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Zhang T, Zhao F, Hu Y, Wei J, Cui F, Lin Y, Jin Y, Sheng X. Environmental monobutyl phthalate exposure promotes liver cancer via reprogrammed cholesterol metabolism and activation of the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway. Oncogene 2024; 43:2355-2370. [PMID: 38879588 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Humans are widely exposed to phthalates, a major chemical plasticizer that accumulates in the liver. However, little is known about the impact of chronic phthalate exposure on liver cancer development. In this study, we applied a long-term cell culture model by treating the liver cancer cell HepG2 and normal hepatocyte L02 to environmental dosage of monobutyl phthalate (MBP), the main metabolite of phthalates. Interestingly, we found that long-term MBP exposure significantly accelerated the growth of HepG2 cells in vitro and in vivo, but barely altered the function of L02 cells. MBP exposure triggered reprogramming of lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells, where cholesterol accumulation subsequently activated the IRE1α-XBP1s axis of the unfolded protein response. As a result, the XBP1s-regulated gene sets and pathways contributed to the increased aggressiveness of HepG2 cells. In addition, we also showed that MBP-induced cholesterol accumulation fostered an immunosuppressive microenvironment by promoting tumor-associated macrophage polarization toward the M2 type. Together, these results suggest that environmental phthalates exposure may facilitate liver cancer progression, and alerts phthalates exposure to patients who already harbor liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Faming Zhao
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jinlan Wei
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fengzhen Cui
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yahang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan, 430033, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xia Sheng
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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2
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Hazari Y, Chevet E, Bailly-Maitre B, Hetz C. ER stress signaling at the interphase between MASH and HCC. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00844. [PMID: 38626349 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
HCC is the most frequent primary liver cancer with an extremely poor prognosis and often develops on preset of chronic liver diseases. Major risk factors for HCC include metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, a complex multifactorial condition associated with abnormal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis. To cope with ER stress, the unfolded protein response engages adaptive reactions to restore the secretory capacity of the cell. Recent advances revealed that ER stress signaling plays a critical role in HCC progression. Here, we propose that chronic ER stress is a common transversal factor contributing to the transition from liver disease (risk factor) to HCC. Interventional strategies to target the unfolded protein response in HCC, such as cancer therapy, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younis Hazari
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Béatrice Bailly-Maitre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1065, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Team "Metainflammation and Hematometabolism", Metabolism Department, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
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3
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Zhang T, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Shi JH, Cui F, Ma W, Wang K, Xu C, Zeng Q, Zhong R, Li N, Liu Y, Jin Y, Sheng X. Targeting the IRE1α-XBP1s axis confers selective vulnerability in hepatocellular carcinoma with activated Wnt signaling. Oncogene 2024; 43:1233-1248. [PMID: 38418544 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Liver-specific Ern1 knockout impairs tumor progression in mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanistic role of IRE1α in human HCC remains unclear. In this study, we show that XBP1s, the major downstream effector of IRE1α, is required for HCC cell survival both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, XBP1s transactivates LEF1, a key co-factor of β-catenin, by binding to its promoter. Moreover, XBP1s physically interacts with LEF1, forming a transcriptional complex that enhances classical Wnt signaling. Consistently, the activities of XBP1s and LEF1 are strongly correlated in human HCC and with disease prognosis. Notably, selective inhibition of XBP1 splicing using an IRE1α inhibitor significantly repressed the viability of tumor explants as well as the growth of tumor xenografts derived from patients with distinct Wnt/LEF1 activities. Finally, machine learning algorithms developed a powerful prognostic signature based on the activities of XBP1s/LEF1. In summary, our study uncovers a key mechanistic role for the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway in human HCC. Targeting this axis could provide a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC with hyperactivated Wnt/LEF1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Faming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ji-Hua Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Fengzhen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Weixiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chuanrui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qingping Zeng
- Fosun Orinove PharmaTech Inc., Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Huang L, Che Z, Liu F, Ge M, Wu Z, Wu L, Chen W, Wang Z, Zhu Z, Xu W, Dong Q, Yang D. ASB3 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by mediating DR5 ubiquitination in TRAIL resistance. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23475. [PMID: 38334450 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301755r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Ankyrin-repeat proteins with a suppressor of cytokine signaling box (ASB) proteins belong to the E3 ubiquitin ligase family. 18 ASB members have been identified whose biological functions are mostly unexplored. Here, we discovered that ASB3 was essential for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and high ASB3 expression predicted poor clinical outcomes. ASB3 silencing induced HCC cell growth arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Liver-specific deletion of Asb3 gene suppressed diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer development. Mechanistically, ASB3 interacted with death receptor 5 (DR5), which promoted ubiquitination and degradation of DR5. We further showed that ASB3 knockdown stabilized DR5 and increased the sensitivity of liver cancer cells to the treatment of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in a DR5-dependent manner in cellular and in animal models. In summary, we demonstrated that ASB3 promoted ubiquitination and degradation of DR5 in HCC, suggesting the potential of targeting ASB3 to HCC treatment and overcome TRAIL resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Huang
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Che
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuchen Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxiao Ge
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohui Wu
- Cullgen Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lijun Wu
- Fudan University Library, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiling Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongzhu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Whole-period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer, Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongqin Yang
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Hu C, Xin Z, Sun X, Hu Y, Zhang C, Yan R, Wang Y, Lu M, Huang J, Du X, Xing B, Liu X. Activation of ACLY by SEC63 deploys metabolic reprogramming to facilitate hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis upon endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:108. [PMID: 37122003 PMCID: PMC10150531 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor cells display augmented capability to maintain endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and hijack ER stress pathway for malignant phenotypes under microenvironmental stimuli. Metabolic reprogramming is a well-known hallmark for tumor cells to provide specific adaptive traits to the microenvironmental alterations. However, it's unknown how tumor cells orchestrate metabolic reprogramming and tumor progression in response to ER stress. Herein, we aimed to explore the pivotal roles of SEC63-mediated metabolic remodeling in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell metastasis after ER stress. METHODS The expression levels of SEC63 in HCC tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot. The regulatory roles of SEC63 in HCC metastasis were investigated both in vitro and in vivo by RNA-sequencing, metabolites detection, immunofluorescence, and transwell migration/invasion analyses. GST pull-down, immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry and in vivo ubiquitination/phosphorylation assay were conducted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS We identified SEC63 as a new regulator of HCC cell metabolism. Upon ER stress, the phosphorylation of SEC63 at T537 by IRE1α pathway contributed to SEC63 activation. Then, the stability of ACLY was upregulated by SEC63 to increase the supply of acetyl-CoA and lipid biosynthesis, which are beneficial for improving ER capacity. Meanwhile, SEC63 also entered into nucleus for increasing nuclear acetyl-CoA production to upregulate unfolded protein response targets to improve ER homeostasis. Importantly, SEC63 coordinated with ACLY to epigenetically modulate expression of Snail1 in the nucleus. Consequently, SEC63 promoted HCC cell metastasis and these effects were reversed by ACLY inhibition. Clinically, SEC63 expression was significantly upregulated in HCC tissue specimens and was positively correlated with ACLY expression. Importantly, high expression of SEC63 predicted unfavorable prognosis of HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that SEC63-mediated metabolic reprogramming plays important roles in keeping ER homeostasis upon stimuli in HCC cells. Meanwhile, SEC63 coordinates with ACLY to upregulate the expression of Snail1, which further promotes HCC metastasis. Metastasis is crucial for helping cancer cells seek new settlements upon microenvironmental stimuli. Taken together, our findings highlight a cancer selective adaption to ER stress as well as reveal the potential roles of the IRE1α-SEC63-ACLY axis in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Hu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Zechang Xin
