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Fernández J, Blasi A, Hidalgo E, Karvellas CJ. Bridging the critically ill patient with acute to chronic liver failure to liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2024; 24:1348-1361. [PMID: 38548058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) has emerged as an effective therapy for severe forms of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), an entity characterized by the development of multiorgan failure and high short-term mortality. The aim of critical care management of ACLF patients is to rapidly treat precipitating events and aggressively support failing organs to ensure that patients may successfully undergo LT or, less frequently, recover. Malnutrition and sarcopenia are frequently present, adversely impacting the prognosis of these patients. Management of critical care patients with ACLF is complex and requires the participation of different specialties. Once the patient is stabilized, a rapid evaluation for salvage LT should be performed because the time window for LT is often narrow. The development of sepsis and prolonged organ support may preclude LT or diminish its chances of success. The current review describes strategies to bridge severe ACLF patients to LT, highlights the minimal evaluation required for listing and the currently suggested contraindications to proceed with LT, and addresses different aspects of management during the perioperative and early posttransplant period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández
- Liver ICU, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Spain; EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Annabel Blasi
- Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Clínic, and University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Hidalgo
- Hepatolobiliary Surgery Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Constantine J Karvellas
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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2
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Karvellas CJ, Bajaj JS, Kamath PS, Napolitano L, O'Leary JG, Solà E, Subramanian R, Wong F, Asrani SK. AASLD Practice Guidance on Acute-on-chronic liver failure and the management of critically ill patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2024; 79:1463-1502. [PMID: 37939273 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine J Karvellas
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick S Kamath
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline G O'Leary
- Department of Medicine, Dallas Veterans Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Elsa Solà
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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3
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Jardim LL, Franco MB, de Oliveira NR, de Carvalho BN, Basques F, Ribeiro DD, Lisman T, Pereira LS, Rezende SM. Hypocoagulability in severe yellow fever infection is associated with bleeding: results from a cohort study. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102427. [PMID: 38817949 PMCID: PMC11137573 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Severe yellow fever infection (YFI) may be complicated by a hemorrhagic diathesis. However, the hemostasis profile of YFI has rarely been reported. Objectives The aim of this study was to characterize the hemostatic features of YFI by using a rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM). Methods We evaluated clinical, laboratory, and ROTEM parameters in adults with severe YFI and their correlation with hemostatic variables according to bleeding and death. Results A total of 35 patients were included (median age, 49 years). ROTEM was performed in 22 patients, of whom 21 (96%) presented bleeding and 4 (18%) died. All patients who died had major bleeding. Patients who died presented prolonged clotting time (CT; median, 2326 seconds; IQR, 1898-2986 seconds) and reduced alpha angle (median, 12°; IQR, 12°-15°) in comparison with patients who had minor (median CT, 644 seconds; IQR, 552-845 seconds and alpha angle, 47°; IQR, 28°-65°) and major (median CT, 719 seconds; IQR, 368-1114 seconds and alpha angle, 43°; IQR, 32°-64°) bleeding who survived. In patients who had bleeding, CT showed a strong negative correlation with factor (F)V (r = -.68), FIX (r = -.84), and FX (r = -.63) as well as alpha angle showed a strong negative correlation with FIX (r = -.92). In patients who died, the correlations were even stronger. A total of 19/21 (90%) patients presented hypocoagulability assessed by ROTEM. Conclusion Hypocoagulabitity is the hallmark of the bleeding diathesis of severe YFI. Abnormal CT and alpha angle associated with death and could be used as potential predictors of adverse outcome in severe YFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Lemos Jardim
- Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brandão Franco
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Neimy Ramos de Oliveira
- Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Nogueira de Carvalho
- Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado de Minas Gerais (HEMOMINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Basques
- Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado de Minas Gerais (HEMOMINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Dias Ribeiro
- Hematology Unit, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory and Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Soares Pereira
- Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Suely Meireles Rezende
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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4
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Qiu S, Zhang Q, Hu J, Wang L, Chen R, Cao Y, Liu F, Yu Z, Zhao C, Zhang L, Ren W, Xin S, Chen Y, Duan Z, Han T. Impact of Onset Time, Number, Type, and Sequence of Extrahepatic Organ Failure on Prognosis of Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:257-265. [PMID: 38426199 PMCID: PMC10899869 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The impact of the characteristics of extrahepatic organ failure (EHOF) including the onset time, number, type, and sequence on the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the association between the characteristics of EHOF and the prognosis of ACLF patients. Methods ACLF subjects enrolled at six hospitals in China were included in the analysis. The risk of mortality based on the characteristics of EHOF was evaluated. Survival of study groups was compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests. Results A total of 736 patients with ACLF were included. EHOF was observed in 402 patients (54.6%), of which 295 (73.4%) developed single EHOF (SEHOF) and 107 (26.6%) developed multiple EHOF (MEHOF). The most commonly observed EHOF was coagulation failure (47.0%), followed by renal (13.0%), brain (4.9%), respiratory (4.3%), and circulatory (2.3%) failure. Survival analysis found that MEHOF or SEHOF patients with brain failure had a worse prognosis. However, no significant outcome was found in the analysis of the effect of onset time and sequence of failed organs on prognosis. Patients were further divided into three risk subgroups by the EHOF characteristics. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that risk stratification resulted in the differentiation of patients with different risks of mortality both in the training and validation cohorts. Conclusions The mortality of ACLF patients was determined by the number and type, but not the onset time and sequence of EHOF. Risk stratification applicable to clinical practice was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaotian Qiu
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaxuan Hu
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lewei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Cao
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenjun Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Caiyan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Liaoyun Zhang
- Department of Infection Disease, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wanhua Ren
- Infectious Department of Shandong First Medical University Affiliated Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shaojie Xin
- Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Liver Disease Center (Difficult & Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center), Beijing You’an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Liver Disease Center (Difficult & Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center), Beijing You’an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Han
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Tripodi A, Primignani M, D'Ambrosio R, Tosetti G, La Mura V, Lampertico P, Peyvandi F. Reappraisal of the conventional hemostasis tests as predictors of perioperative bleeding in the era of rebalanced hemostasis in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00718. [PMID: 38214562 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
New global laboratory procedures mimicking the in vivo hemostasis process led to the changing paradigm of cirrhosis from the prototype of hemorrhagic diseases to a condition in which hemostasis is normal but fragile, thus justifying the hemorrhagic/thrombotic tendencies that affect these patients. The new paradigm was instrumental to change the management of cirrhosis. For example, international guidelines warn against the entrenched practice of testing patients with conventional hemostasis tests and infusing those with abnormalities with fresh-frozen plasma, coagulation factor concentrates, or platelets, prior to surgery/invasive procedures. These recommendations are, however, largely disattended. The practice of testing patients with the prothrombin time or viscoelastometry and using arbitrary cutoffs to make decisions on perioperative prophylaxis is still common and probably driven by medicolegal issues. There is no doubt that prothrombin time and congeners tests are unable to predict bleeding in cirrhosis. However, it cannot be excluded that some tests may be useful in patients who are severely decompensated. Large prospective collaborative studies are warranted. Enrolled patients should be randomized to receive perioperative prophylaxis based on laboratory testing (eg, viscoelastometry, thrombomodulin-modified thrombin generation) or to usual care. However, for these trials to be useful, a third group of patients who do not receive prophylaxis should be included. In conclusion, until results from these studies are available, physicians attending cirrhosis should refrain from using laboratory tests with arbitrary cutoffs to make decision on perioperative prophylaxis. Decision should be made by considering the clinical history of individual patients and the risk of hemorrhage of specific procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Tripodi
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Primignani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Ambrosio
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Tosetti
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo La Mura
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Lampertico
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, CRC "A. M. and A. Migliavacca" Center for Liver Disease, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Kampelos G, Alexopoulos T, Vasilieva L, Mani I, Hadziyannis E, Giannouli S, Manioudaki S, Nomikou E, Alexopoulou A. A combination of clot formation abnormalities in thromboelastometry has a high prognostic value in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 36:76-82. [PMID: 37823404 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global coagulation tests offer a better tool to assess procoagulant and anticoagulant pathways, fibrinolysis and clot firmness and evaluate more accurately coagulation defects compared to conventional coagulation tests. Their prognostic role in acute-on-chronic liver disease (ACLF) or acute decompensation (AD) has not been well established. AIMS To assess the properties and prognostic value of the coagulation profile measured by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) in ACLF and AD. METHODS 84 consecutive patients (35 ACLF and 49 AD) were prospectively studied. Twenty healthy persons matched for age and gender were used as controls. 'Hypocoagulable' or 'hypercoagulable' profiles on admission were assessed based on nine ROTEM parameters and mortality was recorded at 30 and 90 days. RESULTS Individual ROTEM parameters denoted significantly more hypocoagulability in patients compared to controls. 'Hypocoagulable' profile (defined as a composite of 4 or more ROTEM parameters outside the range) was associated with more severe liver disease assessed either as MELD or Child-Pugh scores ( P < 0.001 for both) and higher 30-day mortality (Log-rank P = 0.012). 'Hypocoagulable' profile (HR 3.160, 95% CI 1.003-9.957, P = 0.049) and ACLF status (HR 23.786, 95% CI 3.115-181.614, P = 0.002) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality, in multivariate model. A higher early mortality rate was shown in ACLF patients with 'hypocoagulable' phenotype compared to those without (Log-rank P = 0.017). 'Hypocoagulable' profile was not associated with mortality in AD. CONCLUSION 'Hypocoagulable' profile was associated with more advanced liver disease and higher short-term mortality in patients with ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kampelos
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital
| | - Theodoros Alexopoulos
- Gastroenterology Department, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital
| | | | - Iliana Mani
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital
| | - Emilia Hadziyannis
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital
| | - Stavroula Giannouli
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital
| | | | - Efrosyni Nomikou
- Blood Bank and Haemophilia Unit, Hippokratio General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Alexopoulou
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital
