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Raya Tonetti F, Eguileor A, Mrdjen M, Pathak V, Travers J, Nagy LE, Llorente C. Gut-liver axis: Recent concepts in pathophysiology in alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00873. [PMID: 38691396 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The growing recognition of the role of the gut microbiome's impact on alcohol-associated diseases, especially in alcohol-associated liver disease, emphasizes the need to understand molecular mechanisms involved in governing organ-organ communication to identify novel avenues to combat alcohol-associated diseases. The gut-liver axis refers to the bidirectional communication and interaction between the gut and the liver. Intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis within the gut-liver axis, and this axis plays a significant role in alcohol-associated liver disease. The intricate communication between intestine and liver involves communication between multiple cellular components in each organ that enable them to carry out their physiological functions. In this review, we focus on novel approaches to understanding how chronic alcohol exposure impacts the microbiome and individual cells within the liver and intestine, as well as the impact of ethanol on the molecular machinery required for intraorgan and interorgan communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Raya Tonetti
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alvaro Eguileor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marko Mrdjen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vai Pathak
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jared Travers
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Mao Q, Lin B, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Cao Q, Xu M. Understanding the role of ursodeoxycholic acid and gut microbiome in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current evidence and perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1371574. [PMID: 38576492 PMCID: PMC10991717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1371574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, resulting in a huge medical burden worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome and bile acids play pivotal roles during the development of NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD exhibit unique signatures of the intestinal microbiome marked by the priority of Gram-negative bacteria, decreased ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), and increased Prevotella and Lachnospiraceae. The intestinal microbiota is involved in the metabolism of bile acids. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a key determinant in maintaining the dynamic communication between the host and gut microbiota. It generally shows surprising therapeutic potential in NAFLD with several mechanisms, such as improving cellular autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial functions. This action is based on its direct or indirect effect, targeting the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and various other nuclear receptors. This review aims to discuss the current studies on the involvement of the microbiome-UDCA interface in NAFLD therapy and provide prospective insights into future preventative and therapeutic approaches for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beibei Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenluo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengque Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Ferrell JM, Dilts M, Pokhrel S, Stahl Z, Boehme S, Wang X, Chiang JYL. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Alters Bile Acids to Induce Dysbiosis in Mice With Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:71-87. [PMID: 38417701 PMCID: PMC11127034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcohol-associated liver disease, a spectrum of conditions ranging from steatosis to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Bile acids regulate metabolic pathways by binding to cellular and nuclear receptors, and they also interact with the gut microbiome to control microbial overgrowth. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19) is an ileum-derived hormone induced and released in response to bile acid activation of the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor. FGF-19 signaling is dysregulated with ethanol consumption and is increased in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Here, we examined the effects of FGF-19 in a mouse model of chronic + binge ethanol feeding. METHODS After injection of adeno-associated virus-green fluorescent protein or AAV-FGF-19, female C57BL/6J mice were pair-fed a Lieber DeCarli liquid diet (5% v/v) or control diet for 10 days and were given a bolus gavage of 5% ethanol or maltose control to represent a binge drinking episode. Tissues were collected for analysis 9 hours after the binge. RESULTS Chronic + binge ethanol feeding induced steatosis regardless of FGF-19 expression. Interestingly, FGF-19 and ethanol resulted in significantly increased liver inflammation, as measured by Il6, Tgfβ, and Tnfα, compared with ethanol alone. Both ethanol and FGF-19 decreased bile acid synthesis, and FGF-19 significantly reduced secondary bile acids, leading to overgrowth of specific pathogenic bacteria including Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of FGF-19 and consequent changes in bile acid synthesis and composition during alcohol consumption may be a contributing factor to alcohol-induced liver disease and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Ferrell
- Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio.
| | - Matthew Dilts
- Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Sabita Pokhrel
- Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Zachary Stahl
- Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Shannon Boehme
- Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Xinwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Ohio
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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Zhang M, Xiao B, Chen X, Ou B, Wang S. Physical exercise plays a role in rebalancing the bile acids of enterohepatic axis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14065. [PMID: 38037846 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most common diseases of lipid metabolism disorders, which is closely related to bile acids disorders and gut microbiota disorders. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, and processed by gut microbiota in intestinal tract, and participate in metabolic regulation through the enterohepatic circulation. Bile acids not only promote the consumption and absorption of intestinal fat but also play an important role in biological metabolic signaling network, affecting fat metabolism and glucose metabolism. Studies have demonstrated that exercise plays an important role in regulating the composition and function of bile acid pool in enterohepatic axis, which maintains the homeostasis of the enterohepatic circulation and the health of the host gut microbiota. Exercise has been recommended by several health guidelines as the first-line intervention for patients with NAFLD. Can exercise alter bile acids through the microbiota in the enterohepatic axis? If so, regulating bile acids through exercise may be a promising treatment strategy for NAFLD. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this potential connection are largely unknown. Therefore, in this review, we tried to review the relationship among NAFLD, physical exercise, bile acids, and gut microbiota through the existing data and literature, highlighting the role of physical exercise in rebalancing bile acid and microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyang Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Papa A, Santini P, De Lucia SS, Maresca R, Porfidia A, Pignatelli P, Gasbarrini A, Violi F, Pola R. Gut dysbiosis-related thrombosis in inflammatory bowel disease: Potential disease mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies. Thromb Res 2023; 232:77-88. [PMID: 37951044 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk of developing venous thromboembolic events, which have a considerable impact on morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of thrombotic events in patients with IBD. However, many unresolved questions remain, particularly regarding the mechanisms that determine the persistent inflammatory state independent of disease activity. This review explored the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction, which are considered distinctive features of IBD, in determining pro-thrombotic tendencies. Gut-derived endotoxemia due to the translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the intestine to the bloodstream and the bacterial metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) are the most important molecules involved in gut dysbiosis-related thrombosis. The pathogenic prothrombotic pathways linked to LPS and TMAO have been discussed. Finally, we present emerging therapeutic approaches that can help reduce LPS-mediated endotoxemia and TMAO, such as restoring intestinal eubiosis, normalizing intestinal barrier function, and counterbalancing the effects of LPS and TMAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Papa
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, CEMAD, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Santini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Thrombosis Clinic, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Sofia De Lucia
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, CEMAD, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Maresca
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, CEMAD, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Porfidia
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Thrombosis Clinic, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro-Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, CEMAD, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Violi
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro-Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Pola
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Thrombosis Clinic, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Xiao L, Xu G, Chen S, He Y, Peng F, Yuan C. Kaempferol ameliorated alcoholic liver disease through inhibiting hepatic bile acid synthesis by targeting intestinal FXR-FGF15 signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 120:155055. [PMID: 37678053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by the disturbance of bile acids homeostasis, which further deteriorates ALD. Bile acid metabolism and its related signal molecules have become new therapeutic targets for alcoholic liver disease. This study aimed to investigate the impact of kaempferol (KAE) on ALD and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6 N mice were utilized to establish Binge-on-Chronic alcohol exposure mice model. KAE was administered as an interventional drug to chronic alcohol-fed mice for four weeks to assess its effects on liver damage and bile acid metabolism. And Z-Guggulsterone (Z-Gu), a global FXR inhibitor, was used to investigate the impact of intestinal FXR-FGF15 signal in ALD mice. Additionally, intestinal epithelial cells were exposed to alcohol or specific bile acid to induce the damage of FXR activity in vitro. The dual luciferase activity assay was employed to ascertain the interplay between KAE and FXR activity. RESULTS The results indicated that KAE treatment exhibited a significant hepatoprotective effect against chronic alcohol-fed mice. Accompanied by the intestinal FXR activation, the administration of KAE suppressed hepatic bile acid synthesis and promoted intestinal bile acid excretion in chronic ALD mice. And the notable alterations in total bile acid levels and composition were observed in mice after chronic alcohol feeding, which were reversed by KAE supplementation. And more, the protective effects of KAE on ALD mice were deprived by the inhibition of intestinal FXR activation. In vitro experiments demonstrated that KAE effectively activated FXR-FGF15 signaling, mitigated the damage to FXR activity in intestinal epithelial cells caused by alcohol or specific bile acids. Additionally, luciferase activity assays revealed that KAE directly promoted FXR expression, thereby enhancing FXR activity. CONCLUSION KAE treatment inhibited hepatic bile acids synthesis, maintained bile acids homeostasis in ALD mice by directly activating intestinal FXR-FGF15 signaling, which effectively alleviated liver injury induced by chronic alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Guangfu Xu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Silong Chen
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yumin He
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Fan Peng
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
