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Sun YM, Wu Y, Li GX, Liang HF, Yong TY, Li Z, Zhang B, Chen XP, Jin GN, Ding ZY. TGF-β downstream of Smad3 and MAPK signaling antagonistically regulate the viability and partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition of liver progenitor cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:6588-6612. [PMID: 38604156 PMCID: PMC11042936 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) are a subpopulation of cells that contribute to liver regeneration, fibrosis and liver cancer initiation under different circumstances. RESULTS By performing adenoviral-mediated transfection, CCK-8 analyses, F-actin staining, transwell analyses, luciferase reporter analyses and Western blotting, we observed that TGF-β promoted cytostasis and partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in LPCs. In addition, we confirmed that TGF-β activated the Smad and MAPK pathways, including the Erk, JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, and revealed that TGFβ-Smad signaling induced growth inhibition and partial EMT, whereas TGFβ-MAPK signaling had the opposite effects on LPCs. We further found that the activity of Smad and MAPK signaling downstream of TGF-β was mutually restricted in LPCs. Mechanistically, we found that TGF-β activated Smad signaling through serine phosphorylation of both the C-terminal and linker regions of Smad2 and 3 in LPCs. Additionally, TGFβ-MAPK signaling inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad3 but not Smad2 at the C-terminus, and it reinforced the linker phosphorylation of Smad3 at T179 and S213. We then found that overexpression of mutated Smad3 at linker phosphorylation sites intensifies TGF-β-induced cytostasis and EMT, mimicking the effects of MAPK inhibition in LPCs, whereas mutation of Smad3 at the C-terminus caused LPCs to blunt TGF-β-induced cytostasis and partial EMT. CONCLUSION These results suggested that TGF-β downstream of Smad3 and MAPK signaling were mutually antagonistic in regulating the viability and partial EMT of LPCs. This antagonism may help LPCs overcome the cytostatic effect of TGF-β under fibrotic conditions and maintain partial EMT and progenitor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Sun
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Province for The Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Present address: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated First Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Province for The Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Gan-Xun Li
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Province for The Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hui-Fang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Province for The Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Tu-Ying Yong
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Province for The Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Province for The Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Guan-Nan Jin
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Province for The Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Present address: Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ze-Yang Ding
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Hubei Province for The Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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Shen Z, Dai W, Guo Y, Wang J, Shen B, Li B, Lu L, Cai X. Yes-associated protein promotes the proliferation and differentiation of liver progenitor cells during liver fibrosis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22916. [PMID: 37073611 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201919r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is closely related to the proliferation and differentiation of liver progenitor cells (LPCs). Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a key effector molecule of the Hippo signaling pathway and plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and liver homeostasis. However, its role in LPCs proliferation and differentiation during liver fibrosis are not well understood. Using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR and Western blotting, we discovered that LPCs expansion and enhanced YAP expression in LPCs in either choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet or 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet-induced fibrotic mice, as well as in patients with liver fibrosis. By injecting adeno-associated virus vectors under the transcriptional control of Lgr5 promoter, we found that targeted knockdown of YAP in LPCs attenuated the CDE/DDC diet-induced ductular reaction and liver fibrosis. Using EdU incorporation and Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, we demonstrated that YAP can modulate LPCs proliferation. Importantly, spleen transplantation of YAP-overexpressing LPCs improved their ability to differentiate into hepatocytes and alleviated carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis. Collectively, our findings indicate that LPCs expansion and differentiation during liver fibrosis could be modulated by YAP, further suggesting the possibility of manipulating YAP expression in LPCs as a potential treatment for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuecheng Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lungen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Danoy M, Poulain S, Jellali R, Scheidecker B, Tauran Y, Marjorie L, Johanna B, Kim SH, Kido T, Miyajima A, Sakai Y, Leclerc E. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies suggest the establishment of advanced zonation-like profiles in hiPSCs-derived LSECs and CPM-positive LPCs cocultured in a fluidic microenvironment. Hepatol Res 2023. [PMID: 36866738 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic zonation is a physiological feature of the liver, known to be key in the regulation of the metabolism of nutrients and xenobiotics and the biotransformation of numerous substances. However, the reproduction of this phenomenon remains challenging in vitro as only part of the processes involved in the orchestration and maintenance of zonation are fully understood. The recent advances in organ-on-chip technologies, which allow for the integration of multicellular 3D tissues in a dynamic microenvironment could offer solutions for the reproduction of zonation within a single culture vessel. METHODS An in-depth analysis of zonation-related mechanisms observed during the coculture of hiPSCs-derived CPM-positive liver progenitor cells and hiPSCs-derived liver sinusoidal endothelial cells within a microfluidic biochip was performed. RESULTS Hepatic phenotypes were confirmed in terms of albumin secretion, glycogen storage, CYP450 activity, and expression of specific endothelial markers such as PECAM-1, RAB5A and CD109. Further characterization of the patterns observed in the comparison of the transcription factors motifs activities, the transcriptomic signature, and the proteomic profile expressed at the inlet and the outlet of the microfluidic biochip confirmed the presence of zonation-like phenomena within the biochips. Especially, differences related to Wnt/β-catenin, TGFβ, mTOR, HIF1, and AMPK signaling, to the metabolism of lipids, and cellular remolding were observed. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows the interest in combining coculture of hiPSCs-derived cellular models and microfluidic technologies for reproducing in vitro complex mechanisms such as liver zonation and further incites the use of those solutions for accurate reproduction of in vivo situations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Danoy
- CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.,Department of Chemical System Engineering, graduate school of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Stéphane Poulain
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Rachid Jellali
- CNRS UMR 7338, Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologies de Compiègne, Compiegne, France
| | - Benedikt Scheidecker
- CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.,Department of Chemical System Engineering, graduate school of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yannick Tauran
- LMI CNRS UMR5615, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Leduc Marjorie
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Plateforme protéomique 3P5, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Bruce Johanna
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Plateforme protéomique 3P5, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Taketomo Kido
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, graduate school of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Eric Leclerc
- CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.,CNRS UMR 7338, Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne universités, Université de Technologies de Compiègne, Compiegne, France