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Aiza-Haddad I, Cisneros-Garza LE, Morales-Gutiérrez O, Malé-Velázquez R, Rizo-Robles MT, Alvarado-Reyes R, Barrientos-Quintanilla LA, Betancourt-Sánchez F, Cerda-Reyes E, Contreras-Omaña R, Dehesa-Violante MB, Flores-García NC, Gómez-Almaguer D, Higuera-de la Tijera MF, Lira-Pedrin MA, Lira-Vera JE, Manzano-Cortés H, Meléndez-Mena DE, Muñoz-Ramírez MR, Pérez-Hernández JL, Ramos-Gómez MV, Sánchez-Ávila JF. Guidelines for the management of coagulation disorders in patients with cirrhosis. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2024; 89:144-162. [PMID: 38600006 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Coagulation management in the patient with cirrhosis has undergone a significant transformation since the beginning of this century, with the concept of a rebalancing between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors. The paradigm that patients with cirrhosis have a greater bleeding tendency has changed, as a result of this rebalancing. In addition, it has brought to light the presence of complications related to thrombotic events in this group of patients. These guidelines detail aspects related to pathophysiologic mechanisms that intervene in the maintenance of hemostasis in the patient with cirrhosis, the relevance of portal hypertension, mechanical factors for the development of bleeding, modifications in the hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors, and the changes in the reticuloendothelial system in acute hepatic decompensation and acute-on-chronic liver failure. They address new aspects related to the hemorrhagic complications in patients with cirrhosis, considering the risk for bleeding during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, as well as the usefulness of different tools for diagnosing coagulation and recommendations on the pharmacologic treatment and blood-product transfusion in the context of hemorrhage. These guidelines also update the knowledge regarding hypercoagulability in the patient with cirrhosis, as well as the efficacy and safety of treatment with the different anticoagulation regimens. Lastly, they provide recommendations on coagulation management in the context of acute-on-chronic liver failure, acute liver decompensation, and specific aspects related to the patient undergoing liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aiza-Haddad
- Clínica de Enfermedades Hepáticas, Hospital Ángeles Lomas, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - L E Cisneros-Garza
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital Christus Muguerza Alta Especialidad, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - O Morales-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital General de México «Dr. Eduardo Liceaga», Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - M T Rizo-Robles
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Centro Médico Nacional «La Raza», Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Alvarado-Reyes
- Departamento de Hepatología, Hospital San José Tec Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | | | - E Cerda-Reyes
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Central Militar, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Contreras-Omaña
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Gastroenterología (CIEHG) Pachuca, Hidalgo, México
| | | | - N C Flores-García
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud. Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey Nuevo Leon, México
| | | | - M F Higuera-de la Tijera
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital General de México «Dr. Eduardo Liceaga», Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M A Lira-Pedrin
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Endoscopía Digestiva, Motilidad y Hepatología, Centro Médico Corporativo Galeana, Tijuana, México
| | - J E Lira-Vera
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital General de México «Dr. Eduardo Liceaga», Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - D E Meléndez-Mena
- Hospital General de Especialidades «Maximino Ávila Camacho», IMSS, UMAE, Puebla, México
| | - M R Muñoz-Ramírez
- Departamento de Hepatología, Hospital San José Tec Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - J L Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Hospital General de México «Dr. Eduardo Liceaga», Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M V Ramos-Gómez
- Departamento Hepatología, ISSSTE, Centro Médico Nacional «20 de noviembre», Ciudad de México, México
| | - J F Sánchez-Ávila
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud. Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey Nuevo Leon, México
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8
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Torre A, Cisneros-Garza LE, Castillo-Barradas M, Navarro-Alvarez N, Sandoval-Salas R, González-Huezo MS, Pérez-Hernández JL, Méndez-Guerrero O, Ruiz-Manríquez JA, Trejo-Estrada R, Chavez-Tapia NC, Solís-Gasca LC, Moctezuma-Velázquez C, Aguirre-Valádez J, Flores-Calderón J, Higuera-de-la-Tijera F, García-Juárez I, Canedo-Castillo NA, Malé-Velázquez R, Montalvo-Gordon I, Vilatobá M, Márquez-Guillén E, Córdova-Gallardo J, Flores-García NC, Miranda-Zazueta G, Martínez-Saldívar BI, Páez-Zayas VM, Muñoz-Espinosa LE, Solís-Galindo FA. Consensus document on acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) established by the Mexican Association of Hepatology. Ann Hepatol 2023; 28:101140. [PMID: 37482299 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2023.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute-on chronic liver failure (ACLF) has been an intensively debated topic mainly due to the lack of a unified definition and diagnostic criteria. The growing number of publications describing the mechanisms of ACLF development, the progression of the disease, outcomes and treatment has contributed to a better understanding of the disease, however, it has also sparked the debate about this condition. As an attempt to provide medical professionals with a more uniform definition that could be applied to our population, the first Mexican consensus was performed by a panel of experts in the area of hepatology in Mexico. We used the most relevant and impactful publications along with the clinical and research experience of the consensus participants. The consensus was led by 4 coordinators who provided the most relevant bibliography by doing an exhaustive search on the topic. The entire bibliography was made available to the members of the consensus for consultation at any time during the process and six working groups were formed to develop the following sections: 1.- Generalities, definitions, and criteria, 2.- Pathophysiology of cirrhosis, 3.- Genetics in ACLF, 4.- Clinical manifestations, 5.- Liver transplantation in ACLF, 6.- Other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Torre
- Metabolic Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Laura Esthela Cisneros-Garza
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital Christus Muguerza Alta Especialidad, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Osvely Méndez-Guerrero
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Luis Carlos Solís-Gasca
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital General de Zona #12 Benito Juárez del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Moctezuma-Velázquez
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Medicine - Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Judith Flores-Calderón
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ignacio García-Juárez
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Iaarah Montalvo-Gordon
- Clinic of Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Specialties, Hospital Faro del Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Mario Vilatobá
- Transplant Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Márquez-Guillén
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Hospital Ángeles del Pedregal, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacqueline Córdova-Gallardo
- Hepatology Department - General Surgery Service, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Cointa Flores-García
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Godolfino Miranda-Zazueta
- Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Linda Elsa Muñoz-Espinosa
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital 'Dr. José E. González', Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Francisco Alfonso Solís-Galindo
- Gastroenterology Department, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad # 71 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
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9
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Driever EG, Muntz I, Patel V, Adelmeijer J, Bernal W, Koenderink GH, Lisman T. Fibrin clots from patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure are weaker than those from healthy individuals and patients with sepsis without underlying liver disease. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2747-2758. [PMID: 37336436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies identified decreased clot permeability, without differences in fibrin fiber density in clots, from patients with cirrhosis compared with those from healthy controls (HCs). Fibrinogen hypersialylation could be the reason for this discrepancy. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to study mechanical properties of clots and reassess clot permeability in relation to hypersialylation in patients with stable cirrhosis, acute decompensation, and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Sepsis patients without liver disease were included to distinguish between liver-specific and inflammation-driven phenotypes. METHODS Pooled plasma was used for rheology and permeability experiments. Permeability was assessed with compression using a rheometer and by liquid permeation. Purified fibrinogen treated with neuraminidase was used to study the effects of fibrinogen hypersialylation on liquid permeation. RESULTS Mechanical properties of clots from patients with stable cirrhosis and acute decompensation were similar to those of clots from HCs, but clots from patients with ACLF were softer and ruptured at lower shear stress. Clots from sepsis patients without liver disease were stiffer than those from the other groups, but this effect disappeared after adjusting for increased plasma fibrinogen concentrations. Permeability was similar between clots under compression from HCs and clots under compression from patients but decreased with increasing disease severity in liquid permeation. Removal of fibrinogen sialic acid residues increased permeability more in patients than in controls. CONCLUSION Clots from patients with ACLF have weak mechanical properties despite unaltered fibrin fiber density. Previous liquid permeation experiments may have erroneously concluded that clots from patients with ACLF are prothrombotic as fibrinogen hypersialylation leads to underestimation of clot permeability in this setting, presumably due to enhanced water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G Driever
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iain Muntz
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Vishal Patel
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jelle Adelmeijer
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - William Bernal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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10
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Mücke MM, Bruns T, Canbay A, Matzdorff A, Tacke F, Tiede A, Trebicka J, Wedemeyer H, Zacharowski K, Zeuzem S, Lange CM. [Use of Thrombopoetin-Receptor-Agonists (TPO-RA) in patients with liver cirrhosis before invasive procedures]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2023; 61:1225-1234. [PMID: 36377140 DOI: 10.1055/a-1934-1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Advanced chronic liver disease is accompanied with relevant changes in the corpuscular and plasmatic coagulation system. Due to thrombocytopenia that is regularly observed in these patients, platelet transfusions are often performed prior invasive procedures to prevent possible bleeding complications. However, platelet transfusions are associated with clinically significant adverse events and economically relevant health care costs. Thus, avoiding unnecessary platelet transfusions remains pivotal in daily clinical practice. The first step is to carefully check if increasing platelet counts prior to a planned invasive procedure is really necessary. Nowadays, two well-tolerated thrombopoetin-receptor agonists (TPO-RAs), Avatrombopaq and Lusutrombopaq, to treat thrombocytopenia preemptively before an invasive procedure in patients with liver cirrhosis are available. This review provides a guide for clinician when to increase platelet counts prior an invasive procedure in patients with liver cirrhosis and helps to identify situations in which the use of TPO-RA may be reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M Mücke
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- Medizinische Klinik III, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ali Canbay
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum des Knappschaftskrankenhauses Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Matzdorff
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Asklepios Klinikum Uckermark GmbH, Schwedt/Oder, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Medizinische Klinik m. S. Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) und Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Tiede
- Klinik für Hämatologie, Hämostaseologie, Onkologie und Stammzelltransplantation, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik B, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian M Lange
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, LMU Klinikum München, München, Germany
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11
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Intagliata NM, Rahimi RS, Higuera-de-la-Tijera F, Simonetto DA, Farias AQ, Mazo DF, Boike JR, Stine JG, Serper M, Pereira G, Mattos AZ, Marciano S, Davis JPE, Benitez C, Chadha R, Méndez-Sánchez N, deLemos AS, Mohanty A, Dirchwolf M, Fortune BE, Northup PG, Patrie JT, Caldwell SH. Procedural-Related Bleeding in Hospitalized Patients With Liver Disease (PROC-BLeeD): An International, Prospective, Multicenter Observational Study. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:717-732. [PMID: 37271290 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hospitalized patients with cirrhosis frequently undergo multiple procedures. The risk of procedural-related bleeding remains unclear, and management is not standardized. We conducted an international, prospective, multicenter study of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis undergoing nonsurgical procedures to establish the incidence of procedural-related bleeding and to identify bleeding risk factors. METHODS Hospitalized patients were prospectively enrolled and monitored until surgery, transplantation, death, or 28 days from admission. The study enrolled 1187 patients undergoing 3006 nonsurgical procedures from 20 centers. RESULTS A total of 93 procedural-related bleeding events were identified. Bleeding was reported in 6.9% of patient admissions and in 3.0% of the procedures. Major bleeding was reported in 2.3% of patient admissions and in 0.9% of the procedures. Patients with bleeding were more likely to have nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (43.9% vs 30%) and higher body mass index (BMI; 31.2 vs 29.5). Patients with bleeding had a higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score at admission (24.5 vs 18.5). A multivariable analysis controlling for center variation found that high-risk procedures (odds ratio [OR], 4.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.44-8.84), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.46-3.86), and higher BMI (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.10-1.80) independently predicted bleeding. Preprocedure international normalized ratio, platelet level, and antithrombotic use were not predictive of bleeding. Bleeding prophylaxis was used more routinely in patients with bleeding (19.4% vs 7.4%). Patients with bleeding had a significantly higher 28-day risk of death (hazard ratio, 6.91; 95% CI, 4.22-11.31). CONCLUSIONS Procedural-related bleeding occurs rarely in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Patients with elevated BMI and decompensated liver disease who undergo high-risk procedures may be at risk to bleed. Bleeding is not associated with conventional hemostasis tests, preprocedure prophylaxis, or recent antithrombotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel F Mazo