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Baocai Xing
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
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6
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He F, Zhang P, Liu J, Wang R, Kaufman RJ, Yaden BC, Karin M. ATF4 suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis by inducing SLC7A11 (xCT) to block stress-related ferroptosis. J Hepatol 2023:S0168-8278(23)00193-9. [PMID: 36996941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer death, is associated with viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, ASH), all of which trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, hepatocyte death, inflammation, and compensatory proliferation. Using ER stress-prone MUP-uPA mice, we established that ER stress and hypernutrition cooperate to cause NASH and HCC, but the contribution of individual stress effectors, such as ATF4, to HCC and their underlying mechanisms of action remained unknown. METHODS Hepatocyte-specific ATF4 deficient MUP-uPA mice (MUP-uPA/Atf4Δhep) and control MUP-uPA/Atf4F/F mice were fed high fat diet (HFD) to induce NASH-induced HCC, and Atf4F/F and Atf4Δhep mice were injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to model carcinogen-induced HCC. Histological, biochemical, and RNA sequencing analyses were performed to identify and define the role of ATF4-induced SLC7A11 expression in hepatocarcinogenesis. Reconstitution of SLC7A11 in ATF4-deficient primary hepatocytes and mouse livers was used to study its effects on ferroptosis and HCC development. RESULTS Hepatocyte ATF4 ablation inhibited hepatosteatosis, but increased susceptibility to ferroptosis, resulting in accelerated HCC development. Although ATF4 activates numerous genes, ferroptosis susceptibility and hepatocarcinogenesis were reversed by ectopic expression of a single ATF4 target, Slc7a11, coding for a subunit of the cystine-glutamate antiporter xCT, which is needed for glutathione (GSH) synthesis. A ferroptosis inhibitor also reduced liver damage and inflammation. ATF4 and SLC7A11 amounts were positively correlated in human HCC and livers of NASH patients. CONCLUSIONS Despite ATF4 being upregulated in established HCC, it serves an important protective function in normal hepatocytes. By maintaining glutathione production ATF4 inhibits ferroptosis-dependent inflammatory cell death, which is known to promote compensatory proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Ferroptosis inhibitors or ATF4 activators may also blunt HCC onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Junlai Liu
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruolei Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Yaden
- Diabetes Novel Therapies and External Innovation, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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7
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Liu S, Gao Q, Li Y, Lun J, Yu M, Zhang H, Fang J. XBP1s acts as a transcription factor of IRE1α and promotes proliferation of colon cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 737:109552. [PMID: 36828260 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Upon ER stress, IRE1α is activated to splice XBP1 mRNA to generate XBP1s, a transcription factor that induces the expression of genes to cope with the stress. Expression of IRE1α is elevated in cancers and the IRE1α-XBP1s axis plays an important role in proliferation of cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism is not well known. We found that ER stressors induced the expression of IRE1α, which was inhibited by depletion of XBP1s. XBP1s bound IRE1α promoter and initiated the transcription of IRE1α. These data indicate that XBP1s acts as a transcription factor of IRE1α. Overexpression of XBP1s increased the phosphorylation of JNK, a substrate of IRE1α kinase, which was inhibited by IRE1α kinase inhibitor Kira8. Overexpression of XBP1s also activated the regulated IRE1-dependent decay of mRNAs, which was suppressed by IRE1α RNase inhibitor STF083010. Moreover, we found that expression of XBP1s promoted proliferation of colon cancer cells, which was abrogated by Kira8 and STF083010. The results suggest that XBP1s functions to induce IRE1α expression and promote cancer cell proliferation. Our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism of IRE1α expression by XBP1s and highlight the role of this regulation in proliferation of colon cancer cells, suggesting that IRE1α-targeting is a potential therapeutic strategy for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuyao Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jie Lun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Mengchao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China.
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8
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Dowdell A, Marsland M, Faulkner S, Gedye C, Lynam J, Griffin CP, Marsland J, Jiang CC, Hondermarck H. Targeting
XBP1 mRNA
splicing sensitizes glioblastoma to chemotherapy. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:211-220. [PMID: 37151848 PMCID: PMC10158625 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and deadly primary brain tumor in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the standard systemic therapy in GBM but has limited and restricted efficacy. Better treatments are urgently needed. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is increasingly described in GBM pathophysiology. A key molecular mediator of ER stress, the spliced form of the transcription factor x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) may constitute a novel therapeutic target; here we report XBP1s expression and biological activity in GBM. Tumor samples from patients with GBM (n = 85) and low-grade glioma (n = 20) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for XBP1s with digital quantification. XBP1s expression was significantly increased in GBM compared to low-grade gliomas. XBP1s mRNA showed upregulation by qPCR analysis in a panel of patient-derived GBM cell lines. Inhibition of XBP1 splicing using the small molecular inhibitor MKC-3946 significantly reduced GBM cell viability and potentiated the effect of TMZ in GBM cells, particularly in those with methylated O6-methylguanine-DNA methyl transferase gene promoter. GBM cells resistant to TMZ were also responsive to MKC-3946 and the long-term inhibitory effect of MKC-3946 was confirmed by colony formation assay. In conclusion, this data reveals that XBP1s is overexpressed in GBM and contributes to cancer cell growth. XBP1s warrants further investigation as a clinical biomarker and therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiee Dowdell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle New Lambton Heights New South Wales Australia
| | - Mark Marsland
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle New Lambton Heights New South Wales Australia
| | - Sam Faulkner
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle New Lambton Heights New South Wales Australia
| | - Craig Gedye
- Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle New Lambton Heights New South Wales Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology Calvary Mater hospital Newcastle New South Wales Australia
| | - James Lynam
- Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle New Lambton Heights New South Wales Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology Calvary Mater hospital Newcastle New South Wales Australia
| | - Cassandra P. Griffin
- Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle New Lambton Heights New South Wales Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Hunter Cancer Biobank: NSW Regional Biospecimen and Research Services University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Joanne Marsland
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle New Lambton Heights New South Wales Australia
| | - Chen Chen Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle New Lambton Heights New South Wales Australia
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle New Lambton Heights New South Wales Australia
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Influence of the Mediterranean Diet on Healthy Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054491. [PMID: 36901921 PMCID: PMC10003249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The life expectancy of the global population has increased. Aging is a natural physiological process that poses major challenges in an increasingly long-lived and frail population. Several molecular mechanisms are involved in aging. Likewise, the gut microbiota, which is influenced by environmental factors such as diet, plays a crucial role in the modulation of these mechanisms. The Mediterranean diet, as well as the components present in it, offer some proof of this. Achieving healthy aging should be focused on the promotion of healthy lifestyle habits that reduce the development of pathologies that are associated with aging, in order to increase the quality of life of the aging population. In this review we analyze the influence of the Mediterranean diet on the molecular pathways and the microbiota associated with more favorable aging patterns, as well as its possible role as an anti-aging treatment.
