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Tang W, Zhang M, Wang Y, Ma D, Hu M, Zhang Y, Lin H, Jiang W, Ouyang Y, Jiang L, He P, Zhao G, Ouyang X. IGF‑1 inhibits palmitic acid‑induced mitochondrial apoptosis in macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2023; 28:234. [PMID: 37921069 PMCID: PMC10636768 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin growth factor‑1 (IGF‑1) is an endocrine regulator that plays an important role in normal growth and development. IGF‑1 mediated effects may result in protecting macrophages from immunometabolic response. However, it is unclear whether IGF‑1 has a protective effect on fatty acid‑induced macrophages damage. In the present study, THP‑1 cells were differentiated into macrophages and stimulated with palmitic acid (PA) in the absence or presence of IGF‑1. Macrophages apoptosis was measured by Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, flow cytometry, Hoechst 33342 staining and western blotting. The mitochondrial damage was evaluated using JC‑1 staining and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species detection. The activation of mitophagy was assessed using immunofluorescence and western blotting. As a result, IGF‑1 significantly restored the survival rate in macrophages, while the apoptosis was inhibited through mitochondrial pathway. In addition, IGF‑1 protected the mitochondrial damage induced by PA. Furthermore, PA induced mitophagy via phosphatase and tensin homolog‑induced putative kinase protein 1/Parkin, which was reversed by IGF‑1. Taken together, the present study demonstrated the protective effect of IGF‑1 on PA‑induced mitochondrial apoptosis in macrophages, which might provide a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Tang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
- The Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Department of Physiology, Medical College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511500, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511500, P.R. China
| | - Dan Ma
- School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Mi Hu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yangkai Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Lin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Pingping He
- The Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Department of Physiology, Medical College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
| | - Guojun Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511500, P.R. China
| | - Xinping Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
- The Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Department of Physiology, Medical College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P.R. China
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Sharma DR, Cheng B, Jaiswal MK, Zhang X, Kumar A, Parikh N, Singh D, Sheth H, Varghese M, Dobrenis K, Zhang X, Hof PR, Stanton PK, Ballabh P. Elevated insulin growth factor-1 in dentate gyrus induces cognitive deficits in pre-term newborns. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:6449-6464. [PMID: 36646459 PMCID: PMC10183730 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prematurely born infants are deprived of maternal hormones and cared for in the stressful environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). They suffer from long-lasting deficits in learning and memory. Here, we show that prematurity and associated neonatal stress disrupt dentate gyrus (DG) development and induce long-term cognitive deficits and that these effects are mediated by insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1). Nonmaternal care of premature rabbits increased the number of granule cells and interneurons and reduced neurogenesis, suggesting accelerated premature maturation of DG. However, the density of glutamatergic synapses, mature dendritic spines, and synaptic transmission were reduced in preterm kits compared with full-term controls, indicating that premature synaptic maturation was abnormal. These findings were consistent with cognitive deficits observed in premature rabbits and appeared to be driven by transcriptomic changes in the granule cells. Preterm kits displayed reduced weight, elevated serum cortisol and growth hormone, and higher IGF1 expression in the liver and DG relative to full-term controls. Importantly, blocking IGF-1 receptor in premature kits restored cognitive deficits, increased the density of glutamatergic puncta, and rescued NR2B and PSD95 levels in the DG. Hence, IGF1 inhibition alleviates prematurity-induced cognitive dysfunction and synaptic changes in the DG through modulation of NR2B and PSD95. The study identifies a novel strategy to potentially rescue DG maldevelopment and cognitive dysfunction in premature infants under stress in NICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep R Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bokun Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Jaiswal
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Computational Genomics Core, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nirzar Parikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Divya Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hardik Sheth
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Merina Varghese
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kostantin Dobrenis
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Patric K Stanton
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Praveen Ballabh
