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Ahdoot E, Cohen F. Unraveling the MSG-Headache Controversy: an Updated Literature Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024; 28:119-124. [PMID: 38079074 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-023-01198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the evidence and role of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a headache and migraine trigger. RECENT FINDINGS MSG is a common food additive, has widely been linked as a trigger of headache, as well as other symptoms. However, the evidence for MSG as a causative agent for headache is debated. Various clinical trials over the past several decades have reported conflicting results, with studies suggesting that MSG does and does not increase the incidence of headache. However, the dosages of MSG exposure are often inconsistent across studies, with many studies administering a dose significantly higher than the average consumption.. Additionally, there are misconceptions about which foods and cuisines have MSG in them. MSG could be a potential trigger for migraine and headaches. It is unclear exactly how MSG plays into the migraine pathophysiology. It's crucial to accurately determine if MSG is present in one's diet to evaluate its potential impact on headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Ahdoot
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fred Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Krawczyk A, Mozel S, Rycerz K, Jaworska-Adamu J, Arciszewski MB. Immunoreactivity of glutamine synthetase in satellite glia around various subpopulations of lumbar dorsal root ganglia neurons in adult rats treated with monosodium glutamate. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 134:102347. [PMID: 37838216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs), involved inter alia in glutamate (Glu) metabolism, form a glial sheath around sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). SGCs show a presence of glutamine synthetase (GS) which transform uptaken Glu into glutamine (Gln). In DRGs, this aminoacid is used mainly by small neurons which are able to synthetize substance P (SP) that play a crucial role in nociception. The aim of the study was to define the influence of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on GS immunoreactivity in satellite glia around various subpopulations of neurons including SP immunopositive cells in DRGs of adult rats. The studies were carried out on lumbar DRGs slides in rats which received subcutaneous injection of saline solution (control group) or 4 g/kg b. w. of MSG (MSG group). Immunofluorescence reactions were conducted with use of anti-GS and anti-SP antibodies. Administration of MSG to adult rats increased the GS immunoexpression in SGCs. In rats receiving MSG, a number of small neurons with GS-immunopositive glial sheath was not altered when compared to control individuals, whereas there was a statistically significant increase of GS immunoexpression in SGCs around large and medium neurons. Moreover, in these animals, a statistically significant increase in the number of small SP-positive neurons with GS-positive glial sheath was observed. SP is responsible for transmission of pain, thus the obtained results may be useful for further research concerning the roles of glia in nociceptive pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Krawczyk
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Mozel
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Karol Rycerz
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Jaworska-Adamu
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Bartłomiej Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Singh M, Panda SP. The Role of monosodium glutamate ( MSG) in Epilepsy and other Neurodegenerative Diseases: Phytochemical-based Therapeutic Approaches and Mechanisms. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2023; 24:CPB-EPUB-133176. [PMID: 37496245 DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666230726161314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease affecting 50 million individuals worldwide, and some forms of epilepsy do not respond to available treatments. Overactivation of the glutamate pathway and excessive entrance of calcium ions into neurons are proposed as the biochemical mechanisms behind epileptic seizures. However, the overactivation of neurons has also been associated with other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and multiple sclerosis. The most widely used food ingredient, monosodium glutamate (MSG), increases the level of free glutamate in the brain, putting humans at risk for NDDs and epilepsy. Glutamate is a key neurotransmitter that activates nerve cells. MSG acts on glutamate receptors, specifically NMDA and AMPA receptors, leading to an imbalance between excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABA neurotransmission. This imbalance can cause hyperexcitability of neurons and lead to epileptic seizures. Overuse of MSG causes neuronal cells to become overexcited, which in turn leads to an increase in the flow of Ca2+ and Na+ ions, mutations, and upregulation in the enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1) and TDP43, all of which contribute to the development of NDDs. While TDP43 and SOD-1 protect cells from damage, a mutation in their genes makes the proteins unprotective and cause neurodegeneration. Yet to what extent mutant SOD1 and TDP43 aggregates contribute to neurotoxicity is generally unknown. This study is focused on neuroprotective herbal medications that can pass the blood-brain barrier and cure MSG-induced NDDs and the factors that influence MSG-induced glutaminergic, astrocyte, and GABAergic neuron abnormalities causing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Singh
- Institute of pharmaceutical research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P, INDIA, 281406
| | - Siva Prasad Panda
- Institute of pharmaceutical research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P, INDIA, 281406