- School of Medical Sciences of University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Justin R Boike
- Northwestern University Feinburg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonathan G Stine
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marina Serper
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gustavo Pereira
- Bonsucesso Federal Hospital (Ministry of Health), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Estácio de Sá School of Medicine-Instituto de Educação Médica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angelo Z Mattos
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Benitez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation and Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrew S deLemos
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Arpan Mohanty
- Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Brett E Fortune
- Montefiore Einstein Center for Transplantation, New York, New York
| | | | - James T Patrie
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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12
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Vinayagamoorthy V, Srivastava A, Das I, Verma A, Mishra P, Sen Sarma M, Poddar U, Yachha SK. Hypocoagulability in Children With Decompensated Chronic Liver Disease and Sepsis: Assessment by Thromboelastography. JPGN REPORTS 2023; 4:e324. [PMID: 37600623 PMCID: PMC10435032 DOI: 10.1097/pg9.0000000000000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the coagulation status of children with decompensated chronic liver disease (DCLD) and infection and factors affecting it using thromboelastography (TEG). Methods Coagulation status of children admitted with DCLD and infection was assessed by international normalized ratio (INR), platelet count, and TEG [reaction time (R), kinetic time (K), α-angle (AA), maximum amplitude (MA), coagulation index (CI), and lysis index (LY30)] at admission and at 7-14 days after treatment. CI < -3 represents hypocoagulable state. Clinical profile including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), infection severity, bleeding, treatment response, and outcome were noted. Results Thirty children (21 boys, median (IQR) age 78 [15.7-180] months) were studied prospectively. At admission, 29 (96.7%) had prolonged INR, 24 (80%) had thrombocytopenia, and 17 (56.6%) were hypocoagulable by TEG. Nine of 30 (30%) had normal TEG but deranged INR and platelets. Nineteen (63.3%) cases had SIRS, 11 (36.6%) had severe sepsis, and 8 (26.6%) had bleeding. Hypocoagulable state was common in severe sepsis than sepsis/infection (81.1% versus 42.1%; P = 0.05) and persistent (n = 4) versus recovered SIRS (n = 15, 100% versus 33%; P = 0.03). Bleeders had prolonged R-time (7.8 versus 5.4 min; P = 0.03), smaller MA (30.2 versus 47 mm; P = 0.05), and α-angle (40.4 versus 62.9; P = 0.03) but similar INR and platelets than nonbleeders. Six patients (20%) had poor in-hospital outcomes; R-time ≥8.5 min predicted mortality with high sensitivity (83%) and specificity (100%). Conclusions Fifth-seven percent of children with DCLD and infection were hypocoagulable by TEG. Severe sepsis and persistent SIRS worsened the coagulation status. TEG identifies bleeders better than INR and platelet count. R-time ≥8.5 min predicts a poor hospital outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Vinayagamoorthy
- From the Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anshu Srivastava
- From the Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Indranil Das
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anupam Verma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhakar Mishra
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Moinak Sen Sarma
- From the Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjal Poddar
- From the Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surender Kumar Yachha
- From the Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Scheinberg AR, Martin P, Bhamidimarri KR. The Clinical Spectrum and Manifestations of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. Clin Liver Dis 2023; 27:671-680. [PMID: 37380290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterized by abrupt decompensation in a patient with chronic liver disease with extrahepatic organ dysfunction and is implicated in an increased risk of mortality. ACLF may be present in approximately 20% to 40% of hospitalized cirrhosis. There are several diagnostic scoring systems for ACLF; one defined by the North American Consortium for Study of End-stage Liver Disease is the presence of acutely decompensated cirrhosis complicated by failure of two or more organ systems: circulatory, renal, neurological, coagulopathy, and/or pulmonary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Scheinberg
- Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 1120 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Paul Martin
- Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 1120 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Kalyan Ram Bhamidimarri
- Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 1120 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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14
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Karvellas CJ, Gustot T, Fernandez J. Management of the acute on chronic liver failure in the intensive care unit. Liver Int 2023. [PMID: 37365997 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) reflects the development of organ failure(s) in a patient with cirrhosis and is associated with high short-term mortality. Given that ACLF has many different 'phenotypes', medical management needs to take into account the relationship between precipitating insult, organ systems involved and underlying physiology of chronic liver disease/cirrhosis. The goals of intensive care management of patients suffering ACLF are to rapidly recognize and treat inciting events (e.g. infection, severe alcoholic hepatitis and bleeding) and to aggressively support failing organ systems to ensure that patients may successfully undergo liver transplantation or recovery. Management of these patients is complex since they are prone to develop new organ failures and infectious or bleeding complications. ICU therapy parallels that applied in the general ICU population in some complications but differs in others. Given that liver transplantation in ACLF is an emerging and evolving field, multidisciplinary teams with expertise in critical care and transplant medicine best accomplish management of the critically ill ACLF patient. The focus of this review is to identify the common complications of ACLF and to describe the proper management in critically ill patients awaiting liver transplantation in our centres, including organ support, prognostic assessment and how to assess when recovery is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine J Karvellas
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Thierry Gustot
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepato-Pancreatology and Digestive Oncology, H.U.B., CUB Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Javier Fernandez
- Liver ICU, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
- EF CLIF, EASL-CLIF Consortium, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Reverter E, Toapanta D, Bassegoda O, Zapatero J, Fernandez J. Critical Care Management of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Certainties and Unknowns. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:206-217. [PMID: 37369227 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1769907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Intensive care unit (ICU) admission is frequently required in patients with decompensated cirrhosis for organ support. This entity, known as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), is associated with high short-term mortality. ICU management of ACLF is complex, as these patients are prone to develop new organ failures and infectious or bleeding complications. Poor nutritional status, lack of effective liver support systems, and shortage of liver donors are also factors that contribute to increase their mortality. ICU therapy parallels that applied in the general ICU population in some complications but has differential characteristics in others. This review describes the current knowledge on critical care management of patients with ACLF including organ support, prognostic assessment, early liver transplantation, and futility rules. Certainties and knowledge gaps in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Reverter
- Liver ICU, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Toapanta
- Liver ICU, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavi Bassegoda
- Liver ICU, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Zapatero
- Liver ICU, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Fernandez
- Liver ICU, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, EASL-CLIF, Consortium, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis frequently require admission to the intensive care unit as complications arise in the course of their disease. These admissions are associated with high short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. Thus, understanding and characterizing complications and unique needs of patients with cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure helps providers identify appropriate level of care and evidence-based treatments. While there is no widely accepted critical care admission criteria for patients with cirrhosis, the presence of organ failure and primary or nosocomial infections are associated with particularly high in-hospital mortality. Optimal management of patients with cirrhosis in the critical care setting requires a system-based approach that acknowledges deviations from canonical pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss appropriate considerations and evidence-based practices for the general care of patients with cirrhosis and critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alice Gallo de Moraes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Douglas A Simonetto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota
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17
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Ngu NLY, Flanagan E, Bell S, Le ST. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Controversies and consensus. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:232-240. [PMID: 36687118 PMCID: PMC9846945 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i2.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a poorly defined syndrome characterised by rapid clinical deterioration in patients with chronic liver disease. Consequences include high short-term morbidity, mortality, and healthcare resource utilisation. ACLF encompasses a dysregulated, systemic inflammatory response, which can precipitate extra hepatic organ failures. Common precipitants include infection, alcoholic hepatitis, and reactivation of viral hepatitis although frequently no cause is identified. Heterogenous definitions, diagnostic criteria, and treatment guidelines, have been proposed by international hepatology societies. This can result in delayed or missed diagnoses of ACLF, significant variability in clinical management, and under-estimation of disease burden. Liver transplantation may be considered but the mainstay of treatment is organ support, often in the intensive care unit. This review will provide clarity around where are the controversies and consensus in ACLF including: Epidemiology and resource utilisation, key clinical and diagnostic features, strategies for management, and research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Y Ngu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Alfred Health, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eliza Flanagan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- Monash digital Therapeutics and Innovation Laboratory (MoTILa), Monash University, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally Bell
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suong T Le
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- Monash digital Therapeutics and Innovation Laboratory (MoTILa), Monash University, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Llancalahuen FM, Vallejos A, Aravena D, Prado Y, Gatica S, Otero C, Simon F. α1-Adrenergic Stimulation Increases Platelet Adhesion to Endothelial Cells Mediated by TRPC6. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1408:65-82. [PMID: 37093422 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26163-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of a1-adrenergic nervous system is increased during systemic inflammation and other pathological conditions with the consequent adrenergic receptors (ARs) activation. It has been reported that a1-stimulation contributes to coagulation since a1-AR blockers inhibit coagulation and its organic consequences. Also, coagulation induced by a1-AR stimulation can be greatly decreased using a1-AR blockers. In health, endothelial cells (ECs) perform anticoagulant actions at cellular and molecular level. However, during inflammation, ECs turn dysfunctional promoting a procoagulant state. Endothelium-dependent coagulation progresses at cellular and molecular levels, promoting endothelial acquisition of procoagulant properties to potentiate coagulation by means of prothrombotic and antifibrinolytic proteins expression increase in ECs releasing them to circulation, the thrombus formation is strengthened. Calcium signaling is a main feature of coagulation. Inhibition of ion channels involved in Ca2+ entry severely decreases coagulation. The transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) is a non-selective Ca2+-permeable ion channel. TRPC6 activity is induced by diacylglycerol, suggesting that is regulated by a1-ARs. Furthermore, a1-ARs stimulation elicits a TRPC-like current in rat mesenteric artery smooth muscle and mesangial cells. However, whether TRPC6 could promote an ECs-mediated platelet adhesion induced by a1-adrenergic stimulation is currently not known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if the TRPC6 calcium channel mediates platelet adhesion induced by a1-adrenergic stimulation. Our results suggest that platelet adhesion to ECs is enhanced by the a1-adrenergic stimulation evoked by phenylephrine mediated by TRPC6 activity. We conclude that TRPC6 is a molecular determinant in platelet adhesion to ECs with implications in systemic inflammatory diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M Llancalahuen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejando Vallejos
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Aravena
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yolanda Prado
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Santiago, Chile.
