play in the regeneration and carcinogenesis of hepatitis B virus-infected liver are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Genes, Viral
- Hepatitis B/immunology
- Hepatitis B/metabolism
- Hepatitis B/pathology
- Hepatitis B Antigens/metabolism
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis, Chronic/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Chronic/pathology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Trans-Activators/immunology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
- Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Su
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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16
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Abstract
Some of the multiple factors involved in the molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma have been elucidated in recent years but no clear picture of how and in what sequence these factors interact at the molecular level has emerged yet. Transformation of hepatocytes to the malignant phenotype may occur irrespective of the aetiological agent through a pathway of chronic liver injury, regeneration and cirrhosis. The activation of cellular oncogenes, the inactivation of tumour suppressor genes and overexpression of certain growth factors contribute to the development of HCC. There is increasing evidence that the hepatitis B virus may play a direct role in the molecular pathogenesis of HCC. Aflatoxins have been shown to induce specific mutations of the p53 tumour suppressor gene thus providing a clue to how an environmental factor may contribute to tumour development at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moradpour
- Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, USA
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17
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Gupta S, Kan M, Vemuru RP, Labrecque DR, McKeehan WL. Studies on the biological characterization and mitogenic interactions between hepatic stimulator substance and acidic fibroblast growth factor. Cancer Lett 1994; 78:85-92. [PMID: 7514091 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During liver regeneration, hepatic stimulator substance (HSS) and acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) are produced in the liver. These growth factors may be involved in liver growth control but an understanding of their regulatory interactions is limited. To further characterize the mitogenic activity of HSS, we compared its effects with FGF-1 in cells of hepatocyte, non-parenchymal liver epithelial and non-hepatic lineages. Our studies with these cell types demonstrated differences in the mitogenic specificities of HSS and FGF-1. Whereas exposure of primary hepatocytes to epidermal growth factor and HSS synergistically increased DNA synthesis, simultaneous exposure to HSS and FGF-1 resulted in no such effect. Receptor-binding assays showed that HSS did not compete with FGF-1 in binding to FGF-1 receptors on rat primary hepatocytes. Additional immunoblot analysis demonstrated no cross-reactivity between FGF-1 antibodies and HSS. Distinct mitogenic and immunologic properties of HSS and FGF-1 should facilitate further analysis of liver regeneration and hepatic oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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18
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Hyun S, Park K, Lee Y, Lee Y, Kim S. Inhibition of protein phosphatases activates P4 promoter of the human insulin-like growth factor II gene through the specific promoter element. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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Schirmacher P, Rogler CE, Dienes HP. Current pathogenetic and molecular concepts in viral liver carcinogenesis. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1993; 63:71-89. [PMID: 8094924 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies in humans and in most cases a consequence of chronic infection of the liver by hepatotropic viruses (Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and possibly Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)). Formation of HCC results from a stepwise process involving different preneoplastic lesions that reflect multiple genetic events, like protooncogene activation, tumor suppressor gene inactivation, and growth factor over- or reexpression. Recent investigations have gained new insights into how these factors are activated and may interact. In addition, improved knowledge of the molecular biology of HBV has led to better understanding of its pleiotropic effects on induction and progression in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
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20
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Hyun SW, Kim SJ, Park K, Rho HM, Lee YI. Characterization of the P4 promoter region of the human insulin-like growth factor II gene. FEBS Lett 1993; 332:153-8. [PMID: 8405433 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80503-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene contains four promoters (P1, P2, P3 and P4). In order to determine the mechanism by which the P4 promoter is controlled, the human IGF-II P4 promoter was analyzed in cell lines. DNA sequence analysis of the human IGF-II P4 promoter gene showed that the P4 promoter region contains a TATA-like sequence and several G+C rich regions which are essential for transcription. Analysis of the transcription initiation site by S1 nuclease mapping revealed two transcription start sites; both are located immediately behind TATA-like sequence. To determine the location of sites that may be important for the function of the human IGF-II P4 promoter, we constructed chimeric genes of the human IGF-II P4 promoter fused to the coding region for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). These constructs were transfected into HepG2, PLC/PRF/5, G401 and A549 cells, and were examined for CAT activity. All transfected cells showed a similar profile of CAT activity. Sequences responsible for putative enhancer and silencer regions were identified and the 5' flanking sequences of the human IGF-II P4 promoter contain negative regulatory regions (-213 to -174). The 53-base pair fragment located between 111 and 59 base pairs upstream of the start site contains positive regulatory activity. Gel mobility shift assay showed that Sp1 and another proteins might be involved in positive regulation of the human IGF-II P4 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Hyun
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, KIST, Daejon, South Korea
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21
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Peng SY, Lai PL, Chu JS, Lee PH, Tsung PT, Chen DS, Hsu HC. Expression and hypomethylation of alpha-fetoprotein gene in unicentric and multicentric human hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 1993. [PMID: 7678574 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The messenger RNA and DNA methylation of the alpha-fetoprotein gene were studied in 101 resected primary hepatocellular carcinomas, of which 93 were unicentric and 8 were multicentric. Fifty-five were 5 cm or less in diameter (small) and 46 were more than 5 cm in diameter (large). In 48.5% of the cases, we detected alpha-fetoprotein messenger RNA in hepatocellular carcinomas, more frequently in large (60.9%) than in small (38.2%; p < 0.00001) but not in any of the nontumorous livers. The alpha-fetoprotein messenger RNA was detected in 83%, 70% and 6.8% of patients with serum alpha-fetoprotein levels of 320 ng/ml or more, 100 to 319 ng/ml and less than 100 ng/ml, respectively. This finding suggests that alpha-fetoprotein gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma contributes to the serum alpha-fetoprotein elevation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. alpha-Fetoprotein messenger RNA appeared as a major band of 2.4 kb, with two minor species of about 6.5 and 3.6 kb in the hepatocellular carcinoma and the fetal liver. Hypomethylation of the 5' end of the alpha-fetoprotein gene was detected in 78.3% of hepatocellular carcinomas expressing alpha-fetoprotein messenger RNA but infrequently (16.7%) in hepatocellular carcinomas with no detectable alpha-fetoprotein messenger RNA (p < 0.0003). This finding suggests that hypomethylation at the 5' region of the gene is associated with alpha-fetoprotein gene reexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma. The alpha-fetoprotein gene expression helped to differentiate unicentric from multicentric hepatocellular carcinomas and to identify other hidden alpha-fetoprotein-secreting hepatocellular carcinomas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Peng
- Department of Microbiology, National Taipei College of Nursing, Taiwan, Republic of China
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22
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Cariani E, Dubois N, Lasserre C, Briand P, Brechot C. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA expression during hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice. J Hepatol 1991; 13:220-6. [PMID: 1720799 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8278(91)90818-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA expression is developmentally regulated in liver tissue. We previously observed the reexpression of fetal IGF-II mRNAs in human primary liver cancer and in surrounding cirrhotic tissue. In order to determine the steps of liver cancer progression where the activation of IGF-II fetal mRNAs occurs, we analyzed IGF-II mRNA expression during hepatocarinogenesis in transgenic mice carrying an antithrombin III-SV40 early region hybrid gene. The comparative analysis of mRNAs encoding IGF-II and other differentiation-associated proteins, as well as histological analysis, indicate that the reexpression of fetal IGF-II mRNAs takes place in specific steps of liver cancer progression, both in early pretumorous lesions and in well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cariani
- INSERM U 75, CHU Necker, Paris, France
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