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Kim M, Rizvi F, Shin D, Gouon-Evans V. Update on Hepatobiliary Plasticity. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:13-23. [PMID: 36764306 PMCID: PMC10005859 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The liver field has been debating for decades the contribution of the plasticity of the two epithelial compartments in the liver, hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs), to derive each other as a repair mechanism. The hepatobiliary plasticity has been first observed in diseased human livers by the presence of biphenotypic cells expressing hepatocyte and BEC markers within bile ducts and regenerative nodules or budding from strings of proliferative BECs in septa. These observations are not surprising as hepatocytes and BECs derive from a common fetal progenitor, the hepatoblast, and, as such, they are expected to compensate for each other's loss in adults. To investigate the cell origin of regenerated cell compartments and associated molecular mechanisms, numerous murine and zebrafish models with ability to trace cell fates have been extensively developed. This short review summarizes the clinical and preclinical studies illustrating the hepatobiliary plasticity and its potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwook Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fatima Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Section, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Section, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Satilmis B, Akbulut S, Sahin TT, Dalda Y, Tuncer A, Kucukakcali Z, Ogut Z, Yilmaz S. Assessment of Liver Regeneration in Patients Who Have Undergone Living Donor Hepatectomy for Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020244. [PMID: 36851123 PMCID: PMC9962137 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and the associated immune pathways are among the most important factors in liver regeneration after living donor hepatectomy. Various biomarkers, especially liver function tests, are used to show liver regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of liver regeneration following donor hepatectomy (LDH) by routine and regeneration-related biomarkers. METHOD Data from 63 living liver donors (LLDs) who underwent LDH in Inonu University Liver Transplant Institute were prospectively analyzed. Serum samples were obtained on the preoperative day and postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 5, 10, and 21. Regenerative markers including alfa-fetoprotein (AFP), des carboxy prothrombin (DCP), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), and angiotensin-converting enzyme isotype II (ACEII) and liver function tests including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin levels were all analyzed. RESULTS The median age of the LLDs was 29.7 years and 28 LLDs were female. Eight LLDs developed postoperative complications requiring relaparotomy. The routine laboratory parameters including AST (<0.001), ALT (<0.001), ALP (<0.001), and total bilirubin (<0.001) showed a significant increase over time until postoperative day (POD) 3. For the regeneration-related parameters, except for the RBP4, all parameters including ACEII (p = 0.006), AFP (p = 0.002), DCP (p = 0.007), and ODC (p = 0.002) showed a significant increase in POD3. The regeneration parameters showed a different pattern of change. In right-lobe liver grafts, ACEII (p = 0.002), AFP (p = 0.035), and ODC (p = 0.001) showed a significant increase over time. DCP (p = 0.129) and RBP4 (p = 0.335) showed no significant changes in right-lobe liver grafts. CONCLUSIONS Regenerative markers are increased in a sustained fashion following LDH. This is more prominent following right-lobe grafts which are indicative of progenitor-associated liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basri Satilmis
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 244280, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Inonu University Faculty of Pharmacy, Malatya 244280, Turkey
| | - Sami Akbulut
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 244280, Turkey
- Department of Biostatistics, and Medical Informatics, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Tevfik Tolga Sahin
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 244280, Turkey
| | - Yasin Dalda
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 244280, Turkey
| | - Adem Tuncer
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 244280, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Kucukakcali
- Department of Biostatistics, and Medical Informatics, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Zeki Ogut
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 244280, Turkey
| | - Sezai Yilmaz
- Department of Surgery and Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 244280, Turkey
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Fu Q, Ohnishi S, Suda G, Sakamoto N. Small-molecule inhibitor cocktail promotes the proliferation of pre-existing liver progenitor cells. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1589-1603. [PMID: 35777357 PMCID: PMC9287679 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study showed that a cocktail of three small molecules, Y-27632, A83-01, and CHIR99021 (YAC), converts mature hepatocytes (MHs) into proliferative bipotent cells that can be induced into MHs and cholangiocytes in rats. However, when we reproduced these experiments, it was found that bipotent cells may be derived from resident liver progenitor cells (LPCs), whose proliferative activity was promoted by YAC. A simple and efficient sorting scheme was also developed in this study to harvest high-purity and high-yield LPCs. The inducible bipotency of purified LPCs was verified; in addition, they were found to spontaneously differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes due to changes in proliferative status even without induction. Moreover, during the differentiation process, some hepatocytes spontaneously reconverted to LPCs under certain conditions, such as the release of contact inhibition. These findings may improve our understanding of LPCs and provide a cell source for regenerative medicine. A small-molecule cocktail promotes rat liver progenitor proliferation in vitro Highly purified progenitors can be simply obtained by their physical properties Purified progenitors preferentially proliferate and then spontaneously differentiate Progenitor differentiation is closely related to varied proliferation signals
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Goki Suda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Huang R, Zhang X, Gracia-Sancho J, Xie WF. Liver regeneration: Cellular origin and molecular mechanisms. Liver Int 2022; 42:1486-1495. [PMID: 35107210 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The liver is known as an organ with high proliferation potential. Clarifying the cellular origin and deepening the understanding of liver regeneration mechanisms will help provide new directions for the treatment of liver disease. With the development and application of lineage tracing technology, the specific distribution and dynamic changes of hepatocyte subpopulations in homeostasis and liver injury have been illustrated. Self-replication of hepatocytes is responsible for the maintenance of liver function and mass under homeostasis. The compensatory proliferation of remaining hepatocytes is the main mechanism of liver regeneration following acute and chronic liver injury. Transdifferentiation between hepatocytes and cholangiocytes has been recognized upon severe chronic liver injury. Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo/YAP and Notch signalling play essential roles in the maintenance of homeostatic liver and hepatocyte-to-cholangiocyte conversion under liver injury. In this review, we summarized the recent studies on cell origin of newly generated hepatocytes and the underlying mechanisms of liver regeneration in homeostasis and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wei-Fen Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Wang YC, Wang ZJ, Zhang C, Ning BF. Cell reprogramming in liver with potential clinical correlations. J Dig Dis 2022; 23:13-21. [PMID: 34921720 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The theory of cell reprogramming has developed rapidly during the past decades. Cell reprogramming has been widely used in the construction of experimental models and cytotherapy for certain diseases. Hepatocyte-like cells that are important for the treatment of end-stage liver disease can now be obtained with a variety of reprogramming techniques. However, improving the differentiation status and physiological function of these cells remains challenging. Hepatocytes can transdifferentiate into other types of cells directly, whereas other types of cells can also transdifferentiate into hepatocyte-like cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, cell reprogramming is to some extent similar to malignant cell transformation. During the initiation and progression of liver cancer, cell reprogramming is always associated with cancer metastasis and chemoresistance. In this review, we summarized the research related to cell reprogramming in liver and highlighted the potential effects of cell reprogramming in the pathogenesis and treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chuan Wang
- Clinical Cancer Institute, Center for Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Jie Wang
- Clinical Cancer Institute, Center for Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bei Fang Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Li Y, Lu L, Cai X. Liver Regeneration and Cell Transplantation for End-Stage Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1907. [PMID: 34944550 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only curative option for end-stage liver disease; however, the limitations of liver transplantation require further research into other alternatives. Considering that liver regeneration is prevalent in liver injury settings, regenerative medicine is suggested as a promising therapeutic strategy for end-stage liver disease. Upon the source of regenerating hepatocytes, liver regeneration could be divided into two categories: hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration (typical regeneration) and liver progenitor cell-driven liver regeneration (alternative regeneration). Due to the massive loss of hepatocytes, the alternative regeneration plays a vital role in end-stage liver disease. Advances in knowledge of liver regeneration and tissue engineering have accelerated the progress of regenerative medicine strategies for end-stage liver disease. In this article, we generally reviewed the recent findings and current knowledge of liver regeneration, mainly regarding aspects of the histological basis of regeneration, histogenesis and mechanisms of hepatocytes' regeneration. In addition, this review provides an update on the regenerative medicine strategies for end-stage liver disease. We conclude that regenerative medicine is a promising therapeutic strategy for end-stage liver disease. However, further studies are still required.