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19
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Tomić Mahečić T, Baronica R, Mrzljak A, Boban A, Hanžek I, Karmelić D, Babić A, Mihaljević S, Meier J. Individualized Management of Coagulopathy in Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123172. [PMID: 36553179 PMCID: PMC9777026 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, individualized approaches and a better understanding of coagulopathy complexity in end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients has evolved. The risk of both thrombosis and bleeding during minimally invasive interventions or surgery is associated with a worse outcome in this patient population. Despite deranged quantitative and qualitative coagulation laboratory parameters, prophylactic coagulation management is unnecessary for patients who do not bleed. Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) and blood products carries independent risks for morbidity and mortality, including modulation of the immune system with increased risk for nosocomial infections. Optimal coagulation management in these complex patients should be based on the analysis of standard coagulation tests (SCTs) and viscoelastic tests (VETs). VETs represent an individualized approach to patients and can provide information about coagulation dynamics in a concise period of time. This narrative review will deliver the pathophysiology of deranged hemostasis in ESLD, explore the difficulties of evaluating the coagulopathies in liver disease patients, and examine the use of VET assays and management of coagulopathy using coagulation factors. Methods: A selective literature search with PubMed as the central database was performed with the following.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Tomić Mahečić
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain Treatment, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-98-457-189
| | - Robert Baronica
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain Treatment, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Liver Transplant Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Boban
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivona Hanžek
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain Treatment, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Karmelić
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain Treatment, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anđela Babić
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain Treatment, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slobodan Mihaljević
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain Treatment, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jens Meier
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kepler University Clinic, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
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20
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Li X, Zhang L, Pu C, Tang S. Liver transplantation in Acute-on-Chronic liver failure: Timing of transplantation and selection of patient population. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1030336. [PMID: 36569133 PMCID: PMC9773247 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-Chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a clinical syndrome with high short-term mortality. Alcoholic ACLF is prevalent in European and American countries, while hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related ACLF is more common in the Asia-Pacific region. There is still a lack of a unified definition standard for ACLF, due to various etiologies and pathogeneses in different continents. Currently, liver transplantation (LT) is the most effective treatment for liver failure. However, the shortage of liver sources is still a global problem, which seriously limits the clinical application of an LT. Premature LT aggravates the shortage of liver resources to a certain extent, and too much delay significantly increases the risk of complications and death. Therefore, this study reviews the current literature on LT in the treatment of ACLF and discusses further the challenges for ACLF patients, the timing of LT for ACLF, and the choice of the patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunmei Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanhong Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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21
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La Mura V, Bitto N, Tripodi A. Rational hemostatic management in cirrhosis: from old paradigms to new clinical challenges. Expert Rev Hematol 2022; 15:1031-1044. [PMID: 36342412 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2022.2144217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with cirrhosis are at risk of both thrombotic and hemorrhagic events. Traditional hemostatic tests are inadequate to assess the complex and fragile balance of hemostasis in this setting, especially in advanced stages of disease such as decompensated cirrhosis or acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF). Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of pro-hemostatic agents for prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding episodes is still debated and often contraindicated. Alongside, splanchnic, and peripheral thrombotic events are frequent in this population and require management that involves a careful balance between risks and benefits of antithrombotic therapy. AREAS COVERED This review aims to address the state of the art on the clinical management of the hemostatic balance of cirrhosis in terms of established knowledge and future challenges. EXPERT OPINION The old paradigm of cirrhosis as a naturally anticoagulated condition has been challenged by more sophisticated global tests of hemostasis. Integrating this information in the clinical decision-making is still challenging for physicians and experts in hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo La Mura
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bitto
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Armando Tripodi
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
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22
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Little CJ, Leverson GE, Hammel LL, Connor JP, Al‐Adra DP. Blood products and liver transplantation: A strategy to balance optimal preparation with effective blood stewardship. Transfusion 2022; 62:2057-2067. [PMID: 35986654 PMCID: PMC9575510 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unanticipated transfusion requirements during liver transplantation can delay lifesaving intraoperative resuscitation and strain blood bank resources. Risk-stratified preoperative blood preparation can mitigate these deleterious outcomes. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A two-tiered blood preparation protocol for liver transplantation was retrospectively evaluated. Eleven binary variables served as criteria for high-risk (HR) allocation. Primary outcomes included red blood cell (RBC), plasma (FFP), and platelet (Plt) utilization. Secondary outcomes included product under- and overpreparation. Contingency tables for transfusion requirements above the population means were generated using 15 clinical variables. Modified protocols were developed and retrospectively optimized using the study population. RESULTS Of 225 recipients, 102 received HR preoperative orders, which correlated to higher intraoperative transfusion requirements. However, univariate analysis identified only two statistical risk factors per product: Hgb ≤7.8 g/dl (p < .001) and MELD ≥38 (p = .035) for RBCs, Hgb ≤7.8 g/dl (p = .002) and acute alcoholic hepatitis (p = 0.015) for FFP, and Hgb ≤7.8 g/dl (p = .001) and normothermic liver preservation (p = .037) for Plts. Based on these findings, we developed modified protocols for individual products, which were evaluated retrospectively for their effectiveness at reducing under-preparatory events while limiting product overpreparation. Cohort statistics were used to define the preparation strategy for each protocol. Retrospective comparative analysis demonstrated the superiority of the modified protocols by improving the under-preparation rate from 24% to <10% for each product, which required a 1.56-fold and 1.44-fold increase in RBC and FFP overpreparation, respectively. Importantly, there was no difference in Plt overpreparation. DISCUSSION We report translatable data-driven blood bank preparation protocols for liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Little
- Division of Transplantation, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Glen E. Leverson
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Laura L. Hammel
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Joseph P. Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - David P. Al‐Adra
- Division of Transplantation, Department of SurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
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23
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Pillai AA, Kriss M, Al‐Adra DP, Chadha RM, Cushing MM, Farsad K, Fortune BE, Hess AS, Lewandowski R, Nadim MK, Nydam T, Sharma P, Karvellas CJ, Intagliata N. Coagulopathy and hemostasis management in patients undergoing liver transplantation: Defining a dynamic spectrum across phases of care. Liver Transpl 2022; 28:1651-1663. [PMID: 35253365 PMCID: PMC9790275 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Patients with acute and chronic liver disease present with a wide range of disease states and severity that may require liver transplantation (LT). Physiologic alterations occur that are dynamic throughout all phases of perioperative care, creating complex management scenarios that necessitate multidisciplinary clinical care. Specifically, alterations in hemostasis in liver disease can be pronounced and evolve with disease progression over time. Recent studies and society guidance address this emerging paradigm and offer recommendations to assist with hemostatic management in patients with liver disease. However, patients undergoing LT are unique and diverse, often with unstable disease that requires specialized approaches. Our aim is to provide a focused review of hemostatic management of the LT patient, distinguish unique aspects of the three main phases of care (before LT, perioperative, and after LT), and identify knowledge gaps and critical areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana A. Pillai
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Chicago MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Michael Kriss
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - David P. Al‐Adra
- Department of SurgerySchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Ryan M. Chadha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Melissa M. Cushing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Khashayar Farsad
- Department of Interventional RadiologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | | | - Aaron S. Hess
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Mitra K. Nadim
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Trevor Nydam
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Pratima Sharma
- Department of MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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24
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Hemorrhagic complications in individuals with liver disease submitted to minor oral surgery. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2022; 33:412-417. [PMID: 35867941 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with chronic liver disease (CLD) have an increased risk of bleeding from thrombocytopenia and changes in hemostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of and the factors associated with the occurrence of bleeding in CLD patients who underwent dental surgical procedures. This was a retrospective study whose data were collected in a hospital dentistry service between 2010 and 2016. The patients were referred from the gastroenterology and liver transplantation services of a university hospital for dental treatment. The study followed the STROBE guidelines. Among the 71 surgical procedures performed, there were 17 (24%) perioperative and postoperative bleeding episodes, 14 of which were in pretransplant patients and 11 received blood transfusion before dental surgery. Individuals with a previous history of bleeding (PR = 2.67, CI = 1.07-6.67, P = 0.035) and those with a platelet count before surgery 50 × 109/l or less (PR = 7.48, CI = 1.70-32.86, P = 0.008) had a higher prevalence of perioperative and postoperative bleeding episodes than their peers without a previous history of bleeding, and those with platelet count greater than 50 × 109/l. The approach to individuals with CLD is complex and represents a challenge to the clinician. A careful anamnesis combined with laboratory screening of coagulation disorders appears to be useful to identify individuals at a major risk of bleeding. Studies identifying the predisposing factors of bleeding in CLD patients support well tolerated protocols for oral surgery in this group.