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Yu L, Zhao Y, Zhao Y. Advances in the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of emodin in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1240820. [PMID: 38027005 PMCID: PMC10644045 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1240820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhubarb palmatum L., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc. are traditional Chinese medicines that have been used for thousands of years. They are formulated into various preparations and are widely used. Emodin is a traditional Chinese medicine monomer and the main active ingredient in Rhubarb palmatum L., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc. Modern research shows that it has a variety of pharmacological effects, including promoting lipid and glucose metabolism, osteogenesis, and anti-inflammatory and anti-autophagy effects. Research on the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin can promote its clinical application. This review aims to provide a basis for further development and clinical research of emodin in the treatment of metabolic diseases. We performed a comprehensive summary of the pharmacology and molecular mechanisms of emodin in treating metabolic diseases by searching databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CNKI up to 2023. In addition, this review also analyzes the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin. The results show that emodin mainly regulates AMPK, PPAR, and inflammation-related signaling pathways, and has a good therapeutic effect on obesity, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes and its complications, and osteoporosis. In addition, controlling toxic factors and improving bioavailability are of great significance for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Second Hospital of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Nursing Department, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Xu N, Bai Y, Han X, Yuan J, Wang L, He Y, Yang L, Wu H, Shi H, Wu X. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid reduces astrocytic neuroinflammation and alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152388. [PMID: 37079985 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune regulatory disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). The main pathological features include demyelination and neurodegeneration, and the pathogenesis is associated with astrocytic neuroinflammation. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) is one of the conjugated bile acids in animal bile, and it is not clear whether TCDCA could improve MS by inhibiting the activation of astrocytes. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of TCDCA on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-a classical animal model of MS, and to probe its mechanism from the aspect of suppressing astrocytic neuroinflammation. It is expected to prompt the potential application of TCDCA for the treatment of MS. RESULTS TCDCA effectively alleviated the progression of EAE and improved the impaired neurobehavior in mice. It mitigated the hyperactivation of astrocytes and down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 in the brain cortex. In the C6 astrocytic cell line induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TCDCA treatment dose-dependently decreased the production of NO and the protein expression of iNOS and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). TCDCA consistently inhibited the mRNA expressions of COX2, iNOS and other inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, TCDCA decreased the protein expression of phosphorylated serine/threonine kinase (AKT), inhibitor of NFκB α (IκBα) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB). And TCDCA also inhibited the nuclear translocation of NFκB. Conversely, as an inhibitor of the G-protein coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1 (TGR5), triamterene eliminated the effects of TCDCA in LPS-stimulated C6 cells. CONCLUSION TCDCA improves the progress of EAE by inhibiting the astrocytic neuroinflammation, which might be exerted by the regulation of TGR5 mediated AKT/NFκB signaling pathway. These findings may prompt the potential application of TCDCA for MS therapy by suppressing astrocyte inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Bai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyan Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lupeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hailian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The State Administration of TCM (SATCM) Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Singh TP, Kadyan S, Devi H, Park G, Nagpal R. Gut microbiome as a therapeutic target for liver diseases. Life Sci 2023; 322:121685. [PMID: 37044173 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The prominent role of gut in regulating the physiology of different organs in a human body is increasingly acknowledged, to which the bidirectional communication between gut and liver is no exception. Liver health is modulated via different key components of gut-liver axis. The gut-derived products mainly generated from dietary components, microbial metabolites, toxins, or other antigens are sensed and transported to the liver through portal vein to which liver responds by secreting bile acids and antibodies. Therefore, maintaining a healthy gut microbiome can promote homeostasis of this gut-liver axis by regulating the intestinal barrier function and reducing the antigenic molecules. Conversely, liver secretions also regulate the gut microbiome composition. Disturbed homeostasis allows luminal antigens to reach liver leading to impaired liver functioning and instigating liver disorders. The perturbations in gut microbiome, permeability, and bile acid pool have been associated with several liver disorders, although precise mechanisms remain largely unresolved. Herein, we discuss functional fingerprints of a healthy gut-liver axis while contemplating mechanistic understanding of pathophysiology of liver diseases and plausible role of gut dysbiosis in different diseased states of liver. Further, novel therapeutic approaches to prevent the severity of liver disorders are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Saurabh Kadyan
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Harisha Devi
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - Gwoncheol Park
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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10
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Bragazzi MC, Venere R, Vignone A, Alvaro D, Cardinale V. Role of the Gut–Liver Axis in the Pathobiology of Cholangiopathies: Basic and Clinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076660. [PMID: 37047635 PMCID: PMC10095354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The “Gut–Liver Axis” refers to the physiological bidirectional interplay between the gut and its microbiota and the liver which, in health, occurs thanks to a condition of immune tolerance. In recent years, several studies have shown that, in case of a change in gut bacterial homeostasis or impairment of intestinal barrier functions, cholangiocytes, which are the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts, activate innate immune responses against gut-derived microorganisms or bacterial products that reach the liver via enterohepatic circulation. Intestinal dysbiosis or impaired intestinal barrier functions cause cholangiocytes to be exposed to an increasing amount of microorganisms that can reactivate inflammatory responses, thus inducing the onset of liver fibrosis. The present review focuses on the role of the gut–liver axis in the pathogenesis of cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Consiglia Bragazzi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, 04100 Roma, Italy
| | - Rosanna Venere
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, 04100 Roma, Italy
| | - Anthony Vignone
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Roma, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Roma, Italy
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11
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Jiang M, Li F, Liu Y, Gu Z, Zhang L, Lee J, He L, Vatsalya V, Zhang HG, Deng Z, Zhang X, Chen SY, Guo GL, Barve S, McClain CJ, Feng W. Probiotic-derived nanoparticles inhibit ALD through intestinal miR194 suppression and subsequent FXR activation. Hepatology 2023; 77:1164-1180. [PMID: 35689610 PMCID: PMC9741667 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a critical role in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). We aimed to investigate whether alcohol-induced dysbiosis increased intestinal microRNA194 (miR194) that suppressed Fxr transcription and whether Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (LDNPs) protected against ALD through regulation of intestinal miR194-FXR signaling in mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Binge-on-chronic alcohol exposure mouse model was utilized. In addition to the decreased ligand-mediated FXR activation, alcohol feeding repressed intestinal Fxr transcription and increased miR194 expression. This transcriptional suppression of Fxr by miR194 was confirmed in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and mouse enteriods. The alcohol feeding-reduced intestinal FXR activation was further demonstrated by the reduced FXR reporter activity in fecal samples and by the decreased fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15) messenger RNA (mRNA) in intestine and protein levels in the serum, which caused an increased hepatic bile acid synthesis and lipogeneses. We further demonstrated that alcohol feeding increased-miR194 expression was mediated by taurine-upregulated gene 1 (Tug1) through gut microbiota regulation of taurine metabolism. Importantly, 3-day oral administration of LDNPs increased bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-harboring bacteria that decreased conjugated bile acids and increased gut taurine concentration, which upregulated Tug1, leading to a suppression of intestinal miR194 expression and recovery of FXR activation. Activated FXR upregulated FGF15 signaling and subsequently reduced hepatic bile acid synthesis and lipogenesis and attenuated ALD. These protective effects of LDNPs were eliminated in intestinal FxrΔIEC and Fgf15-/- mice. We further showed that miR194 was upregulated, whereas BSH activity and taurine levels were decreased in fecal samples of patients with ALD. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that gut microbiota-mediated miR194 regulation contributes to ALD pathogenesis and to the protective effects of LDNPs through modulating intestinal FXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Fengyuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zelin Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Liqing He
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, KY, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhongbin Deng
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, KY, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shao-Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Shirish Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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12
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Zhang Y, Yao L, Liu Y, Chen B, Wang C, Gong K, Wang F, Qiao Y. Acidic polysaccharide from corn silk: Structural & conformational properties and hepatoprotective activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123851. [PMID: 36863670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the structural characterization, conformational properties, and hepatoprotective activity of corn silk acidic polysaccharide (CSP-50E). CSP-50E with molecular weights of 1.93 × 105 g/mol was composed of Gal, Glc, Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man and uronic acid with a weight ratio of 12:25:1:2:2:5:21. Structural analysis with methylation indicated that CSP-50E mainly contained T-Manp, 4-substituted-D-Galp/GalpA, and 4-substituted-D-Glcp. CSP-50E presented random coils conformation in an aqueous solution based on the analysis of HPSEC. In vitro experiments showed that CSP-50E exhibited significant hepatoprotective effects, CSP-50E reduce IL-6, TNF-α content, and AST, ALT activity to protect ethanol-induced damage liver cells (HL-7702), while the polysaccharide functioned mainly through the caspase cascade and mediate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. In this study, we describe a novel acidic polysaccharide from corn silk with hepatoprotective activity that facilitates the development and utilization of corn silk resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Research Center for Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing, Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Lianmou Yao
- Research Center for Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing, Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Bingjie Chen
- Research Center for Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing, Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Research Center for Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing, Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Kuijie Gong
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yongjin Qiao
- Research Center for Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing, Crop Breeding & Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
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13
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Gillard J, Leclercq IA. Biological tuners to reshape the bile acid pool for therapeutic purposes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:65-85. [PMID: 36601783 PMCID: PMC9816373 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids synthesized within the hepatocytes are transformed by gut microorganisms and reabsorbed into the portal circulation. During their enterohepatic cycling, bile acids act as signaling molecules by interacting with receptors to regulate pathways involved in many physiological processes. The bile acid pool, composed of a variety of bile acid species, has been shown to be altered in diseases, hence contributing to disease pathogenesis. Thus, understanding the changes in bile acid pool size and composition in pathological processes will help to elaborate effective pharmacological treatments. Five crucial steps along the enterohepatic cycle shape the bile acid pool size and composition, offering five possible targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we provide an insight on the strategies to modulate the bile acid pool, and then we discuss the potential benefits in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Gillard
