1
|
Wilkinson AL, Hulme S, Kennedy JI, Mann ER, Horn P, Shepherd EL, Yin K, Zaki MY, Hardisty G, Lu WY, Rantakari P, Adams DH, Salmi M, Hoare M, Patten DA, Shetty S. The senescent secretome drives PLVAP expression in cultured human hepatic endothelial cells to promote monocyte transmigration. iScience 2023; 26:107966. [PMID: 37810232 PMCID: PMC10558774 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) undergo significant phenotypic change in chronic liver disease (CLD), and yet the factors that drive this process and the impact on their function as a vascular barrier and gatekeeper for immune cell recruitment are poorly understood. Plasmalemma-vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) has been characterized as a marker of LSEC in CLD; notably we found that PLVAP upregulation strongly correlated with markers of tissue senescence. Furthermore, exposure of human LSEC to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) led to a significant upregulation of PLVAP. Flow-based assays demonstrated that SASP-driven leukocyte recruitment was characterized by paracellular transmigration of monocytes while the majority of lymphocytes migrated transcellularly. Knockdown studies confirmed that PLVAP selectively supported monocyte transmigration mediated through PLVAP's impact on LSEC permeability by regulating phospho-VE-cadherin expression and endothelial gap formation. PLVAP may therefore represent an endothelial target that selectively shapes the senescence-mediated immune microenvironment in liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex L. Wilkinson
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Samuel Hulme
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - James I. Kennedy
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emily R. Mann
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul Horn
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emma L. Shepherd
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Kelvin Yin
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Marco Y.W. Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Gareth Hardisty
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Pia Rantakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - David H. Adams
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marko Salmi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matthew Hoare
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel A. Patten
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shishir Shetty
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Domen A, Deben C, Verswyvel J, Flieswasser T, Prenen H, Peeters M, Lardon F, Wouters A. Cellular senescence in cancer: clinical detection and prognostic implications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:360. [PMID: 36575462 PMCID: PMC9793681 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of stable cell-cycle arrest with secretory features in response to cellular stress. Historically, it has been considered as an endogenous evolutionary homeostatic mechanism to eliminate damaged cells, including damaged cells which are at risk of malignant transformation, thereby protecting against cancer. However, accumulation of senescent cells can cause long-term detrimental effects, mainly through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and paradoxically contribute to age-related diseases including cancer. Besides its role as tumor suppressor, cellular senescence is increasingly being recognized as an in vivo response in cancer patients to various anticancer therapies. Its role in cancer is ambiguous and even controversial, and senescence has recently been promoted as an emerging hallmark of cancer because of its hallmark-promoting capabilities. In addition, the prognostic implications of cellular senescence have been underappreciated due to the challenging detection and sparse in and ex vivo evidence of cellular senescence in cancer patients, which is only now catching up. In this review, we highlight the approaches and current challenges of in and ex vivo detection of cellular senescence in cancer patients, and we discuss the prognostic implications of cellular senescence based on in and ex vivo evidence in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Domen
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium ,grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Christophe Deben
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Jasper Verswyvel
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Tal Flieswasser
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium ,grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium ,grid.411414.50000 0004 0626 3418Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin Y, Zhang F, Zhang L, Chen L, Zheng S. Characteristics of SOX9-positive progenitor-like cells during cholestatic liver regeneration in biliary atresia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:114. [PMID: 35313986 PMCID: PMC8935712 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The progression of Biliary Atresia (BA) is associated with the number of reactive ductular cells (RDCs) whose heterogeneity in origin and evolution in humans remains unknown. SOX9-positive liver progenitor-like cells (LPLCs) have been shown to participate in RDCs and new hepatocyte formation during cholestatic liver regeneration in an animal model, which implies the possibility that hepatocyte-reprogrammed LPLCs could be a source of RDCs in BA. The present study aimed to elucidate the characteristics of SOX9-positive LPLCs in BA for exploring new possible therapeutic targets by manipulating the bi-differentiation process of LPLCs to prevent disease progression. Methods Twenty-eight patients, including 24 patients with BA and 4 patients with Congenital Choledochal Cyst as the control group, were retrospectively recruited. Liver biopsy samples were classified histologically using a 4-point scale based on fibrosis severity. LPLCs were detected by SOX9 and HNF4A double positive staining. Single immunohistochemistry, double immunohistochemistry, and multiple immunofluorescence staining were used to determine the different cell types and characteristics of LPLCs. Results The prognostic predictors of BA, namely total bile acid (TBA), RDCs, and fibrosis, were correlated to the emergence of LPLCs. SOX9 and HNF4A double-positive LPLCs co-stained rarely with relevant markers of portal hepatic progenitor cells (portal-HPCs), including CK19, CK7, EPCAM, PROM1 (CD133), TROP2, and AFP. Under cholestasis conditions, LPLCs acquired superior proliferation and anti-senescence ability among hepatocytes. Moreover, LPLCs arranged as a pseudo-rosette structure appeared from the periportal parenchyma to the portal region, which implied the differentiation from hepatocyte-reprogrammed LPLCs to RDCs with the progression of cholestasis. Conclusions LPLCs are associated with disease progression and prognostic factors of BA. The bipotent characteristics of LPLCs are different from those of portal-HPCs. As cholestasis progresses, LPLCs appear to gain superior proliferation and anti-senescence ability and continually differentiate to RDCs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02795-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lian Chen
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, and Key Laboratory of Neonatal Disease, Ministry of Health, 399 Wan Yuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kruitwagen HS, Westendorp B, Viebahn CS, Post K, van Wolferen ME, Oosterhoff LA, Egan DA, Delabar JM, Toussaint MJ, Schotanus BA, de Bruin A, Rothuizen J, Penning LC, Spee B. DYRK1A Is a Regulator of S-Phase Entry in Hepatic Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:133-146. [PMID: 29179659 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are adult liver stem cells that act as second line of defense in liver regeneration. They are normally quiescent, but in case of severe liver damage, HPC proliferation is triggered by external activation mechanisms from their niche. Although several important proproliferative mechanisms have been described, it is not known which key intracellular regulators govern the switch between HPC quiescence and active cell cycle. We performed a high-throughput kinome small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen in HepaRG cells, a HPC-like cell line, and evaluated the effect on proliferation with a 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay. One hit increased the percentage of EdU-positive cells after knockdown: dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A). Although upon DYRK1A silencing, the percentage of EdU- and phosphorylated histone H3 (pH3)-positive cells was increased, and total cell numbers were not increased, possibly through a subsequent delay in cell cycle progression. This phenotype was confirmed with chemical inhibition of DYRK1A using harmine and with primary HPCs cultured as liver organoids. DYRK1A inhibition impaired Dimerization Partner, RB-like, E2F, and multivulva class B (DREAM) complex formation in HPCs and abolished its transcriptional repression on cell cycle progression. To further analyze DYRK1A function in HPC proliferation, liver organoid cultures were established from mBACtgDyrk1A mice, which harbor one extra copy of the murine Dyrk1a gene (Dyrk+++). Dyrk+++ organoids had both a reduced percentage of EdU-positive cells and reduced proliferation compared with wild-type organoids. This study provides evidence for an essential role of DYRK1A as balanced regulator of S-phase entry in HPCs. An exact gene dosage is crucial, as both DYRK1A deficiency and overexpression affect HPC cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Westendorp
