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Moriya F, Shimba K, Kotani K, Jimbo Y. Modulation of dynamics in a pre-existing hippocampal network by neural stem cells on a microelectrode array. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34380120 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1c88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Neural stem cells (NSCs) are continuously produced throughout life in the hippocampus, which is a vital structure for learning and memory. NSCs in the brain incorporate into the functional hippocampal circuits and contribute to processing information. However, little is known about the mechanisms of NSCs' activity in a pre-existing neuronal network. Here, we investigate the role of NSCs in the neuronal activity of a pre-existing hippocampalin vitronetwork grown on microelectrode arrays.Approach.We assessed the change in internal dynamics of the network by additional NSCs based on spontaneous activity. We also evaluated the networks' ability to discriminate between different input patterns by measuring evoked activity in response to external inputs.Main results.Analysis of spontaneous activity revealed that additional NSCs prolonged network bursts with longer intervals, generated a lower number of initiating patterns, and decreased synchronization among neurons. Moreover, the network with NSCs showed higher synchronicity in close connections among neurons responding to external inputs and a larger difference in spike counts and cross-correlations during evoked response between two different inputs. Taken together, our results suggested that NSCs alter the internal dynamics of the pre-existing hippocampal network and produce more specific responses to external inputs, thus enhancing the ability of the network to differentiate two different inputs.Significance.We demonstrated that NSCs improve the ability to distinguish external inputs by modulating the internal dynamics of a pre-existing network in a hippocampal culture. Our results provide novel insights into the relationship between NSCs and learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Moriya
- The Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimba
- The Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kotani
- The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Jimbo
- The Department of Precision Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Gürgen SG, Sayın O, Çeti̇n F, Sarsmaz HY, Yazıcı GN, Umur N, Yücel AT. The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Neuronal Signaling Molecules in the Hippocampus and the Neuroprotective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3028-3037. [PMID: 34328736 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavoring substance added to many ready-to-eat foods and has known neurotoxic effects. This study was performed in order to examine the potential toxic effect of MSG on neurons in various regions of the hippocampus in prepubertal rats. It also investigated the protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) expression in the brain, using immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. Six female prepubertal Wistar albino rats were used in each group. Group 1, the control group, received 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously (sc) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Group 2 received 4 mg/g MSG sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Group 3 received MSG + EPA (4 mg/g sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Oral 300 mg/kg for 9 d), while Group 4 received MSG + DHA (4 mg/g sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 and 300 mg/kg orally for 9 d, respectively). At the end of the ninth day the hippocampal regions of the brain were removed and either fixed for immunohistochemical staining or stored at -80 °C for biochemical parameter investigation. BDNF, NMDA-R, and NPY expression results were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. According to our findings, neurons in the control group hippocampal CA1 and DG regions exhibited strong BDNF, NPY, and NMDA-R reactions, while an expression in both regions decreased in the MSG group (p < 0.00). However, in the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups, BDNF, NPY, and NMDA-R immunoreactions in neurons in the same region were similar to those of the control group (p = 0.00). No significant difference was observed in terms of expression in hippocampal neurons between the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups (p > 0.00). In conclusion, since MSG caused a decrease in BDNF, NMDA-R, and NPY neural signaling molecules in the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus of prepubertal rats compared to the control group, care is required over the consumption of MSG, since it may affect memory-related neurons in these age groups. In addition, we concluded that the use of omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA in addition to MSG may protect against the neurotoxic effects of MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren Gülşen Gürgen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Oya Sayın
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Vocational Health Service, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Ferihan Çeti̇n
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34700, Turkey
| | - Hayrunnisa Yeşil Sarsmaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Health Science, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Gülce Naz Yazıcı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Umur
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Tuç Yücel
- Department of Anatomy, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
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3
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Zhao XM, He XY, Liu J, Xu Y, Xu FF, Tan YX, Zhang ZB, Wang TH. Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Improves Locomotor Function in Spinal Cord Transection Rats Associated with Nerve Regeneration and IGF-1 R Expression. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1197-1211. [PMID: 31271053 PMCID: PMC6767897 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719860128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a potential strategy for the treatment of
spinal cord transection (SCT). Here we investigated whether transplanted NSCs would
improve motor function of rats with SCT and explored the underlying mechanism. First, the
rats were divided into sham, SCT, and NSC groups. Rats in the SCT and NSC groups were all
subjected to SCT in T10, and were administered with media and NSC transplantation into the
lesion site, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to label Nestin-, TUNEL-, and
NeuN-positive cells and reveal the expression and location of type I insulin-like growth
factor receptor (IGF-1 R). Locomotor function of hind limbs was assessed by Basso,
Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score and inclined plane test. The conduction velocity and
amplitude of spinal nerve fibers were measured by electrophysiology and the anatomical
changes were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, expression of IGF-1 R
was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The results
showed that NSCs could survive and differentiate into neurons in vitro and in vivo.