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10
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Ajoolabady A, Kaplowitz N, Lebeaupin C, Kroemer G, Kaufman RJ, Malhi H, Ren J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver diseases. Hepatology 2023; 77:619-639. [PMID: 35524448 PMCID: PMC9637239 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that fosters the correct folding of linear polypeptides and proteins, a process tightly governed by the ER-resident enzymes and chaperones. Failure to shape the proper 3-dimensional architecture of proteins culminates in the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins within the ER, disturbs ER homeostasis, and leads to canonically defined ER stress. Recent studies have elucidated that cellular perturbations, such as lipotoxicity, can also lead to ER stress. In response to ER stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to reestablish ER homeostasis ("adaptive UPR"), or, conversely, to provoke cell death when ER stress is overwhelmed and sustained ("maladaptive UPR"). It is well documented that ER stress contributes to the onset and progression of multiple hepatic pathologies including NAFLD, alcohol-associated liver disease, viral hepatitis, liver ischemia, drug toxicity, and liver cancers. Here, we review key studies dealing with the emerging role of ER stress and the UPR in the pathophysiology of liver diseases from cellular, murine, and human models. Specifically, we will summarize current available knowledge on pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that may be used to target maladaptive UPR for the treatment of nonmalignant liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cynthia Lebeaupin
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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11
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Yang Z, Huo Y, Zhou S, Guo J, Ma X, Li T, Fan C, Wang L. Cancer cell-intrinsic XBP1 drives immunosuppressive reprogramming of intratumoral myeloid cells by promoting cholesterol production. Cell Metab 2022; 34:2018-2035.e8. [PMID: 36351432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A hostile microenvironment in tumor tissues disrupts endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). A chronic UPR in both cancer cells and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes could facilitate the evasion of immune surveillance. However, how the UPR in cancer cells cripples the anti-tumor immune response is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that, in cancer cells, the UPR component X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) favors the synthesis and secretion of cholesterol, which activates myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and causes immunosuppression. Cholesterol is delivered in the form of small extracellular vesicles and internalized by MDSCs through macropinocytosis. Genetic or pharmacological depletion of XBP1 or reducing the tumor cholesterol content remarkably decreases MDSC abundance and triggers robust anti-tumor responses. Thus, our data unravel the cell-non-autonomous role of XBP1/cholesterol signaling in the regulation of tumor growth and suggest its inhibition as a useful strategy for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaili Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yazhen Huo
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shixin Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingya Guo
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Congli Fan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Likun Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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12
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Chen L, Bi M, Zhang Z, Du X, Chen X, Jiao Q, Jiang H. The functions of IRE1α in neurodegenerative diseases: Beyond ER stress. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101774. [PMID: 36332756 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE1α) is a type I transmembrane protein that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). IRE1α, which is the primary sensor of ER stress, has been proven to maintain intracellular protein homeostasis by activating X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Further studies have revealed novel physiological functions of the IRE1α, such as its roles in mRNA and protein degradation, inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation and cell death. Therefore, the function of IRE1α is not limited to its role in ER stress; IRE1α is also important for regulating other processes related to cellular physiology. Furthermore, IRE1α plays a key role in neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by the phosphorylation of Tau protein, the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and the toxic effects of mutant Huntingtin (mHtt). Therefore, targeting IRE1α is a valuable approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases and regulating cell functions. This review discusses the role of IRE1α in different cellular processes, and emphasizes the importance of IRE1α in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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13
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Pavlović N, Heindryckx F. Targeting ER stress in the hepatic tumor microenvironment. FEBS J 2022; 289:7163-7176. [PMID: 34331743 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. It currently ranks as one of the most aggressive and deadly cancers worldwide, with an increasing mortality rate and limited treatment options. An important hallmark of liver pathologies, such as liver fibrosis and HCC, is the accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which induces ER stress and leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Upon accumulation of misfolded proteins, ER stress is sensed through three transmembrane proteins, IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6, which trigger the UPR to either alleviate ER stress or induce apoptosis. Increased expression of ER stress markers has been widely shown to correlate with fibrosis, inflammation, drug resistance, and overall HCC aggressiveness, as well as poor patient prognosis. While preclinical in vivo cancer models and in vitro approaches have shown promising results by pharmacologically targeting ER stress mediators, the major challenge of this therapeutic strategy lies in specifically and effectively targeting ER stress in HCC. Furthermore, both ER stress inducers and inhibitors have been shown to ameliorate HCC progression, adding to the complexity of targeting ER stress players as an anticancer strategy. More studies are needed to better understand the dual role and molecular background of ER stress in HCC, as well as its therapeutic potential for patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Pavlović
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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14
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Zhang T, Cui Y, Wu Y, Meng J, Han L, Zhang J, Zhang C, Yang C, Chen L, Bai X, Zhang K, Wu K, Sack MN, Wang L, Zhu L. Mitochondrial GCN5L1 regulates glutaminase acetylation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e852. [PMID: 35538890 PMCID: PMC9091986 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutaminolysis is a critical metabolic process that promotes cancer cell proliferation, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Delineating the molecular control of glutaminolysis could identify novel targets to ameliorate this oncogenic metabolic pathway. Here, we evaluated the role of general control of amino acid synthesis 5 like 1 (GCN5L1), a regulator of mitochondrial protein acetylation, in modulating the acetylation and activity of glutaminase to regulate HCC development. METHODS Cell proliferation was determined by MTT, 2D and soft agar clone formation assays and orthotopic tumour assays in nude mice. GLS1/2 acetylation and activities were measured in cells and tumours to analyse the correlation with GCN5L1 expression and mTORC1 activation. RESULTS Hepatic GCN5L1 ablation in mice markedly increased diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC, and conversely, the transduction of mitochondrial-restricted GCN5L1 protected wild-type mice against HCC progression in response to DEN and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) exposure. GCN5L1-depleted HepG2 hepatocytes enhanced tumour growth in athymic nude mice. Mechanistically, GCN5L1 depletion promoted cell proliferation through mTORC1 activation. Interestingly, liver-enriched glutaminase 2 (GLS2) appears to play a greater role than ubiquitous and canonical tumour-enriched glutaminase 1 (GLS1) in promoting murine HCC. Concurrently, GCN5L1 promotes acetylation and inactivation of both isoforms and increases enzyme oligomerisation. In human HCC tumours compared to adjacent tissue, there were variable levels of mTORC1 activation, GCN5L1 levels and glutaminase activity. Interestingly, the levels of GCN5L1 inversely correlated with mTORC1 activity and glutaminase activity in these tumours. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified that glutaminase activity, rather than GLS1 or GLS2 expression, is the key factor in HCC development that activates mTORC1 and promotes HCC. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis of liver cancer, we found that HCC patients with high GCN5L1 expression survived longer than those with low GCN5L1 expression. Collectively, GCN5L1 functions as a tumour regulator by modulating glutaminase acetylation and activity in the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunlong Cui
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahui Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linmeng Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Major Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael N Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lingdi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis and Major Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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15
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Madhavan A, Kok BP, Rius B, Grandjean JMD, Alabi A, Albert V, Sukiasyan A, Powers ET, Galmozzi A, Saez E, Wiseman RL. Pharmacologic IRE1/XBP1s activation promotes systemic adaptive remodeling in obesity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:608. [PMID: 35105890 PMCID: PMC8807832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In obesity, signaling through the IRE1 arm of the unfolded protein response exerts both protective and harmful effects. Overexpression of the IRE1-regulated transcription factor XBP1s in liver or fat protects against obesity-linked metabolic deterioration. However, hyperactivation of IRE1 engages regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) and TRAF2/JNK pro-inflammatory signaling, which accelerate metabolic dysfunction. These pathologic IRE1-regulated processes have hindered efforts to pharmacologically harness the protective benefits of IRE1/XBP1s signaling in obesity-linked conditions. Here, we report the effects of a XBP1s-selective pharmacological IRE1 activator, IXA4, in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. IXA4 transiently activates protective IRE1/XBP1s signaling in liver without inducing RIDD or TRAF2/JNK signaling. IXA4 treatment improves systemic glucose metabolism and liver insulin action through IRE1-dependent remodeling of the hepatic transcriptome that reduces glucose production and steatosis. IXA4-stimulated IRE1 activation also enhances pancreatic function. Our findings indicate that systemic, transient activation of IRE1/XBP1s signaling engenders multi-tissue benefits that integrate to mitigate obesity-driven metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Madhavan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bernard P Kok
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bibiana Rius
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Julia M D Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Adekunle Alabi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Verena Albert
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ara Sukiasyan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Evan T Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrea Galmozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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16
