1
|
Nunez N, Derré-Bobillot A, Trainel N, Lakisic G, Lecomte A, Mercier-Nomé F, Cassard AM, Bierne H, Serror P, Archambaud C. The unforeseen intracellular lifestyle of Enterococcus faecalis in hepatocytes. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2058851. [PMID: 35373699 PMCID: PMC8986240 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2058851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterial species present at a subdominant level in the human gut microbiota. This commensal turns into an opportunistic pathogen under specific conditions involving dysbiosis and host immune deficiency. E. faecalis is one of the rare pathobionts identified to date as contributing to liver damage in alcoholic liver disease. We have previously observed that E. faecalis is internalized in hepatocytes. Here, the survival and fate of E. faecalis was examined in hepatocytes, the main epithelial cell type in the liver. Although referred to as an extracellular pathogen, we demonstrate that E. faecalis is able to survive and divide in hepatocytes, and form intracellular clusters in two distinct hepatocyte cell lines, in primary mouse hepatocytes, as well as in vivo. This novel process extends to kidney cells. Unraveling the intracellular lifestyle of E. faecalis, our findings contribute to the understanding of pathobiont-driven diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nunez
- Université -Saclay, Inrae, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Nicolas Trainel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Clamart, France
| | - Goran Lakisic
- Université -Saclay, Inrae, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alexandre Lecomte
- Université -Saclay, Inrae, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Françoise Mercier-Nomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d’Innovation Thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Clamart, France
| | - Hélène Bierne
- Université -Saclay, Inrae, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pascale Serror
- Université -Saclay, Inrae, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France,CONTACT Pascale Serror Université Paris-Saclay, Inrae, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cristel Archambaud
- Université -Saclay, Inrae, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France,Cristel Archambaud Université Paris-Saclay, Inrae, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Houron C, Ciocan D, Trainel N, Mercier-Nomé F, Hugot C, Spatz M, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM. Gut Microbiota Reshaped by Pectin Treatment Improves Liver Steatosis in Obese Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:3725. [PMID: 34835981 PMCID: PMC8621973 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin, a soluble fiber, improves non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease (NAFLD), but its mechanisms are unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of pectin-induced changes in intestinal microbiota (IM) in NAFLD. We recovered the IM from mice fed a high-fat diet, treated or not with pectin, to perform a fecal microbiota transfer (FMT). Mice fed a high-fat diet, which induces NAFLD, were treated with pectin or received a fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) from mice treated with pectin before (preventive FMT) or after (curative FMT) being fed a high-fat diet. Pectin prevented the development of NAFLD, induced browning of adipose tissue, and modified the IM without increasing the abundance of proteobacteria. Preventive FMT also induced browning of white adipose tissue but did not improve liver steatosis, in contrast to curative FMT, which induced an improvement in steatosis. This was associated with an increase in the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in contrast to preventive FMT, which induced an increase in the concentration of branched SCFAs. Overall, we show that the effect of pectin may be partially mediated by gut bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Houron
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 32 rue des carnets, 92140 Clamart, France; (C.H.); (D.C.); (N.T.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Dragos Ciocan
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 32 rue des carnets, 92140 Clamart, France; (C.H.); (D.C.); (N.T.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (G.P.)
- AP-HP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Nicolas Trainel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 32 rue des carnets, 92140 Clamart, France; (C.H.); (D.C.); (N.T.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Françoise Mercier-Nomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d’Innovation Thérapeutique, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France;
| | - Cindy Hugot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 32 rue des carnets, 92140 Clamart, France; (C.H.); (D.C.); (N.T.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Madeleine Spatz
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 32 rue des carnets, 92140 Clamart, France; (C.H.); (D.C.); (N.T.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 32 rue des carnets, 92140 Clamart, France; (C.H.); (D.C.); (N.T.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (G.P.)