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia S Viebahn
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Krista Post
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique E van Wolferen
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Loes A Oosterhoff
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David A Egan
- 3 Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine , UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Maurice Delabar
- 4 Université Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205, Paris, France
- 5 Brain & Spine Institute (ICM) CNRS UMR7225 , INSERM UMRS 975, Paris, France
| | - Mathilda J Toussaint
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Baukje A Schotanus
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- 2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Köhn-Gaone J, Gogoi-Tiwari J, Ramm GA, Olynyk JK, Tirnitz-Parker JEE. The role of liver progenitor cells during liver regeneration, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G143-54. [PMID: 26608186 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00215.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The growing worldwide challenge of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma due to increasing prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome has sparked interest in stem cell-like liver progenitor cells (LPCs) as potential candidates for cell therapy and tissue engineering, as an alternative approach to whole organ transplantation. However, LPCs always proliferate in chronic liver diseases with a predisposition to cancer; they have been suggested to play major roles in driving fibrosis, disease progression, and may even represent tumor-initiating cells. Hence, a greater understanding of the factors that govern their activation, communication with other hepatic cell types, and bipotential differentiation as opposed to their potential transformation is needed before their therapeutic potential can be harnessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Köhn-Gaone
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jully Gogoi-Tiwari
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Western Australia, Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Western Australia, Australia; Fiona Stanley and Fremantle Hospitals, Western Australia, Australia; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Janina E E Tirnitz-Parker
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Western Australia, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burra P, De Martin E, Zanetto A, Senzolo M, Russo FP, Zanus G, Fagiuoli S. Hepatitis C virus and liver transplantation: where do we stand? Transpl Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Burra
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; Padua University Hospital; Padua Italy
| | - Eleonora De Martin
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; Padua University Hospital; Padua Italy
- Centre Hepato-Biliaire Paul Brousse; Villejuif France
| | - Alberto Zanetto
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; Padua University Hospital; Padua Italy
| | - Marco Senzolo
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; Padua University Hospital; Padua Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Multivisceral Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; Padua University Hospital; Padua Italy
| | - Giacomo Zanus
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit; Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; Padua University Hospital; Padua Italy
| | - Stefano Fagiuoli
- Gastroenterology and Transplant Hepatology; Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital; Bergamo Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hung TM, Yuan RH, Huang WP, Chen YH, Lin YC, Lin CW, Lai HS, Lee PH. Increased Autophagy Markers Are Associated with Ductular Reaction during the Development of Cirrhosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2454-67. [PMID: 26158232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a regulatory pathway in liver fibrosis. We investigated the roles of autophagy in human cirrhotic livers. Cirrhotic and noncirrhotic liver tissues were obtained from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver tissues from live donors served as control. Patients with cirrhotic livers had significantly increased levels of various essential autophagy-related genes compared with noncirrhotic livers. In addition, colocalization of autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) with lysosome-associated membrane protein-1, increased levels of lysosome-associated membrane protein-2, and increased maturation of lysosomal cathepsin D were observed in cirrhotic livers. By using dual-immunofluorescence staining, we demonstrated that increased LC3B was located mainly in the cytokeratin 19-labeled ductular reaction (DR) in human cirrhotic livers and in an experimental cirrhosis induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), indicating a conserved response to chronic liver damage. Furthermore, an AAF/CCl4-mediated increase in DR and fibrosis were attenuated after chloroquine treatment, suggesting that the autophagy-lysosome pathway was essential for AAF/CCl4-induced DR-fibrosis. In conclusion, we demonstrated that increased autophagy marker positively correlated with DR during the development of cirrhosis. Therefore, targeting autophagy may hold therapeutic value for liver cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Min Hung
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Hwang Yuan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Pang Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, E-DA Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Shiee Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gandhi CR, Chaillet JR, Nalesnik MA, Kumar S, Dangi A, Demetris AJ, Ferrell R, Wu T, Divanovic S, Stankeiwicz T, Shaffer B, Stolz DB, Harvey SAK, Wang J, Starzl TE. Liver-specific deletion of augmenter of liver regeneration accelerates development of steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:379-391.e4. [PMID: 25448926 PMCID: PMC4802363 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR, encoded by GFER) is a widely distributed pleiotropic protein originally identified as a hepatic growth factor. However, little is known about its roles in hepatic physiology and pathology. We created mice with liver-specific deletion of ALR to study its function. METHODS We developed mice with liver-specific deletion of ALR (ALR-L-KO) using the albumin-Cre/LoxP system. Liver tissues were collected from ALR-L-KO mice and ALR(floxed/floxed) mice (controls) and analyzed by histology, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and techniques to measure fibrosis and lipids. Liver tissues from patients with and without advanced liver disease were determined by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Two weeks after birth, livers of ALR-L-KO mice contained low levels of ALR and adenosine triphosphate (ATP); they had reduced mitochondrial respiratory function and increased oxidative stress, compared with livers from control mice, and had excessive steatosis, and hepatocyte apoptosis. Levels of carbamyl-palmitoyl transferase 1a and ATP synthase subunit ATP5G1 were reduced in livers of ALR-L-KO mice, indicating defects in mitochondrial fatty acid transport and ATP synthesis. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial swelling with abnormalities in shapes and numbers of cristae. From weeks 2-4 after birth, levels of steatosis and apoptosis decreased in ALR-L-KO mice, and numbers of ALR-expressing cells increased, along with ATP levels. However, at weeks 4-8 after birth, livers became inflamed, with hepatocellular necrosis, ductular proliferation, and fibrosis; hepatocellular carcinoma developed by 1 year after birth in nearly 60% of the mice. Hepatic levels of ALR were also low in ob/ob mice and alcohol-fed mice with liver steatosis, compared with controls. Levels of ALR were lower in liver tissues from patients with advanced alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis than in control liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS We developed mice with liver-specific deletion of ALR, and showed that it is required for mitochondrial function and lipid homeostasis in the liver. ALR-L-KO mice provide a useful model for investigating the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis and its complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar R Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - J Richard Chaillet
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Nalesnik
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anil Dangi
