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Zhang X, Li Z, Hu R, Liu X, Yang W, Wu Y, Zhang L, Zeng X, Chen R, Liu C, Sun Q. Exposure memory and susceptibility to ambient PM 2.5: A perspective from hepatic cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116589. [PMID: 38878334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Both epidemiological and experimental studies increasingly show that exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is related to the occurrence and development of chronic diseases, such as metabolic diseases. However, whether PM2.5 has "exposure memory" and how these memories affect chronic disease development like hepatic metabolic homeostasis are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effects of exposure transition on liver cholesterol and bile acids (BAs) metabolism in mice. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to concentrated ambient PM2.5 or filtered air (FA) in a whole-body exposure facility for an initial period of 10 weeks, followed by another 8 weeks of exposure switch (PM2.5 to FA and FA to PM2.5) comparing to non-switch groups (FA to FA and PM2.5 to PM2.5), which were finally divided into four groups (FF of FA to FA, PP of PM2.5 to PM2.5, PF of PM2.5 to FA, and FP of FA to PM2.5). Our results showed no significant difference in food intake, body composition, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism between FA and PM2.5 groups after the initial exposure before the exposure switch. At the end of the exposure switch, the mice switched from FA to PM2.5 exposure exhibited a high sensitivity to late-onset PM2.5 exposure, as indicated by significantly elevated hepatic cholesterol levels and disturbed BAs metabolism. However, the mice switched from PM2.5 to FA exposure retained a certain memorial effects of previous PM2.5 exposure in hepatic cholesterol levels, cholesterol metabolism, and BAs metabolism. Furthermore, 18-week PM2.5 exposure significantly increased hepatic free BAs levels, which were completely reversed by the FA exposure switch. Finally, the changes in small heterodimeric partner (SHP) and nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (LRH1) in response to exposure switch mechanistically explained the above alterations. Therefore, mice switching from PM2.5 exposure to FA showed only a weak memory of prior PM2.5 exposure. In contrast, the early FA caused mice to be more susceptible to subsequent PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjia Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zixin Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renjie Hu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rucheng Chen
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Ghosh S, Devereaux MW, Liu C, Sokol RJ. LRH-1 agonist DLPC through STAT6 promotes macrophage polarization and prevents parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in mice. Hepatology 2024; 79:986-1004. [PMID: 37976384 PMCID: PMC11023811 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) is an important complication in patients with intestinal failure with reduced LRH-1 expression. Here, we hypothesized that LRH-1 activation by its agonist, dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), would trigger signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) signaling and hepatic macrophage polarization that would mediate hepatic protection in PNAC. APPROACH AND RESULTS PNAC mouse model (oral DSSx4d followed by PNx14d; DSS-PN) was treated with LRH-1 agonist DLPC (30 mg/kg/day) intravenously. DLPC treatment prevented liver injury and cholestasis while inducing hepatic mRNA expression of Nr5a2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2), Abcb11 (ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11), Abcg5 (ATP-binding cassette [ABC] transporters subfamily G member 5), Abcg8 (ATP-binding cassette [ABC] transporters subfamily G member 8), nuclear receptor subfamily 0, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 ( Abcc2) mRNA, all of which were reduced in PNAC mice. To determine the mechanism of the DLPC effect, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis of the liver from Chow, DSS-PN, and DSS-PN/DLPC mice, which revealed DLPC upregulation of the anti-inflammatory STAT6 pathway. In intrahepatic mononuclear cells or bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) from PNAC mice, DLPC treatment prevented upregulation of pro-inflammatory (M1) genes, suppressed activation of NFκB and induced phosphorylation of STAT6 and its target genes, indicating M2 macrophage polarization. In vitro, incubation of DLPC with cultured macrophages showed that the increased Il-1b and Tnf induced by exposure to lipopolysaccharides or phytosterols was reduced significantly, which was associated with increased STAT6 binding to promoters of its target genes. Suppression of STAT6 expression by siRNA in THP-1 cells exposed to lipopolysaccharides, phytosterols, or both resulted in enhanced elevation of IL-1B mRNA expression. Furthermore, the protective effect of DLPC in THP-1 cells was abrogated by STAT6 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that activation of LRH-1 by DLPC may protect from PNAC liver injury through STAT6-mediated macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
| | - Michael W. Devereaux
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
| | - Cuining Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado‐Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, Colorado, USA
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
- Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado
