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Shirasago Y, Sekizuka T, Saito K, Suzuki T, Wakita T, Hanada K, Kuroda M, Abe R, Fukasawa M. Isolation and Characterization of an Huh.7.5.1-Derived Cell Clone Highly Permissive to Hepatitis C Virus. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:81-8. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Shirasago
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Kyoko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Ryo Abe
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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O'Connor KS, Parnell G, Patrick E, Ahlenstiel G, Suppiah V, van der Poorten D, Read SA, Leung R, Douglas MW, Yang JYH, Stewart GJ, Liddle C, George J, Booth DR. Hepatic metallothionein expression in chronic hepatitis C virus infection is IFNL3 genotype-dependent. Genes Immun 2014; 15:88-94. [PMID: 24335707 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The IFNL3 genotype predicts the clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV), spontaneously and with interferon (IFN)-based therapy. The responder genotype is associated with lower expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in liver biopsies from chronic hepatitis C patients. However, ISGs represent many interacting molecular pathways, and we hypothesised that the IFNL3 genotype may produce a characteristic pattern of ISG expression explaining the effect of genotype on viral clearance. For the first time, we identified an association between a cluster of ISGs, the metallothioneins (MTs) and IFNL3 genotype. Importantly, MTs were significantly upregulated (in contrast to most other ISGs) in HCV-infected liver biopsies of rs8099917 responders. An association between lower fibrosis scores and higher MT levels was demonstrated underlying clinical relevance of this association. As expected, overall ISGs were significantly downregulated in biopsies from subjects with the IFNL3 rs8099917 responder genotype (P=2.38 × 10(-7)). Peripheral blood analysis revealed paradoxical and not previously described findings with upregulation of ISGs seen in the responder genotype (P=1.00 × 10(-4)). The higher MT expression in responders may contribute to their improved viral clearance and MT-inducing agents may be useful adjuncts to therapy for HCV. Upregulation of immune cell ISGs in responders may also contribute to the IFNL3 genotype effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S O'Connor
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Parnell
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E Patrick
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - V Suppiah
- 1] Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D van der Poorten
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S A Read
- 1] Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Emerging infections and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Leung
- 1] Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M W Douglas
- 1] Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Emerging infections and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Y H Yang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G J Stewart
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Liddle
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J George
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D R Booth
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Direct, interferon-independent activation of the CXCL10 promoter by NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 during hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 2013; 88:1582-90. [PMID: 24257594 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02007-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of hepatocytes leads to transcriptional induction of the chemokine CXCL10, which is considered an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene. However, we have recently shown that IFNs are not required for CXCL10 induction in hepatocytes during acute HCV infection. Since the CXCL10 promoter contains binding sites for several proinflammatory transcription factors, we investigated the contribution of these factors to CXCL10 transcriptional induction during HCV infection in vitro. Wild-type and mutant CXCL10 promoter-luciferase reporter constructs were used to identify critical sites of transcriptional regulation. The proximal IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and NF-κB binding sites positively regulated CXCL10 transcription during HCV infection as well as following exposure to poly(I·C) (a Toll-like receptor 3 [TLR3] stimulus) and 5' poly(U) HCV RNA (a retinoic acid-inducible gene I [RIG-I] stimulus) from two viral genotypes. Conversely, binding sites for AP-1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBP-β) negatively regulated CXCL10 induction in response to TLR3 and RIG-I stimuli, while only C/EBP-β negatively regulated CXCL10 during HCV infection. We also demonstrated that interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is transiently recruited to the proximal ISRE during HCV infection and localizes to the nucleus in HCV-infected primary human hepatocytes. Furthermore, IRF3 activated the CXCL10 promoter independently of type I or type III IFN signaling. The data indicate that sensing of HCV infection by RIG-I and TLR3 leads to direct recruitment of NF-κB and IRF3 to the CXCL10 promoter. Our study expands upon current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of CXCL10 induction in hepatocytes and lays the foundation for additional mechanistic studies that further elucidate the combinatorial and synergistic aspects of immune signaling pathways.