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - A Jake Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Ferrell
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Traci Stankeiwicz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Benjamin Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Thomas E Starzl
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Accelerated telomere reduction and hepatocyte senescence in tolerated human liver allografts. Transpl Immunol 2014; 31:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
10
|
Zhou WC, Zhang QB, Qiao L. Pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7312-7324. [PMID: 24966602 PMCID: PMC4064077 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is the final pathological result of various chronic liver diseases, and fibrosis is the precursor of cirrhosis. Many types of cells, cytokines and miRNAs are involved in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal event in fibrosis. Defenestration and capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are major contributing factors to hepatic dysfunction in liver cirrhosis. Activated Kupffer cells destroy hepatocytes and stimulate the activation of HSCs. Repeated cycles of apoptosis and regeneration of hepatocytes contribute to pathogenesis of cirrhosis. At the molecular level, many cytokines are involved in mediation of signaling pathways that regulate activation of HSCs and fibrogenesis. Recently, miRNAs as a post-transcriptional regulator have been found to play a key role in fibrosis and cirrhosis. Robust animal models of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, as well as the recently identified critical cellular and molecular factors involved in the development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis will facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for these conditions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kruitwagen HS, Spee B, Schotanus BA. Hepatic progenitor cells in canine and feline medicine: potential for regenerative strategies. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:137. [PMID: 24946932 PMCID: PMC4089933 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New curative therapies for severe liver disease are urgently needed in both the human and veterinary clinic. It is important to find new treatment modalities which aim to compensate for the loss of parenchymal tissue and to repopulate the liver with healthy hepatocytes. A prime focus in regenerative medicine of the liver is the use of adult liver stem cells, or hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), for functional recovery of liver disease. This review describes recent developments in HPC research in dog and cat and compares these findings to experimental rodent studies and human pathology. Specifically, the role of HPCs in liver regeneration, key components of the HPC niche, and HPC activation in specific types of canine and feline liver disease will be reviewed. Finally, the potential applications of HPCs in regenerative medicine of the liver are discussed and a potential role is suggested for dogs as first target species for HPC-based trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kruitwagen HS, Spee B, Viebahn CS, Venema HB, Penning LC, Grinwis GCM, Favier RP, van den Ingh TSGAM, Rothuizen J, Schotanus BA. The canine hepatic progenitor cell niche: molecular characterisation in health and disease. Vet J 2014; 201:345-52. [PMID: 24923752 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are an adult stem cell compartment in the liver that contributes to liver regeneration when replication of mature hepatocytes is insufficient. In this study, laser microdissection was used to isolate HPC niches from the livers of healthy dogs and dogs with lobular dissecting hepatitis (LDH), in which HPCs are massively activated. Gene expression of HPC, hepatocyte and biliary markers was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Expression and localisation of selected markers were further studied at the protein level by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent double staining in samples of normal liver and liver from dogs with LDH, acute and chronic hepatitis, and extrahepatic cholestasis. Activated HPC niches had higher gene expression of the hepatic progenitor markers OPN, FN14, CD29, CD44, CD133, LIF, LIFR and BMI1 compared to HPCs from normal liver. There was lower expression of albumin, but activated HPC niches were positive for the biliary markers SOX9, HNF1β and keratin 19 by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Laminin, activated stellate cells and macrophages are abundant extracellular matrix and cellular components of the canine HPC niche. This study demonstrates that the molecular and cellular characteristics of canine HPCs are similar to rodent and human HPCs, and that canine HPCs are distinctively activated in different types of liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Kruitwagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C S Viebahn
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H B Venema
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G C M Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R P Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - J Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B A Schotanus
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van Lunteren E, Moyer M. Gene expression of sternohyoid and diaphragm muscles in type 2 diabetic rats. BMC Endocr Disord 2013; 13:43. [PMID: 24199937 PMCID: PMC3851765 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-13-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes differs from type 1 diabetes in its pathogenesis. Type 1 diabetic diaphragm has altered gene expression which includes lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, ubiquitination and oxidoreductase activity. The objectives of the present study were to assess respiratory muscle gene expression changes in type 2 diabetes and to determine whether they are greater for the diaphragm than an upper airway muscle. METHODS Diaphragm and sternohyoid muscle from Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were analyzed with Affymetrix gene expression arrays. RESULTS The two muscles had 97 and 102 genes, respectively, with at least ± 1.5-fold significantly changed expression with diabetes, and these were assigned to gene ontology groups based on over-representation analysis. Several significantly changed groups were common to both muscles, including lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, muscle contraction, ion transport and collagen, although the number of genes and the specific genes involved differed considerably for the two muscles. In both muscles there was a shift in metabolism gene expression from carbohydrate metabolism toward lipid metabolism, but the shift was greater and involved more genes in diabetic diaphragm than diabetic sternohyoid muscle. Groups present in only diaphragm were blood circulation and oxidoreductase activity. Groups present in only sternohyoid were immune & inflammation and response to stress & wounding, with complement genes being a prominent component. CONCLUSION Type 2 diabetes-induced gene expression changes in respiratory muscles has both similarities and differences relative to previous data on type 1 diabetes gene expression. Furthermore, the diabetic alterations in gene expression differ between diaphragm and sternohyoid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Lunteren
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes, Cleveland, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michelle Moyer
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes, Cleveland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Influence of block of NF-kappa B signaling pathway on oxidative stress in the liver homogenates. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:308358. [PMID: 23577221 PMCID: PMC3612439 DOI: 10.1155/2013/308358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess whether BAY 11-7082, a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inhibitor, influences the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and NF-κB related signaling pathways in the liver. The animals were divided into 4 groups: I: saline; II: saline + endothelin-1 (ET-1) (1.25 μg/kg b.w., i.v.); III: saline + ET-1 (12.5 μg/kg b.w., i.v.); and IV: BAY 11-7082 (10 mg/kg b.w., i.v.) + ET-1 (12.5 μg/kg b.w., i.v.). Injection of ET-1 alone at a dose of 12.5 μg/kg b.w. showed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level and decrease (P < 0.01) in GSH level (vs. control). ET-1 administration slightly downregulated gene expression of p65 of NF-κB but potently and in a dose-dependent way downregulated p21-cip gene expression in the liver. BAY 11-7082 significantly decreased TBARS (P < 0.001), H2O2 (P < 0.01) and improved the redox status (P < 0.05), compared to ET-1 group. The concentration of TNF-α was increased in the presence of ET-1 (P < 0.05), while BAY 11-7082 decreased TNF-α concentration (P < 0.01). Inhibition of IkBα before ET-1 administration downregulated gene expression of p21-cip but had no effect on p65.