- Laboratory of Hepato‐Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle A. Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato‐Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Xu J, Cao J, Tan B, Xie S. G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 reduced hepatic immune response and inhibited NFκB, PI3K/AKT, and PKC/P38 MAPK signaling pathway in hybrid grouper. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad307. [PMID: 37715969 PMCID: PMC10576523 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) is involved in the inflammatory response. However, the functions of TGR5 in the immune response of fish remain unclear. In this study, the full-length sequence of tgr5 from hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) was cloned, and the function of TGR5 in the immune response was explored. The results showed that the ORF of tgr5 gene in hybrid grouper was 1029 bp and encoded 342 amino acids. Activation of TGR5 by INT-777 significantly decreased the activities and mRNA expression of TNFα and IL1β, whereas inhibition of TGR5 by SBI-115 showed the opposite effect. SBI-115 treatment significantly increased the expression of phosphorylated inhibitor κB α (p-IKBα) protein. After the INT-777 treatment, the concentration of protein kinase C (PKC) and expression of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38a), p38b and p38c, were significantly decreased in vivo. INT-777 agonist significantly decreased the expression of phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K) protein and the ratio of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated serine/threonine-protein kinase (p-AKT/AKT). In conclusion, activation of hepatic TGR5 inhibited the PKC/P38 MAPK, PI3K/AKT, NFκB signaling pathway and improved hepatic immune responses of hybrid grouper in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Junming Cao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Beiping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shiwei Xie
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
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15
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Morel C, Chowdhary V, Nagesh PT, Ribeiro M, Hawryluk D, Catalano D, Adorini L, Szabo G. Altered ethanol metabolism and increased oxidative stress enhance alcohol-associated liver injury in farnesoid X receptor-deficient mice. Liver Int 2023; 43:100-114. [PMID: 35869657 PMCID: PMC10501031 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pharmacological activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ameliorates liver injury, steatosis and inflammation in mouse models of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but the underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of FXR against ALD remain unclear. METHODS To investigate the role of FXR in ALD, we used the NIAAA model of chronic plus binge ethanol feeding in FXR-deficient knockout (FXR KO) mice. RESULTS Ethanol-mediated liver injury and steatosis were increased in FXR KO mice, while both WT and FXR KO mice consumed the same amount of alcohol. Ethanol feeding induced liver inflammation and neutrophil infiltration that were further increased in FXR KO mice. In addition, collagen accumulation and expression of profibrotic genes were markedly elevated in the liver of alcohol-fed FXR KO compared to wild-type mice, suggesting that ethanol-induced liver fibrosis is enhanced in the absence of FXR. Surprisingly, FXR KO mice showed reduced blood alcohol levels post-binge, while CYP2E1 and ALDH1A1 were upregulated compared to WT mice, suggesting that alcohol metabolism is altered in FXR KO mice. Notably, exacerbated liver injury in FXR KO mice was associated with increased oxidative stress. ALDH1A1 activity was upregulated in FXR-deficient mouse primary hepatocytes, contributing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, in vitro. Finally, using an ALDH1A1 inhibitor, we showed that ALDH1A1 activity is a key contributor to alcohol-induced ROS generation in FXR-deficient hepatocytes, in vitro. CONCLUSION ALD pathogenesis in FXR KO mice correlates with altered ethanol metabolism and increased oxidative stress, providing new insights into the protective function of FXR in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Morel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivek Chowdhary
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prashanth Thevkar Nagesh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcelle Ribeiro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danielle Hawryluk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donna Catalano
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Disturbances of the Gut Microbiota and Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235140. [PMID: 36501169 PMCID: PMC9735443 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized as a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis is still elusive. The gut microbiota exerts important and diverse effects on host physiology through maintaining immune balance and generating health-benefiting metabolites. Many studies have demonstrated that IBD is associated with disturbances in the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Both the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota are dramatically decreased in IBD patients. Furthermore, some particular classes of microbiota-derived metabolites, principally short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan, and its metabolites, and bile acids have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this review, we aim to define the disturbance of gut microbiota and the key classes of microbiota-derived metabolites in IBD pathogenesis. In addition, we also focus on scientific evidence on probiotics, not only on the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of probiotics on IBD but also the challenges it faces in safe and appropriate application.
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17
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Xu J, Yao X, Li X, Xie S, Chi S, Zhang S, Cao J, Tan B. Farnesoid X receptor regulates PI 3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, lipid metabolism, and immune response in hybrid grouper. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1521-1538. [PMID: 36210393 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Some diseases related to lipid metabolism increase yearly in cultured fish, and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear protein that plays a key role in inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism. However, the roles of FXR in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) remain poorly understood. The main objective of this study was to explore the roles of hepatic FXR in triggering the immune response and the potential functions of FXR in regulating the lipid metabolism. In the present study, the full-length sequence of fxr from hybrid grouper was cloned and characterized for the first time. Upon the Vibrio parahaemolyticus stimulation, the transcriptional level of fxr was rapidly elevated in the head kidney tissue in the early stage of infection. In vivo and vitro, activation of FXR by obeticholic acid (OA) significantly increased the concentrations and mRNA levels of hepatic inflammatory cytokines. These effects were inversed when FXR was inhibited by guggulsterone (GU). Moreover, the activation of FXR to suppress the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway improves hepatic lipid metabolism and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in vivo and vitro. In addition, the inhibition of FXR activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, decreased the lipolysis and increased the lipogenesis, and subsequently increased the lipid accumulation in fish. These results revealed the positive roles of FXR in triggering immune responses and improving lipid metabolism and accumulation in hybrid grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xinzhou Yao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Shiwei Xie
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Shuyan Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Junming Cao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Beiping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China.
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18
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Fang J, Yu CH, Li XJ, Yao JM, Fang ZY, Yoon SH, Yu WY. Gut dysbiosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic implications. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:997018. [PMID: 36425787 PMCID: PMC9679376 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.997018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing recently and has become one of the most common clinical liver diseases. Since the pathogenesis of NAFLD has not been completely elucidated, few effective therapeutic drugs are available. As the "second genome" of human body, gut microbiota plays an important role in the digestion, absorption and metabolism of food and drugs. Gut microbiota can act as an important driver to advance the occurrence and development of NAFLD, and to accelerate its progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Growing evidence has demonstrated that gut microbiota and its metabolites directly affect intestinal morphology and immune response, resulting in the abnormal activation of inflammation and intestinal endotoxemia; gut dysbiosis also causes dysfunction of gut-liver axis via alteration of bile acid metabolism pathway. Because of its composition diversity and disease-specific expression characteristics, gut microbiota holds strong promise as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NAFLD. Intervening intestinal microbiota, such as antibiotic/probiotic treatment and fecal transplantation, has been a novel strategy for preventing and treating NAFLD. In this article, we have reviewed the emerging functions and association of gut bacterial components in different stages of NAFLD progression and discussed its potential implications in NAFLD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal’s & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen-Huan Yu
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue-Jian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal’s & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Mei Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal’s & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Soo-Hyun Yoon
- Institute of Medical Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Wen-Ying Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal’s & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Wang XX, Xie C, Libby AE, Ranjit S, Levi J, Myakala K, Bhasin K, Jones BA, Orlicky DJ, Takahashi S, Dvornikov A, Kleiner DE, Hewitt SM, Adorini L, Kopp JB, Krausz KW, Rosenberg A, McManaman JL, Robertson CE, Ir D, Frank DN, Luo Y, Gonzalez FJ, Gratton E, Levi M. The role of FXR and TGR5 in reversing and preventing progression of Western diet-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102530. [PMID: 36209823 PMCID: PMC9638804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most common chronic liver disease in the US, partly due to the increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. The roles of bile acids and their receptors, such as the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5, on the development of NASH are not fully clear. C57BL/6J male mice fed a Western diet (WD) develop characteristics of NASH, allowing determination of the effects of FXR and TGR5 agonists on this disease. Here we show that the FXR-TGR5 dual agonist INT-767 prevents progression of WD-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, as determined by histological and biochemical assays and novel label-free microscopy imaging techniques, including third harmonic generation, second harmonic generation, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Furthermore, we show INT-767 decreases liver fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid and cholesterol uptake, as well as liver inflammation. INT-767 markedly changed bile acid composition in the liver and intestine, leading to notable decreases in the hydrophobicity index of bile acids, known to limit cholesterol and lipid absorption. In addition, INT-767 upregulated expression of liver p-AMPK, SIRT1, PGC-1α, and SIRT3, which are master regulators of mitochondrial function. Finally, we found INT-767 treatment reduced WD-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Interestingly, the effects of INT-767 in attenuating NASH were absent in FXR-null mice, but still present in TGR5-null mice. Our findings support treatment and prevention protocols with the dual FXR-TGR5 agonist INT-767 arrest progression of WD-induced NASH in mice mediated by FXR-dependent, TGR5-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Cen Xie
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew E Libby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Suman Ranjit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jonathan Levi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kanchan Bhasin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bryce A Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alexander Dvornikov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - David E Kleiner
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Avi Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- The Integrated Physiology Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Diana Ir
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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20
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Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Perspectives. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102530. [PMID: 36289791 PMCID: PMC9599689 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) refers to a spectrum of liver manifestations ranging from fatty liver diseases, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis with chronic inflammation primarily due to excessive alcohol use. Currently, ALD is considered as one of the most prevalent causes of liver disease-associated mortality worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of ALD has been intensively investigated, the present understanding of its biomarkers in the context of early clinical diagnosis is not complete, and novel therapeutic targets that can significantly alleviate advanced forms of ALD are limited. While alcohol abstinence remains the primary therapeutic intervention for managing ALD, there are currently no approved medications for treating ALD. Furthermore, given the similarities and the differences between ALD and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in terms of disease progression and underlying molecular mechanisms, numerous studies have demonstrated that many therapeutic interventions targeting several signaling pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, hormonal regulation, and hepatocyte death play a significant role in ALD treatment. Therefore, in this review, we summarized several key molecular targets and their modes of action in ALD progression. We also described the updated therapeutic options for ALD management with a particular emphasis on potentially novel signaling pathways.