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Araya P, Kinning KT, Coughlan C, Smith KP, Granrath RE, Enriquez-Estrada BA, Worek K, Sullivan KD, Rachubinski AL, Wolter-Warmerdam K, Hickey F, Galbraith MD, Potter H, Espinosa JM. IGF1 deficiency integrates stunted growth and neurodegeneration in Down syndrome. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111883. [PMID: 36577365 PMCID: PMC9876612 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the genetic condition caused by trisomy 21 (T21), is characterized by stunted growth, cognitive impairment, and increased risk of diverse neurological conditions. Although signs of lifelong neurodegeneration are well documented in DS, the mechanisms underlying this phenotype await elucidation. Here we report a multi-omics analysis of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation biomarkers, plasma proteomics, and immune profiling in a diverse cohort of more than 400 research participants. We identified depletion of insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1), a master regulator of growth and brain development, as the top biosignature associated with neurodegeneration in DS. Individuals with T21 display chronic IGF1 deficiency downstream of growth hormone production, associated with a specific inflammatory profile involving elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Shorter children with DS show stronger IGF1 deficiency, elevated biomarkers of neurodegeneration, and increased prevalence of autism and other conditions. These results point to disruption of IGF1 signaling as a potential contributor to stunted growth and neurodegeneration in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Araya
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kohl T Kinning
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Keith P Smith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ross E Granrath
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Belinda A Enriquez-Estrada
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kayleigh Worek
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angela L Rachubinski
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Section of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristine Wolter-Warmerdam
- Sie Center for Down Syndrome, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Francis Hickey
- Sie Center for Down Syndrome, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Keeler JL, Robinson L, Keeler-Schäffeler R, Dalton B, Treasure J, Himmerich H. Growth factors in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal data. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:582-600. [PMID: 34875968 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.2015432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growth factors are signalling molecules that play roles in the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of cells. Studies have found alterations in specific growth factors in anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis examined articles from three databases, measuring growth factors in AN cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and in recovered AN (rec-AN) cross-sectionally. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin growth factor-I (IGF-1) for cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. RESULTS A total of 82 studies were included: 56 cross-sectional (BDNF: n = 15; IGF-1: n = 41) and 24 longitudinal (BDNF: n = 5; IGF-1: n = 19) were meta-analysed and 20 studies were narratively synthesised. In cross-sectional analyses, BDNF and IGF-1 were lower in AN compared to controls, and BDNF was marginally greater in rec-AN compared to controls. In longitudinal meta-analyses, BDNF and IGF-1 increased from baseline to follow-up. Cross-sectional subgroup analyses revealed no differences in BDNF between controls and AN binge-eating/purging subtypes. CONCLUSIONS It is likely that the low BDNF and IGF-1 levels found in AN are consequences of starvation, which are reversible with weight restoration. The increase in BDNF and IGF-1 during therapeutic weight restoration might improve neuroplasticity, which is the basis of learning, and thus psychotherapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Louise Keeler
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren Robinson
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Bethan Dalton
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Gayen M, Benoit MR, Fan Q, Hudobenko J, Yan R. The CX3CL1 intracellular domain exhibits neuroprotection via insulin receptor/ insulin like growth factor receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102532. [PMID: 36162508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CX3CL1, also known as fractalkine, is best known for its signaling activity through interactions with its cognate receptor CX3CR1. However, its intrinsic function that is independent of interaction with CX3CR1 remains to be fully understood. We demonstrate that the intracellular domain of CX3CL1 (CX3CL1-ICD), generated upon sequential cleavages by α-/β-secretase and γ-secretase, initiates a back signaling activity, which mediates direct signal transmission to gene expression in the nucleus. To study this, we fused a synthetic peptide derived from CX3CL1-ICD, named Tet34, with a 13-amino acid tetanus sequence at the N-terminus to facilitate translocation into neuronal cells. We show that treatment of mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells with Tet34, but not its scrambled control (Tet34s), induced cell proliferation, as manifested by changes in protein levels of transcription factors and pro-growth molecules Foxo-1, -3, cyclin D1, PCNA, Sox5, and cdk2. Further biochemical assays reveal elevation of phosphorylated insulin receptor β subunit, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor β subunit and insulin receptor substrates as well as activation of proliferation-linked kinase AKT. In addition, transgenic mice overexpressing membrane-anchored C-terminal CX3CL1 (CX3CL1- ct) also exhibited activation of insulin/IGF-1 receptor signaling. Remarkably, we found this Tet34 peptide, but not Tet34s, protected against endoplasmic reticulum stress and cellular apoptosis when Neuro-2A cells were challenged with toxic oligomers of β-amyloid peptide or hydrogen peroxide. Taken together, our results suggest CX3CL1-ICD may have translational potential for neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease and for disorders resulting from insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoshi Gayen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT., USA
| | - Marc R Benoit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT., USA
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT., USA
| | - Jacob Hudobenko
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT., USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT., USA.