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Asmal M, Seaman M, Lin W, Chung RT, Letvin NL, Geiben-Lynn R. Inhibition of HCV by the serpin antithrombin III. Virol J 2012; 9:226. [PMID: 23031791 PMCID: PMC3519617 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although there have been dramatic strides made recently in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection, interferon-α based therapy remains challenging for certain populations, including those with unfavorable IL28B genotypes, psychiatric co-morbidity, HIV co-infection, and decompensated liver disease. We have recently shown that ATIII, a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), has broad antiviral properties. Results We now show that ATIII is capable of inhibiting HCV in the OR6 replicon model at micromolar concentrations. At a mechanistic level using gene-expression arrays, we found that ATIII treatment down-regulated multiple host cell signal transduction factors involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, including Jun, Myc and BMP2. Using a protein interactive network analysis we found that changes in gene-expression caused by ATIII were dependent on three nodes previously implicated in HCV disease progression or HCV replication: NFκB, P38 MAPK, and ERK1/2. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ATIII stimulates a novel innate antiviral host cell defense different from current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asmal
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, BIDMC, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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The oncogenic role of NS5A of hepatitis C virus is mediated by up-regulation of survivin gene expression in the hepatocellular cell through p53 and NF-κB pathways. Cell Biol Int 2012; 35:1225-32. [PMID: 21612579 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Approx. 4% of patients experiencing chronic infection of human HCV (hepatitis C virus) ultimately develop HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma). The NS5A (non-structural protein 5A) encoded by HCV has been reported to have an oncogenic role during HCV infection, but the precise mechanism remains largely unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the signal transduction pathways that mediate the role of NS5A in hepatocarcinogenesis. HepG2 cells were transfected with a plasmid expressing HCV NS5A protein. Subsequently, cell proliferation was analysed by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay and cell counting, apoptosis was analysed by Hoechst 33342 staining, and the gene expression profile was identified by microarray and subsequently validated by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR). The protein levels of survivin, p53, NOS2A (nitric oxide synthase 2A), cyclin D1 and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) were monitored by Western blotting. Our results showed that transfection of HCV NS5A expression plasmid significantly down-regulated the expression of nine genes and up-regulated the expression of ten genes among the 104 genes detectable by the microarray associated with signalling transduction. The increased expression of survivin mRNA and protein, down-regulated p53 protein levels and increased NOS2A, cyclin D1 and NF-κB protein levels were further identified. Our results suggested that HCV NS5A protein can enhance survivin transcription by increasing p53 degradation and stimulating NOS2A expression as well as NF-κB relocation to the nucleus. The functions of survivin in anti-apoptosis and regulation of cell division might mediate the role of NS5A in HCV-induced HCC.
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Xie HY, Cheng J, Xing CY, Wang JJ, Su R, Wei XY, Zhou L, Zheng SS. Evaluation of hepatitis B viral replication and proteomic analysis of HepG2.2.15 cell line after knockdown of HBx. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2011; 10:295-302. [PMID: 21669574 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(11)60049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major pathogens of human liver disease. Studies have shown that HBV X protein (HBx) plays an important role in promoting viral gene expression and replication. In this study we performed a global proteomic profiling to identify the downstream functional proteins of HBx, thereby detecting the mechanisms of action of HBx on virion replication. METHODS HBx in the HepG2.2.15 cell line was knocked down by the transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The replication level of HBV was evaluated by microparticle enzyme immunoassay analysis of HBsAg and HBeAg in the culture supernatant, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis of HBV DNA. Two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF was performed to analyze the changes in protein expression profile after treatment with HBx siRNA. RESULTS Knockdown of HBx disturbed HBV replication in vitro. HBx target siRNA significantly inhibited the expression of HBsAg, HBeAg and the replication of HBV DNA. Twelve significantly changed proteins (7 upregulated and 5 downregulated) were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF using proteomics differential expression analysis after the knockdown of HBx. Among these identified proteins, HSP70 was validated by Western blotting. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicated the positive effect of HBx on HBV replication, and a group of downstream target proteins of HBx may be responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, and Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Li Y, Chen J, Wu C, Wang L, Lu M, Chen X. Hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus upregulate angiopoietin-2 expression through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Hepatol Res 2010; 40:1022-33. [PMID: 20887338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2010.00712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the molecular mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) upregulate angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) expression. METHODS Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis were used to measure the Ang-2 transcription and expression level. Reporter gene assays were used to determine the cis-element of the Ang-2 promoter. The specific inhibitors assay, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis were conducted to verify the signal pathway involved in the upregulation of Ang-2 expression. RESULTS The level of transcription and expression of Ang-2 increased in the HepG2.2.15 and Con-1 cells. Reporter gene assays in HepG2.2.15 and Con-1 cells revealed that HBV/HCV could enhance Ang-2 promoter expression by activating AP-1 and Ets1. Analysis with specific inhibitors indicated that HBV/HCV upregulated the expression of Ang-2 through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. CONCLUSION This study illustrates a distinct mechanism by which a tumor virus modulates vasculature to promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Li
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
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Gonzalez O, Fontanes V, Raychaudhuri S, Loo R, Loo J, Arumugaswami V, Sun R, Dasgupta A, French SW. The heat shock protein inhibitor Quercetin attenuates hepatitis C virus production. Hepatology 2009; 50:1756-64. [PMID: 19839005 PMCID: PMC3846025 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hepatitis C viral (HCV) genome is translated through an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) as a single polyprotein precursor that is subsequently cleaved into individual mature viral proteins. Nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) is one of these proteins that has been implicated in regulation of viral genome replication, translation from the viral IRES and viral packaging. We sought to identify cellular proteins that interact with NS5A and determine whether these interactions may play a role in viral production. Mass spectrometric analysis of coimmunoprecipitated NS5A complexes from cell extracts identified heat shock proteins (HSPs) 40 and 70. We confirmed an NS5A/HSP interaction by confocal microscopy demonstrating colocalization of NS5A with HSP40 and with HSP70. Western analysis of coimmunoprecipitated NS5A complexes further confirmed interaction of HSP40 and HSP70 with NS5A. A transient transfection, luciferase-based, tissue culture IRES assay demonstrated NS5A augmentation of HCV IRES-mediated translation, and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of HSP70 reduced this augmentation. Treatment with an inhibitor of HSP synthesis, Quercetin, markedly reduced baseline IRES activity and its augmentation by NS5A. HSP70 knockdown also modestly reduced viral protein accumulation, whereas HSP40 and HSP70 knockdown both reduced infectious viral particle production in an HCV cell culture system using the J6/JFH virus fused to the Renilla luciferase reporter. Treatment with Quercetin reduced infectious particle production at nontoxic concentrations. The marked inhibition of virus production by Quercetin may partially be related to reduction of HSP40 and HSP70 and their potential involvement in IRES translation, as well as viral morphogenesis or secretion. CONCLUSION Quercetin may allow for dissection of the viral life cycle and has potential therapeutic use to reduce virus production with low associated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vanessa Fontanes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Santanu Raychaudhuri
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rachel Loo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joseph Loo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Ren Sun
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Asim Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Samuel W. French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Kriegs M, Bürckstümmer T, Himmelsbach K, Bruns M, Frelin L, Ahlén G, Sällberg M, Hildt E. The hepatitis C virus non-structural NS5A protein impairs both the innate and adaptive hepatic immune response in vivo. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28343-28351. [PMID: 19674968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.038877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein non-structural (NS) 5A in HCV-associated pathogenesis is still enigmatic. To investigate the in vivo role of NS5A for viral persistence and virus-associated pathogenesis a transgenic (Tg) mouse model was established. Mice with liver-targeted NS5A transgene expression were generated using the albumin promoter. Alterations in the hepatic immune response were determined by Western blot, infection by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and using transient NS3/4A Tg mice generated by hydrodynamic injection. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was investigated by the Cr-release assay. The stable NS5A Tg mice did not reveal signs of spontaneous liver disease. The intrahepatic immunity was disrupted in the NS5A Tg mice as determined by clearance of LCMV infection or transiently NS3/4A Tg hepatocytes in vivo. This impaired immunity was explained by a reduced induction of interferon beta, 2',5'-OAS, and PKR after LCMV infection and an impairment of the CTL-mediated elimination of NS3-expressing hepatocytes. In conclusion, these data indicate that in the present transgenic mouse model, NS5A does not cause spontaneous liver disease. However, we discovered that NS5A could impair both the innate and the adaptive immune response to promote chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Kriegs
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany; Robert-Koch-Institute, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; Division of Clinical Microbiology F68, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kyoshi Himmelsbach