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Cai J, Zhang X, Chen P, Li Y, Liu S, Liu Q, Zhang H, Wu Z, Song K, Liu J, Shan B, Liu Y. The ER stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1α in Kupffer cells promotes hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101532. [PMID: 34953853 PMCID: PMC8760522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inflammation-mediated process arising from ischemia/reperfusion-elicited stress in multiple cell types, causing liver damage during surgical procedures and often resulting in liver failure. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and is implicated in tissue injuries, including hepatic I/R injury. However, the cellular mechanism that links the UPR signaling to local inflammatory responses during hepatic I/R injury remains largely obscure. Here, we report that IRE1α, a critical ER-resident transmembrane signal transducer of the UPR, plays an important role in promoting Kupffer-cell-mediated liver inflammation and hepatic I/R injury. Utilizing a mouse model in which IRE1α is specifically ablated in myeloid cells, we found that abrogation of IRE1α markedly attenuated necrosis and cell death in the liver, accompanied by reduced neutrophil infiltration and liver inflammation following hepatic I/R injury. Mechanistic investigations in mice as well as in primary Kupffer cells revealed that loss of IRE1α in Kupffer cells not only blunted the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β production, but also suppressed the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) and proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of IRE1α′s RNase activity was able to attenuate inflammasome activation and iNos expression in Kupffer cells, leading to alleviation of hepatic I/R injury. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Kupffer cell IRE1α mediates local inflammatory damage during hepatic I/R injury. Our findings suggest that IRE1α RNase activity may serve as a promising target for therapeutic treatment of ischemia/reperfusion-associated liver inflammation and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoge Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Songzi Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hanyong Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuyin Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ke Song
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianmiao Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bo Shan
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; the Institute for Advanced Studies; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism; Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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17
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Yu M, Lun J, Zhang H, Wang L, Zhang G, Zhang H, Fang J. Targeting UPR branches, a potential strategy for enhancing efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1417-1427. [PMID: 34664059 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are often exposed to cell intrinsic stresses and environmental perturbations that may lead to accumulation of unfolded and/or misfolded proteins in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a cellular condition known as ER stress. In response to ER stress, the cells elicit an adaptive process called unfolded protein response (UPR) to cope with the stress, supporting cellular homeostasis and survival. The ER stress sensors inositol requiring protein 1α (IRE1α), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (EIF2AK3, also called PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) constitute the three branches of UPR to resolve ER stress. IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6 play an important role in tumor cell growth and survival. They are also involved in chemotherapy resistance of cancers. These have generated widespread interest in targeting these UPR branches for cancer treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6 in cancer progression and drug resistance and we summarize the research advances in targeting these UPR branches to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Yu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jie Lun
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Oncology Department, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Haisheng Zhang
- Center for Cancer Targeted Therapies, Signet Therapeutics Inc., Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
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18
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Karan D. CCL23 in Balancing the Act of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Antitumor Immunity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:727583. [PMID: 34671553 PMCID: PMC8522494 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.727583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a cellular process in response to stress stimuli in protecting functional activities. However, sustained hyperactive ER stress influences tumor growth and development. Hepatocytes are enriched with ER and highly susceptible to ER perturbations and stress, which contribute to immunosuppression and the development of aggressive and drug-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ER stress-induced inflammation and tumor-derived chemokines influence the immune cell composition at the tumor site. Consequently, a decrease in the CCL23 chemokine in hepatic tumors is associated with poor survival of HCC patients and could be a mechanism hepatic tumor cells use to evade the immune system. This article describes the prospective role of CCL23 in alleviating ER stress and its impact on the HCC tumor microenvironment in promoting antitumor immunity. Moreover, approaches to reactivate CCL23 combined with immune checkpoint blockade or chemotherapy drugs may provide novel opportunities to target hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev Karan
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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The Unfolded Protein Response Is Associated with Cancer Proliferation and Worse Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174443. [PMID: 34503253 PMCID: PMC8430652 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We studied the association between the unfolded protein response (UPR) and carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We studied 655 HCC patients from 4 independent cohorts using an UPR score. The UPR was enhanced as normal liver became cancerous and as HCC advanced in stage. The UPR was correlated with cancer cell proliferation that was confirmed by multiple parameters. Significantly, a high UPR score was associated with worse patient survival. Interestingly, though UPR was associated with a high mutational load, it was not associated with immune response, immune cell infiltration, or angiogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the clinical relevance of the unfolded protein response in HCC. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The unfolded protein response (UPR) has been revealed to confer tumorigenic capacity in cancer cells. We hypothesized that a quantifiable score representative of the UPR could be used as a biomarker for cancer progression in HCC. In this study, a total of 655 HCC patients from 4 independent HCC cohorts were studied to examine the relationships between enhancement of the UPR and cancer biology and patient survival in HCC utilizing an UPR score. The UPR correlated with carcinogenic sequence and progression of HCC consistently in two cohorts. Enhanced UPR was associated with the clinical parameters of HCC progression, such as cancer stage and multiple parameters of cell proliferation, including histological grade, mKI67 gene expression, and enrichment of cell proliferation-related gene sets. The UPR was significantly associated with increased mutational load, but not with immune cell infiltration or angiogeneis across independent cohorts. The UPR was consistently associated with worse survival across independent cohorts of HCC. In conclusion, the UPR score may be useful as a biomarker to predict prognosis and to better understand HCC.
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Yu S, Li Q, Wang Y, Cui Y, Yu Y, Li W, Liu F, Liu T. Tumor-derived LIF promotes chemoresistance via activating tumor-associated macrophages in gastric cancers. Exp Cell Res 2021; 406:112734. [PMID: 34265288 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the preferred clinical treatment for advanced stage gastric cancer (GC) patients, of which efficacy could be markedly impaired due to the development of chemoresistance. Alternatively activated or M2-type tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are recruited under chemotherapy and are highly implicated in the chemoresistance development, but underlying molecular mechanism for TAM activation is largely unknown. Here, we present that tumor-derived Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) induced by chemo drugs represses the chemo sensitivity of gastric tumor cells in a TAM-dependent manner. Mechanistically, cisplatin-induced HIF1α signaling activation directly drive the transcription of LIF, which promotes the resistance of gastric tumors to chemo drug. Further study revealed that tumor cell-derived LIF stimulates macrophages into tumor-supporting M2-type phenotype via activating STAT3 signaling pathway. Therapeutically, blocking LIF efficiently elevates chemo sensitivity of tumor cells and further represses the growth rates of tumors under chemotherapy. Therefore, our study reveals a novel insight in understanding the cross talking between tumor cells and immune cells and provides new therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuehong Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiyi Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tianshu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Center of Evidence-based Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress: Multiple regulatory roles in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112005. [PMID: 34426262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a basic cellular stress response that maintains cellular protein homeostasis under endogenous or exogenous stimuli, which depends on the stimulus, its intensity, and action time. The ER produces a corresponding cascade reaction for crosstalk of adaptive and/or pro-death regulation with other organelles. Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most common malignant solid tumors with an extremely poor prognosis. Viral hepatitis infection, cirrhosis, and steatohepatitis are closely related to the occurrence and development of HCC, and ER stress has gradually been shown to be a major mechanism. Moreover, an increasing need for protein and lipid products and relative deficiencies of oxygen and nutrients for rapid proliferation and endoplasmic reticulum stress are undoubtedly involved. Therefore, to fully and comprehensively understand the regulatory role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the occurrence and progression of HCC is of vital importance to explore its pathogenesis and develop novel anti-cancer strategies. METHODOLOGY We searched for relevant publications in the PubMed databases using the keywords "Endoplasmic reticulum stress", "hepatocellular carcinoma" in last five years,and present an overview of the current knowledge that links ER stress and HCC, which includes carcinogenesis, progression, and anti-cancer strategies, and propose directions of future research. RESULT ER stress were confirmed to be multiple regulators or effectors of cancer, which also be confirmed to drive tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. Targeting ER stress signaling pathway and related molecules could play a critical role for anti-HCC and has become a research hotspot for anti-cancer in recent years. CONCLUSION ER stress are critical for the processes of the tumorigenesis and progression of tumors. For HCC, ER stress was associated with tumorigenesis, development, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance, targeting ER stress has emerged as a potential anti-tumor strategy.