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Baud O, Berkane N. Hormonal Changes Associated With Intra-Uterine Growth Restriction: Impact on the Developing Brain and Future Neurodevelopment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:179. [PMID: 30972026 PMCID: PMC6443724 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment in which a fetus develops is not only important for its growth and maturation but also for its long-term postnatal health and neurodevelopment. Several hormones including glucocorticosteroids, estrogens and progesterone, insulin growth factor and thyroid hormones, carefully regulate the growth of the fetus and its metabolism during pregnancy by controlling the supply of nutrients crossing the placenta. In addition to fetal synthesis, hormones regulating fetal growth are also expressed and regulated in the placenta, and they play a key role in the vulnerability of the developing brain and its maturation. This review summarizes the current understanding and evidence regarding the involvement of hormonal dysregulation associated with intra-uterine growth restriction and its consequences on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Baud
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Women-Children-Teenagers, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Inserm U1141, Sorbonne, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Olivier Baud
| | - Nadia Berkane
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Women-Children-Teenagers, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Malaguarnera R, Vella V, Nicolosi ML, Belfiore A. Insulin Resistance: Any Role in the Changing Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:314. [PMID: 29184536 PMCID: PMC5694441 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer (TC), namely of its papillary hystotype (PTC), has shown a steady increase worldwide, which has been attributed at least in part to the increasing diagnosis of early stage tumors. However, some evidence suggests that environmental and lifestyle factors can also play a role. Among the potential risk factors involved in the changing epidemiology of TC, particular attention has been drawn to insulin-resistance and related metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which have been also rapidly increasing worldwide due to widespread dietary and lifestyle changes. In accordance with this possibility, various epidemiological studies have indeed gathered substantial evidence that insulin resistance-related metabolic disorders might be associated with an increased TC risk either through hyperinsulinemia or by affecting other TC risk factors including iodine deficiency, elevated thyroid stimulating hormone, estrogen-dependent signaling, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, and others. This review summarizes the current literature evaluating the relationship between metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance and the risk for TC as well as the possible underlying mechanisms. The potential implications of such association in TC prevention and therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Veronica Vella
- School of Human and Social Sciences, “Kore” University of Enna, Enna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Veronica Vella, ; Antonino Belfiore,
| | - Maria Luisa Nicolosi
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Veronica Vella, ; Antonino Belfiore,
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McGaugh SE, Bronikowski AM, Kuo CH, Reding DM, Addis EA, Flagel LE, Janzen FJ, Schwartz TS. Rapid molecular evolution across amniotes of the IIS/TOR network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7055-60. [PMID: 25991861 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419659112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin/insulin-like signaling and target of rapamycin (IIS/TOR) network regulates lifespan and reproduction, as well as metabolic diseases, cancer, and aging. Despite its vital role in health, comparative analyses of IIS/TOR have been limited to invertebrates and mammals. We conducted an extensive evolutionary analysis of the IIS/TOR network across 66 amniotes with 18 newly generated transcriptomes from nonavian reptiles and additional available genomes/transcriptomes. We uncovered rapid and extensive molecular evolution between reptiles (including birds) and mammals: (i) the IIS/TOR network, including the critical nodes insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), exhibit divergent evolutionary rates between reptiles and mammals; (ii) compared with a proxy for the rest of the genome, genes of the IIS/TOR extracellular network exhibit exceptionally fast evolutionary rates; and (iii) signatures of positive selection and coevolution of the extracellular network suggest reptile- and mammal-specific interactions between members of the network. In reptiles, positively selected sites cluster on the binding surfaces of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), and insulin receptor (INSR); whereas in mammals, positively selected sites clustered on the IGF2 binding surface, suggesting that these hormone-receptor binding affinities are targets of positive selection. Further, contrary to reports that IGF2R binds IGF2 only in marsupial and placental mammals, we found positively selected sites clustered on the hormone binding surface of reptile IGF2R that suggest that IGF2R binds to IGF hormones in diverse taxa and may have evolved in reptiles. These data suggest that key IIS/TOR paralogs have sub- or neofunctionalized between mammals and reptiles and that this network may underlie fundamental life history and physiological differences between these amniote sister clades.