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Infection Medicine, University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Bruns
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Frelin
- Division of Clinical Microbiology F68, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Ahlén
- Division of Clinical Microbiology F68, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matti Sällberg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology F68, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Infection Medicine, University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Raychaudhuri S, Fontanes V, Barat B, Dasgupta A. Activation of ribosomal RNA transcription by hepatitis C virus involves upstream binding factor phosphorylation via induction of cyclin D1. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2057-64. [PMID: 19223538 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic infection in humans leading to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. rRNA transcription, catalyzed by RNA polymerase I (Pol I), plays a critical role in ribosome biogenesis, and changes in Pol I transcription rate are associated with profound alterations in the growth rate of the cell. Because rRNA synthesis is intimately linked to cell growth and frequently up-regulated in many cancers, we hypothesized that HCV might have the ability to activate rRNA synthesis in infected cells. We show here that rRNA promoter-mediated transcription is significantly (10- to 12-fold) activated in human liver-derived cells following infection with type 2 JFH-1 HCV or transfection with the subgenomic type 1 HCV replicon. Further analysis revealed that HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) was responsible for activation of rRNA transcription. Both the NH(2)-terminal amphipathic helix and the polyproline motifs of NS5A seem to be essential for rRNA transcription activation. The NS5A-dependent activation of rRNA transcription seems to be due to hyperphosphorylation and consequent activation of upstream binding factor (UBF), a Pol I DNA binding transcription factor. We further show that hyperphosphorylation of UBF occurs as a result of up-regulation of both cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 by the HCV NS5A polypeptide. These results suggest that the endoplasmic reticulum-associated NS5A is able to transduce signals into the nucleoplasm via UBF hyperphosphorylation leading to rRNA transcription activation. These results could, at least in part, explain a mechanism by which HCV contributes to transformation of liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Raychaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen school of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, 250C Biomedical Sciences Research Building, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus, a noncytopathic hepatotropic RNA virus, affects over 170 million people worldwide. In the majority of cases, neither the early innate immune response nor the later adaptive immune response succeeds in clearing the virus, and the infection becomes chronic. Furthermore, in many patients, the ineffective inflammatory response drives fibrogenesis and the development of cirrhosis. It is critical to understand this immune pathology if preventative and curative therapies are to be developed. Chemokines are a superfamily of small proteins that promote leukocyte migration and orchestrate the immune response to viruses, including hepatitis C virus. Chemokines are crucial for viral elimination, but inappropriate persistence of expression in chronic hepatitis C infection can drive tissue damage and inflammation. Here we review the role of chemokines and their receptors in hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Heydtmann
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Liver Disease, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Hagist S, Sültmann H, Millonig G, Hebling U, Kieslich D, Kuner R, Balaguer S, Seitz HK, Poustka A, Mueller S. In vitro-targeted gene identification in patients with hepatitis C using a genome-wide microarray technology. Hepatology 2009; 49:378-86. [PMID: 19177570 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Iron in association with reactive oxygen species (ROS) is highly toxic, aggravating oxidative stress reactions. Increased iron not only plays an important role in the progression of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) but also in common liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis C. The underlying mechanisms of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-mediated iron accumulation, however, are poorly understood. We introduce an in vitro-targeted approach to identify ROS/iron-regulated genes in patients with HCV using a genome-wide DNA microarray. The sensitivity of the 32,231 complementary DNA clone-carrying microarray was approximately 20% as estimated by detecting target genes of the genome-wide transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha. Upon in vitro challenge to iron and oxidative stress, 265 iron-related and 1326 ROS-related genes could be identified in HepG2 cells; 233 significantly regulated genes were found in patients with mild (HCV) or severe (HH) iron deposition. Notably, 17 of the in vitro-selected genes corresponded to the genes identified in patients with HCV or HH. Among them, natriuretic peptide precursor B (NPPB) was the only iron-regulated gene identified in vitro that was differentially regulated between HCV and HH. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed most of the microarray-identified genes in an even larger group of patients (n = 12). In patients with HCV, these included genes that are associated with RNA processing (MED9/NFAT, NSUN2), proliferation, differentiation, hypoxia, or iron metabolism (ISG20, MIG6, HIG2, CA9, NDRG1), whereas none of the nine known iron-related genes showed significant differences between HCV and HH. CONCLUSION Although high-density microarray technology is less suitable for routine liver diagnosis, its use in combination with prior in vitro selection is a powerful approach to identify candidate genes relevant for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hagist