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He S, Fu T, Yu Y, Liang Q, Li L, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Guo Q, Xu D, Chen Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Liu J, Gan Z, Liu Y. IRE1α regulates skeletal muscle regeneration through Myostatin mRNA decay. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:143737. [PMID: 34283807 PMCID: PMC8409588 DOI: 10.1172/jci143737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle can undergo a regenerative process from injury or disease to preserve muscle mass and function, which is critically influenced by cellular stress responses. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is an ancient endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor and mediates a key branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In mammals, IRE1α is implicated in the homeostatic control of stress responses during tissue injury and regeneration. Here, we show that IRE1α serves as a myogenic regulator in skeletal muscle regeneration in response to injury and muscular dystrophy. We found in mice that IRE1α was activated during injury-induced muscle regeneration, and muscle-specific IRE1α ablation resulted in impaired regeneration upon cardiotoxin-induced injury. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in myocytes demonstrated that IRE1αacts to sustain both differentiation in myoblasts and hypertrophy in myotubes through regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) of mRNA encoding Myostatin, a key negative regulator of muscle repair and growth. Furthermore, in the mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), loss of muscle IRE1α resulted in augmented Myostatin signaling and exacerbated the dystrophic phenotypes. Thus, these results reveal a pivotal role for the RIDD output of IRE1α in muscle regeneration, offering new insight into potential therapeutic strategies for muscle loss diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Division of Ophthalmology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qinhao Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dengqiu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianmiao Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenji Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Cao W, Zhang Y, Li A, Yu P, Song L, Liang J, Cao N, Gao J, Xu R, Ma Y, Tang X. Curcumin reverses hepatic epithelial mesenchymal transition induced by trichloroethylene by inhibiting IL-6R/STAT3. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 31:589-599. [PMID: 34233590 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2021.1941463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inflammation have been identified as carcinogenic agents. This study aims to investigate whether inhibition of trichloroethylene (TCE) associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by curcumin is associated with inflammation and EMT. METHODS In the current study, TCE sub-chronic cell model was induced in vitro, and the effects of TCE on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and expression of functional proteins were verified by Western blot, MTT, clone formation, wound healing, Transwell. The detoxification effect of curcumin on TCE was explored by a mouse tumor-bearing experiment. RESULTS TCE induces hepatocyte migration, colony formation, and EMT in vitro. In vivo studies have shown that curcumin significantly reduces the mortality of mice and control the occurrence and size of liver tumors by inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. In vitro, curcumin inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 cells as determined by MTT assay. In addition, curcumin significantly inhibited the protein expression of IL-6R, STAT3, snail, survivin, and cyclin D1 in THLE-2 and HepG2 cells induced by IL-6. CONCLUSION Curcumin has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects, and inhibits the development of HCC induced by TCE by reversing IL-6/STAT3 mediated EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Cao
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Yinci Zhang
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Amin Li
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Li Song
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liang
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Niandie Cao
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Jiafeng Gao
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Ruyue Xu
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Yongfang Ma
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China.,Institute of Environment-friendly Materials and Occupational Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Wuhu, China
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24
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Yang F, Yuan C, Wu D, Zhang J, Zhou X. IRE1α Expedites the Progression of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancers via the Positive Feedback Loop of IRE1α/IL-6/AR. Front Oncol 2021; 11:671141. [PMID: 34295814 PMCID: PMC8290131 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.671141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the lethal form of prostate cancer (PCa), and the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α), a key regulator of unfolded protein response (UPR), is intimately associated with PCa progression. However, whether IRE1α is implicated in CRPC development remains unknown. Here, we showed that IRE1α expression was significantly increased in CRPC tissues and high-grade PCa tissues. Overexpression of IRE1α promoted PCa cell proliferation under the androgen deficiency condition in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, increased IRE1α expression induced IL-6 secretion via the IRE1α/XBP-1s signal pathway. IRE1α-induced IL-6 activated androgen receptor (AR), and the activation of AR by IL-6, in turn, promoted IRE1α expression. IRE1α formed a positive feedback loop with IL-6 and AR to promote prostate cancer cell proliferation under the androgen-deficient condition. In clinical PCa samples, high IRE1α expression correlated with elevated IL-6 and increased PSA expression. Our findings demonstrated a novel mechanism of CRPC progression and suggest targeting IRE1α may be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chong Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, XiJing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingchun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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25
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Liu C, Zhou B, Meng M, Zhao W, Wang D, Yuan Y, Zheng Y, Qiu J, Li Y, Li G, Xiong X, Bian H, Zhang H, Wang H, Ma X, Hu C, Xu L, Lu Y. FOXA3 induction under endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2021; 75:150-162. [PMID: 33548387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver has been shown to play a causative role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Forkhead box A3 (FOXA3), a member of the FOX family, plays critical roles in metabolic homeostasis, although its possible functions in ER stress and fatty liver progression are unknown. METHODS Adenoviral delivery, siRNA delivery, and genetic knockout mice were used to crease FOXA3 gain- or loss-of-function models. Tunicamycin (TM) and a high-fat diet (HFD) were used to induce acute or chronic ER stress in mice. Chromatin immunoprecipiation (ChIP)-seq, luciferase assay, and adenoviral-mediated downstream gene manipulations were performed to reveal the transcriptional axis involved. Key axis protein levels in livers from healthy donors and patients with NAFLD were assessed via immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS FOXA3 transcription is specifically induced by XBP1s upon ER stress. FOXA3 exacerbates the excessive lipid accumulation caused by the acute ER-inducer TM, whereas FOXA3 deficiency in hepatocytes and mice alleviates it. Importantly, FOXA3 deficiency in mice reduced diet-induced chronic ER stress, fatty liver, and insulin resistance. In addition, FOXA3 suppression via siRNA or adeno-associated virus delivery ameliorated the fatty liver phenotype in HFD-fed and db/db mice. Mechanistically, ChIP-Seq analysis revealed that FOXA3 directly regulates Period1 (Per1) transcription, which in turn promotes the expression of lipogenic genes, including Srebp1c, thus enhancing lipid synthesis. Of pathophysiological significance, FOXA3, PER1, and SREBP1c levels were increased in livers of obese mice and patients with NAFLD. CONCLUSION The present study identified FOXA3 as the bridging molecule that links ER stress and NAFLD progression. Our results highlighted the role of the XBP1s-FOXA3-PER1/Srebp1c transcriptional axis in the development of NAFLD and identified FOXA3 as a potential therapeutic target for fatty liver disease. LAY SUMMARY The molecular mechanisms linking endoplasmic reticulum stress to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression remain undefined. Herein, via in vitro and in vivo analysis, we identified Forkhead box A3 (FOXA3) as a key bridging molecule. Of pathophysiological significance, FOXA3 protein levels were increased in livers of obese mice and patients with NAFLD, indicating that FOXA3 could be a potential therapeutic target in fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caizhi Liu
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyao Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youwen Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelian Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Bian
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinran Ma
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cheng Hu
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Tong Y, Gao H, Qi Q, Liu X, Li J, Gao J, Li P, Wang Y, Du L, Wang C. High fat diet, gut microbiome and gastrointestinal cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:5889-5910. [PMID: 33897888 PMCID: PMC8058730 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is currently one of the main causes of cancer death, with a large number of cases and a wide range of lesioned sites. A high fat diet, as a public health problem, has been shown to be correlated with various digestive system diseases and tumors, and can accelerate the occurrence of cancer due to inflammation and altered metabolism. The gut microbiome has been the focus of research in recent years, and associated with cell damage or tumor immune microenvironment changes via direct or extra-intestinal effects; this may facilitate the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal tumors. Based on research showing that both a high fat diet and gut microbes can promote the occurrence of gastrointestinal tumors, and that a high fat diet imbalances intestinal microbes, we propose that a high fat diet drives gastrointestinal tumors by changing the composition of intestinal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huiru Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuchen Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peilong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
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27