SCT-induced deficits were reduced by NSC transplantation, including increase in
NeuN-positive cells and decrease in apoptotic cells. Moreover, neurophysiological profiles
indicated that the latent period was decreased and the peak-to-peak amplitude of spinal
nerve fibers conduction was increased in transplanted rats, while morphological measures
indicated that fractional anisotropy and the number of nerve fibers in the site of spinal
cord injury were increased after NSC transplantation. In addition, mRNA and protein level
of IGF-1 R were increased in the rostral segment in the NSC group, especially in neurons.
Therefore, we concluded that NSC transplantation promotes motor function improvement of
SCT, which might be associated with activated IGF-1 R, especially in the rostral site. All
of the above suggests that this approach has potential for clinical treatment of spinal
cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Zhao
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Both the author contributed equally to this article
| | - Xiu-Ying He
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Both the author contributed equally to this article
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei-Fei Xu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Xin Tan
- Laboratory Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zi-Bin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Pang AL, Xiong LL, Xia QJ, Liu F, Wang YC, Liu F, Zhang P, Meng BL, Tan S, Wang TH. Neural Stem Cell Transplantation Is Associated with Inhibition of Apoptosis, Bcl-xL Upregulation, and Recovery of Neurological Function in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1262-1275. [PMID: 28933221 PMCID: PMC5657736 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717715168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common disease that usually causes severe neurological damage, and current treatment is far from satisfactory. The neuroprotective effects of neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation in the injured nervous system have largely been known, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and their limited sources impede their clinical application. Here, we established a rat model of TBI by dropping a weight onto the cortical motor area of the brain and explored the effect of engrafted NSCs (passage 3, derived from the hippocampus of embryonic 12- to 14-d green fluorescent protein transgenic mice) on TBI rats. Moreover, RT-PCR and Western blotting were employed to investigate the possible mechanism associated with NSC grafts. We found rats with TBI exhibited a severe motor and equilibrium dysfunction, while NSC transplantation could partly improve the motor function and significantly reduce cell apoptosis and increase B-cell lymphoma–extra large (Bcl-xL) expression at 7 d postoperation. However, other genes including Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2, Fas ligand, and caspase3 did not exhibit significant differences in expression. Moreover, to test whether Bcl-xL could be used as a therapeutic target, herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 carrying Bcl-xL recombinant was constructed and injected into the pericontusional cortices. Bcl-xL overexpression not only resulted in a significant improvement in neurological function but also inhibits cell apoptosis, as compared with the TBI rats, and exhibits the same effects as the administration of NSC. The present study therefore indicated that NSC transplantation could promote the recovery of TBI rats in a manner similar to that of Bcl-xL overexpression. Therefore, Bcl-xL overexpression, to some extent, could be considered as a useful strategy to replace NSC grafting in the treatment of TBI in future clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Lan Pang
- 1 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,4 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liu-Lin Xiong
- 3 Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Jie Xia
- 3 Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fen Liu
- 3 Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - You-Cui Wang
- 3 Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- 3 Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Piao Zhang
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bu-Liang Meng
- 5 Department of Human Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,3 Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Hillman PR, Christian SGB, Doan R, Cohen ND, Konganti K, Douglas K, Wang X, Samollow PB, Dindot SV. Genomic imprinting does not reduce the dosage of UBE3A in neurons. Epigenetics Chromatin 2017; 10:27. [PMID: 28515788 PMCID: PMC5433054 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-017-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitin protein E3A ligase gene (UBE3A) gene is imprinted with maternal-specific expression in neurons and biallelically expressed in all other cell types. Both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations affecting the dosage of UBE3A are associated with several neurodevelopmental syndromes and psychological conditions, suggesting that UBE3A is dosage-sensitive in the brain. The observation that loss of imprinting increases the dosage of UBE3A in brain further suggests that inactivation of the paternal UBE3A allele evolved as a dosage-regulating mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we examined UBE3A transcript and protein levels among cells, tissues, and species with different imprinting states of UBE3A. RESULTS Overall, we found no correlation between the imprinting status and dosage of UBE3A. Importantly, we found that maternal Ube3a protein levels increase in step with decreasing paternal Ube3a protein levels during neurogenesis in mouse, fully compensating for loss of expression of the paternal Ube3a allele in neurons. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we propose that imprinting of UBE3A does not function to reduce the dosage of UBE3A in neurons but rather to regulate some other, as yet unknown, aspect of gene expression or protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hillman
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77845 USA
| | - Sarah G B Christian
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845 USA
| | - Ryan Doan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845 USA.,Interdisciplinary Genetics Program, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845 USA
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Institute for Genome Science and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845 USA
| | - Kory Douglas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Paul B Samollow