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21
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Tamai Y, Eguchi A, Shigefuku R, Kitamura H, Tempaku M, Sugimoto R, Kobayashi Y, Iwasa M, Takei Y, Nakagawa H. Association of lithocholic acid with skeletal muscle hypertrophy through TGR5-IGF-1 and skeletal muscle mass in cultured mouse myotubes, chronic liver disease rats and humans. eLife 2022; 11:80638. [PMID: 36206032 PMCID: PMC9545520 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatic sarcopenia is one of many complications associated with chronic liver disease (CLD) and has a high mortality rate; however, the liver-muscle axis is not fully understood. Therefore, few effective treatments exist for hepatic sarcopenia, the best of which being branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation to help increase muscle mass. Our aim was to investigate the molecular mechanism(s) of hepatic sarcopenia focused on bile acid (BA) composition. Methods: The correlation between serum BA levels and psoas muscle mass index (PMI) was examined in 73 CLD patients. Gastrocnemius muscle phenotype and serum BA levels were assessed in CLD rats treated with BCAA. Mouse skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) were incubated with lithocholic acid (LCA), G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonist or TGR5 antagonist to assess skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Results: In human CLD, serum LCA levels were the sole factor positively correlated with PMI and were significantly decreased in both the low muscle mass group and the deceased group. Serum LCA levels were also shown to predict patient survival. Gastrocnemius muscle weight significantly increased in CLD rats treated with BCAA via suppression of protein degradation pathways, coupled with a significant increase in serum LCA levels. LCA treated C2C12 hypertrophy occurred in a concentration-dependent manner linked with TGR5-Akt pathways based upon inhibition results via a TGR5 antagonist. Conclusions: Our results indicate LCA-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy via activation of TGR5-IGF1-Akt signaling pathways. In addition, serum LCA levels were associated with skeletal muscle mass in cirrhotic rats, as well as CLD patients, and predicted overall patient survival. Funding: This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 22K08011 and 21H02892, and AMED under Grant Number JP21fk0210090 and JP22fk0210115. Maintaining cirrhotic rats were partially supported by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tamai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ryuta Shigefuku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Mina Tempaku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Kobayashi
- Center for Physical and mental health, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Motoh Iwasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate school of medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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22
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Wang K, Shi J, Gao S, Hong H, Tan Y, Luo Y. Oyster protein hydrolysates alleviated chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in mice by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation response. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Duan S, Li X, Fan G, Liu R. Targeting bile acid signaling for the treatment of liver diseases: From bench to bed. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113154. [PMID: 35653887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases and related complications have become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet effective medicine or approved treatment approach is still limited. Thus, novel therapy is urgently required to prevent or at least slow down the growing burden of liver transplantation or even death caused by malignant liver diseases. As the irreplaceable modulator of hepatic and intestinal signaling cascades, bile acids (BAs) play complex physiological as well as pathological roles in regulating energy and immune homeostasis in various liver diseases, including but not limited to metabolic diseases and cholangiopathies, making them highly attractive therapeutic targets. In the current review, recent progress in the research of enterohepatic circulation of BAs and potential therapeutic targets of BAs signaling, especially the development of currently available treatments, including agonizts of FXR and TGR5, analogs of FGF19, inhibitors of ASBT, and the regulation of gut microbiome through fecal microbiota transplantation were extensively summarized. Their protective effects, molecular mechanisms, and outcomes of clinical trials were highlighted. The structural features of these candidates and perspectives for their future development were further discussed. In conclusion, we believe that pharmacological therapies targeting BAs signaling represent promising and efficient strategies for the treatment of complex and multifactorial liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuni Duan
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guifang Fan
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Runping Liu
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing 100029, China.
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24
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Panzitt K, Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M. Recent advances on FXR-targeting therapeutics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 552:111678. [PMID: 35605722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid receptor FXR has emerged as a bona fide drug target for chronic cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, ahead of all non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FXR is highly expressed in the liver and intestine and activation at both sites differentially contributes to its desired metabolic effects. Unrestricted FXR activation, however, also comes along with undesired effects such as a pro-atherogenic lipid profile, pruritus and hepatocellular toxicity under certain conditions. Several pre-clinical studies have confirmed the potency of FXR activation for cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, but overall it remains still open whether selective activation of intestinal FXR is advantageous over pan-FXR activation and whether restricted or modulated FXR activation can limit some of the side effects. Even more, FXR antagonist also bear the potential as intestinal-selective drugs in NAFLD models. In this review we will discuss the molecular prerequisites for FXR activation, pan-FXR activation and intestinal FXR in/activation from a therapeutic point of view, different steroidal and non-steroidal FXR agonists, ways to restrict FXR activation and finally what we have learned from pre-clinical models and clinical trials with different FXR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Zollner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
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25
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Bertolini A, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M. Bile acids and their receptors: modulators and therapeutic targets in liver inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:547-564. [PMID: 35415765 PMCID: PMC9256560 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids participate in the intestinal emulsion, digestion, and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. When present in high concentrations, as in cholestatic liver diseases, bile acids can damage cells and cause inflammation. After the discovery of bile acids receptors about two decades ago, bile acids are considered signaling molecules. Besides regulating bile acid, xenobiotic, and nutrient metabolism, bile acids and their receptors have shown immunomodulatory properties and have been proposed as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases of the liver. This review focuses on bile acid-related signaling pathways that affect inflammation in the liver and provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical applications of modulators of these pathways for the treatment of cholestatic and autoimmune liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bertolini
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA.
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26
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Gillard J, Picalausa C, Ullmer C, Adorini L, Staels B, Tailleux A, Leclercq IA. Enterohepatic Takeda G-Protein Coupled Receptor 5 Agonism in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Related Glucose Dysmetabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132707. [PMID: 35807885 PMCID: PMC9268629 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a major health concern with no approved pharmacological therapies. Molecules developed to activate the bile acid-receptor TGR5 regulate pathways involved in MALFD pathogenesis, but the therapeutic value of TGR5 activation on the active form of MAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), still needs to be evaluated. As TGR5 agonism is low in MAFLD, we used strategies to promote the production of endogenous TGR5 ligands or administered pharmacological TGR5 agonists, INT-777 and RO5527239, to study the effect of TGR5 activation on liver and metabolic diseases in high-fat diet-fed foz/foz mice. Although described in the literature, treatment with fexaramine, an intestine-restricted FXR agonist, did not raise the concentrations of TGR5 ligands nor modulate TGR5 signaling and, accordingly, did not improve dysmetabolic status. INT-777 and RO5527239 directly activated TGR5. INT-777 only increased the TGR5 activation capacity of the portal blood; RO5527239 also amplified the TGR5 activation capacity of systemic blood. Both molecules improved glucose tolerance. In spite of the TGR5 activation capacity, INT-777, but not RO5527239, reduced liver disease severity. In conclusion, TGR5 activation in enterohepatic, rather than in peripheral, tissues has beneficial effects on glucose tolerance and MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Gillard
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (J.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Corinne Picalausa
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (J.G.); (C.P.)