- AP-HP, Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 32 rue des carnets, 92140 Clamart, France; (C.H.); (D.C.); (N.T.); (C.H.); (M.S.); (G.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wrzosek L, Ciocan D, Hugot C, Spatz M, Dupeux M, Houron C, Lievin-Le Moal V, Puchois V, Ferrere G, Trainel N, Mercier-Nomé F, Durand S, Kroemer G, Voican CS, Emond P, Straube M, Sokol H, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM. Microbiota tryptophan metabolism induces aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and improves alcohol-induced liver injury. Gut 2021; 70:1299-1308. [PMID: 33004548 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic alcohol consumption is an important cause of liver-related deaths. Specific intestinal microbiota profiles are associated with susceptibility or resistance to alcoholic liver disease in both mice and humans. We aimed to identify the mechanisms by which targeting intestinal microbiota can improve alcohol-induced liver lesions. DESIGN We used human associated mice, a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease transplanted with the intestinal microbiota of alcoholic patients and used the prebiotic, pectin, to modulate the intestinal microbiota. Based on metabolomic analyses, we focused on microbiota tryptophan metabolites, which are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Involvement of the AhR pathway was assessed using both a pharmacological approach and AhR-deficient mice. RESULTS Pectin treatment modified the microbiome and metabolome in human microbiota-associated alcohol-fed mice, leading to a specific faecal signature. High production of bacterial tryptophan metabolites was associated with an improvement of liver injury. The AhR agonist Ficz (6-formylindolo (3,2-b) carbazole) reduced liver lesions, similarly to prebiotic treatment. Conversely, inactivation of the ahr gene in alcohol-fed AhR knock-out mice abrogated the beneficial effects of the prebiotic. Importantly, patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis have low levels of bacterial tryptophan derivatives that are AhR agonists. CONCLUSIONS Improvement of alcoholic liver disease by targeting the intestinal microbiota involves the AhR pathway, which should be considered as a new therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wrzosek
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Dragos Ciocan
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France.,Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, AP-HP, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Cindy Hugot
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Madeleine Spatz
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Margot Dupeux
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Camille Houron
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | | | - Virginie Puchois
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Gladys Ferrere
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Nicolas Trainel
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Françoise Mercier-Nomé
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation thérapeutique, Paris-Saclay University, Chatenay-Malabry, Île-de-France, France
| | - Sylvere Durand
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, Île-de-France, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, Île-de-France, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Cosmin Sebastian Voican
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France.,Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, AP-HP, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, University of Tours, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France.,Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, CHRU Tours, Tours, Centre, France
| | - Marjolène Straube
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne University, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne University, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Gastroenterology department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- UMR996, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Clamart, Île-de-France, France .,Hepato-Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Antoine-Béclère Hospital, AP-HP, Clamart, Île-de-France, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Spatz M, Ciocan D, Merlen G, Rainteau D, Humbert L, Gomes-Rochette N, Hugot C, Trainel N, Mercier-Nomé F, Domenichini S, Puchois V, Wrzosek L, Ferrere G, Tordjmann T, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM. Bile acid-receptor TGR5 deficiency worsens liver injury in alcohol-fed mice by inducing intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100230. [PMID: 33665587 PMCID: PMC7903352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Bile-acid metabolism and the intestinal microbiota are impaired in alcohol-related liver disease. Activation of the bile-acid receptor TGR5 (or GPBAR1) controls both biliary homeostasis and inflammatory processes. We examined the role of TGR5 in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Methods We used TGR5-deficient (TGR5-KO) and wild-type (WT) female mice, fed alcohol or not, to study the involvement of liver macrophages, the intestinal microbiota (16S sequencing), and bile-acid profiles (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry). Hepatic triglyceride accumulation and inflammatory processes were assessed in parallel. Results TGR5 deficiency worsened liver injury, as shown by greater steatosis and inflammation than in WT mice. Isolation of liver macrophages from WT and TGR5-KO alcohol-fed mice showed that TGR5 deficiency did not increase the pro-inflammatory phenotype of liver macrophages but increased their recruitment to the liver. TGR5 deficiency induced dysbiosis, independently of alcohol intake, and transplantation of the TGR5-KO intestinal microbiota to WT mice was sufficient to worsen alcohol-induced liver inflammation. Secondary bile-acid levels were markedly lower in alcohol-fed TGR5-KO than normally fed WT and TGR5-KO mice. Consistent with these results, predictive analysis showed the abundance of bacterial genes involved in bile-acid transformation to be lower in alcohol-fed TGR5-KO than WT mice. This altered bile-acid profile may explain, in particular, why bile-acid synthesis was not repressed and inflammatory processes were exacerbated. Conclusions A lack of TGR5 was associated with worsening of alcohol-induced liver injury, a phenotype mainly related to intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and an altered bile-acid profile, following the consumption of alcohol. Lay summary Excessive chronic alcohol intake can induce liver disease. Bile acids are molecules produced by the liver and can modulate disease severity. We addressed the specific role of TGR5, a bile-acid receptor. We found that TGR5 deficiency worsened alcohol-induced liver injury and induced both intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and bile-acid pool remodelling. Our data suggest that both the intestinal microbiota and TGR5 may be targeted in the context of human alcohol-induced liver injury.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALD, alcohol-related liver diseases
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- Alc, alcohol
- Alcoholic liver disease
- BA, bile acids
- BHI, brain heart infusion
- Bile acid
- C57, conventional mice
- C57C57, conventional mice transplanted with their own IM
- CA, cholic acid
- CCL, CC motif chemokine ligands
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- Col1a1, collagen type-I alpha-1 chain
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- Dysbiosis
- FDR, false-discovery rate
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Gut-liver axis
- IM, intestinal microbiota
- Inflammation
- KC, Kupffer cells
- KO, knockout
- Kupffer cells
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LDA, linear discriminative analysis
- LEfsE, LDA effect size
- MCA, muricholic acid
- MO, monocytes/macrophages
- Microbiome
- NFkB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- OTU, operational taxonomic unit
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCoA, principal coordinate analysis
- PICRUSt, phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states
- RIN, RNA integrity number
- TBA, total bile acids
- TG, triglycerides
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- WT, wild-type
- WTKO, WT mice transplanted with the IM of TGR5-KO mice
- alpha-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
- mMMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Spatz
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Dragos Ciocan
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France.,AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | | | - Dominique Rainteau
- UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France.,Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France.,Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Neuza Gomes-Rochette
- UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France.,Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Hugot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Nicolas Trainel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Françoise Mercier-Nomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Séverine Domenichini
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Virginie Puchois
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Laura Wrzosek
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Gladys Ferrere
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | | | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France.,AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| |
Collapse
|