- Department of Internal Medicine, Salem Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ciccaglione AR, Marcantonio C, Tritarelli E, Tataseo P, Ferraris A, Bruni R, Dallapiccola B, Gerosolimo G, Costantino A, Rapicetta M. Microarray analysis identifies a common set of cellular genes modulated by different HCV replicon clones. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:309. [PMID: 18590516 PMCID: PMC2474623 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA synthesis and protein expression affect cell homeostasis by modulation of gene expression. The impact of HCV replication on global cell transcription has not been fully evaluated. Thus, we analysed the expression profiles of different clones of human hepatoma-derived Huh-7 cells carrying a self-replicating HCV RNA which express all viral proteins (HCV replicon system). Results First, we compared the expression profile of HCV replicon clone 21-5 with both the Huh-7 parental cells and the 21-5 cured (21-5c) cells. In these latter, the HCV RNA has been eliminated by IFN-α treatment. To confirm data, we also analyzed microarray results from both the 21-5 and two other HCV replicon clones, 22-6 and 21-7, compared to the Huh-7 cells. The study was carried out by using the Applied Biosystems (AB) Human Genome Survey Microarray v1.0 which provides 31,700 probes that correspond to 27,868 human genes. Microarray analysis revealed a specific transcriptional program induced by HCV in replicon cells respect to both IFN-α-cured and Huh-7 cells. From the original datasets of differentially expressed genes, we selected by Venn diagrams a final list of 38 genes modulated by HCV in all clones. Most of the 38 genes have never been described before and showed high fold-change associated with significant p-value, strongly supporting data reliability. Classification of the 38 genes by Panther System identified functional categories that were significantly enriched in this gene set, such as histones and ribosomal proteins as well as extracellular matrix and intracellular protein traffic. The dataset also included new genes involved in lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal network, which may be critical for HCV replication and pathogenesis. Conclusion Our data provide a comprehensive analysis of alterations in gene expression induced by HCV replication and reveal modulation of new genes potentially useful for selection of antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
In recent years, the effects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins on hepatocarcinogenesis have undergone intense investigations. The potentially oncogenic proteins include at least three HCV proteins: core (C) protein, NS3, and NS5A. Several authors indicated relationships between subcellular localization, concentration, a specific molecular form of the proteins (full length, truncated, phosphorylated), the presence of specific domains (the nuclear localization signal homologous to e.g. Bcl-2) and their effects on the mechanisms linked to oncogenesis. The involvement of all the proteins has been described as being in control of the cell cycle, through interactions with key proteins of the process (p53, p21, cyclins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen), transcription factors, proto-oncogenes, growth factors/cytokines and their receptors, and proteins linked to the apoptotic process. Untilnow, the involvement of the core protein of HCV in liver carcinogenesis is the most recognized. One of the most common proteins affected by HCV proteins is the p53 tumor-suppressor protein. The p21/WAF1 gene is a major target of p53, and the effect of HCV proteins on the gene is frequently considered in parallel. The results of studies on the effects of HCV proteins on the apoptotic process are controversial. This work summarizes the information collected thus far in the field of HCV molecular virology and principal intracellular signaling pathways in which HCV oncogenic proteins are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Poznań, Poland
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15
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Dal Pero F, Di Maira G, Marin O, Bortoletto G, Pinna LA, Alberti A, Ruzzene M, Gerotto M. Heterogeneity of CK2 phosphorylation sites in the NS5A protein of different hepatitis C virus genotypes. J Hepatol 2007; 47:768-76. [PMID: 17923166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The hepatitis C virus NS5A protein is phosphorylated by several cellular kinases, including casein kinase 2 (CK2). Little is known about CK2 phosphorylation of NS5A from different HCV genotypes and clinical isolates. METHODS NS5A from patients with HCV-1a (24 cases), HCV-1b (9) or HCV-3 (16) was analyzed by direct sequencing and CK2 phosphorylation sites were defined using a well-validated prediction rule. In vitro phosphorylation assays were performed using recombinant CK2 and synthetic peptides or full-length NS5A. In vivo phosphorylation by endogenous CK2 of NS5A expressed in hepatoma cells was also investigated. RESULTS The mean number of CK2 sites within full-length NS5A, was significantly higher in HCV-3 compared to HCV-1a (P<0.01) and HCV-1b (P<0.01). The number of CK2 sites was more homogeneous in HCV-3 variants compared to HCV-1a and HCV-1b variants (P<0.05). The number of predicted CK2 sites correlated with the degree of in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation of NS5A by CK2. CONCLUSIONS CK2-dependent phosphorylation of NS5A is heterogeneous among different HCV genotypes and clinical isolates. This might have an influence on virus biology and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dal Pero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), University of Padova, Via Orus, 2, Padova 35129, Italy.