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25
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Lisman T, Caldwell SH, Intagliata NM. Haemostatic alterations and management of haemostasis in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2022; 76:1291-1305. [PMID: 35589251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis frequently acquire complex changes in their haemostatic system including a decreased platelet count and decreased levels of various haemostatic proteins. Although historically patients with cirrhosis were thought to have a haemostasis-related bleeding tendency, it is now widely accepted that the haemostatic system of patients with cirrhosis remains in balance as a result of simultaneous changes in pro- and anti-haemostatic systems. The concept of rebalanced haemostasis has led to changes in clinical management, although firm evidence from well-designed clinical studies is largely lacking. For example, many invasive procedures in patients with cirrhosis and a prolonged prothrombin time are now performed without prophylaxis with fresh frozen plasma. Conversely, clinicians have become more aware of the need for anti-thrombotic therapy, even in those patients with abnormal routine coagulation tests. This paper will outline recent advances in pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of both bleeding and thrombotic complications in patients with cirrhosis. Among other topics, we will discuss the haemostatic status of acutely ill patients with cirrhosis, the various causes of bleeding in patients with cirrhosis, and how best to prevent or treat bleeding. In addition, we will discuss the hypercoagulable features of patients with cirrhosis, new insights into the pathogenesis of portal vein thrombosis, and how best to prevent or treat thromboses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory and Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Stephen H Caldwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Coagulation in Liver Disease, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville VA, United States
| | - Nicolas M Intagliata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Coagulation in Liver Disease, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville VA, United States
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26
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Sundaram V, Patel S, Shetty K, Lindenmeyer CC, Rahimi RS, Flocco G, Al-Attar A, Karvellas CJ, Challa S, Maddur H, Jou JH, Kriss M, Stein LL, Xiao AH, Vyhmeister RH, Green EW, Campbell B, Cranford W, Mahmud N, Fortune BE. Risk Factors for Posttransplantation Mortality in Recipients With Grade 3 Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Analysis of a North American Consortium. Liver Transpl 2022; 28:1078-1089. [PMID: 35020260 PMCID: PMC9117404 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although liver transplantation (LT) yields survival benefit for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure grade 3 (ACLF-3), knowledge gaps remain regarding risk factors for post-LT mortality. We retrospectively reviewed data from 10 centers in the United States and Canada for patients transplanted between 2018 and 2019 and who required care in the intensive care unit prior to LT. ACLF was identified using the European Association for the Study of the Liver-Chronic Liver Failure (EASL-CLIF) criteria. A total of 318 patients were studied, of whom 106 (33.3%) had no ACLF, 61 (19.1%) had ACLF-1, 74 (23.2%) had ACLF-2, and 77 (24.2%) had ACLF-3 at transplantation. Survival probability 1 year after LT was significantly higher in patients without ACLF (94.3%) compared with patients with ACLF (87.3%; P = 0.02), but similar between ACLF-1 (88.5%), ACLF-2 (87.8%), and ACLF-3 (85.7%; P = 0.26). Recipients with ACLF-3 and circulatory failure (n = 29) had similar 1-year post-LT survival (82.3%) compared with patients with ACLF-3 without circulatory failure (89.6%; P = 0.32), including those requiring multiple vasopressors. For patients transplanted with ACLF-3 including respiratory failure (n = 20), there was a trend toward significantly lower post-LT survival (P = 0.07) among those with respiratory failure (74.1%) compared with those without (91.0%). The presence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) at LT for patients with ACLF-3 (n = 15), however, yielded significantly lower survival (91.9% versus 57.1%; P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that PVT was significantly associated with post-LT mortality within 1 year (odds ratio, 7.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-28.3). No correlation was found between survival after LT and the location or extent of PVT, presence of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, or anticoagulation. LT in patients with ACLF-3 requiring vasopressors yields excellent 1-year survival. LT should be approached cautiously among candidates with ACLF-3 and PVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sundaram
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sarvanand Patel
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kirti Shetty
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Robert S. Rahimi
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Scott and White, Dallas, TX
| | - Gianina Flocco
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Atef Al-Attar
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Constantine J. Karvellas
- Department of Critical Care and Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Suryanarayana Challa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH
| | - Harapriya Maddur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Il, USA
| | - Janice H. Jou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Michael Kriss
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Lance L. Stein
- Piedmont Transplant Institute, Piedmont Healthcare, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alex H. Xiao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Il, USA
| | - Ross H. Vyhmeister
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Ellen W. Green
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Braidie Campbell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Nadim Mahmud
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Brett E. Fortune
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Cao Q, Mei Z. Predictive value of elevated serum D‑dimer for short‑term prognosis in patients with HBV‑related acute‑on‑chronic liver failure. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:472. [PMID: 35761810 PMCID: PMC9214591 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the predictive value of elevated serum D-dimer on short-term prognosis in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) and the correlation between serum D-dimer level and the clinical data of these patients, a single center retrospective study was conducted to collect the clinical data and 28 and 90-day survival rates of 201 patients. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the factors affecting short-term prognosis. A Kaplan-Meier curve was used to compare the difference in survival rate between the two groups with elevated D-dimer and normal D-dimer levels. Correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between serum D-dimer level and the clinical data of the patients. The results showed that international normalized ratio (INR) >2.3 and age >53 years were independent risk factors affecting the 28-day survival rate of the patients (P<0.05). INR >2.3, serum total bilirubin >358.2 µmol/l, age >49 years and elevated serum D-dimer (>550 ng/ml) were independent risk factors affecting the 90-day survival rate of the patients (P<0.05). There were significant differences in the 90-day survival rate and the survival time between the patients with elevated D-dimer and normal D-dimer levels (P<0.05). Serum D-dimer level was positively associated with age, combined spontaneous peritonitis, albumin, INR and the model for end-stage liver disease sodium (MELD-Na) scores, and negatively associated with male sex, red blood cell count, and serum sodium and fibrinogen levels. It was concluded that elevated serum D-dimer (>550 ng/ml) is an independent risk factor affecting the 90-day survival rate of patients with HBV-ACLF. The 90-day survival rate and the survival time of patients with HBV-ACLF and elevated D-dimer levels are significantly lower than those with normal D-dimer levels. Overall, serum D-dimer is associated the short-term prognosis of patients with HBV-ACLF, and the detection of serum D-dimer level at admission can help predict the short-term prognosis of patients with HBV-ACLF, especially the 90-day prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianmei Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Zhechuan Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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28
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Huang Y, Cai J, Ha F, Guo B, Xin S, Duan Z, Han T. Characteristics of acute kidney injury and its impact on outcome in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:231. [PMID: 35545763 PMCID: PMC9092688 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and life-threatening complication of liver failure. The purpose of this study is to construct a nomogram and online calculator to predict the development of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (HA-AKI) in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which may contribute to the prognosis of ACLF. METHODS 574 ACLF patients were evaluated retrospectively. AKI was defined by criteria proposed by International Club of Ascites (ICA) and divided into community-acquired and hospital-acquired AKI (CA-AKI and HA-AKI). The difference between CA-AKI and HA-AKI, factors associated with development into and recovered from AKI periods. The risk factors were identified and nomograms were developed to predict the morbidity of HA-AKI in patients with ACLF. RESULTS Among 574 patients, 217(37.8%) patients had AKI, CA-AKI and HA-AKI were 56 (25.8%) and 161 (74.2%) respectively. The multivariate logistic regression model (KP-AKI) for predicting the occurrence of HA-AKI were age, gastrointestinal bleeding, bacterial infections, albumin, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen and prothrombin time. The AUROC of the KP-AKI in internal and external validations were 0.747 and 0.759, respectively. Among 217 AKI patients, 81(37.3%), 96(44.2%) and 40(18.4%) patients were with ICA-AKI stage progression, regression and fluctuated in-situ, respectively. The 90-day mortality of patients with AKI was 55.3% higher than non-AKI patients 21.6%. The 90-day mortality of patients with progression of AKI was 88.9%, followed by patients with fluctuated in-situ 40% and regression of AKI 33.3%. CONCLUSIONS The nomogram constructed by KP-AKI can be conveniently and accurately in predicting the development of HA-AKI, and AKI can increase the 90-day mortality significantly in ACLF patients. Trial registration Chinese clinical trials registry: ChiCTR1900021539.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300170, China.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Tianjin Union Medical Center affiliated to Nankai University, 190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Junjun Cai
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300170, China.,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Fushuang Ha
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300170, China.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300170, China.,Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Beichen Guo
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300170, China.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Tianjin Union Medical Center affiliated to Nankai University, 190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Shaojie Xin
- Liver Failure Treatment and Research Center, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Liver Disease Center (Difficult and Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center), Beijing You'an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300170, China. .,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Tianjin Union Medical Center affiliated to Nankai University, 190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, China.
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29
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EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on prevention and management of bleeding and thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2022; 76:1151-1184. [PMID: 35300861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevention and management of bleeding and thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis poses several difficult clinical questions. These Clinical Practice Guidelines have been developed to provide practical guidance on debated topics, including current views on haemostasis in liver disease, controversy regarding the need to correct thrombocytopenia and abnormalities in the coagulation system in patients undergoing invasive procedures, and the need for thromboprophylaxis in hospitalised patients with haemostatic abnormalities. Multiple recommendations in this document are based on interventions that the panel feels are not useful, even though widely applied in clinical practice.
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30
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La Mura V, Gagliano N, Arnaboldi F, Sartori P, Procacci P, Denti L, Liguori E, Bitto N, Ristagno G, Latini R, Dondossola D, Salerno F, Tripodi A, Colombo M, Peyvandi F. Simvastatin Prevents Liver Microthrombosis and Sepsis Induced Coagulopathy in a Rat Model of Endotoxemia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071148. [PMID: 35406712 PMCID: PMC8997834 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Endotoxemia causes endothelial dysfunction and microthrombosis, which are pathogenic mechanisms of coagulopathy and organ failure during sepsis. Simvastatin has potential anti-thrombotic effects on liver endothelial cells. We investigated the hemostatic changes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and explored the protective effects of simvastatin against liver vascular microthrombosis. Methods and results: We compared male Wistar rats exposed to LPS (5 mg/kg one i.p. dose) or saline in two experimental protocols—placebo (vehicle) and simvastatin (25 mg/kg die, orally, for 3 days before LPS). Morphological studies were performed by light- and electron-microscopy analyses to show intravascular fibrin deposition, vascular endothelial structure and liver damage. Peripheral- and organ-hemostatic profiles were analyzed using whole blood viscoelastometry by ROTEM, liver biopsy and western-blot/immunohistochemistry of thrombomodulin (TM), as well as immunohistochemistry of the von Willebrand factor (VWF). LPS-induced fibrin deposition and liver vascular microthrombosis were combined with a loss of sinusoidal endothelial TM expression and VWF-release. These changes were associated with parenchymal eosinophilia and necrosis. ROTEM analyses displayed hypo-coagulability in the peripheral blood that correlated with the degree of intrahepatic fibrin deposition (p < 0.05). Simvastatin prevented LPS-induced fibrin deposition by preserving TM expression in sinusoidal cells and completely reverted the peripheral hypo-coagulability caused by endotoxemia. These changes were associated with a significant reduction of liver cell necrosis without any effect on eosinophilia. Conclusions: Simvastatin preserves the antithrombotic properties of sinusoidal endothelial cells disrupted by LPS, deserving pharmacological properties to contrast sepsis-associated coagulopathy and hepatic failure elicited by endotoxemia
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo La Mura
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, U.O.C. Medicina Generale Emostasi e Trombosi, 20122 Milan, Italy; (N.B.); (A.T.); (F.P.)
- CRC “A.M. e A. Migliavacca” per lo Studio e la Cura delle Malattie del Fegato, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.L.); (G.R.); (D.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (L.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (L.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Patrizia Sartori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (L.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Patrizia Procacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (L.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Luca Denti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (L.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Eleonora Liguori
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.L.); (G.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Niccolò Bitto
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, U.O.C. Medicina Generale Emostasi e Trombosi, 20122 Milan, Italy; (N.B.); (A.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Ristagno
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.L.); (G.R.); (D.D.)
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, U.O.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Latini
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Cardiovascolare, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri I.R.C.C.S., 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Daniele Dondossola
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.L.); (G.R.); (D.D.)
- U.O. Chirurgia Generale e dei Trapianti di Fegato, Fondazione IRCCS Ca′ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (F.A.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (L.D.); (F.S.)
| | - Armando Tripodi
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, U.O.C. Medicina Generale Emostasi e Trombosi, 20122 Milan, Italy; (N.B.); (A.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Massimo Colombo
- Liver Center IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, U.O.C. Medicina Generale Emostasi e Trombosi, 20122 Milan, Italy; (N.B.); (A.T.); (F.P.)
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20132 Milan, Italy; (E.L.); (G.R.); (D.D.)