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | | | - Bart Staels
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, University Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Isabelle A. Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (J.G.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-764-5273
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27
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Li H. Intercellular crosstalk of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:598-613. [PMID: 34344577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular crosstalk among various liver cells plays an important role in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) precedes fibrosis and accumulating evidence suggests that the crosstalk between LSECs and other liver cells is critical in the development and progression of liver fibrosis. LSECs dysfunction, a key event in the progression from fibrosis to cirrhosis, and subsequently obstruction of hepatic sinuses and increased intrahepatic vascular resistance (IHVR) contribute to development of portal hypertension (PHT) and cirrhosis. More importantly, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which is closely related to the crosstalk between LSECs and immune liver cells like CD8+ T cells, promotes advances tumorigenesis, especially HCC. However, the connections within the crosstalk between LSECs and other liver cells during the progression from liver fibrosis to cirrhosis to HCC have yet to be discussed. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge of how different crosstalk between LSECs and other liver cells, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), macrophoges, immune cells in liver and extra cellular matrix (ECM) contribute to the physiological function and the progrssion from liver fibrosis to cirrhosis, or even to HCC. Then we examine current treatment strategies for LSECs crosstalk in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, PR China.
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28
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Guo P, Xue M, Teng X, Wang Y, Ren R, Han J, Zhang H, Tian Y, Liang H. Antarctic Krill Oil ameliorates liver injury in rats exposed to alcohol by regulating bile acids metabolism and gut microbiota. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Way GW, Jackson KG, Muscu SR, Zhou H. Key Signaling in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: The Role of Bile Acids. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081374. [PMID: 35456053 PMCID: PMC9031669 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a spectrum of diseases, the onset and progression of which are due to chronic alcohol use. ALD ranges, by increasing severity, from hepatic steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC), and in some cases, can lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ALD continues to be a significant health burden and is now the main cause of liver transplantations in the United States. ALD leads to biological, microbial, physical, metabolic, and inflammatory changes in patients that vary depending on disease severity. ALD deaths have been increasing in recent years and are projected to continue to increase. Current treatment centers focus on abstinence and symptom management, with little in the way of resolving disease progression. Due to the metabolic disruption and gut dysbiosis in ALD, bile acid (BA) signaling and metabolism are also notably affected and play a prominent role in disease progression in ALD, as well as other liver disease states, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which alcohol consumption induces hepatic injury and the role of BA-mediated signaling in the pathogenesis of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson W. Way
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Kaitlyn G. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (K.G.J.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Shreya R. Muscu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (K.G.J.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (K.G.J.); (S.R.M.)
- Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
- Correspondence: or
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30
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Modulation of the Bile Acid Enterohepatic Cycle by Intestinal Microbiota Alleviates Alcohol Liver Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060968. [PMID: 35326419 PMCID: PMC8946080 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reshaping the intestinal microbiota by the ingestion of fiber, such as pectin, improves alcohol-induced liver lesions in mice by modulating bacterial metabolites, including indoles, as well as bile acids (BAs). In this context, we aimed to elucidate how oral supplementation of pectin affects BA metabolism in alcohol-challenged mice receiving feces from patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Pectin reduced alcohol liver disease. This beneficial effect correlated with lower BA levels in the plasma and liver but higher levels in the caecum, suggesting that pectin stimulated BA excretion. Pectin modified the overall BA composition, favoring an augmentation in the proportion of hydrophilic forms in the liver, plasma, and gut. This effect was linked to an imbalance between hydrophobic and hydrophilic (less toxic) BAs in the gut. Pectin induced the enrichment of intestinal bacteria harboring genes that encode BA-metabolizing enzymes. The modulation of BA content by pectin inhibited farnesoid X receptor signaling in the ileum and the subsequent upregulation of Cyp7a1 in the liver. Despite an increase in BA synthesis, pectin reduced BA serum levels by promoting their intestinal excretion. In conclusion, pectin alleviates alcohol liver disease by modifying the BA cycle through effects on the intestinal microbiota and enhanced BA excretion.
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31
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DDS Perspective: Time to Get Serious About the Global Pandemic. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:4616-4619. [PMID: 35908125 PMCID: PMC9362052 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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32
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Fang Y, Hegazy L, Finck BN, Elgendy B. Recent Advances in the Medicinal Chemistry of Farnesoid X Receptor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17545-17571. [PMID: 34889100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is an important regulator of bile acid, lipid, amino acid, and glucose homeostasis, hepatic inflammation, regeneration, and fibrosis. FXR has been recognized as a promising drug target for various metabolic diseases such as lipid disorders, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and chronic kidney disease. A large number of FXR ligands have been developed by pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions, and several candidates have progressed into clinical trials in the past decade. However, it is continually a challenge to discover drugs targeting FXR due to side effects associated with long-term administration. In this perspective, we summarize the research progress on medicinal chemistry of FXR modulators from 2018 to the present by discussing the diverse structures of synthetic FXR modulators including steroidal and non-steroidal ligands, their structure-activity relationships (SARs), and their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lamees Hegazy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
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33
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Wang L, He HW, Zhou X, Long Y. Changes of farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G‑protein coupled receptor 5 following biliary tract external drainage in hemorrhagic shock. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:163. [PMID: 35069844 PMCID: PMC8753975 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Since biliary tract external drainage (BTED) is increasingly used to treat patients with shock, it is necessary to clarify pathophysiological changes following BTED in hemorrhagic shock (HS). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of BTED on farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR-5) expression in HS. A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to sham, BTED, HS and HS + BTED groups. Rat models of HS were induced by drawing blood from the femoral artery until a mean arterial pressure of 40±5 mmHg was achieved and maintained for 60 min. Rat models of BTED were induced by inserting a catheter into the bile duct. The distal end of the bile duct was ligated, and the catheter was passed through the rat flank to allow external collection of bile. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect changes in expression levels of FXR and TGR-5 in the jejunum, ileum and liver. Expression levels of FXR and TGR-5 increased significantly in jejunum and liver following HS (P<0.05). BTED significantly decreased expression levels of FXR in the liver (P<0.05) and TGR-5 in the jejunum, ileum and liver (P<0.05). In conclusion, expression levels of FXR and TGR-5 increased in HS but BTED decreased expression levels of FXR and TGR-5 in HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Huai-Wu He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yun Long
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Gong Y, Li K, Qin Y, Zeng K, Liu J, Huang S, Chen Y, Yu H, Liu W, Ye L, Yang Y. Norcholic Acid Promotes Tumor Progression and Immune Escape by Regulating Farnesoid X Receptor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:711448. [PMID: 34888230 PMCID: PMC8648605 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.711448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows a close association between various types of bile acids (BAs) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and they have been revealed to affect tumor immune response and progression mainly by regulating Farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Nevertheless, the roles of Norcholic acid(NorCA) in HCC progression remain unknown yet. In this study, herein we demonstrate that NorCA can promote HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion through negatively regulating FXR. Additionally, NorCA can increase PD-L1 level on the surfaces of HCC cells and their exosomes, and NorCA-induced exosomes dramatically dampen the function of CD4+T cells, thereby inducing an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Meanwhile, a negative correlation between PD-L1 and FXR expression in human HCC specimens was identified, and HCC patients with FXRlowPD-L1high expression exhibit a rather dismal survival outcome. Importantly, FXR agonist (GW4064) can synergize with anti-PD-1 antibody (Ab) to inhibit HCC growth in tumor-bearing models. Taken together, NorCA can promote HCC progression and immune invasion by inhibiting FXR signaling, implying a superiority of the combination of FXR agonist and anti-PD-1 Ab to the monotherapy of immune checkpoint inhibitor in combating HCC. However, more well-designed animal experiments and clinical trials are warranted to further confirm our findings in future due to the limitations in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Gong
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Qin
- Department of Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaining Zeng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaozhuo Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yewu Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyuan Yu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linsen Ye
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Fan M, Wang Y, Jin L, Fang Z, Peng J, Tu J, Liu Y, Zhang E, Xu S, Liu X, Huo Y, Sun Z, Chao X, Ding WX, Yan Q, Huang W. Bile Acid-Mediated Activation of Brown Fat Protects From Alcohol-Induced Steatosis and Liver Injury in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:809-826. [PMID: 34896286 PMCID: PMC8802063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD) is one of the most common causes of liver injury and failure. Limited knowledge of the mechanisms underlying AALD impedes the development of efficacious therapies. Bile acid (BA) signaling was shown to participate in the progression of AALD. However, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS C57BL/6J wild-type (WT), Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5) knockout (KO) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)-specific TGR5 knockdown mice were subjected to ethanol feeding-induced AALD. Liver samples from alcoholic hepatitis patients were used to examine the BA circulation signaling. Human Embryonic Kidney Cells 293 were used for the TGR5 reporter assay. 23(S)-methyl-lithocholic acid was used as a molecular tool to confirm the regulatory functions of BAT in the AALD mouse model. RESULTS Ethanol feeding increased the expression of the thermogenesis genes downstream of TGR5 in BAT of WT, but not TGR5 KO, mice. TGR5 deficiency significantly blocked BAT activity and energy expenditure in mice after ethanol feeding. Alcohol increased serum BA levels in mice and human beings through altering BA transportation, and the altered BAs activated TGR5 signaling to regulate metabolism. Compared with ethanol-fed WT mice, ethanol-fed TGR5 KO mice showed less free fatty acid (FFA) β-oxidation in BAT, leading to higher levels of FFA in the circulation, increased liver uptake of FFAs, and exacerbated AALD. BAT-specific TGR5 knockdown mice showed similar results with TGR5 KO mice in AALD. Agonist treatment significantly activated TGR5 signaling in BAT, increased thermogenesis, reduced serum FFA level, and ameliorated hepatic steatosis and injury in AALD mice, while these effects were lost in TGR5 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS BA signaling plays a protective role in AALD by enhancing BAT thermogenesis. Targeting TGR5 in BAT may be a promising approach for the treatment of AALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Fan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Yangmeng Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Zhipeng Fang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Jiangling Peng
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Jui Tu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Eryun Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Senlin Xu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California,Graduate School of Biological Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Qingfeng Yan, PhD, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China. fax: 01186-571-88206646.