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Passman AM, Strauss RP, McSpadden SB, Finch-Edmondson M, Andrewartha N, Woo KH, Diepeveen LA, Zhao W, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E, Medina-Ruiz L, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, Park H, Carlessi R, Tirnitz-Parker JEE, Blanco JR, London R, Callus BA, Elsegood CL, Baker MV, Martínez A, Yeoh GCT, Ochoa-Callejero L. Maraviroc Prevents HCC Development by Suppressing Macrophages and the Liver Progenitor Cell Response in a Murine Chronic Liver Disease Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4935. [PMID: 34638423 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Liver stem cells and activated macrophages have been implicated as contributors to liver cancer; hence, reducing their abundance is a potential avenue for therapy. In this article, we demonstrate that Maraviroc, a drug approved for human use, reduces the liver stem cell response and macrophage activation in a mouse model of liver cancer. These findings underline the preventive potential of this drug in liver cancer, a deadly disease for which there are few effective treatments. Abstract Maraviroc (MVC), a CCR5 antagonist, reduces liver fibrosis, injury and tumour burden in mice fed a hepatocarcinogenic diet, suggesting it has potential as a cancer therapeutic. We investigated the effect of MVC on liver progenitor cells (LPCs) and macrophages as both have a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Mice were fed the hepatocarcinogenic choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet (CDE) ± MVC, and immunohistochemistry, RNA and protein expression were used to determine LPC and macrophage abundance, migration and related molecular mechanisms. MVC reduced LPC numbers in CDE mice by 54%, with a smaller reduction seen in macrophages. Transcript and protein abundance of LPC-associated markers correlated with this reduction. The CDE diet activated phosphorylation of AKT and STAT3 and was inhibited by MVC. LPCs did not express Ccr5 in our model; in contrast, macrophages expressed high levels of this receptor, suggesting the effect of MVC is mediated by targeting macrophages. MVC reduced CD45+ cells and macrophage migration in liver and blocked the CDE-induced transition of liver macrophages from an M1- to M2-tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) phenotype. These findings suggest MVC has potential as a re-purposed therapeutic agent for treating chronic liver diseases where M2-TAM and LPC numbers are increased, and the incidence of HCC is enhanced.
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11
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Hodge A, Andrewartha N, Lourensz D, Strauss R, Correia J, Goonetilleke M, Yeoh G, Lim R, Sievert W. Human Amnion Epithelial Cells Produce Soluble Factors that Enhance Liver Repair by Reducing Fibrosis While Maintaining Regeneration in a Model of Chronic Liver Injury. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720950221. [PMID: 32813573 PMCID: PMC7563845 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720950221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) exert potent antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects when transplanted into preclinical models of tissue fibrosis. These effects are mediated in part via the secretion of soluble factors by hAECs which modulate signaling pathways and affect cell types involved in inflammation and fibrosis. Based on these reports, we hypothesized that these soluble factors may also support liver regeneration during chronic liver injury. To test this, we characterized the effect of both hAECs and hAEC-conditioned medium (CM) on liver repair in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis. Liver repair was assessed by liver fibrosis, hepatocyte proliferation, and the liver progenitor cell (LPC) response. We found that the administration of hAECs or hAEC-CM reduced liver injury and fibrosis, sustained hepatocyte proliferation, and reduced LPC numbers during chronic liver injury. Additionally, we undertook in vitro studies to document both the cell-cell and paracrine-mediated effects of hAECs on LPCs by investigating the effects of co-culturing the LPCs and hAECs and hAEC-CM on LPCs. We found little change in LPCs co-cultured with hAECs. In contrast, hAEC-CM enhances LPC proliferation and differentiation. These findings suggest that paracrine factors secreted by hAECs enhance liver repair by reducing fibrosis while promoting regeneration during chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hodge
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, 2538Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, 2538Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Neil Andrewartha
- Centre for Medical Research, 102804Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Both the authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Dinushka Lourensz
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, 2538Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, 2538Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Strauss
- Centre for Medical Research, 102804Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeanne Correia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, 2538Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, 2538Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mihiri Goonetilleke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences, 2541Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,568369The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Yeoh
- Centre for Medical Research, 102804Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences, 2541Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,568369The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William Sievert
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, 2538Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences, 2538Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Castro‐Gil MP, Sánchez‐Rodríguez R, Torres‐Mena JE, López‐Torres CD, Quintanar‐Jurado V, Gabiño‐López NB, Villa‐Treviño S, del‐Pozo‐Jauner L, Arellanes‐Robledo J, Pérez‐Carreón JI. Enrichment of progenitor cells by 2-acetylaminofluorene accelerates liver carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine in vivo. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:377-390. [PMID: 33765333 PMCID: PMC8251613 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The potential role of hepatocytes versus hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) on the onset and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been fully clarified. Because the administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) followed by a partial hepatectomy, selectively induces the HPC proliferation, we investigated the effects of chronic 2AAF administration on the HCC development caused by the chronic administration of the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 16 weeks in the rat. DEN + 2AAF protocol impeded weight gain of animals but promoted prominent hepatomegaly and exacerbated liver alterations compared to DEN protocol alone. The tumor areas detected by γ-glutamyl transferase, prostaglandin reductase-1, and glutathione S-transferase Pi-1 liver cancer markers increased up to 80% as early as 12 weeks of treatment, meaning 6 weeks earlier than DEN alone. This protocol also increased the number of Ki67-positive cells and those of CD90 and CK19, two well-known progenitor cell markers. Interestingly, microarray analysis revealed that DEN + 2AAF protocol differentially modified the global gene expression signature and induced the differential expression of 30 genes identified as HPC markers as early as 6 weeks of treatment. In conclusion, 2AAF induces the early appearance of HPC markers and as a result, accelerates the hepatocarcinogenesis induced by DEN in the rat. Thus, since 2AAF simultaneously administrated with DEN enriches HPC during hepatocarcinogenesis, we propose that DEN + 2AAF protocol might be a useful tool to investigate the cellular origin of HCC with progenitor features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Sánchez‐Rodríguez
- Foundation Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica‐Città della SperanzaPadovaItaly
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | | | | | | | | | - Saúl Villa‐Treviño
- Department of Cell BiologyCenter for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic InstituteCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | | | - Jaime Arellanes‐Robledo
- Laboratory of Liver DiseasesNational Institute of Genomic MedicineCiudad de MéxicoMexico
- Directorate of CátedrasNational Council of Science and TechnologyCiudad de MéxicoMexico
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13
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Huang WJ, Zhou X, Fu GB, Ding M, Wu HP, Zeng M, Zhang HD, Xu LY, Gao Y, Wang HY, Yan HX. The combined induction of liver progenitor cells and the suppression of stellate cells by small molecules reverts chronic hepatic dysfunction. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5539-5552. [PMID: 33859762 PMCID: PMC8039967 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: We developed a cocktail of soluble molecules mimicking the in vivo milieu supporting liver regeneration that could convert mature hepatocytes to expandable liver progenitor-like cells in vitro. This study aimed to induce endogenous liver progenitor cells by the administration of the soluble molecules to provide an alternative approach for the resolution of liver fibrosis. Methods: In vitro cultured hepatocyte-derived liver progenitor-like cells (HepLPCs) were transplanted into CCL4-treated mice to investigate the therapeutic effect against liver fibrosis. Next, we used HGF in combination with a cocktail of small molecules (Y-27632, A-83-01, and CHIR99021 (HACY)) to induce endogenous CD24+ liver progenitor cells and to inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) during CCL4-induced hepatic injury. RNA sequencing was performed to further clarify the features of HACY-induced CD24+ cells compared with CCL4-induced CD24+ cells and in vitro derived HepLPCs. Finally, we evaluated the expansion of HACY-induced CD24+ cells in human hepatocyte-spheroids from fibrotic liver tissues. Results: HepLPCs exhibited the capacity to alleviate liver fibrosis after transplantation into CCL4-treated mice. The in vivo administration of HACY not only induced the conversion of mature hepatocytes (MHs) to CD24+ progenitor cells but prevented the activation of HSCs, thus leading to enhanced improvement of liver fibrosis in CCL4-treated mice. Compared to CD24+ cells induced by CCL4 alone, HACY-induced CD24+ cells retained an enhanced level of hepatic function and could promote the restoration of liver function that exhibited comparable gene expression profiles with HepLPCs. CD24+ cells were also observed in human liver fibrotic tissues and were expanded in three-dimensional (3D) hepatic spheroids in the presence of HACY in vitro. Conclusions: Hepatocyte-derived liver progenitor-like cells are crucial for liver regeneration during chronic hepatic injuries. The administration of HACY, which allowed the induction of endogenous CD24+ progenitor cells and the inactivation of HSCs, exerts beneficial effects in the treatment of liver fibrosis by re-establishing a balance favoring liver regeneration while preventing fibrotic responses.