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Bian H, Zhang L, Yao Y, Lv F, Wei J. How traditional Chinese medicine can prevent recurrence of common bile duct stones after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1363071. [PMID: 38659575 PMCID: PMC11039848 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1363071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Common bile duct stones, as a type of cholelithiasis, are a benign biliary obstruction that easily acute abdominalgia, and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is usually the first choice for clinical treatment. However, the increasing recurrence rate of patients after treatment is troubling clinicians and patients. For the prevention of recurrence after ERCP, there is no guideline to provide a clear drug regimen, traditional Chinese medicine however has achieved some result in the treatment of liver-related diseases based on the "gut-liver-bile acid axis". On the basis of this, this article discusses the possibility of traditional Chinese medicine to prevent common bile duct stones (CBDS) after ERCP, and we expect that this article will provide new ideas for the prevention of recurrence of CBDS and for the treatment of cholelithiasis-related diseases with traditional Chinese medicine in future clinical and scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yupu Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqi Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaoyang Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Xie S, Wei S, Ma X, Wang R, He T, Zhang Z, Yang J, Wang J, Chang L, Jing M, Li H, Zhou X, Zhao Y. Genetic alterations and molecular mechanisms underlying hereditary intrahepatic cholestasis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1173542. [PMID: 37324459 PMCID: PMC10264785 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1173542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cholestatic liver disease caused by a class of autosomal gene mutations results in jaundice, which involves the abnormality of the synthesis, secretion, and other disorders of bile acids metabolism. Due to the existence of a variety of gene mutations, the clinical manifestations of children are also diverse. There is no unified standard for diagnosis and single detection method, which seriously hinders the development of clinical treatment. Therefore, the mutated genes of hereditary intrahepatic cholestasis were systematically described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Pharmacy, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju Yang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manyi Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Wang YS, Shen W, Yang Q, Lin R, Tang LX, Bai RM, Yang D, Zhang J, Zhang YJ, Yu WT, Song SR, Kong J, Song SY, Mao J, Tong XM, Li ZK, Wu F, Lin XZ. Analysis of risk factors for parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in preterm infants: a multicenter observational study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:250. [PMID: 37210514 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is proposed that the development of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) was significantly associated with preterm birth, low birth weight, infection, etc.; however, the etiology and pathogenesis of PNAC are not fully understood. Most of the studies examining PNAC-associated risk factors were single-center studies with relatively small sample sizes. OBJECTIVE To analyze the risk factors associated with PNAC in preterm infants in China. METHODS This is a retrospective multicenter observational study. Clinical data on the effect of multiple oil-fat emulsions (soybean oil-medium chain triglycerides-olive oil-fish oil, SMOF) in preterm infants were collected from a prospective multicenter randomized controlled study. A secondary analysis was performed in which preterm infants were divided into the PNAC group and the non-PNAC group based on the PNAC status. RESULTS A total of 465 cases very preterm infants or very low birth weight infants were included in the study in which 81 cases were assigned to the PNAC group and 384 cases were assigned to the non-PNAC group. The PNAC group had a lower mean gestational age, lower mean birth weight, longer duration of invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation, a longer duration oxygen support, and longer hospital stay (P < 0.001 for all). The PNAC group had higher respiratory distress syndrome, hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) with stage II or higher, surgically treated NEC, late-onset sepsis, metabolic bone disease, and extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) compared to the non-PNAC group (P < 0.05 for all). In contrast with the non-PNAC group, the PNAC group received a higher maximum dose of amino acids and fat emulsion, more medium/long-chain fatty emulsion, less SMOF, had a longer duration of parenteral nutrition, lower rates of breastfeeding, higher incidence of feeding intolerance (FI), more accumulated days to achieve total enteral nutrition, less accumulated days of total calories up to standard 110 kcal/kg/day and slower velocity of weight growth (P < 0.05 for all). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the maximum dose of amino acids (OR, 5.352; 95% CI, 2.355 to 12.161), EUGR (OR, 2.396; 95% CI, 1.255 to 4.572), FI (OR, 2.581; 95% CI, 1.395 to 4.775), surgically treated NEC (OR, 11.300; 95% CI, 2.127 ~ 60.035), and longer total hospital stay (OR, 1.030; 95% CI, 1.014 to 1.046) were independent risk factors for the development of PNAC. SMOF (OR, 0.358; 95% CI, 0.193 to 0.663) and breastfeeding (OR, 0.297; 95% CI, 0.157 to 0.559) were protective factors for PNAC. CONCLUSIONS PNAC can be reduced by optimizing the management of enteral and parenteral nutrition and reducing gastrointestinal comorbidities in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Sen Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361003, China