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Scott V Dindot
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77845 USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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6
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Shetty AK, Hattiangady B. Grafted Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cells Display Robust Engraftment and Similar Differentiation Properties and Form New Neurogenic Niches in the Young and Aged Hippocampus. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1204-15. [PMID: 27194744 PMCID: PMC4996439 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The engraftment and differentiation of alkaline phosphatase-positive neural stem cells (NSCs) expanded from the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ), 3 months after grafting into the intact young or aged rat hippocampus, were examined. Both young and aged hippocampi supported robust engraftment and similar differentiation of SVZ-NSC graft-derived cells. As clinical application of neural stem cell (NSC) grafting into the brain would also encompass aged people, critical evaluation of engraftment of NSC graft-derived cells in the aged hippocampus has significance. We examined the engraftment and differentiation of alkaline phosphatase-positive NSCs expanded from the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ), 3 months after grafting into the intact young or aged rat hippocampus. Graft-derived cells engrafted robustly into both young and aged hippocampi. Although most graft-derived cells pervasively migrated into different hippocampal layers, the graft cores endured and contained graft-derived neurons expressing neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN) and γ-amino butyric acid in both groups. A fraction of migrated graft-derived cells in the neurogenic subgranular zone-granule cell layer also expressed NeuN. Neuronal differentiation was, however, occasionally seen amid graft-derived cells that had migrated into non-neurogenic regions, where substantial fractions differentiated into S-100β+ astrocytes, NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitors, or Olig2+ putative oligodendrocytes. In both age groups, graft cores located in non-neurogenic regions displayed many doublecortin-positive (DCX+) immature neurons at 3 months after grafting. Analyses of cells within graft cores using birth dating and putative NSC markers revealed that DCX+ neurons were newly born neurons derived from engrafted cells and that putative NSCs persisted within the graft cores. Thus, both young and aged hippocampi support robust engraftment and similar differentiation of SVZ-NSC graft-derived cells. Furthermore, some grafted NSCs retain the “stemness” feature and produce new neurons even at 3 months after grafting, implying that grafting of SVZ-NSCs into the young or aged hippocampus leads to establishment of new neurogenic niches in non-neurogenic regions. Significance The results demonstrate that advanced age of the host at the time of grafting has no major adverse effects on engraftment, migration, and differentiation of grafted subventricular zone-neural stem cells (SVZ-NSCs) in the intact hippocampus, as both young and aged hippocampi promoted excellent engraftment, migration, and differentiation of SVZ-NSC graft-derived cells in the present study. Furthermore, SVZ-NSC grafts showed ability for establishing neurogenic niches in non-neurogenic regions, generating new neurons for extended periods after grafting. This phenomenon will be beneficial if these niches can continuously generate new neurons and glia in the grafted hippocampus, as newly generated neurons and glia are expected to improve, not only the microenvironment, but also the plasticity and function of the aged hippocampus. Overall, these results have significance because the potential application of NSC grafting for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders at early stages of disease progression and age-related impairments would mostly involve aged persons as recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, Texas, USAResearch Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USADivision of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USAResearch and Surgery Services, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, Texas, USAResearch Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USADivision of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USAResearch and Surgery Services, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Andres AL, Gong X, Di K, Bota DA. Low-doses of cisplatin injure hippocampal synapses: a mechanism for 'chemo' brain? Exp Neurol 2014; 255:137-44. [PMID: 24594220 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-related cognitive deficits are a major neurological problem, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The death of neural stem/precursor cell (NSC) by cisplatin has been reported as a potential cause, but this requires high doses of chemotherapeutic agents. Cisplatin is frequently used in modern oncology, and it achieves high concentrations in the patient's brain. Here we report that exposure to low concentrations of cisplatin (0.1μM) causes the loss of dendritic spines and synapses within 30min. Longer exposures injured dendritic branches and reduced dendritic complexity. At this low concentration, cisplatin did not affect NSC viability nor provoke apoptosis. However, higher cisplatin levels (1μM) led to the rapid loss of synapses and dendritic disintegration, and neuronal-but not NSC-apoptosis. In-vivo treatment with cisplatin at clinically relevant doses also caused a reduction of dendritic branches and decreased spine density in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal neurons. An acute increase in cell death was measured in the CA1 and CA3 neurons, as well as in the NSC population located in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the cisplatin treated animals. The density of dendritic spines is related to the degree of neuronal connectivity and function, and pathological changes in spine number or structure have significant consequences for brain function. Therefore, this synapse and dendritic damage might contribute to the cognitive impairment observed after cisplatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L Andres
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xing Gong
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kaijun Di
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniela A Bota
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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8
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9