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16
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O'Neil BH, Bůzková P, Farrah H, Kashatus D, Sanoff H, Goldberg RM, Baldwin AS, Funkhouser WK. Expression of nuclear factor-kappaB family proteins in hepatocellular carcinomas. Oncology 2007; 72:97-104. [PMID: 18025803 DOI: 10.1159/000111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been shown to be abnormally activated in some human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), but most studies of NF-kappaB in patient samples have focused on the p65 subunit. Recent information has implicated IkappaB family members (e.g. Bcl-3) as possible mediators of NF-kappaB activation. Therefore, we examined the expression of all NF-kappaB family members and downstream targets in HCC. STUDY DESIGN Archived HCCs from 30 patients were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for NF-kappaB family proteins, Bcl-3 and targets of NF-kappaB/IkappaB function. Results were validated by Western blotting in frozen paired HCC and adjacent normal tissue in a subset of cases. RESULTS NF-kappaB p50 and p52 subunits were frequently localized to tumor cell nuclei (40 and 48%), whereas p65 positivity was infrequent. Bcl-3 was overexpressed in 90% of tumor cell nuclei compared with 26% of adjacent non-neoplastic liver (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Aberrant Bcl-3 nuclear expression occurs in the vast majority of HCCs compared with adjacent normal or cirrhotic liver tissue. Bcl-3 is known to interact with NF-kappaB p50 and p52 homodimers, and our study demonstrates very frequent nuclear colocalization of Bcl-3 and p50/p52, suggesting that the Bcl-3/p50 or Bcl-3/p52 interactions are important in HCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert H O'Neil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Tang W, Lázaro CA, Campbell JS, Parks WT, Katze MG, Fausto N. Responses of nontransformed human hepatocytes to conditional expression of full-length hepatitis C virus open reading frame. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1831-46. [PMID: 17991716 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. To study the effects of HCV protein expression on host cells, we established conditional expression of the full-length open reading frame (ORF) of an infectious cDNA clone of HCV (genotype 1a, H77 strain) in the nontransformed human hepatocyte line cell HH4 using the ecdysone receptor regulatory system. Treatment with the ecdysone analog ponasterone-A induced tightly regulated and dose-dependent full-length HCV ORF expression and properly processed HCV proteins. HCV Core, NS3, and NS5A colocalized in perinuclear regions and associated with the early endosomal protein EEA1. HCV ORF expression caused marked growth inhibition, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, up-regulation of glutamate-l-cysteine ligase activity, increased glutathione level, and activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Although it was not directly cytotoxic, HCV ORF expression sensitized HH4 cells to Fas at certain concentrations but not to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. HCV ORF expression in HH4 cells up-regulated genes involved in innate immune response/inflammation and oxidative stress responses and down-regulated cell growth-related genes. Expression of HCV ORF in host cells may contribute to HCV pathogenesis by producing oxidative stress and increasing the expression of genes related to the innate immune response and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, K078 Health Sciences Building, Box 357705, Seattle, WA 98195-7705, USA
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18
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Jung CR, Choi S, Im DS. The NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus represses gene expression of hRPB10alpha, a common subunit of host RNA polymerases, through interferon regulatory factor-1 binding site. Virus Res 2007; 129:155-65. [PMID: 17714821 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nonstructural (NS) 5A protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays important roles in both viral RNA replication and modulation of the physiology of the host cell. Here we report that NS5A repressed gene expression of hRPB10alpha, a common subunit of host RNA polymerases (Pol), in hepatoma cell lines and Huh-7 cells harboring HCV replicon. Analysis of the hRPB10alpha promoter region revealed that interferon regulatory factor-1 binding element (IRF-E) was essential for its transcription. The IRF-E was responsible for the NS5A-mediated repression of the hRPB10alpha transcription and its induction by IRF-1 that is known to be induced by interferon-alpha. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that IRF-1 bound to the IRF-E and the binding reduced when NS5A was expressed. NS5A appeared to negatively regulate IRF-1 expression, which might be partly responsible for the decrease of hRPB10alpha expression. NS5A expression moderately decreased promoter-independent Pol activity in vitro. Transcription of adenoviral genes that are dependent on Pol II or III and propagation of adenoviral genome were impaired in HeLa cells with stable NS5A expression. The results suggest that NS5A may partly modulate host cell transcription by the down-regulation of hRPB10alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Rok Jung
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yusong, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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19
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Müller S, Geffers R, Günther S. Analysis of gene expression in Lassa virus-infected HuH-7 cells. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1568-1575. [PMID: 17412988 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Lassa fever is poorly understood. As the liver is a major target organ of Lassa virus, gene expression in Lassa virus-infected HuH-7 cells, a differentiated human hepatoma cell line, was studied. Cellular mRNA levels were measured at the late phase of acute infection, when virtually all cells expressed large amounts of nucleoprotein, and virus RNA concentration had reached>10(8) copies (ml supernatant)-1. Two types of transcription array were used: cDNA-based macroarrays with a set of 3500 genes (Atlas Human 1.2 arrays; Clontech) and oligonucleotide-based microarrays covering 18,400 transcripts (Human Genome U133A array; Affymetrix). Data analysis was based on statistical frameworks controlling the false-discovery rate. Atlas array data were considered relevant if they could be verified by U133A array or real-time RT-PCR. According to these criteria, there was no evidence for true changes in gene expression. Considering the precision of the U133A array and the number of replicates tested, potential expression changes due to Lassa virus infection are probably smaller than twofold. To substantiate the array data, beta interferon (IFN-beta) gene expression was studied longitudinally in Lassa virus-infected HuH-7 and FRhK-4 cells by using real-time RT-PCR. IFN-beta mRNA levels increased only twofold upon Lassa virus infection, although there was no evidence that the virus inhibited poly(I:C)-induced IFN-beta gene expression. In conclusion, Lassa virus interferes only minimally with gene expression in HuH-7 cells and poorly induces IFN-beta gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Müller