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Chou X, Ma K, Shen Y, Min Z, Wu Q, Sun D. Dual role of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE-1α) in Cd-induced apoptosis in human renal tubular epithelial cells: Endoplasmic reticulum stress and STAT3 signaling activation. Toxicology 2021; 456:152769. [PMID: 33813002 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a nephrotoxicant that primarily damages renal proximal tubular cells. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is mechanistically linked to Cd-induced renal injury. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1α) is the most conserved ER stress transducer protein, which has both kinase and endonuclease activities. This study aimed to investigate whether the two enzymatic activities of IRE-1α have different effects in its regulation of Cd-induced apoptosis. Human proximal tubular (HK-2) cells were treated with 20 μM CdCl2 for 0-24 h, and mice were fed with Cd-containing drinking water (100-400 mg/L) for 24 weeks. We found that Cd increased cell apoptosis in HK-2 cells and mouse kidneys in a time-dependent manner. Such cytotoxicity was correlated with activation of ER stress, evidenced by upregulation of IRE-1α and its target protein spliced X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1 s). Interestingly, inhibition of IRE-1α kinase activity by KIRA6 was more protective against Cd-induced apoptosis than inhibition of its RNase activity by STF-083010. Mechanistically, Cd promoted the binding of IRE-1α with signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) leading to elevated phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 and thus inactivation of STAT3 signaling, which resulted in aggravation of Cd-induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that IRE-1α coordinate ER stress and STAT3 signaling in mediating Cd-induced renal toxicity, suggesting that targeting IRE-1α might be a potential therapeutic approach for Cd-induced renal dysfunction and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chou
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kunpeng Ma
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhen Min
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Daoyuan Sun
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated Tongji University, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Chen X, Cubillos-Ruiz JR. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signals in the tumour and its microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:71-88. [PMID: 33214692 PMCID: PMC7927882 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-00312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein handling, modification and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are tightly regulated processes that determine cell function, fate and survival. In several tumour types, diverse oncogenic, transcriptional and metabolic abnormalities cooperate to generate hostile microenvironments that disrupt ER homeostasis in malignant and stromal cells, as well as infiltrating leukocytes. These changes provoke a state of persistent ER stress that has been demonstrated to govern multiple pro-tumoural attributes in the cancer cell while dynamically reprogramming the function of innate and adaptive immune cells. Aberrant activation of ER stress sensors and their downstream signalling pathways have therefore emerged as key regulators of tumour growth and metastasis as well as response to chemotherapy, targeted therapies and immunotherapy. In this Review, we discuss the physiological inducers of ER stress in the tumour milieu, the interplay between oncogenic signalling and ER stress response pathways in the cancer cell and the profound immunomodulatory effects of sustained ER stress responses in tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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29
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Zhang C, Liu S, Yang M. Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease: Causing Factors, Molecular Links, and Treatment Options. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:808526. [PMID: 35002979 PMCID: PMC8733382 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.808526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, which will affect more than a million people by the year 2025. However, current treatment options have limited benefits. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the fastest growing factor that causes HCC in western countries, including the United States. In addition, NAFLD co-morbidities including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) promote HCC development. Alteration of metabolites and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in HCC progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not totally clear. Herein, in this review, we explored the latest molecules that are involved in obesity, T2DM, and CVDs-mediated progression of HCC, as they share some common pathologic features. Meanwhile, several therapeutic options by targeting these key factors and molecules were discussed for HCC treatment. Overall, obesity, T2DM, and CVDs as chronic metabolic disease factors are tightly implicated in the development of HCC and its progression. Molecules and factors involved in these NAFLD comorbidities are potential therapeutic targets for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shuai Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Ming Yang,
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Pavlović N, Calitz C, Thanapirom K, Mazza G, Rombouts K, Gerwins P, Heindryckx F. Inhibiting IRE1α-endonuclease activity decreases tumor burden in a mouse model for hepatocellular carcinoma. eLife 2020; 9:e55865. [PMID: 33103995 PMCID: PMC7661042 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a liver tumor that usually arises in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatic stellate cells are key players in the progression of HCC, as they create a fibrotic micro-environment and produce growth factors and cytokines that enhance tumor cell proliferation and migration. We assessed the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the cross-talk between stellate cells and HCC cells. Mice with a fibrotic HCC were treated with the IRE1α-inhibitor 4μ8C, which reduced tumor burden and collagen deposition. By co-culturing HCC-cells with stellate cells, we found that HCC-cells activate IREα in stellate cells, thereby contributing to their activation. Inhibiting IRE1α blocked stellate cell activation, which then decreased proliferation and migration of tumor cells in different in vitro 2D and 3D co-cultures. In addition, we also observed cell-line-specific direct effects of inhibiting IRE1α in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Pavlović
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Carlemi Calitz
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Kess Thanapirom
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Guiseppe Mazza
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Regenerative Medicine & Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Pär Gerwins
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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31
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Calreticulin promotes EMT in pancreatic cancer via mediating Ca 2+ dependent acute and chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:209. [PMID: 33028359 PMCID: PMC7542892 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Our previous study showed that calreticulin (CRT) promoted EGF-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pancreatic cancer (PC) via Integrin/EGFR-ERK/MAPK signaling. We next investigated the novel signal pathway and molecular mechanism involving the oncogenic role of CRT in PC. Methods We investigated the potential role and mechanism of CRT in regulating intracellular free Ca2+ dependent acute and chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced EMT in PC in vitro and vivo. Results Thapsigargin (TG) induced acute ERS via increasing intracellular free Ca2+ in PC cells, which was reversed by CRT silencing. Additionally, CRT silencing inhibited TG-induced EMT in vitro by reversing TG-induced changes of the key proteins in EMT signaling (ZO-1, E-cadherin and Slug) and ERK/MAPK signaling (pERK). TG-promoted cell invasion and migration was also rescued by CRT silencing but enhanced by IRE1α silencing (one of the key stressors in unfolded protein response). Meanwhile, CRT was co-immunoprecipitated and co-localized with IRE1α in vitro and its silencing led to the chronic ERS via upregulating IRE1α independent of IRE1-XBP1 axis. Moreover, CRT silencing inhibited IRE1α silencing-promoted EMT, including inhibiting the activation of EMT and ERK/MAPK signaling and the promotion of cell mobility. In vivo, CRT silencing decreased subcutaneous tumor size and distant liver metastasis following with the increase of IRE1α expression. A negative relationship between CRT and IRE1α was also observed in clinical PC samples, which coordinately promoted the advanced clinical stages and poor prognosis of PC patients. Conclusions CRT promotes EMT in PC via mediating intracellular free Ca2+ dependent TG-induced acute ERS and IRE1α-mediated chronic ERS via Slug and ERK/MAPK signaling.
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Li W, Deng R, Liu S, Wang K, Sun J. Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of antiviral therapy: The emerging role of non-viral risk factors. Liver Int 2020; 40:2316-2325. [PMID: 32666675 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the major malignant lethal tumours, is most prevalent in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Both viral and non-viral factors contribute to the development of HCC. It is established that viral factors associated with HBV DNA level, HBV genotype, designated gene mutation, HBV DNA integration, HBx protein, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) and HBV RNA are correlated with hepatocarcinogenesis. Before the introduction of antiviral therapy, viral factors once attracted more attention during the development of HCC. With the widespread use of antiviral therapy, predominantly nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs), most patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) have achieved sustained viral control. The role of non-viral factors, especially modifiable factors, is anticipated to be reinforced in the future. Herein, we reviewed the modifiable non-viral risk factors of HBV-related HCC, in the hope of providing substantial evidence for further development of novel precautionary measures for HCC. In addition, the therapeutic interventions for reducing the risk of HCC, like potential conventional pharmaceutical interventions and lifestyle modification are also discussed in this review. Future studies that would explore the specific mechanism of HBV-related HCC development in patients with satisfactory viral control and related precision treatment are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and protein degradation in chronic liver disease. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105218. [PMID: 33007418 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is easily observed in chronic liver disease, which often causes accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER, leading to unfolded protein response (UPR). Regulating protein degradation is an integral part of UPR to relieve ER stress. The major protein degradation system includes the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. All three arms of UPR triggered in response to ER stress can regulate UPS and autophagy. Accumulated misfolded proteins could activate these arms, and then generate various transcription factors to regulate the expression of UPS-related and autophagy-related genes. The protein degradation process regulated by UPR has great significance in many chronic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). In most instances, the degradation of excessive proteins protects cells with ER stress survival from apoptosis. According to the specific functions of protein degradation in chronic liver disease, choosing to promote or inhibit this process is promising as a potential method for treating chronic liver disease.