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
French SW, Lee J, Zhong J, Morgan TR, Buslon V, Lungo W, French BA. Alcoholic liver disease - Hepatocellular carcinoma transformation. J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 3:174-81. [PMID: 22943009 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2012.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
17
|
Lim JS, Park SH, Jang KL. Hepatitis C virus Core protein overcomes stress-induced premature senescence by down-regulating p16 expression via DNA methylation. Cancer Lett 2012; 321:154-61. [PMID: 22326283 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus Core plays a vital role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma; however, the mechanism is still controversial. Here, we show that Core overcomes premature senescence provoked by a reactive oxygen species inducer, H2O2, in human liver cells. For this effect, Core down-regulated levels of p16 via promoter hypermethylation and subsequently induced phosphorylation of Rb in the presence of H2O2. Levels of p21 and p27, however, were little affected by Core under the condition. The potentials of Core to inactivate Rb and suppress H2O2-mediated cellular senescence were abolished when levels of p16 were recovered by either exogenous complementation or inhibition of DNA methylation. Considering that cellular senescence provoked by oxidative stresses is an important tumor suppression process, our present study provides a new strategy by which HCV promotes development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Song Lim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hayashi H, Sakai T. Animal models for the study of liver fibrosis: new insights from knockout mouse models. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G729-38. [PMID: 21350186 PMCID: PMC3094136 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00013.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis arises as part of a would-healing response that maintains organ structure and integrity following tissue damage but also contributes to a variety of human pathologies such as liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis is an abnormal response of the liver to persistent injury with the excessive accumulation of collagenous extracellular matrices. Currently there is no effective treatment, and many patients end up with a progressive form of the disease, eventually requiring a liver transplant. The clarification of mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and the development of effective therapy are of clinical importance. Experimental animal models, in particular targeted gene knockouts (loss of function) in mice, have become a powerful resource to address the molecular mechanisms or significance of the targeted gene in hepatic functions and diseases. This review will focus on the recent advances in knowledge obtained from genetically engineered mice that provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Hayashi
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute and
| | - Takao Sakai
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute and ,2Orthopedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tretiakova MS, Shabani-Rad MT, Guggisberg K, Hart J, Anders RA, Gao ZH. Genomic and immunophenotypical differences between hepatocellular carcinoma with and without cirrhosis. Histopathology 2010; 56:683-93. [PMID: 20546333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the expression of genes involved in p53, Wnt/beta-catenin, and retinoblastoma (Rb) 1 pathways between cirrhosis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC-C) and hepatocellular carcinoma arising in non-cirrhotic liver (HCC-NC). METHODS AND RESULTS The gene expression profile was analysed using oligo-DNA arrays, and then validated at protein level in a tissue microarray using immunohistochemistry. Compared with their background non-neoplastic liver tissue, HCC-C showed a significantly higher rate of p53, beta-catenin (protein only) and cyclin D1 expression, whereas HCC-NC showed a significantly higher rate of p21(Waf1/cip1) and p27(Kip1) expression. HCC-C had a significantly higher rate of p53 expression and a significantly lower rate of p21(waf1/cip1) expression than HCC-NC. There was no statistically significant association between the expression of genetic markers and tumour histological grade, underlying aetiology, or lymphovascular invasion. Aberrant beta-catenin expression was more commonly seen in single tumours in comparison with multiple tumours. Increased p16(INK4) and p21(waf1/cip1) expression was more commonly observed in large-sized tumours (>50 mm) than small-sized tumours. CONCLUSIONS Alteration of the p53 pathway plays a more important role in the pathogenesis of HCC-C, whereas alterations in cell cycle regulators p21(waf1/cip1) and p27(Kip1) play a more important role in the pathogenesis of HCC-NC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Tretiakova
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
p21/Wafl/Cipl cellular expression in chronic long-lasting hepatitis C: correlation with HCV proteins (C, NS3, NS5A), other cell-cycle related proteins and selected clinical data. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 47:385-94. [PMID: 20164022 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate that proteins of hepatitis C virus (HCV) disturb expression of cell-cycle-related proteins. A disturbed cell-cycle control is a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk factor in patients with HCV-related liver damage. The present study aimed to analyse the cellular expression of p21/Wafl/Cipl (p21) in long-lasting chronic hepatitis C (CH-C), its correlation with the key oncogenic HCV proteins (C, NS3, NS5A), other cell-cycle-related proteins (PCNA, Ki-67, cyclin D1, p53) and selected clinical data. Archival liver biopsies, obtained from patients with CH-C, normal livers, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens were analysed by immunocytochemistry and ImmunoMax technique. In CH-C overexpression of p21 protein was demonstrated. Positive correlations of p21 protein expression in CH-C involved age of the patients, grading, and liver steatosis. Moreover, expression of p21 correlated significantly with expression of p53 protein, of D1 cyclin and Ki-67. Although Ki-67 antigen was related to p21 expression, only Ki-67 expression proved to be directly related to liver staging. Expression of the NS3 protein, which prevailed in CH-C patients, manifested correlation with p21 expression, and that of cyclin D1. In presence of preserved potential for regeneration, overexpression of p21 indicates inhibition of cell cycle in hepatocytes, which probably plays a protective role for the chronically damaged cells. Out of the three HCV proteins only NS3 seems to affect control of p21 protein expression in in vivo infection. Nevertheless, the studies indicate that neither expression of p21 protein nor that of viral NS3 protein can serve as a marker of progression of CH-C to HCC in vivo.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cho JY, Suh KS, Shin WY, Lee HW, Yi NJ, Kim MA, Jang JJ, Lee KU. Expansion of hepatic progenitor cell in fatty liver graft after living donor liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2009; 23:530-7. [PMID: 20003044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.01020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that steatotic livers have a reduced ability to regenerate, most individuals with steatosis show generally benign prognosis. We hypothesized that a proliferative blockade in steatotic hepatocytes results in the compensatory expansion of hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) during fatty liver regeneration. Fifty-four cases of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) with a liver biopsy performed at the postoperative 10th day were examined. HPC were counted by immunofluorescence histochemical dual-staining technique using cytokeratin 7 and Ki-67, and the replicative arrest of hepatocytes was assessed by p21 immunohistochemistry. The degree of ductular proliferation during regeneration 10 days after LDLT correlated both with the degree of steatosis and the number of HPC (P < 0.001). There was no difference in the average number of HPC and the replicative arrest index between donors with or without steatosis before LDLT (P = 0.111 and P = 0.062). However, degree of steatosis correlated with both the expansion of HPC and the replicative arrest index during liver regeneration 10 days after LDLT (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, increased replicative arrest was strongly associated with HPC expansion (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the compensatory expansion of HPC as a result of impaired hepatocyte replication occurred during steatotic liver regeneration after LDLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai Young Cho
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
1. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA+ liver allograft recipients invariably reinfect the liver allograft within hours after transplantation, and the majority (>70%) develop chronic hepatitis. The rate at which these patients experience progression to cirrhosis and the overall percentage are significantly increased in comparison with HCV infection in the nontransplant setting. 2. Core needle biopsy evaluation is used to establish the diagnosis of recurrent HCV, which can be difficult to distinguish from acute cellular rejection and other causes of allograft dysfunction. In the vast majority of cases, however, distinguishing recurrent HCV from other posttransplant syndromes is reliably achieved by a careful examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and correlation with clinical and serological data. 3. Recurrent HCV often coexists with other causes of liver allograft dysfunction, and the determination of the most important cause of injury and whether other causes of injury are present is important. Included are residual changes of preservation/reperfusion injury, biliary sludging/structuring, acute cellular and chronic rejection, and autoimmune hepatitis. 4. The complex interplay between immunosuppression management, viral replication, and the recipient immune system results in distinct patterns of recurrent chronic HCV in the liver allograft: (1) conventional or usual acute and chronic HCV, which resembles that seen in the general population with HCV; (2) fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis; and (3) plasma cell-rich HCV, which might represent a variant of, or overlap with, autoimmune hepatitis and rejection. 5. The variable but usually hastened histopathological progression toward cirrhosis in HCV+ allografts is similar to that seen in the nontransplant setting, but in allografts, the overall severity of lymphocytic inflammation is less, and ductular reactions, stellate cell activation, and subsinusoidal fibrosis are accentuated. Hepatic stressors and causes of an impaired ability of hepatocytes to replicate include persistently high levels of viral replication, HCV-specific CD4+ T responses, advanced donor age, high levels or rapid withdrawal of immunosuppression, and coexistent liver damage from preservation/reperfusion injury, biliary structuring, or coexistent cytomegalovirus or herpes 6 viral infection. 6. Immunological effector mechanisms involved in the rejection and control of HCV replication/HCV elimination show significant overlap. Patients with very high levels of HCV RNA rarely show significant clinically significant acute or chronic rejection, whereas their occurrence is frequently associated with very low levels or clearance of HCV RNA. Studying the evolution from recurrent HCV to acute rejection in patients treated with interferon and/or weaned from immunosuppression might provide valuable insights into the relationship between these 2 processes as well as liver allograft acceptance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Demetris
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kobori M, Masumoto S, Akimoto Y, Takahashi Y. Dietary quercetin alleviates diabetic symptoms and reduces streptozotocin-induced disturbance of hepatic gene expression in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:859-68. [PMID: 19496084 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a food component that may ameliorate the diabetic symptoms. We examined hepatic gene expression of BALB/c mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes to elucidate the mechanism of the protective effect of dietary quercetin on diabetes-associated liver injury. We fed normal and STZ-induced diabetic mice with diets containing quercetin for 2 wk and compared the patterns of hepatic gene expression in these groups of mice using a DNA microarray. Diets containing 0.1 or 0.5% quercetin lowered the STZ-induced increase in blood glucose levels and improved plasma insulin levels. A cluster analysis of the hepatic gene expressions showed that 0.5% quercetin diet suppressed STZ-induced alteration of gene expression. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the quercetin diets had greatest suppressive effect on the STZ-induced elevation of expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/Cip1) (Cdkn1a). Quercetin also suppressed STZ-induced expression of Cdkn1a in the pancreas. Dietary quercetin might improve liver and pancreas functions by enabling the recovery of cell proliferation through the inhibition of Cdkn1a expression. Unexpectedly, in healthy control mice the 0.5 and 1% quercetin diets reduced the expression of ubiquitin C (Ubc), which has heat-shock element (HSE) in the promoter region, in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Msauko Kobori
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organisation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rudolph KL, Hartmann D, Opitz OG. Telomere dysfunction and DNA damage checkpoints in diseases and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:754-62. [PMID: 19619548 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Lenhard Rudolph
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Max-Planck-Research-Group on Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sarfraz S, Hamid S, Ali S, Jafri W, Siddiqui AA. Modulations of cell cycle checkpoints during HCV associated disease. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:125. [PMID: 19664251 PMCID: PMC2739854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired proliferation of hepatocytes has been reported in chronic Hepatitis C virus infection. Considering the fundamental role played by cell cycle proteins in controlling cell proliferation, altered regulation of these proteins could significantly contribute to HCV disease progression and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to identify the alterations in cell cycle genes expression with respect to early and advanced disease of chronic HCV infection. Methods Using freshly frozen liver biopsies, mRNA levels of 84 cell cycle genes in pooled RNA samples from patients with early or advanced fibrosis of chronic HCV infection were studied. To associate mRNA levels with respective protein levels, four genes (p27, p15, KNTC1 and MAD2L1) with significant changes in mRNA levels (> 2-fold, p-value < 0.05) were selected, and their protein expressions were examined in the liver biopsies of 38 chronic hepatitis C patients. Results In the early fibrosis group, increased mRNA levels of cell proliferation genes as well as cell cycle inhibitor genes were observed. In the advanced fibrosis group, DNA damage response genes were up-regulated while those associated with chromosomal stability were down-regulated. Increased expression of CDK inhibitor protein p27 was consistent with its mRNA level detected in early group while the same was found to be negatively associated with liver fibrosis. CDK inhibitor protein p15 was highly expressed in both early and advanced group, but showed no correlation with fibrosis. Among the mitotic checkpoint regulators, expression of KNTC1 was significantly reduced in advanced group while MAD2L1 showed a non-significant decrease. Conclusion Collectively these results are suggestive of a disrupted cell cycle regulation in HCV-infected liver. The information presented here highlights the potential of identified proteins as predictive factors to identify patients with high risk of cell transformation and HCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saira Sarfraz
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Svegliati-Baroni G, De Minicis S, Marzioni M. Hepatic fibrogenesis in response to chronic liver injury: novel insights on the role of cell-to-cell interaction and transition. Liver Int 2008; 28:1052-64. [PMID: 18783548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis represents the wound-healing response process of the liver to chronic injury, independently from aetiology. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis that can lead to liver failure, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, no effective therapies are available for hepatic fibrosis. After the definition of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as the main liver extracellular matrix-producing cells in the 1980s, the subsequent decade was dedicated to determine the role of specific cytokines and growth factors. Fibrotic progression of chronic liver diseases can be nowadays considered as a dynamic and highly integrated process of cellular response to chronic liver injury. The present review is dedicated to the novel mechanisms of cellular response to chronic liver injury leading to hepatic myofibroblasts' activation. The understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways regulating their function is crucial to counteract therapeutically the organ dysfunction caused by myofibroblasts' activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche and Ospedali Riuniti University Hospital, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Nakanuma Y. Activation of ATM signaling pathway is involved in oxidative stress-induced expression of mito-inhibitory p21WAF1/Cip1 in chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis in primary biliary cirrhosis: An immunohistochemical study. J Autoimmun 2008; 31:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