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Mucosal Immunity Group, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Ng TI, Mo H, Pilot-Matias T, He Y, Koev G, Krishnan P, Mondal R, Pithawalla R, He W, Dekhtyar T, Packer J, Schurdak M, Molla A. Identification of host genes involved in hepatitis C virus replication by small interfering RNA technology. Hepatology 2007; 45:1413-21. [PMID: 17518369 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication is highly dependent on host cell factors. Identification of these host factors not only facilitates understanding of the biology of HCV infection but also enables the discovery of novel targets for anti-HCV therapy. To identify host genes important for HCV RNA replication, we screened a library of small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targets approximately 4,000 human genes in Huh7-derived EN5-3 cells harboring an HCV subgenomic replicon with the nonstructural region NS3-NS5B from the 1b-N strain. Nine cellular genes that potentially regulate HCV replication were identified in this screen. Silencing of these genes resulted in inhibition of HCV replication by more than 60% and exhibited minimal toxicity. Knockdown of host gene expression by these siRNAs was confirmed at the RNA level and, in some instances, at the protein level. The level of siRNA silencing of these host genes correlated well with inhibition of HCV. These genes included those that encoded a G-protein coupled receptor (TBXA2R), a membrane protein (LTbeta), an adapter protein (TRAF2), 2 transcription factors (RelA and NFkappaB2), 2 protein kinases (MKK7 and SNARK), and 2 closely related transporter proteins (SLC12A4 and SLC12A5). Of interest, some of these genes are members of the tumor necrosis factor/lymphotoxin signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Findings of this study may provide important information for understanding HCV replication. In addition, these cellular genes may constitute a novel set of targets for HCV antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa I Ng
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Antiviral Research, Abbott Laboratories, 200 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Wertheimer AM, Polyak SJ, Leistikow R, Rosen HR. Engulfment of apoptotic cells expressing HCV proteins leads to differential chemokine expression and STAT signaling in human dendritic cells. Hepatology 2007; 45:1422-32. [PMID: 17538964 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the majority of cases, infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) becomes chronic and is often associated with impaired innate and adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms underlying viral persistence and lack of protective immunity are poorly understood. Considering that dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in initiating and modulating immune responses, we explored the effect of HCV proteins on DC gene and protein expression, phenotype, and function. Human DCs were generated following plastic adherence of monocytes and culture with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 (IL-4) from normal subjects. Autologous nonadherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infected with vaccinia constructs expressing various HCV proteins (core-E1, NS5A, NS5B) or an irrelevant protein beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) as the control, induced to undergo apoptosis, then co-cultured with DCs. Between 2% and 10% of the genes probed in a cDNA nylon array were differentially regulated within DCs that had engulfed HCV proteins. In particular, the presence of intracellular NS5A led to increased transcriptional and protein expression of IL-8 (CXCL-8), a chemokine with proinflammatory and anti-interferon properties, and impaired interferon induction of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) serine and tyrosine and STAT2 tyrosine phosphorylation. CONCLUSION These data provide novel mechanisms by which HCV subverts antiviral host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Wertheimer
- Department of Medicine, Portland VAMC and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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22
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Kuramitsu Y, Nakamura K. Current progress in proteomic study of hepatitis C virus-related human hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 2:589-601. [PMID: 16097891 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.4.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to be a risk factor for not only cirrhosis and steatosis but also hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A number of diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers are being identified by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of HCC today. However, the analyses are performed on HCC in general, and the studied tissues are HCV infected, HBV infected, infected with both or neither, or the infection status may be unknown. The authors performed proteomic analysis of cancerous and noncancerous tissues from HCC patients with HCV infection, and determined that, in the cancerous tissues, HSP70 family proteins such as GRP78, HSC70, GRP75 and HSP70.1, glutaine synthetase isoforms, HSP60, alpha-enolase, phosphoglycerate mutase 1, ATP synthetase beta chain and triosephosphate isomerase were increased whereas albumin, ferritin light chain, smoothelin, tropomyosin beta chain, arginase 1, aldolase B and kietohexokinase were decreased. The aim of this study is to understand the pathogenesis of HCV-HCC using proteomic analysis of samples from HCV-HCC patients on which transcriptomics has already been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kuramitsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomolecular Recognition, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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23