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14
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So J, Kim M, Lee SH, Ko S, Lee DA, Park H, Azuma M, Parsons MJ, Prober D, Shin D. Attenuating the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-Sex-Determining Region Y-Box 9 Axis Promotes Liver Progenitor Cell-Mediated Liver Regeneration in Zebrafish. Hepatology 2020; 73:1494-1508. [PMID: 32602149 PMCID: PMC7769917 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The liver is a highly regenerative organ, but its regenerative capacity is compromised in severe liver injury settings. In chronic liver diseases, the number of liver progenitor cells (LPCs) correlates proportionally to disease severity, implying that their inefficient differentiation into hepatocytes exacerbates the disease. Moreover, LPCs secrete proinflammatory cytokines; thus, their prolonged presence worsens inflammation and induces fibrosis. Promoting LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation in patients with advanced liver disease, for whom liver transplantation is currently the only therapeutic option, may be a feasible clinical approach because such promotion generates more functional hepatocytes and concomitantly reduces inflammation and fibrosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, using zebrafish models of LPC-mediated liver regeneration, we present a proof of principle of such therapeutics by demonstrating a role for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in differentiation of LPCs into hepatocytes. We found that suppression of EGFR signaling promoted LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation through the mitogen-activated ERK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) cascade. Pharmacological inhibition of EGFR or MEK/ERK promoted LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation as well as genetic suppression of the EGFR-ERK-SOX9 axis. Moreover, Sox9b overexpression in LPCs blocked their differentiation into hepatocytes. In the zebrafish liver injury model, both hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells contributed to LPCs. EGFR inhibition promoted the differentiation of LPCs regardless of their origin. Notably, short-term treatment with EGFR inhibitors resulted in better liver recovery over the long term. CONCLUSIONS The EGFR-ERK-SOX9 axis suppresses LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation during LPC-mediated liver regeneration. We suggest EGFR inhibitors as a proregenerative therapeutic drug for patients with advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhoon So
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA,Correspondence: Donghun Shin, 3501 5 Ave. #5063 Pittsburgh, PA 15260, 1-412-624-2144 (phone), 1-412-383-2211 (fax), ; Juhoon So, 3501 5 Ave. #5065 Pittsburgh, PA 15260, 1-412-624-2145 (phone), 1-412-383-2211 (fax),
| | - Minwook Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sungjin Ko
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA,Present address: Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel A. Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Mizuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Michael J. Parsons
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David Prober
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA,Correspondence: Donghun Shin, 3501 5 Ave. #5063 Pittsburgh, PA 15260, 1-412-624-2144 (phone), 1-412-383-2211 (fax), ; Juhoon So, 3501 5 Ave. #5065 Pittsburgh, PA 15260, 1-412-624-2145 (phone), 1-412-383-2211 (fax),
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15
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Pepe-Mooney BJ, Dill MT, Alemany A, Ordovas-Montanes J, Matsushita Y, Rao A, Sen A, Miyazaki M, Anakk S, Dawson PA, Ono N, Shalek AK, van Oudenaarden A, Camargo FD. Single-Cell Analysis of the Liver Epithelium Reveals Dynamic Heterogeneity and an Essential Role for YAP in Homeostasis and Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:23-38.e8. [PMID: 31080134 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The liver can substantially regenerate after injury, with both main epithelial cell types, hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs), playing important roles in parenchymal regeneration. Beyond metabolic functions, BECs exhibit substantial plasticity and in some contexts can drive hepatic repopulation. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing to examine BEC and hepatocyte heterogeneity during homeostasis and after injury. Instead of evidence for a transcriptionally defined progenitor-like BEC cell, we found significant homeostatic BEC heterogeneity that reflects fluctuating activation of a YAP-dependent program. This transcriptional signature defines a dynamic cellular state during homeostasis and is highly responsive to injury. YAP signaling is induced by physiological bile acids (BAs), required for BEC survival in response to BA exposure, and is necessary for hepatocyte reprogramming into biliary progenitors upon injury. Together, these findings uncover molecular heterogeneity within the ductal epithelium and reveal YAP as a protective rheostat and regenerative regulator in the mammalian liver.