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Duarte, California,Graduate School of Biological Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Wendong Huang, PhD, Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010. fax: (626) 256-8704.
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Wang Y, Sun H, Chen Y, Guan W, Zhang J, Yu H, Wang Y, Wang W. The ameliorative effects of probiotic‐fermented soymilk on acute alcoholic liver injury. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Haiyue Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Yiying Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Wuyang Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Changchun Shengjinnuo Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd Changchun China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology Changchun China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
- National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology Changchun China
| | - Weili Wang
- Changchun Customs Technical Center Changchun China
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da Silva JA, Figueiredo LS, Chaves JO, Oliveira KM, Carneiro EM, Abreu PA, Ribeiro RA. Effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on glucose homeostasis: Potential binding of this bile acid with the insulin receptor. Life Sci 2021; 285:120020. [PMID: 34624320 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The bile acid (BA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) regulates glucose homeostasis; however, it is not clear whether its effects on insulin signaling are due to its direct interaction with the insulin receptor (IR) or through activation of the G-coupled BA receptor, TGR5. We, herein, investigated whether the actions of TUDCA on glucose homeostasis occur via IR or TGR5 activation. MAIN METHODS Glucose homeostasis was evaluated in high-fat diet (HFD)-obese or control (CTL) mice, after 30 days or one intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 300 mg/kg TUDCA, respectively. Molecular docking was performed to investigate the potential binding of TUDCA on the IR and TGR5. KEY FINDINGS After 30 days of TUDCA treatment, HFD mice exhibited improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, which were abolished when these rodents received the IR antagonist, S961. Molecular docking experiments showed that TUDCA demonstrates high binding affinity for TGR5 and IR and strongly interacts with the insulin binding sites 1 and 2 of the IR. Consistent with this potential agonist activity of TUDCA on IR, CTL mice displayed increased hepatic phosphorylation of AKT after an ip injection of TUDCA. This effect was not associated with altered glycemia in CTL mice and was dependent on IR activation, as S961 prevented hepatic AKT activation by TUDCA. Furthermore, TUDCA activated the hepatic protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway in CTL mice, even after the administration of S961. SIGNIFICANCE We provide novel evidence that TUDCA may be an agonist of the IR, in turn activating AKT and contributing, at least in part, to its beneficial effects upon glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Letícia S Figueiredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Janaína O Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kênia M Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Everardo M Carneiro
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula A Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Macaé, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane A Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Macaé, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
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Kong L, Dong R, Huang K, Wang X, Wang D, Yue N, Wang C, Sun P, Gu J, Luo H, Liu K, Wu J, Sun H, Meng Q. Yangonin modulates lipid homeostasis, ameliorates cholestasis and cellular senescence in alcoholic liver disease via activating nuclear receptor FXR. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 90:153629. [PMID: 34304130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a progressive disease beginning with simple steatosis but can progress to alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. The morbidity of ALD is on the rise and has been a large burden on global healthcare system. It is unfortunately that there are currently no approved therapeutic drugs against ALD. Hence, it is of utmost urgency to develop the efficacious therapies. The ability of many molecular targets against ALD is under investigation. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the ligand-activated transcription factor superfamily, has been recently demonstrated to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of ALD. PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to determine whether Yangonin (YAN), a FXR agonist previously demonstrated by us, exerts the hepatoprotective effects against ALD and further to clarify the mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. STUDY DESIGN The alcoholic liver disease model induced by Lieber-Decarli liquid diet was established with or without Yan treatment. METHODS We determined the liver to body weight ratios, the body weight, serum and hepatic biochemical indicators. The alleviation of the liver histopathological progression was evaluated by H&E and immunohistochemical staining. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to demonstrate YAN treatment-mediated alleviation mechanisms of ALD. RESULTS The data indicated that YAN existed hepatoprotective activity against ALD via FXR activation. YAN improved the lipid homeostasis by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis and increasing fatty acid β-oxidation and lipoprotein lipolysis through modulating the related protein. Also, YAN ameliorated ethanol-induced cholestasis via inhibiting bile acid uptake transporter Ntcp and inducing bile acid efflux transporter Bsep and Mrp2 expression. Besides, YAN improved bile acid homeostasis via inducing Sult2a1 expression and inhibiting Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 expression. Furthermore, YAN attenuated ethanol-triggered hepatocyte damage by inhibiting cellular senescence marker P16, P21 and Hmga1 expression. Also, YAN alleviated ethanol-induced inflammation by down-regulating the inflammation-related gene IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α expression. Notably, the protective effects of YAN were cancelled by FXR siRNA in vitro and FXR antagonist GS in vivo. CONCLUSIONS YAN exerted significant hepatoprotective effects against liver injury triggered by ethanol via FXR-mediated target gene modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Kong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Renchao Dong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Dalong Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Nan Yue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Pengyuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jiangning Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Haifeng Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Matye DJ, Li Y, Chen C, Chao X, Wang H, Ni H, Ding WX, Li T. Gut-restricted apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor attenuates alcohol-induced liver steatosis and injury in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1188-1199. [PMID: 33885179 PMCID: PMC8717856 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that human and experimental alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is robustly associated with dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis, which may in turn modulate disease severity. Pharmacological agents targeting bile acid metabolism and signaling may be potential therapeutics for ALD. METHODS The potential beneficial effects of a gut-restricted apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor were studied in a chronic-plus-binge ALD mouse model. RESULTS Blocking intestinal bile acid reabsorption by the gut-restricted ASBT inhibitor GSK2330672 attenuated hepatic steatosis and liver injury in a chronic-plus-binge ALD mouse model. Alcohol feeding is associated with intestinal bile acid accumulation but paradoxically impaired ileal farnesoid × receptor (FXR) function, and repressed hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydrolase (CYP7A1) expression despite decreased hepatic small heterodimer partner (SHP) and ileal fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) expression. ASBT inhibitor treatment decreased intestinal bile acid accumulation and increased hepatic CYP7A1 expression, but further decreased ileal FXR activity. Alcohol feeding induces serum bile acid concentration that strongly correlates with a liver injury marker. However, alcohol-induced serum bile acid elevation is not due to intrahepatic bile acid accumulation but is strongly and positively associated with hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP4) and MRP4 induction but poorly associated with sodium-taurocholate cotransporting peptide (NTCP) expression. ASBT inhibitor treatment decreases serum bile acid concentration without affecting hepatocyte basolateral bile acid uptake and efflux transporters. CONCLUSION ASBT inhibitor treatment corrects alcohol-induced bile acid dysregulation and attenuates liver injury in experimental ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Matye
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Cheng Chen
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Huaiwen Wang
- Laboratory For Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Hongmin Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Tiangang Li
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Sun R, Xu C, Feng B, Gao X, Liu Z. Critical roles of bile acids in regulating intestinal mucosal immune responses. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211018098. [PMID: 34104213 PMCID: PMC8165529 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211018098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are a class of cholesterol derivatives that have been known for a long time for their critical roles in facilitating the digestion and absorption of lipid from the daily diet. The transformation of primary bile acids produced by the liver to secondary bile acids appears under the action of microbiota in the intestine, greatly expanding the molecular diversity of the intestinal environment. With the discovery of several new receptors of bile acids and signaling pathways, bile acids are considered as a family of important metabolites that play pleiotropic roles in regulating many aspects of human overall health, especially in the maintenance of the microbiota homeostasis and the balance of the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Accordingly, disruption of the process involved in the metabolism or circulation of bile acids is implicated in many disorders that mainly affect the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. In this review, we discuss the different metabolism profiles in diseases associated with the intestinal mucosa and the diverse roles of bile acids in regulating the intestinal immune system. Furthermore, we also summarize recent advances in the field of new drugs that target bile acid signaling and highlight the importance of bile acids as a new target for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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The Impact of the NLRP3 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcohol-Related Liver Disease. LIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/livers1020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of hepatic steatosis and inflammation is increasingly associated with both metabolic and alcohol-related liver conditions. Both are on the increase globally and, apart from liver transplantation, there are no licensed therapies that target the full complement of disease features. The presence of some shared pathogenic mechanisms and histological features in NAFLD and ALD suggests that it may be possible to develop markers for prognostication or staging, or indeed new therapeutic tools to treat both conditions. One such example of an approach exists in the form of the NACHT-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome results in hepatocyte pyroptosis, persistence, and amplification of liver inflammation and activation of profibrogenic signaling cascades. Thus, targeting elements of the pathway in NAFLD and ALD may provide a tractable route to pharmacological therapy. In this review, we summarize the contribution of this inflammasome to disease and review the current options for therapy.