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Retraction notice to “THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL INFECTION ON COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND HIPPOCAMPUS NEURONAL APOPTOSIS, PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN THE NEONATAL RATS” [Neuroscience 246 (2013) 422–434]. Neuroscience 2013; 246:422-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Shetty AK, Hattiangady B. Postnatal age governs the extent of differentiation of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfield neural stem/progenitor cells into neurons and oligodendrocytes. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:646-56. [PMID: 23743166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus have been extensively characterized, the behavior of NSCs in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus is mostly unclear. Therefore, we compared the in vitro behavior of NSCs expanded from the micro-dissected CA1 and CA3 subfields of postnatal day (PND) 4 and 12 Fischer 344 rats. A small fraction (∼1%) of dissociated cells from CA1 and CA3 subfields of both PND 4 and 12 hippocampi formed neurospheres in the presence of EGF and FGF-2. A vast majority of neurosphere cells expressed NSC markers such as nestin, Sox-2 and Musashi-1. Differentiation assays revealed the ability of these NSCs to give rise to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Interestingly, the overall neuronal differentiation of NSCs from both subfields decreased with age (23-28% at PND4 to 5-10% at PND12) but the extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation from NSCs increased with age (24-32% at PND 4 to 45-55% at PND 12). Differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes was however unchanged (40-48%). Furthermore, NSCs from both subfields gave rise to GABA-ergic neurons including subclasses expressing markers such as calbindin, calretinin, neuropeptide Y and parvalbumin. However, the fraction of neurons that expressed GABA decreased between PND4 (59-67%) and PND 12 (25-38%). Additional analyses revealed the presence of proliferating NSC-like cells (i.e. cells expressing Ki-67 and Sox-2) in different strata of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields of both PND4 and PND 12 animals. Thus, multipotent NSCs persist in both CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus in the postnatal period. Such NSCs also retain their ability to give rise to both GABA-ergic and non-GABA-ergic neurons. However, their overall neurogenic potential declines considerably in the early postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine at Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA; Division of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Research and Surgery Services, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Waldau B, Hattiangady B, Kuruba R, Shetty AK. Medial ganglionic eminence-derived neural stem cell grafts ease spontaneous seizures and restore GDNF expression in a rat model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1153-64. [PMID: 20506409 DOI: 10.1002/stem.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 30% of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are resistant to treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Neural stem cell (NSC) grafting into the hippocampus could offer an alternative therapy to hippocampal resection in these patients. As TLE is associated with reduced numbers of inhibitory gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons and astrocytes expressing the anticonvulsant glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the hippocampus, we tested the hypothesis that grafting of NSCs that are capable of adding new GABA-ergic interneurons and GDNF-expressing astrocytes into the epileptic hippocampus restrains spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS) in chronic TLE. We grafted NSCs expanded in vitro from embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) into hippocampi of adult rats exhibiting chronic TLE with cognitive impairments. NSC grafting reduced frequencies of SRMS by 43% and stage V seizures by 90%. The duration of individual SRMS and the total time spent in seizures were reduced by 51 and 74%, respectively. Grafting did not improve the cognitive function however. Graft-derived cells (equivalent to approximately 28% of injected cells) were observed in various layers of the epileptic hippocampus where they differentiated into NeuN+ neurons (13%), S-100beta+ astrocytes (57%), and NG2+ oligodendrocyte-progenitors (3%). Furthermore, among graft-derived cells, 10% expressed GABA and 50% expressed GDNF. Additionally, NSC grafting restored GDNF in a vast majority of the hippocampal astrocytes but had no effect on neurogenesis. Thus, MGE-NSC therapy is efficacious for diminishing SRMS in chronic TLE. Addition of new GABA-ergic neurons and GDNF+ cells, and restoration of GDNF in the hippocampal astrocytes may underlie the therapeutic effect of MGE-NSC grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Waldau
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Zechel S, Werner S, Unsicker K, von Bohlen und Halbach O. Expression and Functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2) in Hippocampal Formation. Neuroscientist 2010; 16:357-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858410371513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Among the 23 members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, FGF-2 is the most abundant one in the central nervous system. Its impact on neural cells has been profoundly investigated by in vitro and in vivo studies as well as by gene knockout analyses during the past 2 decades. Key functions of FGF-2 in the nervous system include roles in neurogenesis, promotion of axonal growth, differentiation in development, and maintenance and plasticity in adulthood. From a clinical perspective, its prominent role for the maintenance of lesioned neurons (e.g., ischemia and following transection of fiber tracts) is of particular relevance. In the unlesioned brain, FGF-2 is involved in synaptic plasticity and processes attributed to learning and memory. The focus of this review is on the expression of FGF-2 and its receptors in the hippocampal formation and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of FGF-2 in this region during development and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Zechel
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Werner
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Unsicker