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Hetz C, Zhang K, Kaufman RJ. Mechanisms, regulation and functions of the unfolded protein response. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:421-438. [PMID: 32457508 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1100] [Impact Index Per Article: 275.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular stress induced by the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is emerging as a possible driver of human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, obesity and neurodegeneration. ER proteostasis surveillance is mediated by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signal transduction pathway that senses the fidelity of protein folding in the ER lumen. The UPR transmits information about protein folding status to the nucleus and cytosol to adjust the protein folding capacity of the cell or, in the event of chronic damage, induce apoptotic cell death. Recent advances in the understanding of the regulation of UPR signalling and its implications in the pathophysiology of disease might open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,FONDAP Center for Geroscience Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Yu S, Li Q, Yu Y, Cui Y, Li W, Liu T, Liu F. Activated HIF1α of tumor cells promotes chemoresistance development via recruiting GDF15-producing tumor-associated macrophages in gastric cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1973-1987. [PMID: 32388677 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the preferred treatment for advanced stage gastric cancer (GC) patients, and developing chemoresistance is a tremendous challenge to efficacy of GC treatment. The treatments of anti-tumor chemo-agents recruit more tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) which are highly implicated in the chemoresistance development, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) in GC cells is activated upon 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment and results in much more accumulation of M2-type TAMs which protect tumor cells from chemo-agents. Mechanistically, in the GC cells under the 5-FU treatment, reactive oxygen species is accumulated and then induces the activation of HIF1α signaling to drive the expression of high-mobility group box 1, which leads to more macrophage's infiltration into GC tumor. In turn, the recruited TAMs exhibit tumor-protected M2-type phenotype and promote the chemoresistance of GC cells via producing growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) to exacerbate the fatty acid β-oxidation in tumor cells. Blocking GDF15 using antibody or inhibiting FAO of tumor cells by etomoxir efficiently gave rise to the tumor cell sensitivity to 5-FU. Therefore, our study demonstrates a novel insight in understanding the cross talking between tumor cells and immune microenvironment and provides new therapeutic targets for clinic treatments of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehong Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Inflammation in Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumorigenesis-Under the Influence of Alcohol and High-Fat Diets. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040933. [PMID: 32230953 PMCID: PMC7230665 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays an outsized role in oncology. Liver tumors are one of the most frequently found tumors in cancer patients and these arise from either primary or metastatic disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer and the 6th most common cancer type overall, is expected to become the 3rd leading cause of cancer mortality in the US by the year 2030. The liver is also the most common site of distant metastasis from solid tumors. For instance, colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasizes to the liver in two-thirds of cases, and CRC liver metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in these patients. The interplay between inflammation and cancer is unmistakably evident in the liver. In nearly every case, HCC is diagnosed in chronic liver disease (CLD) and cirrhosis background. The consumption of a Western-style high-fat diet is a major risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), both of which are becoming more prevalent in parallel with the obesity epidemic. Excessive alcohol intake also contributes significantly to the CLD burden in the form of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Inflammation is a key component in the development of all CLDs. Additionally, during the development of liver metastasis, pro-inflammatory signaling is crucial in eliminating invading cancer cells but ironically also helps foster a pro-metastatic environment that supports metastatic seeding and colonization. Here we review how Westernized high-fat diets and excessive alcohol intake can influence inflammation within the liver microenvironment, stimulating both primary and metastatic liver tumorigenesis.
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IRE1α-targeting downregulates ABC transporters and overcomes drug resistance of colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:67-74. [PMID: 32061752 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a big problem in cancer treatment and one of the most prominent mechanisms underlain is overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, particularly ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2. Inhibition of ABC transporters is an important approach to overcome drug resistance. The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), an arm of unfolded protein response (UPR), splices XBP1 mRNA to generate an active transcription factor XBP1s. UPR is implicated in drug resistance. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. We found that the anticancer drugs such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) activated the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway to induce the expression of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 in colon cancer cells. Inhibition of IRE1α RNase activity with small molecule 4μ8c suppressed the drug-induced expression of these ABC transporters and sensitized 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cells to drug treatment. In vivo xenograft assay indicates that administration of 4μ8C substantially enhanced the efficacy of 5-FU chemotherapy on 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cells. These results suggest that IRE1α-targeting might be a strategy to cope with drug resistance of colon cancer.
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MicroRNA-103 represses hepatic de novo lipogenesis and alleviates NAFLD via targeting FASN and SCD1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:716-722. [PMID: 32035613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are well acknowledged as key mediators in the development of chronic metabolic diseases, including NAFLD. However, their roles in hepatic lipid metabolism and fatty liver still remain well elucidated. Here, we found that miR-103 represses de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and dampens the development of obesity/diet-induced fatty liver through targeting at Fasn and Scd1 in mouse liver. miR-103, robustly amplified in obese livers, inhibits the expression of Fasn and Scd1 via directly interacting with their mRNA 3' untranslated regions. Upregulated miR-103 sufficiently reduces the expression of Fasn and Scd1 and blocks the lipid accumulation in oleate-incubated hepatocytes. Furthermore, specifically overexpressing miR-103 in mouse liver by adenovirus significantly inhibits hepatic DNL to repress HCD-promoted hepatic lipid contents as well as NAFLD development. Meanwhile, enforced expression of hepatic miR-103 also alleviates obesity-associated fatty liver via reducing Fasn and Scd1 in db/db mice. Together, our study reveals a critical role of miR-103 in lipid homeostasis of liver and pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Hypoxia Induces Growth Differentiation Factor 15 to Promote the Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer via PERK-eIF2 α Signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5958272. [PMID: 32076610 PMCID: PMC7008299 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5958272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia plays an essential role in orchestrating Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promoting metastasis of colorectal cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not well elucidated. Here, we present that hypoxic exposure causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates the unfolded protein response pathways, which drives GDF15 expression in colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, upregulated CHOP led by activated PERK-eIF2α signaling promotes GDF15 transcription via directly binding to its promoter. Further study implicates that hypoxia-induced GDF15 is required for the EMT and invasion of colorectal cancer cells; enforced expression of GDF15 promotes the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids in colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, the abrogation of GDF15 results in smaller xenograft tumors in size and impaired metastasis. GDF15 is expressed much more in tumor tissues of CRC patients and displays positive correlations with CHOP and HIF1α in mRNA levels. Our study demonstrates a novel molecular mechanism underlying hypoxia-promoted metastasis of CRC and provides PERK signaling-regulated GDF15 as a new and promising therapeutic target for clinical treatment and drug discovery.
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40
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Wu Y, Tang Y, Xie S, Zheng X, Zhang S, Mao J, Wang B, Hou Y, Hu L, Chai K, Chen W. Chimeric peptide supramolecular nanoparticles for plectin-1 targeted miRNA-9 delivery in pancreatic cancer. Theranostics 2020; 10:1151-1165. [PMID: 31938057 PMCID: PMC6956805 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease with poor prognosis. Insights into the roles of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in diseases, particularly in cancer, have made miRNAs attractive tools and targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Methods: Here, we employed a novel chimeric peptide supramolecular nanoparticle delivery system for plectin-1 (PL-1)-targeted PDAC-specific miR-9 delivery in vitro and in pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were conducted to detect the expression pattern of eIF5A2. mRFP-GFP-LC3 fluorescence microscopy and Western blot were carried out to determine autophagy. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to elucidate the regulatory role of miR-9/eIF5A2 axis. Results: PL-1/miR-9 nanocomplexes dramatically improve the anticancer effect of doxorubicin through downregulating eIF5A2 expression to inhibit autophagy and induce apoptosis in PDAC therapy in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-9 directly targets the eIF5A2 transcript by binding to its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) to reduce the expression levels and the secreted protein of eIF5A2 in PDAC cells. Conclusion: PL-1/miR-9 nanoparticles can be used as a novel promising anti-cancer strategy with tumor targeting and miR-9/eIF5A2 may serve as a new potential therapeutic target for future synergic therapy against human PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yuexiao Tang
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Genetics, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shangzhi Xie
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zheng
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jiayan Mao
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Baoming Wang
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yuerou Hou
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Liqiang Hu
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Kequn Chai
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou 310012, China