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The pathophysiological function of non-gastrointestinal farnesoid X receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107867. [PMID: 33895191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) influences bile acid homeostasis and the progression of various diseases. While the roles of hepatic and intestinal FXR in enterohepatic transport of bile acids and metabolic diseases were reviewed previously, the pathophysiological functions of FXR in non-gastrointestinal cells and tissues have received little attention. Thus, the roles of FXR in the liver, immune system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidney, and pancreas beyond the gastrointestinal system are reviewed herein. Gain of FXR function studies in non-gastrointestinal tissues reveal that FXR signaling improves various experimentally-induced metabolic and immune diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, primary biliary cholangitis, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, and diabetic nephropathy, while loss of FXR promotes regulatory T cells production, protects the brain against ischemic injury, atherosclerosis, and inhibits pancreatic tumor progression. The downstream pathways regulated by FXR are diverse and tissue/cell-specific, and FXR has both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activities, all of which may explain why activation and inhibition of FXR signaling could produce paradoxical or even opposite effects in some experimental disease models. FXR signaling is frequently compromised by diseases, especially during the progressive stage, and rescuing FXR expression may provide a promising strategy for boosting the therapeutic effect of FXR agonists. Tissue/cell-specific modulation of non-gastrointestinal FXR could influence the treatment of various diseases. This review provides a guide for drug discovery and clinical use of FXR modulators.
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Li HY, Gan RY, Shang A, Mao QQ, Sun QC, Wu DT, Geng F, He XQ, Li HB. Plant-Based Foods and Their Bioactive Compounds on Fatty Liver Disease: Effects, Mechanisms, and Clinical Application. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6621644. [PMID: 33728021 PMCID: PMC7939748 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6621644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD), including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), is a serious chronic metabolic disease that affects a wide range of people. Lipid accumulation accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver is the most important pathogenesis of FLD. The plant-based, high-fiber, and low-fat diet has been recommended to manage FLD for a long time. This review discusses the current state of the art into the effects, mechanisms, and clinical application of plant-based foods in NAFLD and AFLD, with highlighting related molecular mechanisms. Epidemiological evidence revealed that the consumption of several plant-based foods was beneficial to alleviating FLD. Further experimental studies found out that fruits, spices, teas, coffee, and other plants, as well as their bioactive compounds, such as resveratrol, anthocyanin, curcumin, and tea polyphenols, could alleviate FLD by ameliorating hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, gut dysbiosis, and apoptosis, as well as regulating autophagy and ethanol metabolism. More importantly, clinical trials confirmed the beneficial effects of plant-based foods on patients with fatty liver. However, several issues need to be further studied especially the safety and effective doses of plant-based foods and their bioactive compounds. Overall, certain plant-based foods are promising natural sources of bioactive compounds to prevent and alleviate fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Yu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Ao Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qian-Qian Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Quan-Cai Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Qin He
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Funeshima N, Miura R, Katoh T, Yaginuma H, Kitou T, Yoshimura I, Konda K, Hamano S, Shirasuna K. Metabolomic profiles of plasma and uterine luminal fluids from healthy and repeat breeder Holstein cows. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:54. [PMID: 33509174 PMCID: PMC7842029 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repeat breeding is a critical reproductive disorder in cattle. The problem of repeat breeder cattle remains largely unmanageable due to a lack of informative biomarkers. Here, we utilized metabolomic profiling in an attempt to identify metabolites in the blood plasma and uterine luminal fluids. We collected blood and uterine fluid from repeat breeder and healthy cows on day 7 of the estrous cycle. Results Metabolomic analysis identified 17 plasma metabolites detected at concentrations that distinguished between the two groups, including decreased various bile acids among the repeat breeders. However, no metabolites that varied significantly were detected in the uterine luminal fluids between two groups. Among the plasma samples, kynurenine was identified as undergoing the most significant variation. Kynurenine is a metabolite produced from tryptophan via the actions of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). As IDO is key for maternal immune tolerance and induced in response to interferon tau (IFNT, ruminant maternal recognition of pregnancy factor), we examined the responsiveness to IFNT on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from healthy and repeat breeder cows. The mRNA expression of IFNT-response makers (ISG15 and MX2) were significantly increased by IFNT treatment in a dose-dependent manner in both groups. Although treatment with IFNT promoted the expression of IDO in PBMCs from both groups, it did so at a substantially reduced rate among the repeat breeder cows, suggesting that decreased levels of kynurenine may relate to the reduced IDO expression in repeat breeder cows. Conclusions These findings provide valuable information towards the identification of critical biomarkers for repeat breeding syndrome in cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02755-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Funeshima
- Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Miura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Taiga Katoh
- Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan
| | - Hikari Yaginuma
- Animal Bio-Technology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc., Shinagawa, Tokyo, 135-0041, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitou
- Animal Bio-Technology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc., Shinagawa, Tokyo, 135-0041, Japan
| | - Itaru Yoshimura
- Fuji Animal Research Farm, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kawaguchiko, Yamanashi, 401-3338, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Konda
- Kanagawa Prefectural Livestock Industry Technology Center, Ebina, Kanagawa, 243-0417, Japan
| | - Seizo Hamano
- Maebashi Institute of Animal Science, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc., Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0121, Japan
| | - Koumei Shirasuna
- Department of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0034, Japan.
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Spatz M, Ciocan D, Merlen G, Rainteau D, Humbert L, Gomes-Rochette N, Hugot C, Trainel N, Mercier-Nomé F, Domenichini S, Puchois V, Wrzosek L, Ferrere G, Tordjmann T, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM. Bile acid-receptor TGR5 deficiency worsens liver injury in alcohol-fed mice by inducing intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100230. [PMID: 33665587 PMCID: PMC7903352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Bile-acid metabolism and the intestinal microbiota are impaired in alcohol-related liver disease. Activation of the bile-acid receptor TGR5 (or GPBAR1) controls both biliary homeostasis and inflammatory processes. We examined the role of TGR5 in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Methods We used TGR5-deficient (TGR5-KO) and wild-type (WT) female mice, fed alcohol or not, to study the involvement of liver macrophages, the intestinal microbiota (16S sequencing), and bile-acid profiles (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry). Hepatic triglyceride accumulation and inflammatory processes were assessed in parallel. Results TGR5 deficiency worsened liver injury, as shown by greater steatosis and inflammation than in WT mice. Isolation of liver macrophages from WT and TGR5-KO alcohol-fed mice showed that TGR5 deficiency did not increase the pro-inflammatory phenotype of liver macrophages but increased their recruitment to the liver. TGR5 deficiency induced dysbiosis, independently of alcohol intake, and transplantation of the TGR5-KO intestinal microbiota to WT mice was sufficient to worsen alcohol-induced liver inflammation. Secondary bile-acid levels were markedly lower in alcohol-fed TGR5-KO than normally fed WT and TGR5-KO mice. Consistent with these results, predictive analysis showed the abundance of bacterial genes involved in bile-acid transformation to be lower in alcohol-fed TGR5-KO than WT mice. This altered bile-acid profile may explain, in particular, why bile-acid synthesis was not repressed and inflammatory processes were exacerbated. Conclusions A lack of TGR5 was associated with worsening of alcohol-induced liver injury, a phenotype mainly related to intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and an altered bile-acid profile, following the consumption of alcohol. Lay summary Excessive chronic alcohol intake can induce liver disease. Bile acids are molecules produced by the liver and can modulate disease severity. We addressed the specific role of TGR5, a bile-acid receptor. We found that TGR5 deficiency worsened alcohol-induced liver injury and induced both intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and bile-acid pool remodelling. Our data suggest that both the intestinal microbiota and TGR5 may be targeted in the context of human alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcohol-related liver diseases
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- Alc, alcohol
- Alcoholic liver disease
- BA, bile acids
- BHI, brain heart infusion
- Bile acid
- C57, conventional mice
- C57C57, conventional mice transplanted with their own IM
- CA, cholic acid
- CCL, CC motif chemokine ligands
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- Col1a1, collagen type-I alpha-1 chain
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- Dysbiosis
- FDR, false-discovery rate
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Gut-liver axis
- IM, intestinal microbiota
- Inflammation
- KC, Kupffer cells
- KO, knockout
- Kupffer cells
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LDA, linear discriminative analysis
- LEfsE, LDA effect size
- MCA, muricholic acid
- MO, monocytes/macrophages
- Microbiome
- NFkB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- OTU, operational taxonomic unit
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCoA, principal coordinate analysis
- PICRUSt, phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states
- RIN, RNA integrity number
- TBA, total bile acids
- TG, triglycerides
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- WT, wild-type
- WTKO, WT mice transplanted with the IM of TGR5-KO mice
- alpha-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
- mMMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Spatz
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Dragos Ciocan
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France.,AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | | | - Dominique Rainteau
- UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France.,Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France.,Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Neuza Gomes-Rochette
- UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France.,Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Hugot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Nicolas Trainel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Françoise Mercier-Nomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Séverine Domenichini
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Virginie Puchois
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Laura Wrzosek
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Gladys Ferrere
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | | | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France.,AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
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Kwong EK, Puri P. Gut microbiome changes in Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease & alcoholic liver disease. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:3. [PMID: 33409398 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2020.02.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are some of the most common liver diseases worldwide. The human gut microbiome is dynamic and shifts in bacterial composition have been implicated in many diseases. Studies have shown that there is a shift in bacterial overgrowth favoring pro-inflammatory mediators in patients with advanced disease progression such as cirrhosis. Further investigation demonstrated that the transplantation of gut microbiota from advanced liver disease patients can reproduce severe liver inflammation and injury in mice. Various techniques in manipulating the gut microbiota have been attempted including fecal transplantation and probiotics. This review focuses on the changes in the gut microbiota as well as emerging lines of microbiome work with respect to NAFLD and ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Kwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Puneet Puri
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.,Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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47
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Duez H, Pourcet B. Nuclear Receptors in the Control of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:630536. [PMID: 33716981 PMCID: PMC7947301 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.630536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense specialized in the clearing of invaders whether foreign elements like microbes or self-elements that accumulate abnormally including cellular debris. Inflammasomes are master regulators of the innate immune system, especially in macrophages, and are key sensors involved in maintaining cellular health in response to cytolytic pathogens or stress signals. Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic complexes typically composed of a sensor molecule such as NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs), an adaptor protein including ASC and an effector protein such as caspase 1. Upon stimulation, inflammasome complex components associate to promote the cleavage of the pro-caspase 1 into active caspase-1 and the subsequent activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-18 and IL-1β. Deficiency or overactivation of such important sensors leads to critical diseases including Alzheimer diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancers, acute liver diseases, and cardiometabolic diseases. Inflammasomes are tightly controlled by a two-step activation regulatory process consisting in a priming step, which activates the transcription of inflammasome components, and an activation step which leads to the inflammasome complex formation and the subsequent cleavage of pro-IL1 cytokines. Apart from the NF-κB pathway, nuclear receptors have recently been proposed as additional regulators of this pathway. This review will discuss the role of nuclear receptors in the control of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the putative beneficial effect of new modulators of inflammasomes in the treatment of inflammatory diseases including colitis, fulminant hepatitis, cardiac ischemia-reperfusion and brain diseases.
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48
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Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Wang DQH. Bile Acids and GPBAR-1: Dynamic Interaction Involving Genes, Environment and Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3709. [PMID: 33266235 PMCID: PMC7760347 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. BA undergo continuous enterohepatic recycling through intestinal biotransformation by gut microbiome and reabsorption into the portal tract for uptake by hepatocytes. BA are detergent molecules aiding the digestion and absorption of dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins, but also act as important signaling molecules via the nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and the membrane-associated G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR-1) in the distal intestine, liver and extra hepatic tissues. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the BA pool is finely regulated to prevent BA overload and liver injury. By contrast, hydrophilic BA can be hepatoprotective. The ultimate effects of BA-mediated activation of GPBAR-1 is poorly understood, but this receptor may play a role in protecting the remnant liver and in maintaining biliary homeostasis. In addition, GPBAR-1 acts on pathways involved in inflammation, biliary epithelial barrier permeability, BA pool hydrophobicity, and sinusoidal blood flow. Recent evidence suggests that environmental factors influence GPBAR-1 gene expression. Thus, targeting GPBAR-1 might improve liver protection, facilitating beneficial metabolic effects through primary prevention measures. Here, we discuss the complex pathways linked to BA effects, signaling properties of the GPBAR-1, mechanisms of liver damage, gene-environment interactions, and therapeutic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mirco Vacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (M.D.A.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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New-Aaron M, Ganesan M, Dagur RS, Kharbanda KK, Poluektova LY, Osna NA. Obeticholic acid attenuates human immunodeficiency virus/alcohol metabolism-induced pro-fibrotic activation in liver cells. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:965-975. [PMID: 33312422 PMCID: PMC7701963 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i11.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morbidity and mortality of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection is often associated with liver disease, which progresses slowly into severe liver dysfunction. There are multiple insults which exacerbate HIV-related liver injury, including HIV-associated dysregulation of lipid metabolism and fat turnover, co-infections with hepatotropic viruses and alcohol abuse. As we reported before, exposure of hepatocytes to HIV and alcohol metabolites causes high oxidative stress, impairs proteasomal and lysosomal functions leading to accumulation of HIV in these cells, which end-ups with apoptotic cell death and finally promotes development of liver fibrosis.
AIM To study whether obeticholic acid (OCA) prevents HIV/ethanol metabolism-induced hepatotoxicity and subsequent activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) by HIV+ apoptotic hepatocyte engulfment.
METHODS Huh7.5-CYP (RLW) cells were exposed to HIV and acetaldehyde-generating system (AGS) in the presence or absence of OCA. In the cells, we measured the expression of HIV-related markers: HIVgagRNA-by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), p24- by western blot, HIV DNA-by semi-nested PCR, integrated HIV DNA-by ddPCR. Lysosomal and proteasomal activities were measured using fluorometrically-labeled substrates. For hepatocyte apoptosis, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP were visualized by western blot and cytokeratin 18- by M30 ELISA-in supernatants. Apoptotic bodies were generated from untreated and HIV-treated RLW cells exposed to UV light. Pro-fibrotic activation of HSC was characterized by Col1A1 and transforming growth factor-β mRNAs, while inflammasome activation- by NLRP3, caspase 1, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β mRNA levels.
RESULTS In RLW cells, OCA treatment attenuated HIV-AGS-induced accumulation of HIVgagRNA, HIV DNA and p24. OCA suppressed reactive oxygen species production and restored chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity as well as cathepsin B lysosome activity. OCA also decreased HIV-AGS-triggered apoptosis in RLW cells. Exposure of HIV-containing apoptotic hepatocytes to HSC prevented activation of inflammasome and induced pro-fibrotic activation in these cells.
CONCLUSION We conclude that by suppressing oxidative stress and restoring proteasomal and lysosomal functions impaired by HIV and ethanol metabolism, OCA decreases accumulation of HIV in hepatocytes, leading to down-regulation of apoptosis in these cells. In addition, OCA reverses pro-fibrotic and inflammasome-related activation of HSC triggered by engulfment of HIV-containing apoptotic hepatocytes, potentially contributing to suppression of liver fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses New-Aaron
- Department of Environmental, Agriculture and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Raghubendra Singh Dagur
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
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50
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Dong R, Wang X, Wang L, Wang C, Huang K, Fu T, Liu K, Wu J, Sun H, Meng Q. Yangonin inhibits ethanol-induced hepatocyte senescence via miR-194/FXR axis. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 890:173653. [PMID: 33068587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol assumption has been recognized as a major cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which ranges from alcoholic steatohepatitis to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Alcoholic liver disease has become the leading cause of liver-related health problem in the world. Herewith, effective therapeutic strategy for alcoholic liver disease is necessary. Yangonin (Yan), a bioactive compound extract from Kava, has been reported to exert hepatoprotective effects via Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation. The present study aims to investigate whether Yan ameliorated the ethanol-stimulated liver injury and further to elucidate the mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Yan improved cell viabilities via cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) methods and obviously reduced aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG) levels. We detected miR-194 levels in ethanol-induced LO2 cells and male C57BL/6 mice by quantitative real-time PCR. Also, the effects of miR-194 on modulating cellular senescence via targeting FXR were further verified. The cellular senescence markers p16, p21, telomerase activity and senescence-related β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. Also, LO2 cells or liver tissues were stained with special primary antibodies and 4',6'-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. We observed that Yan significantly inhibited ethanol-induced cellular senescence via FXR activation (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that Yan significantly reduced the cellular markers p16, p21 and Hmga1 expression and inhibited the cell cycle arrest (P < 0.05). MiR-194 was upregulated in the alcoholic liver disease, which was significantly suppressed by Yan (P < 0.05). Moreover, miR-194 mimic inhibited FXR expression in vitro. In summary, these aggregated data demonstrate that Yan alleviates chronic ethanol-induced liver injury through inhibition of cellular senescence via regulating miR-194/FXR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renchao Dong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Ting Fu
- Pharmacy Department of Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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