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Farin A, Liu CY, Langmoen IA, Apuzzo ML. BIOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND FUNCTION. Neurosurgery 2009; 65:831-59; discussion 859. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000351721.81175.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Shetty AK, Rao MS, Hattiangady B. Behavior of hippocampal stem/progenitor cells following grafting into the injured aged hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2009; 86:3062-74. [PMID: 18618674 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) from the embryonic hippocampus are potentially useful as donor cells to repopulate the degenerated regions of the aged hippocampus after stroke, epilepsy, or Alzheimer's disease. However, the efficacy of the NSC grafting strategy for repairing the injured aged hippocampus is unknown. To address this issue, we expanded FGF-2-responsive NSCs from the hippocampus of embryonic day 14 green fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice as neurospheres in vitro and grafted them into the hippocampus of 24-month-old F344 rats 4 days after CA3 region injury. Engraftment, migration, and neuronal/glial differentiation of cells derived from NSCs were analyzed 1 month after grafting. Differentiation of neurospheres in culture dishes or after placement on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures demonstrated that these cells had the ability to generate considerable numbers of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Following grafting into the injured aged hippocampus, cells derived from neurospheres survived and dispersed, but exhibited no directed migration into degenerated or intact hippocampal cell layers. Phenotypic analyses of graft-derived cells revealed neuronal differentiation in 3%-5% of cells, astrocytic differentiation in 28% of cells, and oligodendrocytic differentiation in 6%-10% cells. The results demonstrate for the first time that NSCs derived from the fetal hippocampus survive and give rise to all three CNS phenotypes following transplantation into the injured aged hippocampus. However, grafted NSCs do not exhibit directed migration into lesioned areas or widespread neuronal differentiation, suggesting that direct grafting of primitive NSCs is not adequate for repair of the injured aged brain without priming the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shetty
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Abe Y, Nawa H, Namba H. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB1 attenuates inhibitory synaptic development in mouse dentate gyrus. Neurosci Res 2009; 63:138-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rao MS, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. Status epilepticus during old age is not associated with enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2009; 18:931-44. [PMID: 18493929 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased production of new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) by neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) following acute seizures or status epilepticus (SE) is a well known phenomenon. However, it is unknown whether NSCs in the aged DG have similar ability to upregulate neurogenesis in response to SE. We examined DG neurogenesis after the induction of continuous stages III-V seizures (SE) for over 4 h in both young adult (5-months old) and aged (24-months old) F344 rats. The seizures were induced through 2-4 graded intraperitoneal injections of the excitotoxin kainic acid (KA). Newly born cells in the DG were labeled via daily intraperitoneal injections of the 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 12 days, which commenced shortly after the induction of SE in KA-treated rats. New cells and neurons in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and the granule cell layer (GCL) were analyzed at 24 h after the last BrdU injection using BrdU and doublecortin (DCX) immunostaining, BrdU-DCX and BrdU-NeuN dual immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, and stereological cell counting. Status epilepticus enhanced the numbers of newly born cells (BrdU(+) cells) and neurons (DCX(+) neurons) in young adult rats. In contrast, similar seizures in aged rats, though greatly increased the number of newly born cells in the SGZ/GCL, failed to increase neurogenesis due to a greatly declined neuronal fate-choice decision of newly born cells. Only 9% of newly born cells in the SGZ/GCL differentiated into neurons in aged rats that underwent SE, in comparison to the 76% neuronal differentiation observed in age-matched control rats. Moreover, the number of newly born cells that migrate abnormally into the dentate hilus (i.e., ectopic granule cells) after SE in the aged hippocampus is 92% less than that observed in the young adult hippocampus after similar SE. Thus, SE fails to increase the addition of new granule cells to the GCL in the aged DG, despite a considerable upregulation in the production of new cells, and SE during old age leads to much fewer ectopic granule cells. These results have clinical relevance because earlier studies have implied that both increased and abnormal neurogenesis occurring after SE in young animals contributes to chronic epilepsy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddanna S Rao
- Medical Research & Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Rai KS, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. Enhanced production and dendritic growth of new dentate granule cells in the middle-aged hippocampus following intracerebroventricular FGF-2 infusions. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1765-79. [PMID: 17883411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Declined production and diminished dendritic growth of new dentate granule cells in the middle-aged and aged hippocampus are correlated with diminished concentration of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). This study examined whether increased FGF-2 concentration in the milieu boosts both production and dendritic growth of new dentate granule cells in the middle-aged hippocampus. The FGF-2 or vehicle was infused into the posterior lateral ventricle of middle-aged Fischer (F)344 rats for 2 weeks using osmotic minipumps. New cells born during the first 12 days of infusions were labeled via daily intraperitoneal injections of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and analysed at 10 days after the last BrdU injection. Measurement of BrdU(+) cells revealed a considerably enhanced number of new cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and granule cell layer (GCL) of the dentate gyrus (DG) ipsilateral to FGF-2 infusions. Characterization of beta-III tubulin(+) neurons among newly born cells suggested an increased addition of new neurons to the SGZ/GCL ipsilateral to FGF-2 infusions. Quantification of DG neurogenesis at 8 days post-infusions via doublecortin (DCX) immunostaining also revealed the presence of an enhanced DG neurogenesis ipsilateral to FGF-2 infusions. Furthermore, DCX(+) neurons in FGF-2-infused rats exhibited enhanced dendritic growth compared with their counterparts in vehicle-infused rats. Thus, subchronic infusion of FGF-2 is efficacious for stimulating an enhanced DG neurogenesis from neural stem/progenitor cells in the middle-aged hippocampus. As dentate neurogenesis is important for hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and DG long-term potentiation, strategies that maintain increased FGF-2 concentration during ageing may be beneficial for thwarting some of the age-related cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranmai S Rai