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Moons T, De Hert M, Kenis G, Viechtbauer W, van Os J, Gohlke H, Claes S, van Winkel R. No association between genetic or epigenetic variation in insulin growth factors and antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances in a cross-sectional sample. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:951-62. [PMID: 24956249 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) are known to induce metabolic disturbances. Genetic pathways, such as the IGF pathway could be associated with increased metabolic syndrome (MetS). Additionally, IGF2 methylation varies as a function of environmental influences and is associated with schizophrenia and MetS. The current study aims to evaluate whether genetic and epigenetic variation in genes of the IGF pathway are associated with metabolic disturbances in patients under treatment with SGAs. METHODS Cross-sectional metabolic data from 438 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder was analyzed. Using the Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX(TM) platform, 27 SNPs of the IGF1 and IGF2 genes and the IGF receptors IGF1R and IGF2R were genotyped. Methylation status of seven IGF2 CpG dinucleotides was evaluated using a Sequenom MALDI-TOF spectrometer. RESULTS & CONCLUSION There was a significant association between IGF2 methylation and genotype, but no significant association between genetic or epigenetic variability and metabolic parameters in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Moons
- GRASP Research Unit, University Psychiatric Centre Catholic University Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Fogelman DR, Holmes H, Mohammed K, Katz MHG, Prado CM, Lieffers J, Garg N, Varadhachary GR, Shroff R, Overman MJ, Garrett C, Wolff RA, Javle M. Does IGFR1 inhibition result in increased muscle mass loss in patients undergoing treatment for pancreatic cancer? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014; 5:307-13. [PMID: 24740741 PMCID: PMC4248412 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-014-0145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IGF-1 plays a role in the growth of multiple tumor types, including pancreatic cancer. IGF-1 also serves as a growth factor for muscle. The impact of therapeutic targeting of IGF-1 on muscle mass is unknown. METHODS We evaluated muscle mass at L3 in patients enrolled in a randomized phase II study of MK-0646 (M), a monoclonal antibody directed against the IGF-1 protein, in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC). Two different doses of M were tested, 5 and 10 mg/kg. We used the Slice-o-matic (ver 4.3) software to segregate CT images into muscle and fat components and measured muscle area (cm(2)) at baseline and after 2 and 4 months of treatment. Patients received either gemcitabine with erlotinib (G + E), G + E + M, or G + M. Differences between the groups were compared using t tests. RESULTS Fifty-three patients had both baseline and 2-month imaging available for analysis. Of these, 42 received M with their chemo, and 11 had G + E only. After 2 months of treatment, both groups demonstrated decrease in muscle mass. G + E patients lost 5.6 % of muscle mass; M patients lost 9.1 and 8.6 % after treatment with 5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively (p = 0.53). Patients demonstrating a response lost less muscle (median 4.6 %) than those with stable disease (9.6 %) and progressive disease (8.9 %, p = 0.14). Muscle retention from baseline to 2-month imaging, defined as loss of <6 cm(2) of muscle, correlated with better survival than those patients demonstrating a muscle loss (HR 0.51, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS MPC patients can be expected to lose muscle mass even while having clinical benefit (PR or SD) from chemotherapy. Muscle loss correlated with a risk of study drop-out and death. There was a non-significant trend toward greater muscle mass loss in patients on anti-IGF-1R therapy. However, it is unclear if this loss translates into functional differences between patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Fogelman
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Drive, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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Lee H, Yoo YS, Lee D, Song EJ. Cholesterol induces cardiac hypertrophy by activating the AKT pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:307-13. [PMID: 23907017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy leads to decompensated heart function, predisposition to heart failure, and sudden death due to physiological and pathological stimuli. Although high cholesterol is considered a principal risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease, it has not been shown whether cholesterol itself is sufficient to cause cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated whether cholesterol induces cardiac hypertrophy, and identified cellular mechanisms underlying hypertrophic responses using H9c2 cells as a model system. Here we show that cholesterol loading significantly increased the cellular surface area and upregulated hypertrophy marker gene, β-myosin-heavy chain (β-MHC). Cholesterol loading alone activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways. Conversely, cholesterol induced hypertrophic characteristic features such as increase in cellular surface area, and the expression of β-MHC mRNA is markedly inhibited by LY294002, a PI3K kinase inhibitor. These results suggest that cholesterol may play a key role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy through the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Womans University, Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Chazaud B. Macrophages: supportive cells for tissue repair and regeneration. Immunobiology 2013; 219:172-8. [PMID: 24080029 