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16
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Manco R, Leclercq IA, Clerbaux LA. Liver Regeneration: Different Sub-Populations of Parenchymal Cells at Play Choreographed by an Injury-Specific Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4115. [PMID: 30567401 PMCID: PMC6321497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration is crucial for the maintenance of liver functional mass during homeostasis and diseases. In a disease context-dependent manner, liver regeneration is contributed to by hepatocytes or progenitor cells. As long as they are replicatively competent, hepatocytes are the main cell type responsible for supporting liver size homeostasisand regeneration. The concept that all hepatocytes within the lobule have the same proliferative capacity but are differentially recruited according to the localization of the wound, or whether a yet to be defined sub-population of hepatocytes supports regeneration is still debated. In a chronically or severely injured liver, hepatocytes may enter a state of replicative senescence. In such conditions, small biliary cells activate and expand, a process called ductular reaction (DR). Work in the last few decades has demonstrated that DR cells can differentiate into hepatocytes and thereby contribute to parenchymal reconstitution. In this study we will review the molecular mechanisms supporting these two processes to determine potential targets that would be amenable for therapeutic manipulation to enhance liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Manco
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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17
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Hassan S, Mansy SS, Tabak SA, AbdelFattah AS, Abdel-Aziz AM, Hamam O, Seleem MI, Abdelaal A. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic morphometric image analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma in association of HCV infection. Ultrastruct Pathol 2018; 42:97-107. [PMID: 29424576 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2017.1422065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is crucial for successful therapy. The present work examined the value of ultrastructural morphometric image analysis of hepatocyte nuclei in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) versus HCC cases with chronic HCV and the corresponding surgical tumor-free safe margins (TFMs), to highlight any early predictive signs of neoplastic cellular transformation. This work also performed an immunohistochemical assessment of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and Ki-67-positive cells to visualize any associated proliferative activity in the examined groups. The results showed significant decrease in the hepatocyte nuclear surface areas in the HCC and TFMs versus those in the HCV cases. The hepatocyte nucleolar surface area was significantly increased in the HCC cases versus that in the HCV cases. This increase was associated with a significant increase in Ki-67-positive cells in the HCC cases compared to those in the other groups. Conversely, the mean number of CK 19-positive cells was significantly reduced in the HCC cases compared to the cell numbers in TFMs and HCV cases with severe hepatic fibrosis. Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) were discerned in the reactive ductules and canaliculo-ductular junctions that characterized TFMs. LPCs were sporadically distributed in the liver lobules and reactive bile ductules in the HCC samples. In conclusion, CK 19 represents an important marker for distinguishing between dysplastic and malignant liver nodules. Electron microscopic morphometric image analysis may be considered as adjunct factor for assessing hepatocyte malignant transformation. Wider scale studies are needed to authenticate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hassan
- a Electron Microscopy Research Department (Pathology) , Theodor Bilharz Research Institute , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Soheir S Mansy
- a Electron Microscopy Research Department (Pathology) , Theodor Bilharz Research Institute , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Sahar A Tabak
- b Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Egypt
| | - Ahmed S AbdelFattah
- c Hepatogastroenterology Department , Theodor Bilharz Research Institute , Cairo , Egypt
| | | | - Olfat Hamam
- d Pathology Department , Theodor Bilharz Research Institute , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohammed I Seleem
- e Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation , National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Amr Abdelaal
- f Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
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18
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Choi TY, Khaliq M, Tsurusaki S, Ninov N, Stainier DY, Tanaka M, Shin D. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling governs biliary-driven liver regeneration in zebrafish through tbx2b and id2a. Hepatology 2017; 66:1616-1630. [PMID: 28599080 PMCID: PMC5650528 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Upon mild liver injury, new hepatocytes originate from preexisting hepatocytes. However, if hepatocyte proliferation is impaired, a manifestation of severe liver injury, biliary epithelial cells (BECs) contribute to new hepatocytes through BEC dedifferentiation into liver progenitor cells (LPCs), also termed oval cells or hepatoblast-like cells (HB-LCs), and subsequent differentiation into hepatocytes. Despite the identification of several factors regulating BEC dedifferentiation and activation, little is known about factors involved in the regulation of LPC differentiation into hepatocytes during liver regeneration. Using a zebrafish model of near-complete hepatocyte ablation, we show that bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling is required for BEC conversion to hepatocytes, particularly for LPC differentiation into hepatocytes. We found that severe liver injury led to the up-regulation of genes involved in Bmp signaling, including smad5, tbx2b, and id2a, in the liver. Bmp suppression did not block BEC dedifferentiation into HB-LCs; however, the differentiation of HB-LCs into hepatocytes was impaired due to the maintenance of HB-LCs in an undifferentiated state. Later Bmp suppression did not affect HB-LC differentiation but increased BEC number through proliferation. Notably, smad5, tbx2b, and id2a mutants exhibited similar liver regeneration defects as those observed in Bmp-suppressed livers. Moreover, BMP2 addition promoted the differentiation of a murine LPC line into hepatocytes in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Bmp signaling regulates BEC-driven liver regeneration through smad5, tbx2b, and id2a: it regulates HB-LC differentiation into hepatocytes through tbx2b and BEC proliferation through id2a; our findings provide insights into promoting innate liver regeneration as a novel therapy. (Hepatology 2017;66:1616-1630).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Choi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mehwish Khaliq
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Shinya Tsurusaki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nikolay Ninov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, Diabetes Center, and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Y.R. Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, Diabetes Center, and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA,Correspondence: Donghun Shin, 3501 5 Ave. #5063 Pittsburgh, PA 15260, 1-412-624-2144 (phone), 1-412-383-2211 (fax),
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19
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Koui Y, Kido T, Ito T, Oyama H, Chen SW, Katou Y, Shirahige K, Miyajima A. An In Vitro Human Liver Model by iPSC-Derived Parenchymal and Non-parenchymal Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:490-498. [PMID: 28757162 PMCID: PMC5549957 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During liver development, hepatoblasts and liver non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) constitute the liver bud where they proliferate and differentiate. Accordingly, we reasoned that liver NPCs would support the maturation of hepatocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which usually exhibit limited functions. We found that the transforming growth factor β and Rho signaling pathways, respectively, regulated the proliferation and maturation of LSEC and HSC progenitors isolated from mouse fetal livers. Based on these results, we have established culture systems to generate LSECs and HSCs from hiPSCs. These hiPSC-derived NPCs exhibited distinctive phenotypes and promoted self-renewal of hiPSC-derived liver progenitor cells (LPCs) over the long term in the two-dimensional culture system without exogenous cytokines and hepatic maturation of hiPSC-derived LPCs. Thus, a functional human liver model can be constructed in vitro from the LPCs, LSECs, and HSCs derived from hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Koui
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Taketomo Kido
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
| | - Toshimasa Ito
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oyama
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Shin-Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuki Katou
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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Wu J, Choi TY, Shin D. tomm22 Knockdown-Mediated Hepatocyte Damages Elicit Both the Formation of Hybrid Hepatocytes and Biliary Conversion to Hepatocytes in Zebrafish Larvae. Gene Expr 2017; 17:237-249. [PMID: 28251883 PMCID: PMC5542045 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x695195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver has a highly regenerative capacity. In the normal liver, hepatocytes proliferate to restore lost liver mass. However, when hepatocyte proliferation is impaired, biliary epithelial cells (BECs) activate and contribute to hepatocytes. We previously reported in zebrafish that upon severe hepatocyte ablation, BECs extensively contribute to regenerated hepatocytes. It was also speculated that BEC-driven liver regeneration might occur in another zebrafish liver injury model in which temporary knockdown of the mitochondrial import gene tomm22 by morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MO) induces hepatocyte death. Given the importance of multiple BEC-driven liver regeneration models for better elucidating the mechanisms underlying innate liver regeneration in the diseased liver, we hypothesized that BECs would contribute to hepatocytes in tomm22 MO-injected larvae. In this MO-based liver injury model, by tracing the lineage of BECs, we found that BECs significantly contributed to hepatocytes. Moreover, we found that surviving, preexisting hepatocytes become BEC-hepatocyte hybrid cells in tomm22 MO-injected larvae. Intriguingly, both the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and macrophage ablation suppressed the formation of the hybrid hepatocytes. This new liver injury model in which both hepatocytes and BECs contribute to regenerated hepatocytes will aid in better understanding the mechanisms of innate liver regeneration in the diseased liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchen Wu