29
|
Willenbring H, Sharma AD, Vogel A, Lee AY, Rothfuss A, Wang Z, Finegold M, Grompe M. Loss of p21 permits carcinogenesis from chronically damaged liver and kidney epithelial cells despite unchecked apoptosis. Cancer Cell 2008; 14:59-67. [PMID: 18598944 PMCID: PMC2526059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of toxic metabolites in hereditary tyrosinemia type I (HT1) patients leads to chronic DNA damage and the highest risk for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) of any human disease. Here we show that hepatocytes of HT1 mice exhibit a profound cell-cycle arrest that, despite concomitant apoptosis resistance, causes mortality from impaired liver regeneration. However, additional loss of p21 in HT1 mice restores the proliferative capabilities of hepatocytes and renal proximal tubular cells. This growth response compensates cell loss due to uninhibited apoptosis and enables animal survival but rapidly leads to HCCs, renal cysts, and renal carcinomas. Thus, p21's antiproliferative function is indispensable for the suppression of carcinogenesis from chronically injured liver and renal epithelial cells and cannot be compensated by apoptosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/deficiency
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Cyclohexanones/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Hepatectomy
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/enzymology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Hydrolases/genetics
- Hydrolases/metabolism
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/etiology
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/metabolism
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/pathology
- Kidney Neoplasms/etiology
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Regeneration/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms/etiology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Nitrobenzoates/pharmacology
- Tyrosinemias/complications
- Tyrosinemias/genetics
- Tyrosinemias/metabolism
- Tyrosinemias/pathology
- Tyrosinemias/physiopathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Willenbring
- Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Georgiev P, Jochum W, Heinrich S, Jang JH, Nocito A, Dahm F, Clavien PA. Characterization of time-related changes after experimental bile duct ligation. Br J Surg 2008; 95:646-56. [PMID: 18196571 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice is used to study cholestasis, a detailed description of this animal model is lacking. The aim of this study was to define specific phases of acute and chronic injury and repair in the different cellular compartments of the liver. METHODS C57BL/6 mice underwent BDL or sham laparotomy, and serum and liver tissue were analysed between 8 h and 6 weeks later. RESULTS Biliary infarcts and alanine aminotransferase levels revealed acute hepatocellular injury peaking at days 2-3, paralleled by enhanced transcription of pro-proliferative mediators and followed by a distinct peak of hepatocellular proliferation at day 5. Cholangiocellular proliferation occurred in large bile ducts on days 2-3 and in small bile ducts on day 5. Neutrophil infiltration occurred within 8 h, with neutrophils remaining the predominant immune cell type until day 3. Acute injury was followed by continuous tissue repair, lymphocyte and Kupffer cell infiltration, and accumulation of collagen during the second week. Thereafter, the number of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells and the expression of transforming growth factor beta1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 and procollagen (I) decreased, and liver fibrosis stabilized. CONCLUSION BDL elicits dynamic changes in mouse liver. The chronological dissection and quantification of these events identified specific phases of acute and chronic cholestatic liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Georgiev
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Laconi E, Doratiotto S, Vineis P. The microenvironments of multistage carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:322-9. [PMID: 18456510 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Overt neoplasia is often the result of a chronic disease process encompassing an extended segment of the lifespan of any species. A common pathway in the natural history of the disease is the appearance of focal proliferative lesions that are known to act as precursors for cancer development. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the emergence of such lesions is not a cell-autonomous phenomenon, but is heavily dependent on microenvironmental cues derived from the surrounding tissue. Specific alterations in the tissue microenvironment that can foster the selective growth of focal lesions are discussed herein. Furthermore, we argue that a fundamental property of focal lesions as it relates to their precancerous nature lies in their altered growth pattern as compared to the tissue where they reside. The resulting altered tissue architecture translates into the emergence of a unique tumor microenvironment inside these lesions, associated with altered blood vessels and/or blood supply which in turn can trigger biochemical and metabolic changes fueling tumor progression. A deeper understanding of the role(s) of tissue and tumor microenvironments in the pathogenesis of cancer is essential to design more effective strategies for the management of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Laconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Sezione di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Cagliari, 09125 Cagliari, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Baiocchi L, Angelico M, Petrolati A, Perrone L, Palmieri G, Battista S, Carbone M, Tariciotti L, Longhi C, Orlando G, Tisone G. Correlation between liver fibrosis and inflammation in patients transplanted for HCV liver disease. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:673-8. [PMID: 18294164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) re-infection after liver transplantation (LT) is characterized by an accelerated disease progression in recent years with unclear mechanisms. We evaluate the relationship between progression of liver fibrosis and histological necro-inflammation in HCV recipients, according to age of transplant. Fifty-five patients transplanted (1993-2002) for HCV liver disease, were included in the study. Recipients were retrospectively stratified in three different age of transplant, of 40 months each: group 1) from January 1993 to May 1996; group 2) from June 1996 to august 1999; group 3) from September 1999 to December 2002. Grading (necro-inflammation) and staging (fibrosis) scores were evaluated in liver biopsies at 1, 2 and 3 years from LT (Ishak classification). For all age of transplant the main factor associated with fibrosis progression, was grading score (p < 0.05). However mean staging score for each point of grading increased from 0.3 +/- 0.2 in older LT to 0.7 +/- 0.5 in newer ones (p = 0.01). In conclusion in HCV-LT patients (1) liver fibrosis is strictly associated to histological necro-inflammation; (2) the proportion of this relationship has been changing in recent years since newer LT patients, show an increased amount of fibrosis in comparison with the older ones, for similar grading score.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Baiocchi
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Small proline-rich proteins (SPRR) function as SH3 domain ligands, increase resistance to injury and are associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cholangiocytes. J Hepatol 2008; 48:276-88. [PMID: 18155796 PMCID: PMC2263141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Deficient biliary epithelial cell (BEC) expression of small proline-rich protein (SPRR) 2A in IL-6(-/-) mice is associated with defective biliary barrier function after bile duct ligation. And numerous gene array expression studies show SPRR2A to commonly be among the most highly up-regulated genes in many non-squamous, stressed and remodeling barrier epithelia. Since the function of SPRR in these circumstances is unknown, we tested the exploratory hypothesis that BEC SPRR2A expression contributes to BEC barrier function and wound repair. METHODS The effect of SPRR2A expression was studied in primary mouse BEC cultures; in a BEC cell line after forced overexpression of SPRR2A; and in human livers removed at the time of liver transplantation. RESULTS Forced SPRR2A overexpression showed that it functions as a SH3 domain ligand that increases resistance to oxidative injury and promotes wound restitution by enhancing migration and acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics. Low confluency non-neoplastic mouse BEC cultures show a phenotype similar to the stable transfectants, as did spindle-shaped BEC participating in atypical ductular reactions in primary biliary cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that SPRR2A-related BEC barrier modifications represent a novel, but widely utilized and evolutionarily conserved, response to stress that is worthy of further study.