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Shackel NA, Seth D, Haber PS, Gorrell MD, McCaughan GW. The hepatic transcriptome in human liver disease. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2006; 5:6. [PMID: 17090326 PMCID: PMC1665460 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome is the mRNA transcript pool in a cell, organ or tissue with the liver transcriptome being amongst the most complex of any organ. Functional genomics methodologies are now being widely utilized to study transcriptomes including the hepatic transcriptome. This review outlines commonly used methods of transcriptome analysis, especially gene array analysis, focusing on publications utilizing these methods to understand human liver disease. Additionally, we have outlined the relationship between transcript and protein expressions as well as summarizing what is known about the variability of the transcriptome in non-diseased liver tissue. The approaches covered include gene array analysis, serial analysis of gene expression, subtractive hybridization and differential display. The discussion focuses on primate whole organ studies and in-vitro cell culture systems utilized. It is now clear that there are a vast number research opportunities for transcriptome analysis of human liver disease as we attempt to better understand both non-diseased and disease hepatic mRNA expression. We conclude that hepatic transcriptome analysis has already made significant contributions to the understanding of human liver pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Shackel
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Devanshi Seth
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul S Haber
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Komohara Y, Yano H, Shichijo S, Shimotohno K, Itoh K, Yamada A. High expression of APOBEC3G in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. J Mol Histol 2006; 37:327-32. [PMID: 17036163 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
APOBEC3G (an apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G; also known as CEM15), a member of the APOBEC family, which possesses cytidine deaminase activity that causes C/G to T/A transition mutations in virus genomes such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 and hepatitis B virus, is reported to play an important role in host-defense mechanisms. However, APOBEC3G expression in patients infected with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), of which there are currently more than 170 million worldwide, has not yet been well studied. We investigated this issue herein, and demonstrated an increased expression of APOBEC3G in both hepatocytes and lymphocytes of chronic hepatitis patients infected with HCV. Transfection of the NS5A gene, but not any other non-structural protein genes of HCV tested, to the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line enhanced APOBEC3G expression. Incubation of the cells with interferon also resulted in the augmentation. These results may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi 67, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0011, Japan
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25
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Berzsenyi MD, Roberts SK, Beard MR. Genomics of Hepatitis B and C Infections: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Microarray Profiling. Antivir Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350601100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microarray profiling offers many potential advances in diagnostic and therapeutic intervention in human disease because of its unparalleled ability to conduct high-throughput analysis of gene expression. However, limitations of this technique relate in part to issues regarding the various methodologies and experimental designs as well as difficulties in the interpretation of results. Despite this, microarray profiling has led to a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Key events in clearance and the development of chronicity of HCV have been identified that may prove to have a role in the development of future treatments. In addition, pharmacogenomic studies of interferon-based treatment for chronic HCV and HBV have provided mechanistic insights into the therapeutic action of interferons. These advances have implications with respect to the development of improved therapeutic agents. New biomarkers for cancer screening and gene profiles with prognostic value for survival have also been developed for hepatocellular carcinoma, which frequently complicates chronic viral hepatitis. Thus, microarray profiling offers enormous potential for improvements in antiviral therapy and our understanding of blood-borne viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Berzsenyi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart K Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael R Beard
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories and Hanson Institute, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
Hepatitis C follows a variable course with some patients developing progressive liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, while others have minimal or no significant liver disease after decades of infection. Studies have identified both host and viral factors associated with disease progression. The importance of general factors such as age at infection, gender, immune status and alcohol consumption has long been recognized; however recently, polymorphisms in a wide array of genes have also been shown to be associated with progressive fibrosis. How specific viral proteins may contribute to disease progression has also been studied. This review highlights what is currently known about the factors associated with progressive liver injury in patients with hepatitis C. A greater understanding of the determinants of disease progression will hopefully lead to improved utilization of existing treatments and ultimately may aid in identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Feld
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Alter
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Hayashi J, Stoyanova R, Seeger C. The transcriptome of HCV replicon expressing cell lines in the presence of alpha interferon. Virology 2005; 335:264-75. [PMID: 15840525 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have used DNA microarray analysis of human hepatoma and epithelial carcinoma cells expressing hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic replicons to test whether HCV replication alters gene expression and influences the alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) response. We directly compared the HCV replicon system with a similar system based on a subgenomic replicon of the West Nile virus (WNV) subtype Kunjin virus. We found that in contrast to WNV replicons, persistent replication of HCV replicons did not significantly alter the transcriptome of infected cells nor did it inhibit the nature of the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Our results also provided evidence for the existence of a small number of ISGs that could play a role in the inhibition of HCV replication by IFN-alpha. Finally, we identified ISGs that are activated by the cytokine in a cell-type specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Hayashi
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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