- Xiamen key laboratory of perinatal-neonatal infection, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Perinatal Medicine, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361003, China
- Xiamen key laboratory of perinatal-neonatal infection, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Perinatal Medicine, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361003, China
- Xiamen key laboratory of perinatal-neonatal infection, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Perinatal Medicine, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361003, China
- Xiamen key laboratory of perinatal-neonatal infection, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Perinatal Medicine, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Xia Tang
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361003, China
- Xiamen key laboratory of perinatal-neonatal infection, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Perinatal Medicine, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui-Miao Bai
- Department of Neonatology, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xian, 710061, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xian, 710061, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Jia Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wen-Ting Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Shi-Rong Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Juan Kong
- Department of Neonatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Si-Yu Song
- Department of Neonatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhan-Kui Li
- Department of Neonatology, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xian, 710061, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Neonatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-Zhu Lin
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361003, China.
- Xiamen key laboratory of perinatal-neonatal infection, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China.
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Perinatal Medicine, (none)Helping to remove the bracketed content, please, Xiamen, China.
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Ghosh S, Devereaux MW, Orlicky DJ, Sokol RJ. Pharmacologic inhibition of HNF4α prevents parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7752. [PMID: 37173326 PMCID: PMC10182080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged parenteral nutrition (PN) can lead to PN associated cholestasis (PNAC). Intestinally derived lipopolysaccharides and infused PN phytosterols lead to activation of NFκB, a key factor in PNAC. Our objective was to determine if inhibition of HNF4α could interfere with NFκB to alleviate murine PNAC. We showed that HNF4α antagonist BI6015 (20 mg/kg/day) in DSS-PN (oral DSS x4d followed by Total PN x14d) mice prevented the increased AST, ALT, bilirubin and bile acids and reversed mRNA suppression of hepatocyte Abcg5/8, Abcb11, FXR, SHP and MRP2 that were present during PNAC. Further, NFκB phosphorylation in hepatocytes and its binding to LRH-1 and BSEP promoters in liver, which are upregulated in DSS-PN mice, were inhibited by BI6015 treatment. BI6015 also prevented the upregulation in liver macrophages of Adgre1 (F4/80) and Itgam (CD11B) that occurs in DSS-PN mice, with concomitant induction of anti-inflammatory genes (Klf2, Klf4, Clec7a1, Retnla). In conclusion, HNF4α antagonism attenuates PNAC by suppressing NFκB activation and signaling while inducing hepatocyte FXR and LRH-1 and their downstream bile and sterol transporters. These data identify HNF4α antagonism as a potential therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of PNAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ghosh
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Michael W Devereaux
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801, E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ronald J Sokol
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Liver Center, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Gut microbiota alters host bile acid metabolism to contribute to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1305. [PMID: 36894566 PMCID: PMC9998625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a female pregnancy-specific disorder that is characterized by increased serum bile acid and adverse fetal outcomes. The aetiology and mechanism of ICP are poorly understood; thus, existing therapies have been largely empiric. Here we show that the gut microbiome differed significantly between individuals with ICP and healthy pregnant women, and that colonization with gut microbiome from ICP patients was sufficient to induce cholestasis in mice. The gut microbiomes of ICP patients were primarily characterized by Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis), and B. fragilis was able to promote ICP by inhibiting FXR signaling via its BSH activity to modulate bile acid metabolism. B. fragilis-mediated FXR signaling inhibition was responsible for excessive bile acid synthesis and interrupted hepatic bile excretion to ultimately promote the initiation of ICP. We propose that modulation of the gut microbiota-bile acid-FXR axis may be of value for ICP treatment.