Collapse
|
34
|
Richardson MM, Jonsson JR, Powell EE, Brunt EM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bhathal PS, Dixon JB, Weltman MD, Tilg H, Moschen AR, Purdie DM, Demetris AJ, Clouston AD. Progressive fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association with altered regeneration and a ductular reaction. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:80-90. [PMID: 17631134 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Portal fibrosis and linkage is a key feature of progressive disease in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but not simple steatosis. It is underappreciated and poorly understood. Fatty liver has impaired regeneration that induces a secondary replicative pathway using bipotential, periportal, hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). We propose that activation of this pathway, with increased cell injury in NASH, also induces a periportal ductular reaction (DR) that could produce a profibrogenic stimulus. METHODS Biopsy specimens from 107 patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and 11 controls were immunostained with cytokeratin-7 to quantify the DR and HPCs, and with p21 to assess hepatocyte replicative arrest. These results were correlated with clinicopathologic variables. RESULTS Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease had expansion of HPCs, with a strong association between HPCs and the DR (r(s) = 0.582, P < .0001). In those with NASH (n = 69) there was an increased DR compared with simple steatosis, which correlated with the stage of fibrosis (r(s) = 0.510, P < .0001). The DR increased with the grade of NASH activity (r(s) = 0.478, P < .0001), grade of portal inflammation (r(s) = 0.445, P < .0001), and extent of hepatocyte replicative arrest (r(s) = 0.446, P < .0001). Replicative arrest was in turn associated with insulin resistance (r(s) = 0.450, P < .0001) and NASH activity (r(s) = 0.452, P < .0001). By multivariate analysis, the extent of DR (odds ratio [OR] = 17.9, P = .016), hepatocyte ballooning (OR = 8.1, P < .0001), and portal inflammation (OR = 3.3, P = .005) were associated independently with fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that an altered replication pathway in active NASH promotes a periportal DR, which in turn may provoke progressive periportal fibrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Richardson
- School of Medicine, Southern Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Horiguchi N, Ishac EJN, Gao B. Liver regeneration is suppressed in alcoholic cirrhosis: correlation with decreased STAT3 activation. Alcohol 2007; 41:271-80. [PMID: 17630087 PMCID: PMC1986734 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver regeneration is suppressed in alcoholic patients; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We examined liver regeneration and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation (an important signal for liver regeneration) in cirrhotic livers from alcoholics, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and alcoholic plus HCV infection. Liver regeneration and STAT3 activation were determined by immunohistochemistry analysis of Ki67 and STAT3 phosphorylation, respectively, in 20 alcoholic cirrhosis, 13 HCV cirrhosis, 13 alcoholic+HCV cirrhosis. Alcoholic or alcoholic plus HCV cirrhotic livers had significantly lower Ki67+ and phospho-STAT3+ (pSTAT3+) hepatocytes and bile duct cells than HCV cirrhotic livers. The pSTAT3 positive staining did not correlate with liver injury (elevation of serum levels of aspartate transaminase [AST] and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) but correlated positively with cell proliferation (Ki67 positive staining). IN CONCLUSION liver regeneration is suppressed in alcoholic cirrhotic livers, which may be partly due to decreased STAT3 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Horiguchi
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Edward JN Ishac
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Bin Gao
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Brunt EM, Walsh SN, Hayashi PH, Labundy J, Di Bisceglie AM. Hepatocyte senescence in end-stage chronic liver disease: a study of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in liver biopsies as a marker for progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2007; 27:662-71. [PMID: 17498252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histologic markers to predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include small cell change and dysplastic nodules. Hepatocyte senescence is noted in chronic liver disease and may or may not be important in progression to HCC. AIM The study was undertaken to compare standard histologic features of chronic liver disease as well as markers of senescence and proliferation in two groups of biopsies from patients followed for at least a year. METHODS Standard histologic evaluation of necroinflammatory activity, fibrosis, steatosis, and iron, internationally accepted criteria of dysplasia, and immunohistochemical markers for proliferation and hepatocyte senescence were compared in 47 liver biopsies from noncholestatic chronic liver disease patients who subsequently either underwent transplant (the Control group, n=19) or had biopsy-proven (HCC group, n=28) over a similar time period of 34.9 months (mean) and 42.5 months (mean) respectively. RESULTS Both groups were predominantly men; the MELD score was higher, and mean age was less in the Control group (46.9 vs 53.8 years, P=0.01). Small cell change was not significantly different in the biopsies between the two groups; neither were grade, stage (Ishak scores), nor presence or location of iron. Steatosis was more common in the group that subsequently developed HCC (P=0.04). The MIB-1 proliferation index was greater in the biopsies from the Control group. The senescence marker p21, and the ratio of p21:MIB-1 were not statistically different between the two groups. However, a Spearman's rank correlation showed a linear correlation of p21/MIB-1 with a greater amount of dyplasia in the explant livers of Controls. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested the Control groups' livers maintained effective removal of cells from the cell cycle by overexpression of p21 and, while not 'protected' from significant involvement by dysplasia, may have been precluded from development of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Brunt