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Shosha HM, Ebaid HM, Toraih EA, Abdelrazek HMA, Elrayess RA. Effect of monosodium glutamate on fetal development and progesterone level in pregnant Wistar Albino rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:49779-49797. [PMID: 36787072 PMCID: PMC10104942 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widespread flavor enhancer and stabilizer in manufactured or packaged foods that possess myriad adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MSG on placental progesterone receptors and fetal development. Thirty pregnant Wistar Albino rats were divided into three groups (ten/each). The control group (G1) gavaged distilled water only, low-dose treated group (G2) gavaged 3 g/kg MSG, and high-dose treated group (G3) gavaged 6 g/kg MSG from 1st to 18th days of gestation, and all pregnant rats were sacrificed on the 19th day of gestation. The effect of MSG on fetal weights, crown vertebral length (CVL), placental weight, placental ghrelin expression, and fetal skeleton examination were estimated. MSG induced a significant decrease in fetal weights, CVL lengths, placental weight, and ghrelin expression in both treatment groups compared to the control group. Several parts of the fetal skeleton showed incomplete ossification and delayed chondrification in which high-dose maternally treated fetuses were more affected. Many degenerative changes were detected in both maternal and fetal liver and kidney tissues in MSG-treated groups. Moreover, MSG caused a significant increase in serum ALT, ALP, and creatinine levels in pregnant rats' blood. Serum progesterone was only elevated in G3 on the 19th day of gestation. This study showed that the administration of MSG during pregnancy adversely influences fetal growth and skeletal development and caused several biochemical and histological changes in the maternal and fetal liver and kidney tissues which assure the toxic and teratogenic effects of MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer M Shosha
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Hala M Ebaid
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Eman A Toraih
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Heba M A Abdelrazek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Ranwa A Elrayess
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Atilgan H, Unal B, Yalcinkaya EE, Evren G, Atik G, Ozturk Kirbay F, Kilic NM, Odaci D. Development of an Enzymatic Biosensor Using Glutamate Oxidase on Organic-Inorganic-Structured, Electrospun Nanofiber-Modified Electrodes for Monosodium Glutamate Detection. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:bios13040430. [PMID: 37185504 PMCID: PMC10135961 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, dendrimer-modified montmorillonite (Mt)-decorated poly-Ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) and chitosan (CHIT)-based nanofibers were prepared. Mt was modified with a poly(amidoamine) generation 1 (PAMAMG1) dendrimer, and the obtained PAMAMG1-Mt was incorporated into the PCL-CHIT nanofiber's structure. The PCL-CHIT/PAMAMG1-Mt nanofibers were conjugated with glutamate oxidase (GluOx) to design a bio-based detection system for monosodium glutamate (MSG). PAMAMG1-Mt was added to the PCL-CHIT backbone to provide a multipoint binding side to immobilize GluOx via covalent bonds. After the characterization of PCL-CHIT/PAMAMG1-Mt/GluOx, it was calibrated for MSG. The linear ranges were determined from 0.025 to 0.25 mM MSG using PCL-CHIT/Mt/GluOx and from 0.0025 to 0.175 mM MSG using PCL-CHIT/PAMAMG1-Mt/GluOx (with a detection limit of 7.019 µM for PCL-CHIT/Mt/GluOx and 1.045 µM for PCL-CHIT/PAMAMG1-Mt/GluOx). Finally, PCL-CHIT/PAMAMG1-Mt/GluOx was applied to analyze MSG content in tomato soup without interfering with the sample matrix, giving a recovery percentage of 103.125%. Hence, the nanofiber modification with dendrimer-intercalated Mt and GluOx conjugation onto the formed nanocomposite structures was performed, and the PCL-CHIT/PAMAMG1-Mt/GluOx system was successfully developed for MSG detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdiye Atilgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Betul Unal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Esra Evrim Yalcinkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Gizem Evren
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Gozde Atik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ozturk Kirbay
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Nur Melis Kilic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Dilek Odaci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
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Goswami A, Devi D. Structural insight on the liquid silk from the middle silk gland of non-mulberry silkworm Antheraea assamensis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1128-1139. [PMID: 34939896 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2017347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study highlights the preliminary characterization of liquid silk from the middle silk gland (MSG) along with the in-silico analysis of the sericin protein of a less explored non mulberry silkworm Antheraea assamensis which is endemic to the North Eastern region of India. Various biophysical methods have been applied to elucidate the conformational patterns of the liquid silk present inside the MSG without removing the sericin layer. This will help us to know the actual features of the in vivo transitional status of the silk in the MSG which travel towards the anterior silk gland (ASG) prior to spinning. The SDS PAGE analysis represented the existence of the both fibroin and sericin bands in the sample. The structural pattern of the MSG liquid silk as revealed by various methods denoted the occurrence of β-sheet component along with some random coil and β-turn components which in turn suggests the transitional state of the liquid silk attributed to the existence of both the crystalline and amorphous contents. The thermo gravimetric study and the aggregation behavior analysis results proposed the occurrence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the sericin and fibroin in the MSG. This study will sensitize the better understanding of the behavior of the liquid silk in the MSG of non-mulberry silkworm A. assamensis and will open avenues for various application-based studies of this silk.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurupa Goswami