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Premkumar M, Kulkarni AV, Kajal K, Divyaveer S. Principles, Interpretation, and Evidence-Based Role of Viscoelastic Point-of-Care Coagulation Assays in Cirrhosis and Liver Failure. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:533-543. [PMID: 35535095 PMCID: PMC9077199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Standard coagulation tests such as prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and international normalized ratio are determined by liver-synthesized coagulation factors. Despite an increased international normalized ratio, patients with cirrhosis are in a "rebalanced" state of hemostasis as the concomitant effect of reduced protein C, protein S, and thrombomodulin is not evaluated in standard coagulation tests. The cell-based model of hemostasis indicates additional mechanisms such as systemic inflammation, sepsis, and organ failures tip the delicate coagulation balance to an anticoagulant type in acute-on-chronic liver failure. In acute liver failure, thrombin generation and platelet function remain intact despite a marked prolongation in prothrombin time. We aimed to explain the principles, application, and utility of viscoelastic tests such as thromboelastography, rotational thromboelastometry, and Sonoclot. Methods We reviewed the available literature from MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial with the search terms 'coagulation', 'cirrhosis', 'acute-on-chronic liver failure', 'thromboelastography', 'thromboelastometry' and 'sonoclot' for cross sectional studies, cohort studies and randomized trials. Results The point-of-care viscoelastic tests provide actionable targets for correcting the coagulation defect in a patient with bleeding and provide evidence-based algorithms for use in liver disease. A limitation of these tests is the inability to assess vessel injury and endothelial elements. Conclusion Global coagulation tests provide a comprehensive estimate of coagulation in vitro; however, their use has only been validated in the setting of liver transplantation. Newer guidelines for hemostatic resuscitation are now accepting these POC tests, but additional data are required to validate their use as standard of care.
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Key Words
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- ACT, activated clotting time
- ALF, acute liver failure
- CR, clot rate
- INR, international normalized ratio
- MA, maximum amplitude
- R, reaction time
- ROTEM
- ROTEM, rotational thromboelastometry
- SCT, standard coagulation tests
- TEG, thromboelastography
- VWF, von Willebrand factor
- aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time
- cirrhosis
- coagulation
- sonoclot
- thromboelastography
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Premkumar
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Anand V. Kulkarni
- Department of Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kamal Kajal
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Smita Divyaveer
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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32
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Zhang X, Han J, Qi X, Zhang Y, Zhou P, Liu X, Ying Y, Zhang W, Zhang J, Huang Y. DIC Score Combined With CLIF-C OF Score Is More Effective in Predicting Prognosis in Patients With Hepatitis B Virus Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:815580. [PMID: 35223914 PMCID: PMC8878906 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.815580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation and fibrinolysis disorders are major prognostic factors in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) patients. Here, we aimed to clarify the role of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) scores in predicting HBV-ACLF patient prognosis. We assessed the DIC score from HBV-ACLF patients at Huashan Hospital in Shanghai, China from June 2013 to May 2021 and evaluated it in relation to short-term mortality, clinical course, and infection. A novel prognostic scoring model was proposed based on DIC scores. A total of 163 transplant-free HBV-ACLF patients were enrolled. DIC scores were higher in non-survivors than survivors (6 vs. 4, P = 0.000) and were independently associated with short-term mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 1.397, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.040–1.875, P = 0.026]. DIC scores were associated with ACLF grade, clinical course, and infection. Moreover, they were correlated with model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores (r = 0.521, P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating curve (auROC) of CLIF-C OF-DICs [a novel prognostic score based on age, DIC score, and Chronic liver failure-consortium organ function score (CLIF-C OFs)] for 90-day mortality was 0.936, which was higher than six other generic prognostic scoring models. These results were confirmed in a validation cohort (n = 82). In conclusion, elevated DIC score is associated with poor prognosis in HBV-ACLF patients, and can be used jointly with CLIF-C OFs to improve the accuracy of prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Qi
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Zhou
- Huashan Worldwide Medical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Ying
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jing'an Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Jiming Zhang
| | - Yuxian Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxian Huang
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33
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Driever EG, Lisman T. Effects of Inflammation on Hemostasis in Acutely Ill Patients with Liver Disease. Semin Thromb Hemost 2022; 48:596-606. [PMID: 35135033 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patients with liver diseases are in a rebalanced state of hemostasis, due to simultaneous decline in pro- and anticoagulant factors. This balance seems to remain even in the sickest patients, but is less stable and might destabilize when patients develop disease complications. Patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis, acute-on-chronic liver failure, or acute liver failure often develop complications associated with changes in the hemostatic system, such as systemic inflammation. Systemic inflammation causes hemostatic alterations by adhesion and aggregation of platelets, release of von Willebrand factor (VWF), enhanced expression of tissue factor, inhibition of natural anticoagulant pathways, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Laboratory tests of hemostasis in acutely-ill liver patients may indicate a hypocoagulable state (decreased platelet count, prolongations in prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, decreased fibrinogen levels) due to decreased synthetic liver capacity or consumption, or a hypercoagulable state (increased VWF levels, hypofibrinolysis in global tests). Whether these changes are clinically relevant and should be corrected with antithrombotic drugs or blood products is incompletely understood. Inflammation and activation of coagulation may cause local ischemia, progression of liver disease, and multiorgan failure. Anti-inflammatory treatment in acutely-ill liver patients may be of potential interest to prevent thrombotic or bleeding complications and halt progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G Driever
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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34
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Passi NN, McPhail MJW. The patient with cirrhosis in the intensive care unit and the management of acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Intensive Care Soc 2022; 23:78-86. [PMID: 37593538 PMCID: PMC10427846 DOI: 10.1177/1751143720978849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a clinical syndrome characterised by acute hepatic decompensation, multi-organ failure and high mortality, in patients with cirrhosis. Organ dysfunction in ACLF is often reversible and when necessary these patients should be considered appropriate candidates for admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). The yearly increase in numbers of patients with ACLF admitted to ICU has been matched with an improvement in survival. ACLF has only been recently defined. In the absence of evidence-based guidelines we outline a systems-based approach to care which encompasses accepted ICU practice and evidence from trials in this cohort. We advocate for timely referral to specialist liver centres and consider the complexities of proceeding with liver transplantation. Equally, in a proportion of patients who continue to deteriorate, appropriate ceilings of care should be established. Future clinical trials may change treatment paradigms but care of patients with ACLF is undoubtedly becoming an integral part of an intensivist's practice. We hope that this review is a welcome starting point when managing this complex clinical syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha N Passi
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark JW McPhail
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
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35
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Abstract
In patients with cirrhosis and chronic liver disease, acute-on-chronic liver failure is emerging as a major cause of mortality. These guidelines indicate the preferred approach to the management of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure and represent the official practice recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology. The scientific evidence for these guidelines was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation process. In instances where the evidence was not appropriate for Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation, but there was consensus of significant clinical merit, key concept statements were developed using expert consensus. These guidelines are meant to be broadly applicable and should be viewed as the preferred, but not only, approach to clinical scenarios.
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36
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Hemostatic parameters predict 90-day mortality in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with acute decompensation: a prospective cohort study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2022; 33:176-183. [PMID: 35026788 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000001124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemostatic disturbances are common in patients with cirrhosis. Few studies have evaluated the prognostic role of hemostatic parameters in cirrhosis with acute decompensation. This study aims to determine the prognostic ability of standard hemostatic parameters in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with acute decompensation. Cirrhotic patients admitted with acute decompensation were prospectively enrolled. Hemostatic parameters were determined within 24 h, and the DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) score was calculated based on platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, and D-dimer. New onset of in-hospital major bleeding and 90-day mortality were assessed. Eighty-nine patients were included (MELD 13.6 ± 5.7). The indications of admission were infection (38.2%), and portal hypertension-related bleeding (31.5%). 14.6% developed in-hospital major bleeding, and 90-day mortality rate was 21.3%. Major bleeding group and 90-day nonsurvivors had significantly higher activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), PT, and DIC score. The 90-day mortality rate was higher in major bleeding group (46.2 vs. 17.1%, P = 0.029). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, DIC score was associated with 90-day mortality. The AUROC of DIC score for 90-day mortality prediction was significantly higher than of MELD score (0.78 vs. 0.59, P = 0.04). DIC score at least 4 predicted 90-day mortality with a sensitivity of 88.9%. The cumulative 90-day survival was significantly lower in patients with DIC score at least 4 (57.2 vs. 93.6%, P = 0.0003). The development of in-hospital major bleeding significantly increases mortality in cirrhotic patients with acute decompensation. The DIC score within 24 h can be used as a simple and reliable predictor for 90-day mortality in these patients.
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37
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Mezzano G, Juanola A, Cardenas A, Mezey E, Hamilton JP, Pose E, Graupera I, Ginès P, Solà E, Hernaez R. Global burden of disease: acute-on-chronic liver failure, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2022; 71:148-155. [PMID: 33436495 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterised by acute decompensation of cirrhosis associated with organ failures. We systematically evaluated the geographical variations of ACLF across the world in terms of prevalence, mortality, aetiology of chronic liver disease (CLD), triggers and organ failures. METHODS We searched EMBASE and PubMed from 3/1/2013 to 7/3/2020 using the ACLF-EASL-CLIF (European Association for the Study of the Liver-Chronic Liver Failure) criteria. Two investigators independently conducted the abstract selection/abstraction of the aetiology of CLD, triggers, organ failures and prevalence/mortality by presence/grade of ACLF. We grouped countries into Europe, East/South Asia and North/South America. We calculated the pooled proportions, evaluated the methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and statistical heterogeneity, and performed sensitivity analyses. RESULTS We identified 2369 studies; 30 cohort studies met our inclusion criteria (43 206 patients with ACLF and 140 835 without ACLF). The global prevalence of ACLF among patients admitted with decompensated cirrhosis was 35% (95% CI 33% to 38%), highest in South Asia at 65%. The global 90-day mortality was 58% (95% CI 51% to 64%), highest in South America at 73%. Alcohol was the most frequently reported aetiology of underlying CLD (45%, 95% CI 41 to 50). Infection was the most frequent trigger (35%) and kidney dysfunction the most common organ failure (49%). Sensitivity analyses showed regional estimates grossly unchanged for high-quality studies. Type of design, country health index, underlying CLD and triggers explained the variation in estimates. CONCLUSIONS The global prevalence and mortality of ACLF are high. Region-specific variations could be explained by the type of triggers/aetiology of CLD or grade. Health systems will need to tailor early recognition and treatment of ACLF based on region-specific data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mezzano
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Gastroenterología - Hepatología, Hospital del Salvador. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adria Juanola
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Digestive Disease and Metabolism, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James P Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elisa Pose
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Graupera
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Pere Ginès
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Elsa Solà
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Ruben Hernaez
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Depatment of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA .,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Innovation in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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38
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Abstract
The liver comprises both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells with varying functions. Cirrhosis is often complicated by the development of portal hypertension and its associated complications. Hence, assessment of liver in cirrhosis should include assessment of its structural, function of both hepatic and non-hepatic tissue and haemodynamic assessment of portal hypertension. There is no single test that can evaluate all functions of liver and assess prevalence and severity of portal hypertension. Commonly available tests like serum bilirubin, liver enzymes (alanine [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST], serum alkaline phosphatase [ALP], gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT]), serum albumin and prothrombin time for assessment of liver functions partly assess liver functions. quantitative liver functions like indocyanine clearance tests [ICG-K], methacetin breath test [MBT] were developed to assess dynamic status of liver but has its own limitation and availability. Imaging based assessment of liver by transient elastography, MRI based 99 mTc-coupled asialoglycoprotein mebrofenin scan help the clinician to assess liver function, functional volume of liver left after surgery and portal hypertension [PH]. Hepatic venous pressure gradient still remains the gold standard for the assessment of portal hypertension but is invasive and not available in all centres. Combinations of blood parameters in form of various indices like fibrosis score of 4 [FIB-4], Lok index, scores like model for end stage liver disease (MELD) and Child-Turcotte Pugh score are commonly used for assessing liver function in clinical practice.