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Wang B, Gao X, Liu B, Li Y, Bai M, Zhang Z, Xu E, Xiong Z, Hu Y. Protective effects of curcumin against chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in mice through modulating mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Food Nutr Res 2019; 63:3567. [PMID: 31762728 PMCID: PMC6852329 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v63.3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Curcumin is a major active ingredient extracted from powdered dry rhizome of Curcuma longa. In Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine, it has been used as a hepatoprotective agent for centuries. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Objective The present study is to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of curcumin in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury and explore its mechanism. Design Alcohol-exposed Balb/c mice were treated with curcumin (75 and 150 mg/kg) once per day for 8 weeks. Tissue from individual was fixed with formaldehyde for pathological examination. The activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, Na+/k+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase, were determined. The level of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening was also determined. The expression of PGC-1α, NRF1, Mn-SOD, GRP78, PERK, IRE1α, nuclear NF-κB, and phosphorylated IκBα was quantified by western blot. The contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the liver were measured using the ELISA method. Results Curcumin significantly promoted hepatic mitochondrial function by reducing the opening of MPTP, thus increasing the MMP, promoting the activity of Na+/k+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase, and attenuating oxidative stress. Curcumin upregulated the expression of PGC-1α, NRF1, and Mn-SOD, and downregulated the expression of GRP78, PERK, and IRE1α in hepatic tissue. Curcumin also attenuated inflammation by inhibiting the IκBα–NF-κB pathway, which reduced the production of TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6. Conclusion Curcumin attenuates alcohol-induced liver injury via improving mitochondrial function and attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation. This study provides strong evidence for the beneficial effects of curcumin in the treatment of chronic alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae of Henan Province, Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Gao
- Basic Medical School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoguang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae of Henan Province, Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Li
- Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae of Henan Province, Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae of Henan Province, Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae of Henan Province, Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Erping Xu
- Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae of Henan Province, Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang'e Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hubei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunlian Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hubei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Huang S, Xing Y, Liu Y. Emerging roles for the ER stress sensor IRE1α in metabolic regulation and disease. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18726-18741. [PMID: 31666338 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident transmembrane protein that senses ER stress and is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. IRE1 possesses both Ser/Thr protein kinase and endoribonuclease (RNase) activities within its cytoplasmic domain and is activated through autophosphorylation and dimerization/oligomerization. It mediates a critical arm of the unfolded protein response to manage ER stress provoked by lumenal overload of unfolded/misfolded proteins. Emerging lines of evidence have revealed that in mammals, IRE1α functions as a multifunctional signal transducer that responds to metabolic cues and nutrient stress conditions, exerting profound and broad effects on metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we cover recent advances in our understanding of how IRE1α integrates a variety of metabolic and stress signals and highlight its tissue-specific or context-dependent metabolic activities. We also discuss how dysregulation of this metabolic stress sensor during handling of excessive nutrients in cells contributes to the progression of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuying Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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43
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Ali ES, Rychkov GY, Barritt GJ. Deranged hepatocyte intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis and the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Calcium 2019; 82:102057. [PMID: 31401389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men, and the sixth in women. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now one of the major risk factors for HCC. NAFLD, which involves the accumulation of excess lipid in cytoplasmic lipid droplets in hepatocytes, can progress to non-alcoholic steatosis, fibrosis, and HCC. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ constitute important signaling pathways for the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in normal hepatocytes. Recent studies of steatotic hepatocytes have identified lipid-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+, and have provided evidence that altered Ca2+ signaling exacerbates lipid accumulation and may promote HCC. The aims of this review are to summarise current knowledge of the lipid-induced changes in hepatocyte Ca2+ homeostasis, to comment on the mechanisms involved, and discuss the pathways leading from altered Ca2+ homeostasis to enhanced lipid accumulation and the potential promotion of HCC. In steatotic hepatocytes, lipid inhibits store-operated Ca2+ entry and SERCA2b, and activates Ca2+ efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its transfer to mitochondria. These changes are associated with changes in Ca2+ concentrations in the ER (decreased), cytoplasmic space (increased) and mitochondria (likely increased). They lead to: inhibition of lipolysis, lipid autophagy, lipid oxidation, and lipid secretion; activation of lipogenesis; increased lipid; ER stress, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases and activation of transcription factor Nrf2. These all can potentially mediate the transition of NAFLD to HCC. It is concluded that lipid-induced changes in hepatocyte Ca2+ homeostasis are important in the initiation and progression of HCC. Further research is desirable to better understand the cause and effect relationships, the time courses and mechanisms involved, and the potential of Ca2+ transporters, channels, and binding proteins as targets for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunus S Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Grigori Y Rychkov
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Greg J Barritt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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Xia Z, Wu S, Wei X, Liao Y, Yi P, Liu Y, Liu J, Liu J. Hypoxic ER stress suppresses β-catenin expression and promotes cooperation between the transcription factors XBP1 and HIF1α for cell survival. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13811-13821. [PMID: 31350332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs in many human solid tumors and activates multiple cellular adaptive-response pathways, including the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, and β-catenin has been shown to enhance hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)-activated gene expression, thereby supporting cell survival during hypoxia. However, the molecular interplay between hypoxic ER stress, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and HIF1α-mediated gene regulation during hypoxia remains incompletely understood. Here, we report that hypoxic ER stress reduces β-catenin stability, which, in turn, enhances the activity of spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1s), a transcription factor and signal transducer of the UPR, in HIF1α-mediated hypoxic responses. We observed that in the RKO colon cancer cell line, which possesses a Wnt-stimulated β-catenin signaling cascade, increased ER stress during hypoxia is accompanied by a reduction in low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), and this reduction in LRP6 decreased β-catenin accumulation and impaired Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Of note, β-catenin interacted with both XBP1s and HIF1α, suppressing XBP1s-mediated augmentation of HIF1α target gene expression. Furthermore, Wnt stimulation or β-catenin overexpression blunted XBP1s-mediated cell survival under hypoxia. Together, these results reveal an unanticipated role for the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in hindering hypoxic UPR-mediated responses that increase cell survival. Our findings suggest that the molecular cross-talks between hypoxic ER stress, LRP6/β-catenin signaling, and the HIF1α pathway may represent an unappreciated mechanism that enables some tumor subtypes to survive and grow in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Xia
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yifei Liao
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianmiao Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when ER homeostasis is perturbed with accumulation of unfolded/misfolded protein or calcium depletion. The unfolded protein response (UPR), comprising of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) signaling pathways, is a protective cellular response activated by ER stress. However, UPR activation can also induce cell death upon persistent ER stress. The liver is susceptible to ER stress given its synthetic and other biological functions. Numerous studies from human liver samples and animal disease models have indicated a crucial role of ER stress and UPR signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, cholestatic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, ischemia/reperfusion injury, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Extensive investigations have demonstrated the potential underlying mechanisms of the induction of ER stress and the contribution of UPR pathways during the development of the diseases. Moreover ER stress and the UPR proteins and genes have become emerging therapeutic targets to treat liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tarry Building 15-709, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, Corresponding author: Xiaoying-liu@northwestern
| | - Richard M. Green
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tarry Building 15-709, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis arising from different etiologies, including hepatitis B and C and alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. The inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 and their downstream targets nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 drive inflammation-associated HCC. Further, while adaptive immunity promotes immune surveillance to eradicate early HCC, adaptive immune cells, such as CD8+ T cells, Th17 cells, and B cells, can also stimulate HCC development. Thus, the role of the hepatic immune system in HCC development is a highly complex topic. This review highlights the role of cytokine signals, NF-κB, JNK, innate and adaptive immunity, and hepatic stellate cells in HCC and discusses whether these pathways could be therapeutic targets. The authors will also discuss cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastasis because biliary inflammation and tumor-associated stroma are essential for cholangiocarcinoma development and because primary tumor-derived inflammatory mediators promote the formation of a "premetastasis niche" in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Mee Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Kuscuoglu D, Janciauskiene S, Hamesch K, Haybaeck J, Trautwein C, Strnad P. Liver - master and servant of serum proteome. J Hepatol 2018; 69:512-524. [PMID: 29709680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes synthesise the majority of serum proteins. This production occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is adjusted by complex local and systemic regulatory mechanisms. Accordingly, serum levels of hepatocyte-made proteins constitute important biomarkers that reflect both systemic processes and the status of the liver. For example, C-reactive protein is an established marker of inflammatory reaction, whereas transferrin emerges as a liver stress marker and an attractive mortality predictor. The high protein flow through the ER poses a continuous challenge that is handled by a complex proteostatic network consisting of ER folding machinery, ER stress response, ER-associated degradation and autophagy. Various disorders disrupt this delicate balance and result in protein accumulation in the ER. These include chronic hepatitis B infection with overproduction of hepatitis B surface antigen or inherited alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency that give rise to ground glass hepatocytes and alpha1-antitrypsin aggregates, respectively. We review these ER storage disorders and their downstream consequences. The interaction between proteotoxic stress and other ER challenges such as lipotoxicity is also discussed. Collectively, this article aims to sharpen our view of liver hepatocytes as the central hubs of protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Kuscuoglu
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; The Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, BREATH, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Karim Hamesch
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; The Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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