- *Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- †Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tae-Young Choi
- *Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- *Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Köhn-Gaone J, Gogoi-Tiwari J, Ramm GA, Olynyk JK, Tirnitz-Parker JEE. The role of liver progenitor cells during liver regeneration, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G143-54. [PMID: 26608186 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00215.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The growing worldwide challenge of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma due to increasing prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome has sparked interest in stem cell-like liver progenitor cells (LPCs) as potential candidates for cell therapy and tissue engineering, as an alternative approach to whole organ transplantation. However, LPCs always proliferate in chronic liver diseases with a predisposition to cancer; they have been suggested to play major roles in driving fibrosis, disease progression, and may even represent tumor-initiating cells. Hence, a greater understanding of the factors that govern their activation, communication with other hepatic cell types, and bipotential differentiation as opposed to their potential transformation is needed before their therapeutic potential can be harnessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Köhn-Gaone
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jully Gogoi-Tiwari
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Western Australia, Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Western Australia, Australia; Fiona Stanley and Fremantle Hospitals, Western Australia, Australia; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Janina E E Tirnitz-Parker
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Western Australia, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Western Australia, Australia
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Bogaerts E, Paridaens A, Verhelst X, Carmeliet P, Geerts A, Van Vlierberghe H, Devisscher L. Effect of prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 haplodeficiency on liver progenitor cell characteristics in early mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. EXCLI J 2016; 15:687-698. [PMID: 28337100 PMCID: PMC5318796 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induces therapy resistant tumours, characterized by increased liver progenitor cell (LPCs) characteristics and poor prognosis. We previously reported corresponding results in mice with HCC in which hypoxia was mimicked by prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibition. Here, we aimed at investigating whether induction of LPC characteristics occurs during the onset of hepatocarcinogenesis and if this is associated with activation of Notch signalling. Dietheylnitrosamine (DEN) was used to induce hepatic tumours in PHD2 haplodeficient (PHD2+/-) mice which were euthanized at 5, 10, 15 and 17 weeks following DEN during neoplastic transformation, before tumour formation. Neoplasia and mRNA expression of LPC and Notch markers were evaluated by histology and qPCR on isolated livers. PHD2 haplodeficiency resulted in enhanced expression of HIF target genes after 17 weeks of DEN compared to wild type (WT) littermates but had no effect on the onset of neoplastic transformation. The mRNA expression of Afp and Epcam was increased at all time points following DEN whereas CK19, Prom1 and Notch3 were increased after 17 weeks of DEN, without difference between PHD2+/- and WT mice. MDR1 mRNA expression was increased in all DEN treated mice compared to saline control with increased expression in PHD2+/- compared to WT from 15 weeks. These results indicate that the effects of PHD2 haplodeficiency on the expression of LPC and Notch markers manifest during tumour nodule formation and not early on during neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliene Bogaerts
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Xavier Verhelst
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Anja Geerts
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
Chronic liver diseases (CLD) such as hepatitis B and C virus infection, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are associated with hepatocellular necrosis, continual inflammation, and hepatic fibrosis. The induced microenvironment triggers the activation of liver-resident progenitor cells (LPCs) while hepatocyte replication is inhibited. In the early injury stages, LPCs regenerate the liver by proliferation, migration to sites of injury, and differentiation into functional biliary epithelial cells or hepatocytes. However, when this process becomes dysregulated, wound healing can progress to pathological fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. The other key mediators in the pathogenesis of progressive CLD are fibrosis-driving, activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) that usually proliferate in very close spatial association with LPCs. Recent studies from our group and others have suggested the potential for cytokine and chemokine cross-talk between LPCs and HSCs, which is mainly driven by the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members, TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and lymphotoxin-β, potentially dictating the pathological outcomes of chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Dwyer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University , Bentley, WA , Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University , Bentley, WA , Australia ; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia , Fremantle, WA , Australia ; Department of Gastroenterology, Fremantle Hospital , Fremantle, WA , Australia ; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University , Murdoch, WA , Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Janina E E Tirnitz-Parker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University , Bentley, WA , Australia ; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia , Fremantle, WA , Australia
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Kitade M, Factor VM, Andersen JB, Tomokuni A, Kaji K, Akita H, Holczbauer A, Seo D, Marquardt JU, Conner EA, Lee SB, Lee YH, Thorgeirsson SS. Specific fate decisions in adult hepatic progenitor cells driven by MET and EGFR signaling. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1706-17. [PMID: 23913923 DOI: 10.1101/gad.214601.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The relative contribution of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET and epidermal growth factor (EGF)/EGF receptor (EGFR), two key signal transduction systems in the normal and diseased liver, to fate decisions of adult hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) has not been resolved. Here, we developed a robust culture system that permitted expansion and genetic manipulation of cells capable of multilineage differentiation in vitro and in vivo to examine the individual roles of HGF/MET and EGF/EGFR in HPC self-renewal and binary cell fate decision. By employing loss-of-function and rescue experiments in vitro, we showed that both receptors collaborate to increase the self-renewal of HPCs through activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. MET was a strong inducer of hepatocyte differentiation by activating AKT and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3). Conversely, EGFR selectively induced NOTCH1 to promote cholangiocyte specification and branching morphogenesis while concomitantly suppressing hepatocyte commitment. Furthermore, unlike the deleterious effects of MET deletion, the liver-specific conditional loss of Egfr facilitated rather than suppressed progenitor-mediated liver regeneration by switching progenitor cell differentiation toward hepatocyte lineage. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms regulating the stemness properties of adult HPCs and reveal a previously unrecognized link between EGFR and NOTCH1 in directing cholangiocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuteru Kitade
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Weng HL, Feng DC, Radaeva S, Kong XN, Wang L, Liu Y, Li Q, Shen H, Gao YP, Müllenbach R, Munker S, Huang T, Chen JL, Zimmer V, Lammert F, Mertens PR, Cai WM, Dooley S, Gao B. IFN-γ inhibits liver progenitor cell proliferation in HBV-infected patients and in 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine diet-fed mice. J Hepatol 2013; 59:738-45. [PMID: 23747755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Proliferation of liver progenitor cells (LPCs) is associated with inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. However, how inflammation and fibrosis affect LPCs remains obscure. METHODS We examined the role of interferon (IFN)-γ, an important pro-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic cytokine, in LPC expansion in HBV-infected patients and in mice challenged with 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)- or choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet as well as in primary LPCs and LPC cell line. RESULTS The CK19 staining scores correlated with inflammation and fibrosis grades in the livers from 110 HBV-infected patients. Nine-month IFN-γ treatment decreased LPC numbers, inflammation, and fibrosis in these HBV-infected patients. Similarly, a two-week IFN-γ treatment also decreased LPC activation in DDC-treated mice. Disruption of IFN-γ or its signaling components (e.g., IFNGR, STAT1, and IRF-1) increased LPC proliferation and liver fibrosis in DDC-fed mice. In contrast, deletion of IFN-γ did not increase, but rather slightly reduced LPC proliferation in CDE-fed mice. In vitro, IFN-γ attenuated proliferation of the LPC cell line BMOL and of primary LPCs from wild type mice, but not STAT1(-/-) or IRF-1(-/-) mice. Furthermore, co-culture assays suggest that IFN-γ can indirectly promote LPC proliferation via the activation of macrophages but attenuate it via the inhibition of hepatic stellate cells. CONCLUSIONS IFN-γ inhibits LPC expansion via the direct inhibition of LPC proliferation and indirect attenuation of liver fibrosis in the DDC model, but it may also enhance LPC expansion via the promotion of inflammation in the CDE model; thereby playing dual roles in regulating LPC proliferation in vivo.