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Alvaro D, Mancino MG, Glaser S, Gaudio E, Marzioni M, Francis H, Alpini G. Proliferating cholangiocytes: a neuroendocrine compartment in the diseased liver. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:415-31. [PMID: 17241889 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last 15 years, the intrahepatic biliary tree has become the object of extensive studies, which highlighted the extraordinary biologic properties of cholangiocytes involved in bile formation, proliferation, injury repair, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and regulation of blood flow. Proliferation is a "typical" property of cholangiocytes and is key as a mechanism of repair responsible for maintaining the integrity of the biliary tree. Cholangiocyte proliferation occurs virtually in all pathologic conditions of liver injury where it is associated with inflammation, regeneration, and repair, thus conditioning the evolution of liver damage. Interestingly, proliferating cholangiocytes acquire the phenotype of neuroendocrine cells, and secrete different cytokines, growth factors, neuropeptides, and hormones, which represent potential mechanisms for cross talk with other liver cells. Many studies suggest the generation of a neuroendocrine compartment in the injured liver, mostly constituted by cells with cholangiocyte features, which functionally conditions the progression of liver disease. These insights on cholangiocyte pathophysiology will provide new potential strategies for the management of chronic liver diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the mechanisms regulating cholangiocyte proliferation and the significance of the neuroendocrine regulation of cholangiocyte biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Alvaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University La Sapienza, via R. Rossellini 51, 00137 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sun R, Park O, Horiguchi N, Kulkarni S, Jeong WI, Sun HY, Radaeva S, Gao B. STAT1 contributes to dsRNA inhibition of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. Hepatology 2006; 44:955-66. [PMID: 17006930 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that liver regeneration is suppressed in patients with chronic HCV infection; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previously, we demonstrated that injection of the synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) poly I:C to mimic viral infection suppresses liver regeneration in the partial hepatectomy (PHx) model, whereby IFN-gamma contributes to the inhibition. In this study, we examined the role of the IFN-gamma-activated downstream signal (STAT1) and genes (IRF-1, p21(cip1), and SOCS1) in liver regeneration and hepatocyte proliferation. Results show that disruption of the STAT1 gene abolished poly I:C suppression of liver regeneration and the inhibitory effect of poly I:C on liver regeneration was diminished in IRF-1(-/-) and p21(cip1-/-)mice. Treatment with IFN-gamma in vitro inhibited cell proliferation of wild-type mouse hepatocytes, but not STAT1(-/-) hepatocytes. The inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on cell proliferation was also diminished in IRF-1(-/-) and p21(cip1-/-) hepatocytes, but enhanced in SOCS1(-/-) hepatocytes. Hepatocyte proliferation was unaffected by treatment with poly I:C alone, but when hepatocytes were co-cultured with liver lymphocytes, proliferation was inhibited by IFN-gamma/STAT1-dependent mechanisms. Moreover, in HCV-infected livers with cirrhosis, activation of STAT1 was detected and correlated positively with liver injury (elevated serum levels of AST) but negatively with hepatocyte proliferation (hepatocyte PCNA and Ki-67 positive immunostaining). In conclusion, STAT1 is involved in dsRNA suppression of liver regeneration; not only does STAT1 activation contribute to liver injury, it may also block liver repair through inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation in HCV-infected patients, playing an important role in the pathogenesis of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Demetris AJ, Lunz JG, Specht S, Nozaki I. Biliary wound healing, ductular reactions, and IL-6/gp130 signaling in the development of liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:3512-22. [PMID: 16773708 PMCID: PMC4087567 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i22.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic and translational wound healing research in the biliary tree lag significantly behind similar studies on the skin and gastrointestinal tract. This is at least partly attributable to lack of easy access to the biliary tract for study. But clinical relevance, more interest in biliary epithelial cell (BEC) pathophysiology, and widespread availability of BEC cultures are factors reversing this trend. In the extra-hepatic biliary tree, ineffectual wound healing, scarring and stricture development are pressing issues. In the smallest intra-hepatic bile ducts either impaired BEC proliferation or an exuberant response can contribute to liver disease. Chronic inflammation and persistent wound healing reactions in large and small bile ducts often lead to liver cancer. General concepts of wound healing as they apply to the biliary tract, importance of cellular processes dependent on IL-6/gp130/STAT3 signaling pathways, unanswered questions, and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-J Demetris
- The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of Transplantation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC-Montefiore E-741, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Khettry U, Azabdaftari G, Simpson MA, Pomfret EA, Pomposelli JJ, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL, Gordon FD. Impact of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scoring system on pathological findings at and after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006; 12:958-65. [PMID: 16598742 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scoring system, a validated objective liver disease severity scale, was adopted in February 2002 to allocate cadaveric organs for liver transplantation (LT). To improve transplantability before succumbing to advanced disease, patients with low-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are given extra points in this system commensurate with their predicted mortality. Our aims were to determine 1) any change in the pathological findings at LT following the implementation of this system and 2) the impact of scoring advantage given to early-stage HCC. Clinicopathologic findings were compared before (pre-MELD, n = 87) and after (MELD, n = 58) the introduction of the MELD system. The findings in the pre-MELD vs. MELD groups were as follows: HCC, 27.5% vs. 48.3% (P = 0.001); portal vein thrombosis (PVT), 13.7% vs. 25.9% (P = 0.08); cholestasis, 16.1% vs. 32.7% (P = 0.026); inflammation grade of 2 or more, 43.7% vs. 48.3% (P = not significant); hepatitis C (HCV), 45.9% vs. 51.7% (P = not significant); HCV with lymphoid aggregates, 25% vs. 60% (P = 0.003); HCV with hyperplastic hilar nodes, 15.0% vs. 36.6% (P = 0.001); and post-LT HCC recurrence, 4.1% vs. 3.4% (P = not significant). Non-HCC-related findings were further compared in the 2 subgroups of pre-MELD (n = 57) and MELD (n = 31) after exclusion of HCC and fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) cases, and only cholestasis was significantly increased in the subgroup MELD. In conclusion, increased incidence of native liver cholestasis in the MELD era may be the histologic correlate of clinically severe liver disease. The scoring advantage given to low-stage HCC did result in a significantly increased incidence of HCC in the MELD group, but it did not adversely affect the post-LT recurrence rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Khettry
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA 01805, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- V J Desmet
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 12, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Demetris AJ, Lunz JG. Early HCV-associated stellate cell activation in aggressive recurrent HCV: what can liver allografts teach about HCV pathogenesis? Liver Transpl 2005; 11:1172-6. [PMID: 16184566 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|