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Sun J, Bi Y, Guo L, Qi X, Zhang J, Li G, Tian G, Ren F, Li Z. Buyang Huanwu Decoction promotes growth and differentiation of neural progenitor cells: using a serum pharmacological method. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:199-203. [PMID: 17692485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been developed as a drug to be used for treatment of stroke for hundreds of years. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, a serum pharmacological method was employed to investigate the effects of BYHWD on growth and differentiation of cultured neural progenitor cells derived from embryonic hippocampus. In culture medium containing BYHWD, the average neurite length of neural progenitor cells grew significantly longer than in control serum without BYHWD. Moreover, more neurofilament (NF) positive cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive cells were detected in the presence of BYHWD. The concentration of intracellular Ca(2+) in progenitor cells cultured with BYHWD was significantly lower than that cultured without BYHWD. These results suggest that BYHWD may promote growth and differentiation of neural progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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Abstract
Certain regions of the adult brain have the ability for partial self-repair after injury through production of new neurons via activation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). Nonetheless, there is no evidence yet for pervasive spontaneous replacement of dead neurons by newly formed neurons leading to functional recovery in the injured brain. Consequently, there is enormous interest for stimulating endogenous NSCs in the brain to produce new neurons or for grafting of NSCs isolated and expanded from different brain regions or embryonic stem cells into the injured brain. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), characterized by hyperexcitability in the hippocampus and spontaneous seizures, is a possible clinical target for stem cell-based therapies. This is because these approaches have the potential to curb epileptogenesis and prevent chronic epilepsy development and learning and memory dysfunction after hippocampal damage related to status epilepticus or head injury. Grafting of NSCs may also be useful for restraining seizures during chronic epilepsy. The aim of this review is to evaluate current knowledge and outlook pertaining to stem cell-based therapies for TLE. The first section discusses the behavior of endogenous hippocampal NSCs in human TLE and animal models of TLE and evaluates the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in the pathophysiology and treatment of TLE. The second segment considers the prospects for preventing or suppressing seizures in TLE using exogenously applied stem cells. The final part analyzes problems that remain to be resolved before initiating clinical application of stem cell-based therapies for TLE. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shetty
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Rao MS, Hattiangady B, Rai KS, Shetty AK. Strategies for promoting anti-seizure effects of hippocampal fetal cells grafted into the hippocampus of rats exhibiting chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 27:117-32. [PMID: 17618126 PMCID: PMC3612502 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficacy of hippocampal fetal cell (HFC) grafting for restraining spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS) in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is unknown. We investigated both survival and anti-seizure effects of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeled embryonic day 19 (E19) HFC grafts pretreated with different neurotrophic factors and a caspase inhibitor. Grafts were placed bilaterally into the hippocampi of F344 rats exhibiting kainate (KA) induced chronic TLE, where the frequency of SRMS varied from 3.0 to 3.5 seizures/8-h duration. The first group received standard (untreated) HFC grafts, the second group received HFC grafts pretreated and transplanted with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and caspase inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk (BNC-treated HFC grafts), the third group received HFC grafts pretreated and transplanted with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and caspase inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk (FC-treated HFC grafts), and the fourth group served as epilepsy-only controls. Epileptic rats receiving standard HFC grafts exhibited 119% increase in the frequency of SRMS at 2 months post-grafting consistent with 125% increase in seizure frequency observed in epilepsy-only controls during the same period. However, in epileptic rats receiving HFC grafts treated with BNC or FC, the frequency of SRMS was 33-39% less than their pre-transplant scores and 73-76% less than rats receiving standard HFC grafts or epilepsy-only rats. The yield of surviving neurons was equivalent to 30% of injected cells in standard HFC grafts, 57% in HFC grafts treated with BNC and 98% in HFC grafts treated with FC. Thus, standard HFC grafts survive poorly in the chronically epileptic hippocampus and fail to restrain the progression of chronic TLE. In contrast, HFCs treated and grafted with BNC or FC survive robustly in the chronically epileptic hippocampus, considerably reduce the frequency of SRMS and blunt the progression of chronic TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Corresponding author. Division of Neurosurgery, Box 3807, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA. (A.K. Shetty)