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Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) results from the acute and rapid loss of hepatocyte function and frequently exhibits a fulminant course, characterized by high mortality in the absence of immediate state-of-the-art intensive care and/or emergency liver transplantation (ELT). The role of hepatocyte-mediated liver regeneration during acute and chronic liver injury has been extensively investigated, and recent studies suggest that hepatocytes are not exclusively responsible for the regeneration of the injured liver during fulminant liver injury. Liver progenitor cells (LPC) (or resident liver stem cells) are quiescent in the healthy liver, but may be activated under conditions where the regenerative capacity of mature hepatocytes is severely impaired. This review aims to provide an overview of the role of the LPC population during ALF, and the role of putative cytokines, growth factors, mitogens, and hormones in the LPC response. We will highlight the potential interaction among cellular compartments during ALF, and discuss the possible prognostic value of the LPC response on ALF outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Best
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany ; Liver Cell Biology Lab (LIVR), Department of Cell Biology (CYTO), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Chazaud B. Macrophages: supportive cells for tissue repair and regeneration. Immunobiology 2013; 219:172-8. [PMID: 24080029 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, and more broadly inflammation, have been considered for a long time as bad markers of tissue homeostasis. However, if it is indisputable that macrophages are associated with many diseases in a deleterious way, new roles have emerged, showing beneficial properties of macrophages during tissue repair and regeneration. This discrepancy is likely due to the high plasticity of macrophages, which may exhibit a wide range of phenotypes and functions depending on their environment. Therefore, regardless of their role in immunity, macrophages play a myriad of roles in the maintenance and recovery of tissue homeostasis. They take a major part in the resolution of inflammation. They also exert various effects of parenchymal cells, including stem and progenitor cell, of which they regulate the fate. In the present review, few examples from various tissues are presented to illustrate that, beyond their specific properties in a given tissue, common features have been described that sustain a role of macrophages in the recovery and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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28
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Kong X, Feng D, Mathews S, Gao B. Hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic functions of interleukin-22: therapeutic potential for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1:56-60. [PMID: 23855297 PMCID: PMC3779467 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) plays a key role in promoting antimicrobial immunity and tissue repair at barrier surfaces by binding to the receptors IL-22R1, which is generally thought to be expressed exclusively in epithelial cells, and IL-10R2. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that IL-22 plays an important role in ameliorating liver injury in many rodent models by targeting hepatocytes that express high levels of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2. Recently, we have identified high expression levels of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 in liver progenitor cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Overexpression of IL-22 in vivo or treatment with IL-22 in vitro promotes proliferation of liver progenitor cells via a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-dependent mechanism. IL-22 treatment also prevents HSC apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, overexpression of IL-22, via either gene targeting or exogenous administration of adenovirus expressing IL-22, reduces liver fibrosis and accelerates the resolution of liver fibrosis during recovery. The anti-fibrotic effects of IL-22 are mediated via the activation of STAT3 in HSCs and subsequent induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, which induces HSC senescence. Taken together, the hepatoprotective, mitogenic, and anti-fibrotic effects of IL-22 are beneficial in ameliorating alcoholic liver injury. Importantly, due to the restricted expression of IL-22R1, IL-22 therapy is expected to have few side effects, thus making IL-22 a potential candidate for treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Kong
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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29
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Wang X, Cui J, Zhang BQ, Zhang H, Bi Y, Kang Q, Wang N, Bie P, Yang Z, Wang H, Liu X, Haydon RC, Luu HH, Tang N, Dong J, He TC. Decellularized liver scaffolds effectively support the proliferation and differentiation of mouse fetal hepatic progenitors. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1017-25. [PMID: 23625886 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized whole organs represent ideal scaffolds for engineering new organs and/or cell transplantation. Here, we investigate whether decellularized liver scaffolds provide cell-friendly biocompatible three-dimensional (3-D) environment to support the proliferation and differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells. Mouse liver tissues are efficiently decellularized through portal vein perfusion. Using the reversibly immortalized mouse fetal hepatic progenitor cells (iHPCs), we are able to effectively recellularize the decellularized liver scaffolds. The perfused iHPCs survive and proliferate in the 3-D scaffolds in vitro for 2 weeks. When the recellularized scaffolds are implanted into the kidney capsule of athymic nude mice, cell survival and proliferation of the implanted scaffolds are readily detected by whole body imaging for 10 days. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor (EGF) is shown to significantly promote the proliferation and differentiation of the implanted iHPCs. Histologic and immunochemical analyzes indicate that iHPCs are able to proliferate and differentiate to mature hepatocytes upon EGF stimulation in the scaffolds. The recellularization of the biomaterial scaffolds is accompanied with vascularization. Taken together, these results indicate that decullarized liver scaffolds effectively support the proliferation and differentiation of iHPCs, suggesting that decellularized liver matrix may be used as ideal biocompatible scaffolds for hepatocyte transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Department of Surgery, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
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Procházková J, Kabátková M, Šmerdová L, Pacherník J, Sykorová D, Kohoutek J, Šimečková P, Hrubá E, Kozubík A, Machala M, Vondráček J. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor negatively regulates expression of the plakoglobin gene (jup). Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:258-70. [PMID: 23690540 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plakoglobin is an important component of intercellular junctions, including both desmosomes and adherens junctions, which is known as a tumor suppressor. Although mutations in the plakoglobin gene (Jup) and/or changes in its protein levels have been observed in various disease states, including cancer progression or cardiovascular defects, the information about endogenous or exogenous stimuli orchestrating Jup expression is limited. Here we show that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) may regulate Jup expression in a cell-specific manner. We observed a significant suppressive effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a model toxic exogenous activator of the AhR signaling, on Jup expression in a variety of experimental models derived from rodent tissues, including contact-inhibited rat liver progenitor cells (where TCDD induces cell proliferation), rat and mouse hepatoma cell models (where TCDD inhibits cell cycle progression), cardiac cells derived from the mouse embryonic stem cells, or cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal rat hearts. The small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of AhR confirmed its role in both basal and TCDD-deregulated Jup expression. The analysis of genomic DNA located ~2.5kb upstream of rat Jup gene revealed a presence of evolutionarily conserved AhR binding motifs, which were confirmed upon their cloning into luciferase reporter construct. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of Jup expression affected both proliferation and attachment of liver progenitor cells. The present data indicate that the AhR may contribute to negative regulation of Jup gene expression in rodent cellular models, which may affect cell adherence and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhu C, Coombe DR, Zheng MH, Yeoh GCT, Li L. Liver progenitor cell interactions with the extracellular matrix. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:757-66. [PMID: 22467423 DOI: 10.1002/term.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) are a promising source of cells to treat liver disease by cell therapy, due to their capability for self-replication and bipotentiality. In order to establish useful culture systems of LPCs and apply them to future clinical therapies, it is necessary to understand their interactions with their microenvironment and especially with the extracellular matrix (ECM). There is considerable evidence from in vivo studies that matrix proteins affect the activation, expansion, migration and differentiation of LPCs, but the information on the role that specific ECMs play in regulating LPCs in vitro is more limited. Nevertheless, current studies suggest that laminin, collagen type III, collagen type IV and hyaluronic acid help to maintain the undifferentiated phenotype of LPCs and promote their proliferation when cultured in media supplemented with growth factors chosen for LPC expansion, whereas collagen type I and fibronectin are generally associated with a differentiated phenotype under the same conditions. Experimental evidence suggests that α6β1 and α5β1 integrins as well as CD44 on the surface of LPCs, and their related downstream signals, are important mediators of interactions between LPCs and the ECM. The interactions of LPCs with the ECM form the focus of this review and the contribution of ECM molecules to strategies for optimizing in vitro LPC cultures for therapeutic applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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32