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, and more broadly inflammation, have been considered for a long time as bad markers of tissue homeostasis. However, if it is indisputable that macrophages are associated with many diseases in a deleterious way, new roles have emerged, showing beneficial properties of macrophages during tissue repair and regeneration. This discrepancy is likely due to the high plasticity of macrophages, which may exhibit a wide range of phenotypes and functions depending on their environment. Therefore, regardless of their role in immunity, macrophages play a myriad of roles in the maintenance and recovery of tissue homeostasis. They take a major part in the resolution of inflammation. They also exert various effects of parenchymal cells, including stem and progenitor cell, of which they regulate the fate. In the present review, few examples from various tissues are presented to illustrate that, beyond their specific properties in a given tissue, common features have been described that sustain a role of macrophages in the recovery and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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Brott DA, Diamond M, Campbell P, Zuvich A, Cheatham L, Bentley P, Gorko MA, Fikes J, Saye J. An acute rat in vivo screening model to predict compounds that alter blood glucose and/or insulin regulation. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:190-196. [PMID: 23835094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-induced glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance have been associated with weight gain and potential induction and/or exacerbation of diabetes mellitus in the clinic suggesting they may be safety biomarkers when developing antipsychotics. Glucose and insulin have also been suggested as potential efficacy biomarkers for some oncology compounds. The objective of this study was to qualify a medium throughput rat in vivo acute Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT) for predicting compounds that will induce altered blood glucose and/or insulin levels. METHODS Acute and sub-chronic studies were performed to qualify an acute IVGTT model. Double cannulated male rats (Han-Wistar and Sprague-Dawley) were administered vehicle, olanzapine, aripiprazole or other compounds at t=-44min for acute studies and at time=-44min on the last day of dosing for sub-chronic studies, treated with dextrose (time=0min; i.v.) and blood collected using an automated Culex® system for glucose and insulin analysis (time=-45, -1, 2, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 and 180min). RESULTS Olanzapine significantly increased glucose and insulin area under the curve (AUC) values while aripiprazole AUC values were similar to control, in both acute and sub-chronic studies. All atypical antipsychotics evaluated were consistent with literature references of clinical weight gain. As efficacy biomarkers, insulin AUC but not glucose AUC values were increased with a compound known to have insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) activity, compared to control treatment. DISCUSSION These studies qualified the medium throughput acute IVGTT model to more quickly screen compounds for 1) safety - the potential to elicit glucose dysregulation and/or insulin resistance and 2) efficacy - as a surrogate for compounds affecting the glucose and/or insulin regulatory pathways. These data demonstrate that the same in vivo rat model and assays can be used to predict both clinical safety and efficacy of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brott
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA.
| | - Melody Diamond
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA
| | - Pam Campbell
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA
| | - Andy Zuvich
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA
| | - Letitia Cheatham
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA
| | - Patricia Bentley
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA
| | - Mary Ann Gorko
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA
| | - James Fikes
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA
| | - JoAnne Saye
- Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA
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Kamrava M, Gius D, Casagrande G, Kohn E. Will targeting insulin growth factor help us or hurt us?: An oncologist's perspective. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:62-70. [PMID: 19896561 PMCID: PMC2888889 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The insulin/insulin growth factor (IGF) pathway is a critical mediator of longevity and aging. Efforts to extend longevity by altering the insulin/IGF pathway may have varying effects on other physiological processes. Reduced insulin/IGF levels may decrease the incidence of certain cancers as well as the risk of developing metastatic disease. However, it may also increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease as well as cardiovascular related mortality. Pursuing the right insulin/IGF pathway targets will require striking a balance between inhibiting cancer cell development and progression and avoiding damage to tissues under normal insulin/IGF-mediated control. This review will discuss the roles of the insulin/IGF pathway in aging and longevity and the development of cancer cell metastasis and considerations in taking insulin/IGF directed targets to the oncology clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Kamrava
- Molecular Radiation Oncology Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | - David Gius
- Molecular Radiation Oncology Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | - Giovanna Casagrande
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | - Elise Kohn
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
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