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Hattiangady B, Shuai B, Cai J, Coksaygan T, Rao MS, Shetty AK. Increased dentate neurogenesis after grafting of glial restricted progenitors or neural stem cells in the aging hippocampus. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2104-17. [PMID: 17510219 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) declines severely by middle age, potentially because of age-related changes in the DG microenvironment. We hypothesize that providing fresh glial restricted progenitors (GRPs) or neural stem cells (NSCs) to the aging hippocampus via grafting enriches the DG microenvironment and thereby stimulates the production of new granule cells from endogenous NSCs. The GRPs isolated from the spinal cords of embryonic day 13.5 transgenic F344 rats expressing human alkaline phosphatase gene and NSCs isolated from embryonic day 9 caudal neural tubes of Sox-2:EGFP transgenic mice were expanded in vitro and grafted into the hippocampi of middle-aged (12 months old) F344 rats. Both types of grafts survived well, and grafted NSCs in addition migrated to all layers of the hippocampus. Phenotypic characterization revealed that both GRPs and NSCs differentiated predominantly into astrocytes and oligodendrocytic progenitors. Neuronal differentiation of graft-derived cells was mostly absent except in the dentate subgranular zone (SGZ), where some of the migrated NSCs but not GRPs differentiated into neurons. Analyses of the numbers of newly born neurons in the DG using 5'-bromodeoxyuridine and/or doublecortin assays, however, demonstrated considerably increased dentate neurogenesis in animals receiving grafts of GRPs or NSCs in comparison with both naïve controls and animals receiving sham-grafting surgery. Thus, both GRPs and NSCs survive well, differentiate predominantly into glia, and stimulate the endogenous NSCs in the SGZ to produce more new dentate granule cells following grafting into the aging hippocampus. Grafting of GRPs or NSCs therefore provides an attractive approach for improving neurogenesis in the aging hippocampus. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Othman M, Lu C, Klueber K, Winstead W, Roisen F. Clonal analysis of adult human olfactory neurosphere forming cells. Biotech Histochem 2006; 80:189-200. [PMID: 16720519 DOI: 10.1080/10520290500469777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory neuroepithelium (ONe) is unique because it contains progenitor cells capable of mitotic division that replace damaged or lost neurons throughout life. We isolated populations of ONe progenitors from adult cadavers and patients undergoing nasal sinus surgery that were heterogeneous and consisted of neuronal and glial progenitors. Progenitor lines have been obtained from these cultures that continue to divide and form nestin positive neurospheres. In the present study, we used clonal and population analyses to probe the self-renewal and multipotency of the neurosphere forming cells (NSFCs). NSFCs plated at the single cell level produced additional neurospheres; dissociation of these spheres resulted in mitotically active cells that continued to divide and produce spheres as long as they were subcultured. The mitotic activity of clonal NSFCs was assessed using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Lineage restriction of the clonal cultures was determined using a variety of antibodies that were characteristic of different levels of neuronal commitment: ss-tubulin isotype III, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and microtubule associated protein (MAP2), or glial restriction: astrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); and oligodendrocytes, galactocerebroside (GalC). Furthermore, nestin expression, a marker indicative of progenitor nature, decreased in defined medium compared to serum-containing medium. Therefore, adult human ONe-derived neural progenitors retain their capacity for self-renewal, can be clonally expanded, and offer multipotent lineage restriction. Therefore, they are a unique source of progenitors for future cell replacement strategies in the treatment of neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Othman
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Hattiangady B, Rao MS, Zaman V, Shetty AK. Incorporation of embryonic CA3 cell grafts into the adult hippocampus at 4-months after injury: effects of combined neurotrophic supplementation and caspase inhibition. Neuroscience 2006; 139:1369-83. [PMID: 16580143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As receptivity of the injured hippocampus to cell grafts decreases with time after injury, strategies that improve graft integration are necessary for graft-mediated treatment of chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as temporal lobe epilepsy. We ascertained the efficacy of two distinct graft-augmentation strategies for improving the survival of embryonic day 19 hippocampal CA3 cell grafts placed into the adult hippocampus at 4-months after kainic acid induced injury. The donor cells were labeled with 5'-bromodeoxyuridine, and pre-treated and grafted with either brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and a caspase inhibitor or fibroblast growth factor and caspase inhibitor. The yield of surviving grafted cells and neurons were quantified at 2-months post-grafting. The yield of surviving cells was substantially greater in grafts treated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and caspase inhibitor (84%) or fibroblast growth factor and caspase inhibitor (99% of injected cells) than standard cell grafts (26%). Because approximately 85% of surviving grafted cells were neurons, increased yield in augmented groups reflects enhanced survival of grafted neurons. Evaluation of the mossy fiber synaptic re-organization in additional kainic acid-lesioned rats receiving grafts enriched with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and caspase inhibitor at 3-months post-grafting revealed reduced aberrant dentate mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate supragranular layer than "lesion-only" rats at 4 months post-kainic acid, suggesting that some of the aberrantly sprouted mossy fibers in the dentate supragranular layer withdraw when apt target cells (i.e. grafted neurons) become available in their vicinity. Thus, the yield of surviving neurons from CA3 cell grafts placed into the adult hippocampus at an extended time-point after injury could be enhanced through apt neurotrophic supplementation and caspase inhibition. Apt grafting is also efficacious for reversing some of the abnormal synaptic reorganization prevalent in the hippocampus at later time-points after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hattiangady