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Abstract
Stem cells have potential for therapy of liver diseases, but may also be involved in the formation of liver cancer. Recently, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Henry M. and Lillian Stratton Basic Research Single Topic Conference "Stem Cells in Liver Diseases and Cancer: Discovery and Promise" brought together a diverse group of investigators to define the status of research on stem cells and cancer stem cells in the liver and identify problems and solutions on the path to clinical translation. This report summarizes the outcomes of the conference and provides an update on recent research advances. Progress in liver stem cell research includes isolation of primary liver progenitor cells (LPCs), directed hepatocyte differentiation of primary LPCs and pluripotent stem cells, findings of transdifferentiation, disease-specific considerations for establishing a therapeutically effective cell mass, and disease modeling in cell culture. Tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TISCs) that emerge during chronic liver injury share the expression of signaling pathways, including those organized around transforming growth factor beta and β-catenin, and surface markers with normal LPCs. Recent investigations of the role of TISCs in hepatocellular carcinoma have provided insight into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of hepatocarcinogenesis. Targeted chemotherapies for TISC are in development as a means to overcome cellular resistance and mechanisms driving disease progression in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Bart Rountree
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA,Corresponding authors: C. Bart Rountree, MD, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine and Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, H085, Hershey, PA 17033, Telephone: 717 531 5901, Fax: 717 531 0653, . Holger Willenbring, MD, PhD, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB-900C, Campus Box 0665, San Francisco, CA 94143, Telephone: 415 476 2417, Fax: 415 514 2346,
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Corresponding authors: C. Bart Rountree, MD, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine and Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, H085, Hershey, PA 17033, Telephone: 717 531 5901, Fax: 717 531 0653, . Holger Willenbring, MD, PhD, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB-900C, Campus Box 0665, San Francisco, CA 94143, Telephone: 415 476 2417, Fax: 415 514 2346,
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Chobert MN, Couchie D, Fourcot A, Zafrani ES, Laperche Y, Mavier P, Brouillet A. Liver precursor cells increase hepatic fibrosis induced by chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication in rats. J Transl Med 2012; 92:135-50. [PMID: 21946857 PMCID: PMC3425737 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis, the major complication of virtually all types of chronic liver damage, usually begins in portal areas, and its severity has been correlated to liver progenitor cells (LPC) expansion from periportal areas, even if the primary targets of injury are intralobular hepatocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the potential fibrogenic role of LPC, using a new experimental model in which rat liver fibrosis was induced by chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) administration for 6 weeks, in combination with chronic acetylaminofluorene treatment (AAF), which promotes activation of LPC compartment. Treatment with CCl(4) alone caused a significant increase in serum transaminase activity as well as liver fibrosis initiating around central veins and leading to formation of incomplete centro-central septa with sparse fibrogenic cells expressing α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). In AAF/CCl(4)-treated animals, the fibrogenic response was profoundly worsened, with formation of multiple porto-central bridging septa leading to cirrhosis, whereas hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation were similar to those observed in CCl(4)-treated animals. Enhanced fibrosis in AAF/CCl(4) group was accompanied by ductule forming LPC expanding from portal areas, αSMA-positive cells accumulation in the fibrotic areas and increased expression of hepatic collagen type 1, 3 and 4 mRNA. Moreover, CK19-positive LPC expressed the most potent fibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) without any expression of αSMA, desmin or fibroblast-specific protein-1, demonstrating that LPC did not undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In this new experimental model, LPC, by expressing TGFβ, contributed to the accumulation of αSMA-positive myofibroblasts in the ductular reaction leading to enhanced fibrosis but also to disease progression and to a fibrotic pattern similar to that observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noële Chobert
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-MarneIFR108 rue du général Sarrail 94010 Créteil, FR
| | - Dominique Couchie
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-MarneIFR108 rue du général Sarrail 94010 Créteil, FR
| | - Agnès Fourcot
- UFR Médecine
Université Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-MarneAvenue du Général de Gaulle 94010 Créteil Cedex, FR
| | - Elie-Serge Zafrani
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-MarneIFR108 rue du général Sarrail 94010 Créteil, FR,Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques [Mondor]
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital Henri MondorUniversité Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-Marne51 Av Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000 Créteil,FR
| | - Yannick Laperche
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-MarneIFR108 rue du général Sarrail 94010 Créteil, FR
| | - Philippe Mavier
- UFR Médecine
Université Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-MarneAvenue du Général de Gaulle 94010 Créteil Cedex, FR
| | - Arthur Brouillet
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale
INSERM : U955Université Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-MarneIFR108 rue du général Sarrail 94010 Créteil, FR,* Correspondence should be adressed to: Arthur Brouillet
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34
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Petrakova OS, Ashapkin VV, Voroteliak EA, Bragin EY, Shtratnikova VY, Chernioglo ES, Sukhanov YV, Terskikh VV, Vasiliev AV. Effect of 3D Cultivation Conditions on the Differentiation of Endodermal Cells. Acta Naturae 2012; 4:47-57. [PMID: 23346379 PMCID: PMC3548173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapy of endodermal organs is one of the most important issues in modern cellular biology and biotechnology. One of the most promising directions in this field is the study of the transdifferentiation abilities of cells within the same germ layer. A method for anin vitroinvestigation of the cell differentiation potential (the cell culture in a three-dimensional matrix) is described in this article. Cell cultures of postnatal salivary gland cells and postnatal liver progenitor cells were obtained; their comparative analysis under 2D and 3D cultivation conditions was carried out. Both cell types have high proliferative abilities and can be cultivated for more than 20 passages. Under 2D cultivation conditions, the cells remain in an undifferentiated state. Under 3D conditions, they undergo differentiation, which was confirmed by a lower cell proliferation and by an increase in the differentiation marker expression. Salivary gland cells can undergo hepatic and pancreatic differentiation under 3D cultivation conditions. Liver progenitor cells also acquire a pancreatic differentiation capability under conditions of 3D cultivation. Thus, postnatal salivary gland cells exhibit a considerable differentiation potential within the endodermal germ layer and can be used as a promising source of endodermal cells for the cellular therapy of liver pathologies. Cultivation of cells under 3D conditions is a useful model for thein vitroanalysis of the cell differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. S. Petrakova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Vavilova Str. 26, Moscow, Russia, 119334,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie Gory
1/12, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - V. V. Ashapkin
- Belozersky Institute, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/40,
Moscow, Russia, 119991,Center of Innovation and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds and
Their Applications, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3/2, Moscow, Russia,
117312
| | - E. A. Voroteliak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Vavilova Str. 26, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - E. Y. Bragin
- Center of Innovation and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds and
Their Applications, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3/2, Moscow, Russia,
117312
| | - V. Y. Shtratnikova
- Center of Innovation and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds and
Their Applications, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3/2, Moscow, Russia,
117312
| | - E. S. Chernioglo
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Vavilova Str. 26, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Y. V. Sukhanov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Vavilova Str. 26, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - V. V. Terskikh
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Vavilova Str. 26, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - A. V. Vasiliev
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Vavilova Str. 26, Moscow, Russia, 119334
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