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Key Words
- 99mTc-GSA, technetium-99m galactosyl human serum albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ARFI, Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- ESLD, end-stage liver disease
- FIB-4, fibrosis score of 4
- GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
- HVPG, Hepatic venous pressure gradient
- ICG-K, indocyanine clearance tests
- INR, International normalised ratio
- LFTs, liver function tests
- MBT, methacetin breath test
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- PBS, primary biliary cholangitis
- PHT, portal hypertension
- PSC, primary Sclerosing cholangitis
- cirrhosis
- liver function tests
- portal hypertension
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Sharma
- Address for correspondence: Praveen Sharma, Associate Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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39
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Intagliata NM, Davitkov P, Allen AM, Falck-Ytter YT, Stine JG. AGA Technical Review on Coagulation in Cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1630-1656. [PMID: 34579937 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Intagliata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Perica Davitkov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Health Care System, Cleveland, Ohio; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alina M Allen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yngve T Falck-Ytter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Health Care System, Cleveland, Ohio; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan G Stine
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Campello E, Zanetto A, Bulato C, Maggiolo S, Spiezia L, Russo FP, Gavasso S, Mazzeo P, Tormene D, Burra P, Angeli P, Senzolo M, Simioni P. Coagulopathy is not predictive of bleeding in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int 2021; 41:2455-2466. [PMID: 34219335 PMCID: PMC8518681 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Understanding factors responsible for the increased bleeding tendency in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) would improve the management of these complications. We investigated coagulation alterations in ACLF and assessed whether they were predictive of bleeding. METHODS Cirrhosis patients with ACLF (cases) and acute decompensation (AD, controls) were prospectively recruited and underwent an extensive haemostatic assessment including standard tests, pro and anticoagulant factors, thrombomodulin-modified thrombin generation (TG) and thromboelastometry (ROTEM® ). In study part 1 (case-control), we compared coagulation in ACLF vs AD. In study part 2 (prospective), all patients were followed for bleeding, and predictors of outcome were assessed. RESULTS Ninety-one patients were included (51 with ACLF, 40 with AD). Infections and ascites/renal dysfunction were the most common precipitating and decompensating events. Platelet count was lower while INR and activated partial thrombin time were longer in ACLF cohort vs AD. Regarding clotting factors, fibrinogen and factor VIII were comparable between groups while protein C and antithrombin were significantly reduced in ACLF. Endogenous thrombin potential by TG was comparable between groups. Clotting formation time and clot stability by ROTEM® were significantly lower in ACLF, indicative of a more hypocoagulable state. No haemostasis alteration could discriminate between patients who had bleeding complications during hospitalization and those who did not. CONCLUSION We found coagulation changes in ACLF to largely overlap with that of AD and evidence of preserved coagulation capacity in both groups. ROTEM alterations were indicative of a more pronounced hypocoagulable state in ACLF; however, no correlation was found between such alterations and bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campello
- Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases UnitGeneral Internal MedicinePadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Alberto Zanetto
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant UnitDepartment of Surgery, Oncology, and GastroenterologyPadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Cristiana Bulato
- Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases UnitGeneral Internal MedicinePadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Sara Maggiolo
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant UnitDepartment of Surgery, Oncology, and GastroenterologyPadova University HospitalPadovaItaly,Liver Unit, V Chair of Internal MedicineDepartment of MedicinePadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Luca Spiezia
- Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases UnitGeneral Internal MedicinePadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant UnitDepartment of Surgery, Oncology, and GastroenterologyPadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Sabrina Gavasso
- Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases UnitGeneral Internal MedicinePadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Pierluigi Mazzeo
- Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases UnitGeneral Internal MedicinePadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Daniela Tormene
- Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases UnitGeneral Internal MedicinePadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Patrizia Burra
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant UnitDepartment of Surgery, Oncology, and GastroenterologyPadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant UnitDepartment of Surgery, Oncology, and GastroenterologyPadova University HospitalPadovaItaly,Liver Unit, V Chair of Internal MedicineDepartment of MedicinePadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Marco Senzolo
- Gastroenterology and Multivisceral Transplant UnitDepartment of Surgery, Oncology, and GastroenterologyPadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases UnitGeneral Internal MedicinePadova University HospitalPadovaItaly
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Liu Y, He S, Yin S, Zhong Q, Zhong J, Zhang X, Fan R, Hou J. Prevalence of Dual-Positivity for Both Hepatitis B e Antigen and Hepatitis B e Antibody Among Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:5759-5770. [PMID: 34557028 PMCID: PMC8454426 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s328714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The detection of dual-positivity for both hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe) is not typically performed for patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV). This cross-sectional study was designed to figure out the prevalence of dual-positivity for both HBeAg and anti-HBe (DEP) among hospitalized patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (C-HBVI). Patients and Methods Data from 2820 cases with C-HBVI from two centers in China were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify the risk factors for liver fibrosis (LF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Results There were 165 (5.9%), 688, and 1903 patients in DEP, HBeAg+/anti-HBe-, and HBeAg-/anti-HBe+ groups, respectively. The DEP patients’ median age was 43.6 years old and 71.5% of them were male. They had higher levels of alanine transaminase, total bilirubin, and international normalized ratio. Furthermore, DEP cases had a higher proportion of liver cirrhosis, and it was associated with non-invasive testing of LF, including aspartate transaminase (AST)-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) >1.5 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27–3.03, P = 0.002) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score >1.45 (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.28–3.34, P = 0.003). DEP also contributed to the elevated risk of ACLF (OR = 4.80, 95% CI: 2.02–11.39, P < 0.001). Conclusion DEP cases are at higher risks of LF and ACLF than other patients with HBV infection. A fast diagnosis and an active monitoring of liver diseases for DEP patients are extremely vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Songmei He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sichun Yin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyang Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Hepatology Unit, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Northup PG, Lisman T, Roberts LN. Treatment of bleeding in patients with liver disease. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1644-1652. [PMID: 33974330 PMCID: PMC8362012 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis frequently have complex alterations in their hemostatic system. Although routine diagnostic tests of hemostasis in cirrhosis (platelet count, prothrombin time, fibrinogen level) are suggestive of a bleeding tendency, it is now widely accepted that these tests do not reflect hemostatic competence in this population. Rather, patients with cirrhosis appear to have a rebalanced hemostatic system with hypercoagulable elements. Therefore, routine correction of hemostasis laboratory values, for example by fresh frozen plasma or platelet concentrates, with the aim to avoid spontaneous or procedure-related bleeding is not indicated as is outlined in recent clinical guidance documents. However, little guidance on how to manage patients with cirrhosis that are actively bleeding is available. Here we present three common bleeding scenarios, variceal bleeding, post-procedural bleeding and bleeding in a critically ill cirrhosis patient, with specific management suggestions. As patients with cirrhosis generally have adequate hemostatic competence and as bleeding complications may be unrelated to hemostatic failure, prohemostatic therapy is not the first line of management in bleeding patients with cirrhosis, even in the presence of markedly abnormal platelet counts and/or prothrombin times. We provide a rationale for the restrictive approach to prohemostatic therapy in bleeding patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Northup
- Center for the Study of Hemostasis and Coagulation in Liver DiseaseDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory and Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver TransplantationDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Lara N. Roberts
- Department of Haematological MedicineKing’s Thrombosis CentreKing’s College Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation TrustLondonUK
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Bernal W, Karvellas C, Saliba F, Saner FH, Meersseman P. Intensive care management of acute-on-chronic liver failure. J Hepatol 2021; 75 Suppl 1:S163-S177. [PMID: 34039487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The syndrome of acute-on-chronic liver failure combines deterioration of liver function in a patient with chronic liver disease, with the development of extrahepatic organ failure and high short-term mortality. Its successful management demands a rapid and coherent response to the development of dysfunction and failure of multiple organ systems in an intensive care unit setting. This response recognises the features that distinguish it from other critical illness and addresses the complex interplay between the precipitating insult, the many organ systems involved and the disordered physiology of underlying chronic liver disease. An evidence base is building to support the approaches currently adopted and outcomes for patients with this condition are improving, but mortality remains unacceptably high. Herein, we review practical considerations in critical care management, as well as discussing key knowledge gaps and areas of controversy that require further focussed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bernal
- Liver Intensive Therapy Unit, Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.