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Stat3 role in the protective effect of FXR Agonist in parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0056. [PMID: 36848082 PMCID: PMC9974070 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients with intestinal failure can lead to cholestasis (PNAC). In a PNAC mouse model, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist (GW4064) treatment alleviated IL-1β-dependent cholestatic liver injury. The objective of this study was to determine whether this hepatic protection of FXR activation is mediated through IL-6-STAT3 signaling. APPROACH AND RESULTS Hepatic apoptotic pathways [Fas-associated protein with death domain (Fas) mRNA, caspase 8 protein, and cleaved caspase 3] and IL-6-STAT3 signaling, and expression of its downstream effectors Socs1/3 were all upregulated in the mouse PNAC model (dextran sulfate sodium enterally × 4 d followed by total PN for 14 d). Il1r-/- mice were protected from PNAC in conjunction with suppression of the FAS pathway. GW4064 treatment in the PNAC mouse increased hepatic FXR binding to the Stat3 promoter, further increased STAT3 phosphorylation and upregulated Socs1 and Socs3 mRNA, and prevented cholestasis. In HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes, IL-1β induced IL-6 mRNA and protein, which were suppressed by GW4064. In IL-1β or phytosterols treated HepG2 and Huh7 cells, siRNA knockdown of STAT3 significantly reduced GW4064-upregulated transcription of hepatoprotective nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2 (NR0B2) and ABCG8. CONCLUSIONS STAT3 signaling mediated in part the protective effects of GW4064 in the PNAC mouse, and in HepG2 cells and hepatocytes exposed to either IL-1β or phytosterols, 2 factors critical in PNAC pathogenesis. These data demonstrate that FXR agonists may mediate hepatoprotective effects in cholestasis by inducing STAT3 signaling.
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El Kasmi KC, Anderson AL, Devereaux MW, Balasubramaniyan N, Suchy FJ, Orlicky DJ, Shearn CT, Sokol RJ. Interrupting tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling prevents parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in mice. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2022; 46:1096-1106. [PMID: 34664730 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently reported a mouse model of PN-associated cholestasis (PNAC) in which combining intestinal inflammation and PN infusion results in cholestasis, hepatic macrophage activation, and transcriptional suppression of canalicular bile acid, bilirubin and sterol transporters Abcb11, Abcc2 and Abcg5/8. The aim of this study was to examine the role of TNFα in promoting PNAC in mice. METHODS First, recombinant TNFα was administered to mice as well as in hepatocyte cell culture. Second, Tnfr1/2KO or wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 4 days followed by soy-oil lipid emulsion-based PN infusion through a central venous catheter for 14 days (DSS-PN). Finally, WT/DSS-PN mice were also infused with infliximab at 10 mg/kg on days 3 and 10 of PN. PNAC was defined by increased serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bile acids, and bilirubin. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of TNFα into WT mice or TNFα treatment of Huh7 hepatocarcinoma cells and primary mouse hepatocytes suppressed messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription of bile (Abcb11, Abcc2]) and sterol transporters (Abcg5/8) and their regulators Nr1h3 and Nr1h4. DSS-PN mice with PNAC had increased hepatic TNFα mRNA expression and significant reduction of mRNA expression of Abcb11, Abcc2, Abcg5/8, Nr1h3, and Nr1h4. In contrast, PNAC development was prevented and mRNA expression normalized in both Tnfr1/2KO /DSS-PN mice and DSS-PN mice treated with infliximab. CONCLUSIONS TNFα is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of PNAC through suppression of hepatocyte Abcb11, Abcc2, and Abcg5/8. Pharmacologic targeting of TNFα as a therapeutic strategy for PNAC thus deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim C El Kasmi
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Aimee L Anderson
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael W Devereaux
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Natarajan Balasubramaniyan
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Frederick J Suchy
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ronald J Sokol
- Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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