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Hattiangady B, Rao MS, Shetty GA, Shetty AK. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein and neuropeptide Y decline as early as middle age in the dentate gyrus and CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. Exp Neurol 2005; 195:353-71. [PMID: 16002067 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is very susceptible to aging. Severely diminished dentate neurogenesis at middle age is one of the most conspicuous early changes in the aging hippocampus, which is likely linked to an early decline in the concentration of neurotrophic factors and signaling proteins that influence neurogenesis. We analyzed three proteins that are well-known to promote dentate neurogenesis and learning and memory function in the dentate gyrus and the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields of young, middle-aged and aged F344 rats. These include the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the transcription factor phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) and the neuropeptide neuropeptide Y (NPY). The BDNF was analyzed via ELISA and BDNF immunohistochemistry, the p-CREB through densitometric analysis of p-CREB immunopositive cells, and the NPY via stereological counting of NPY-immunopositive interneurons. We provide new evidence that the BDNF concentration, the p-CREB immunoreactivity and the number of NPY immunopositive interneurons decline considerably by middle age in both dentate gyrus and CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. However, both BDNF concentration and NPY immunopositive interneuron numbers exhibit no significant decrease between middle age and old age. In contrast, the p-CREB immunoreactivity diminishes further during this period, which is also associated with reduced BDNF immunoreaction within the soma of dentate granule cells and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Collectively, these results suggest that severely dampened dentate neurogenesis observed at middle age is linked at least partially to reduced concentrations of BDNF, p-CREB and NPY, as each of these proteins is a positive regulator of dentate neurogenesis. Dramatically diminished CREB phosphorylation (and persistently reduced levels of BDNF and NPY) at old age may underlie the learning and memory impairments observed during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Hattiangady
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Rao MS, Hattiangady B, Shetty AK. Fetal hippocampal CA3 cell grafts enriched with FGF-2 and BDNF exhibit robust long-term survival and integration and suppress aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the injured middle-aged hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 21:276-90. [PMID: 16099669 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplants that successfully replace the lost neurons and facilitate the reconstruction of the disrupted circuitry in the injured aging hippocampus are invaluable for treating acute head injury, stroke and status epilepticus in the elderly. This is because apt graft integration has the potential to prevent the progression of the acute injury into chronic epilepsy in the elderly. However, neural transplants into the injured middle-aged or aged hippocampus exhibit poor cell survival, suggesting that apt graft augmentation strategies are critical for robust integration of grafted cells into the injured aging hippocampus. We examined the efficacy of pre-treatment and grafting of donor fetal CA3 cells with a blend of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for lasting survival and integration of grafted cells in the injured middle-aged (12 months old) hippocampus of F344 rats. Grafts were placed at 4 days after the kainic-acid-induced hippocampal injury and were analyzed at 6 months post-grafting. We demonstrate that 80% of grafted cells exhibit prolonged survival and 71% of grafted cells differentiate into CA3 pyramidal neurons. Grafts also receive a robust afferent input from the host mossy fibers and project efferent axons into the denervated zones of the dentate gyrus and the CA1 subfield. Consequently, the aberrant sprouting of the dentate mossy fibers, an epileptogenic change that typically ensues after the hippocampal injury, was suppressed. Thus, grafts of fetal CA3 cells enriched with FGF-2 and BDNF exhibit robust integration and dampen the abnormal mossy fiber sprouting in the injured middle-aged hippocampus. Because the aberrantly sprouted mossy fibers contribute to the generation of seizures, the results suggest that the grafting intervention using FGF-2 and BDNF is efficacious for suppressing epileptogenesis in the injured middle-aged hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddanna S Rao
- Medical Research and Surgery Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham NC 27705, USA
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Fontana X, Nácher J, Soriano E, del Río JA. Cell Proliferation in the Adult Hippocampal Formation of Rodents and its Modulation by Entorhinal and Fimbria–Fornix Afferents. Cereb Cortex 2005; 16:301-12. [PMID: 15958781 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhi120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New granule neurons are produced in the dentate gyrus (DG) of rodents throughout adult life. Recent studies have also reported adult neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex in normal animals or after brain injury. However, few of these studies focused on the hippocampal formation (HF), a cortical area involved in learning and memory in which extensive cell death occurs in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we studied cell proliferation in the HF of rodents and the intrinsic putative neurogenic potential of entorhinal cortex (EC) progenitors. We show that only the DG generates new neurons in the HF. In addition, neurospheres from the EC differentiate into neurons and glia in vitro and after transplantation in the adult DG. We also analyzed whether the absence of the synaptic input from the main hippocampal afferents induces neuronal generation in the HF outside the DG and/or regulates the proliferation of DG neuroprogenitors. We show that the denervation of the hippocampus does not induce neurogenesis in HF regions other than the DG. However, neuroprogenitor proliferation in the DG is reduced after fimbria-fornix lesions but not after entorhinal deafferentation, which supports the view that neuroprogenitor proliferation and/or differentiation in the DG are controlled from basal forebrain/septal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Fontana
- Development and Regeneration of the CNS, Department of Cell Biology, Barcelona Science Park-IRB, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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