| | - Constantine Karvellas
- Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-40 Zeidler Ledcor Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G-2X8, Canada
| | - Faouzi Saliba
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Université Paris SACLAY, INSERM Unit 1193, Villejuif, France
| | - Fuat H Saner
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie Universitätsklinikum Essen Hufelandstr. 55 45 147, Essen, Germany
| | - Philippe Meersseman
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Buliarca A, Horhat A, Mocan T, Craciun R, Procopet B, Sparchez Z. Viscoelastic tests in liver disease: where do we stand now? World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3290-3302. [PMID: 34163112 PMCID: PMC8218367 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i23.3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis is a complex physiological process based on the balance between pro-coagulant and anticoagulant systems to avoid pathological bleeding or thrombosis. The changes in standard coagulation tests in liver disease were assumed to reflect an acquired bleeding disorder, and cirrhotic patients were considered naturally anticoagulated. In the light of the new evidence, the theory of rebalanced hemostasis replaced the old concept. According to this model, the hemostatic alteration leads to a unique balance between pro-coagulant, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic systems. But the balance is fragile and may prone to bleeding or thrombosis depending on various risk factors. The standard coagulation tests [INR (international normalized ratio), platelet count and fibrinogen] only explore parts of the hemostasis, not offering an entire image of the process. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and thromboelastography (TEG) are both point of care viscoelastic tests (VET) that provide real-time and dynamic information about the entire hemostasis process, including clot initiation (thrombin generation), clot kinetics, clot strength, and clot stability (lysis). Despite prolonged PT/INR (international normalized ratio of prothrombin time) and low platelet counts, VET is within the normal range in many patients with both acute and chronic liver disease. However, bleeding remains the dominant clinical issue in patients with liver diseases, especially when invasive interventions are required. VET has been shown to asses more appropriately the risk of bleeding than conventional laboratory tests, leading to decrial use of blood products transfusion. Inappropriate clotting is common but often subtle and may be challenging to predict even with the help of VET. Although VET has shown its benefit, more studies are needed to establish cut-off values for TEG and ROTEM in these populations and standardization of transfusion guidelines before invasive interventions in cirrhotic patients/orthotopic liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Buliarca
- The Third Medical Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. O. Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca 400162, Romania
| | - Adelina Horhat
- The Third Medical Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. O. Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca 400162, Romania
| | - Tudor Mocan
- The Third Medical Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. O. Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca 400162, Romania
| | - Rares Craciun
- The Third Medical Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. O. Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca 400162, Romania
| | - Bogdan Procopet
- The Third Medical Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. O. Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca 400162, Romania
| | - Zeno Sparchez
- The Third Medical Department, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. O. Fodor”, Cluj-Napoca 400162, Romania
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Arroyo V, Fernández J, Moreau R. Reply to: "Systemic inflammation and disorders of hemostasis in the AD-ACLF syndrome". J Hepatol 2021; 74:1265-1267. [PMID: 33640401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Arroyo
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EFClif), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Fernández
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EFClif), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Moreau
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EFClif), Barcelona, Spain; APHP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service d'Hepatologie, Clichy, France; Inserm, Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation (CRI), Paris, France
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Premkumar M, Mehtani R, Divyaveer S, Kajal K, Kulkarni AV, Ahmed S, Kaur H, Kaur H, Dhiman R, Duseja A, De A. Clinical Validation of Global Coagulation Tests to Guide Blood Component Transfusions in Cirrhosis and ACLF. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:210-219. [PMID: 34007803 PMCID: PMC8111111 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) may have bleeding complications and need for invasive procedures. Point-of-care (POC) coagulation tests like thromboelastography (TEG) and Sonoclot may be better for guiding patient management than the standard coagulation tests (SCTs), like prothrombin time, platelet count and international normalized ratio. METHODS We prospectively compared and validated the POC tests and SCTs in 70 persons with ACLF and 72 persons with decompensated cirrhosis who had clinical bleeding and checked for episodes of re-bleeding and transfusion requirements. We assessed pre-procedure requirement of blood components when correction was done based on an SCT or POC strategy. RESULTS Episodes of bleeding were seen in 45% and 28% of ACLF and cirrhosis patient, respectively (p=0.036), with the major site of bleeding being gastrointestinal (31% and 16%, respectively). Platelet counts correlated with TEG-maximum amplitude in cirrhosis (p=0.045) and prothrombin time correlated positively with TEG-reaction (R) time (p=0.032), TEG-Clot kinetics (K) time (p=0.042), Son-activated clotting time (p=0.038) and negatively with clot rate (p=0.043) in ACLF, making these correctable target variables in POC transfusion algorithms. Of 223 procedures, transfusion of fresh frozen plasma and platelet concentrate was reduced by 25% (p=0.035) and 20.8% (p=0.045) by using a POC strategy in 76 patients. Correction of deranged Son-activated clotting time and TEG-reaction time was noted in 68% and 72% after 24 h of fresh frozen plasma transfusion in ACLF and 85% and 80% in cirrhosis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study clinically validates that POC tests can better detect coagulation defects and transfusion thresholds in ACLF and cirrhosis, whereas use of conventional tests appear to be less suitable in patients with clinical bleeding. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04332484.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Premkumar
- Departments of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Correspondence to: Madhumita Premkumar, Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Pin 160012, India. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2961-4148. Tel: +91-172-2754777, E-mail:
| | - Rohit Mehtani
- Departments of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Smita Divyaveer
- Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamal Kajal
- Anesthesia, and Intensive Care, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anand V. Kulkarni
- Department of Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Syed Ahmed
- Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harmanpreet Kaur
- Departments of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Departments of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radhakrishna Dhiman
- Departments of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Departments of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arka De
- Departments of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Rhee H, Berenger B, Mehta RL, Macedo E. Regional Citrate Anticoagulation for Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy With Calcium-Containing Solutions: A Cohort Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2021; 78:550-559.e1. [PMID: 33798636 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is the preferred anticoagulation method for continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) recommended by KDIGO. Limited availability of calcium-free solutions often imposes challenges to the implementation of RCA for CKRT (RCA-CKRT). The principal purpose of this study was to characterize the outcomes of RCA-CKRT using calcium-containing solutions. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS We evaluated the safety and efficacy of RCA-CKRT with calcium-containing dialysate and replacement fluid used for 128 patients. A total of 571 filters and 1,227 days of CKRT were analyzed. EXPOSURES Liver disease, sepsis in the absence of liver disease, and sepsis with liver disease. OUTCOMES Filter life and metabolic complications per 100 CKRT days. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Linear mixed-effects model and generalized linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS The majority of patients were male (91; 71.1%), 32 (25%) had liver disease, and 29 (22.7%) had sepsis without liver disease. Median filter life was 50.0 (interquartile range, 22.0-118.0) hours, with a maximum of 322 hours, and was significantly lower (33.5 [interquartile range, 17.5-60.5] h) in patients with liver disease. Calcium-containing replacement solutions were used in 41.6% of all CKRT hours and reduced intravenous calcium requirements by 31.7%. Hypocalcemia (ionized calcium<0.85mmol/L) and hypercalcemia (total calcium>10.6mg/dL) were observed in 6.0 and 6.7 per 100 CKRT days, respectively. Citrate accumulation was observed in 13.3% of all patients and was associated with metabolic acidosis in 3.9%, which was not significantly different in patients with liver disease (9.3%; P = 0.2). LIMITATIONS Lack of control groups that used calcium-free dialysate and replacement solutions with RCA-CKRT. Possible overestimation of filter life from incomplete data on cause of filter failure. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that RCA-CKRT with calcium-containing solutions is feasible and safe in critically ill patients, including those with sepsis and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harin Rhee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Brendan Berenger
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ravindra L Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
| | - Etienne Macedo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Abstract
Patients with liver disease acquire complex changes in their hemostatic system. Historically, these patients were considered to have a bleeding tendency related, in part, to a hyperfibrinolytic state. However, studies using more modern fibrinolysis tests have questioned the presence of a hyperfibrinolytic state in patients with liver disease and its association with bleeding risk. It may be that the sickest patients with liver disease do have fibrinolytic abnormalities. However, the debate on the fibrinolytic state of patients with (decompensated) cirrhosis or critically ill liver disease is complicated by the fact that hypo- and hyperfibrinolysis have been poorly defined. This could, in part, be explained by the lack of reliable tests that assess a patient's fibrinolytic status. Moreover, large clinical studies on the relationship between bleeding and fibrinolysis in patients with liver disease are scarce. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on fibrinolysis in various types of liver diseases and possible implications as a target for therapeutic strategies in liver disease. As antifibrinolytic therapy has been shown to be safe and effective during liver transplantation, it could potentially be of use in patients with (either laboratory-established or suspected) hyperfibrinolysis-related bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fien A von Meijenfeldt
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Lisman
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gitto S, Romanelli RG, Cellai AP, Lami D, Vizzutti F, Abbate R, Margheri F, Fibbi G, Del Rosso M, Laffi G. Altered clot formation and lysis are associated with increased fibrinolytic activity in ascites in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:339-347. [PMID: 32445164 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of coagulation disorders and assessment of rebalanced hemostasis with the use of traditional coagulation assays is challenging in cirrhotic patients. Therefore, alternative tests are under investigation for the evaluation of coagulopathy in this specific setting. Aim of this study was to analyze the modifications of clot structure and function in cirrhotic patients with different degrees of severity. Cirrhotic patients referred to our Unit were consecutively enrolled. Global test measurements, including clot and lysis assays, clot lysis time, and determination of other fibrinolytic parameters, were performed. Analyses of clot formation, morphology, and lysis were performed with a turbidimetric clotting and lysis assay (EuroCLOT). Lysis of a tissue factor-induced clot by exogenous tissue plasminogen activator was analyzed by studying the modifications of turbidity during clot formation and the following lysis. We evaluated coagulative and fibrinolytic parameters in both plasma and ascites. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and gelatinase activity in ascites were also measured. We analyzed data from 33 cirrhotic patients (11 in Child-Pugh class A; 22 in class B or C and with ascites) and 21 healthy subjects (HS). In class B/C patients prolonged latency time, a decline in clotting absorbance, and decreased fibrin formation were observed in comparison with class A and HS. Generated curves and Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI) progressively declined from HS to class C patients, whereas levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator increased. D-dimer levels were markedly increased in ascites, together with significantly smaller levels of TAFI, αlfa2-antiplasmin, and plasminogen. Caseinolytic activity was also present. Class C patients showed smaller amount of uPA and significantly lower levels of matrix metallopeptidases (MMP)2 in ascites in comparison with Class B subjects. Clot formation and lysis are altered in cirrhosis and fibrinolysis is activated in ascites. Ascitic levels of uPA and MMP2 are reduced and inversely related to the severity of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gitto
- Dipartimento Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale (DMSC)-Liver Unit, University of Florence, School of Medicine-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla, 3 and Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Giulio Romanelli
- Dipartimento Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale (DMSC)-Liver Unit, University of Florence, School of Medicine-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla, 3 and Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Cellai
- Dipartimento Oncologia-Thrombosis Center, University of Florence, School of Medicine-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla, 3 and Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Lami
- Sezione Malattie Aterotrombotiche-Dipartimento Area Critica Medico/Chirurgica, University of Florence, School of Medicine-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla, 3 and Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Vizzutti
- Dipartimento Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale (DMSC)-Liver Unit, University of Florence, School of Medicine-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla, 3 and Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosanna Abbate
- Sezione Malattie Aterotrombotiche-Dipartimento Area Critica Medico/Chirurgica, University of Florence, School of Medicine-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla, 3 and Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", University of Florence, School of Medicine-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla, 3 and Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fibbi
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", University of Florence, School of Medicine-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla, 3 and Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Del Rosso
- Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", University of Florence, School of Medicine-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla, 3 and Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomo Laffi
- Dipartimento Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale (DMSC)-Liver Unit, University of Florence, School of Medicine-Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Largo Brambilla, 3 and Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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Rathinasamy R, Singh A, Premkumar M, Roy A, Chandel S, Singh V. Is it a real balance in hemostasis? J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:867-868. [PMID: 33650248 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakavi Rathinasamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amandeep Singh
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhumita Premkumar
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akash Roy
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shivani Chandel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Virendra Singh
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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