- Seribiotech Laboratory, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Assam, India
| | - Dipali Devi
- Seribiotech Laboratory, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Assam, India
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Van Winkle LJ. Perspective: Might Maternal Dietary Monosodium Glutamate ( MSG) Consumption Impact Pre- and Peri-Implantation Embryos and Their Subsequent Development? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13611. [PMID: 36294193 PMCID: PMC9602898 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
MSG alters metabolism, especially in the brain, when administered to experimental animals via gavage or similar means. Such administration is, however, not applicable to humans. More recently, though, MSG was shown to have these effects even when added to the food of mammals. Moreover, the levels of MSG in food needed to cause these metabolic changes are the same as those needed for optimum flavor enhancement. Near physiological concentrations of glutamate also cause mammalian blastocysts to develop with fewer cells, especially in their inner cell masses, when these embryos are cultured with this amino acid. We propose that consumption of MSG in food may overwhelm the otherwise well-regulated glutamate signaling needed for optimal development by pre- and peri-implantation mammalian embryos. In addition to immediate changes in cellular proliferation and differentiation as embryos develop, MSG ingestion during early pregnancy might result in undesirable conditions, including metabolic syndrome, in adults. Since these conditions are often the result of epigenetic changes, they could become transgenerational. In light of these possibilities, we suggest several studies to test the merit of our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon J. Van Winkle
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
- Department of Medical Humanities, Rocky Vista University, 8401 S. Chambers Road, Parker, CO 80112, USA
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Koohpeyma F, Gholizadeh F, Hafezi H, Hajiaghayi M, Siri M, Allahyari S, Maleki MH, Asmarian N, Bayat E, Dastghaib S. The protective effect of L-carnitine on testosterone synthesis pathway, and spermatogenesis in monosodium glutamate-induced rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:269. [PMID: 36229797 PMCID: PMC9563446 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food ingredient that is increasingly used commercially. MSG leads to oxidative stress, consequently suppressing steroid hormone production that causes defects in male reproductive system. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine as an antioxidant on testicular damage in MSG-induced male rats. Methods Sixty adult male Spargue-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups of ten as follows: control (water), sham (normal saline), L-carnitine (200 mg/kg b.w), MSG (3 g/kg b.w), MSG + L-carnitine 100 (3 g/kg b.w of MSG and 100 mg/kg b.w of L-carnitine), and MSG + L-carnitine 200 (3 g/kg b.w of MSG and 200 mg/kg b.w of L-carnitine). The treatment was administered by oral gavage for six months. Serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Anti-oxidant Capacity (TAC), LH, FSH, testosterone, and mRNA expressions of Star, Cyp11a1, and Hsd17b3 genes, and histological and stereological changes were assessed. Results L-carnitine led to a significant decrease in the level of MDA and a significant rise in the serum levels of TAC, LH, FSH, and mRNA expression of Star and Cyp11a1 compared to the MSG group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, stereological results indicated a significant increment in the number of sexual lineage cells, the total volume of the testis, length, diameter, and volume of seminiferous tubules, the height of the germinal epithelium, sperm count, and sperm motility (p < 0.05) in MSG + L-carnitine 200 compare to MSG group. Conclusion The study’s findings demonstrated that L-carnitine due to its anti-oxidant properties, ameliorated the reproductive abnormalities in the male rats exposed to MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Koohpeyma
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Gholizadeh
- grid.410319.e0000 0004 1936 8630Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Hannaneh Hafezi
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehri Hajiaghayi
- grid.410319.e0000 0004 1936 8630Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Morvarid Siri
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hasan Maleki
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Naeimehossadat Asmarian
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elahe Bayat
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran
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Wu J, Sun Y, Huan X, Cui C. Reaction Mixtures Rich in [γ-Glu] (n≥1)-Arg Derived from Enzymatic Synthesis as Potential Salt and Umami Enhancers. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:10584-10592. [PMID: 35984991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Some arginyl dipeptides and γ-glutamyl peptides have been identified as salt and umami enhancers. These compounds provide an operable approach for reducing sodium uptake without losing the palatability of foods. γ-Glu-Arg was hinted to have a taste-enhancing effect in the past, but few research studies have focused on it. In the present study, a series of γ-glutamyl peptides containing Arg such as γ-Glu-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=2)-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=3)-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=4)-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=5)-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=6)-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=7)-Arg, and [γ-Glu](n=8)-Arg were synthesized using glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in the presence of Gln and Arg. A high solid concentration of 30% was found to increase the production of [γ-Glu](1≤n≤4)-Arg. Sensory evaluation revealed that individual [γ-Glu](n=1,2,3,4)-Arg has a slightly bitter and astringent taste. [γ-Glu](n=1,2)-Arg (1.0 mg/mL) significantly increased the umaminess in the mixture of salt and sodium glutamate but showed no significant effect on saltiness in the salt solution, whereas [γ-Glu](n=3,4)-Arg and postenzymatic reaction mixtures (1.0 mg/mL) significantly increased both saltiness and umaminess. [γ-Glu](n=3,4)-Arg and postenzymatic mixtures in the system with 30% solid concentrations showed a high and similar taste-enhancing effect. Moreover, umaminess and saltiness increased 1.9 and 2.4 times in the simulated broth, respectively, while saltiness increased 1.5 times in the salt solution by the addition of postenzymatic reaction mixtures in the system with 30% solid concentrations at 20.0 mg/mL. These results indicated that [γ-Glu](n=1,2,3,4)-Arg and postenzymatic reaction mixtures rich in [γ-Glu](n≥1)-Arg were potential salt or umami enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiang Huan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Chun Cui
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Rezaei R, Gabriel AS, Wu G. Dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1055-1068. [PMID: 35292855 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing dietary content of glutamate through addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of their offspring. Thirty multiparous sows (Landrace × Large White) were assigned randomly into one of three dietary groups: control (a corn- and soybean meal-based diet), the basal diet + 1% MSG, and the basal diet + 2% MSG. Diets were made isonitrogenous by the addition of appropriate amounts of L-alanine. Lactating sows had free access to drinking water and were fed twice daily their respective diets. The number of live-born piglets was standardized to 9 per sow at day 0 of lactation (the day of farrowing). On days 3, 15, and 29 of lactation, body weight and milk consumption of piglets were measured, and blood samples obtained from sows and piglets at 2 h and 1 h after feeding, respectively. Feed intake of sows did not differ (P > 0.05) among the three groups of sows. Concentrations of aspartate, glutamine, citrulline, arginine, tryptophan, proline, branched-chain amino acids, and glutamate were greater (P < 0.05) in the plasma of MSG-supplemented sows and their piglets than for controls. When compared with the control, dietary supplementation with 1-2% MSG increased (P < 0.05): concentrations of many free amino acids (including glutamate plus glutamine) and all protein-bound amino acids in milk; the milk intake of piglets by 14-25%; and daily weight gains of piglets by 23-44%. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with 1-2% MSG to lactating sows enhances milk production to support the growth of sow-reared piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezaei
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ana San Gabriel
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Chuoku, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Jiang X, Xu Q, Zhang A, Liu Y, Zhao L, Gu L, Yuan J, Jia H, Shen X, Li Z, Cao D, Zhang D. Optimization of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Accumulation in Germinating Adzuki Beans ( Vigna angularis) by Vacuum Treatment and Monosodium Glutamate, and the Molecular Mechanisms. Front Nutr 2021; 8:693862. [PMID: 34568402 PMCID: PMC8458712 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.693862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the optimal hypoxic and monosodium glutamate (MSG) stress conditions for the enrichment of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) in germinating adzuki beans and to reveal the potential underlying molecular mechanisms of GABA accumulation. Using single-factor experiments and response surface model, we investigated the effects of germination time, germination temperature, vacuum time, and MSG concentration on GABA contents, and further explored the activity and gene expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) critical rate restriction enzymes during GABA synthesis. The optimal soaking temperature, soaking time, and pH conditions were 35°C, 16 h, and 5, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal germination conditions for optimal GABA enrichment were 48 h, 1.99 mg/ml MSG concentration, germination temperature of 31.49°C, and vacuum time of 15.83 h. Under such conditions, the predicted GABA concentration was 443.57 ± 7.18 mg/100 g, with no significant difference between the predicted and experimental data. The vacuum + MSG (FZM) treatment has a maximum contribution rate of GABA to 38.29%, which significantly increase GABA content, and the increase was associated with increased GAD and PAO activity. In addition, MSG in combination with vacuum treatment could significantly induce VaGAD4 and VaGAD6 genes in 2 days germination of adzuki beans. According to the results of the present study, vacuum + MSG treatment is an effective approach to enhancing GABA accumulation in germinating adzuki beans, which could be employed in enhancing the functional quality of germinating adzuki beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Jiang
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qingpeng Xu
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Aiwu Zhang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Experimental Equipment Management Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Experimental Equipment Management Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Liwei Gu
- Experimental Equipment Management Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jianbin Yuan
- Experimental Equipment Management Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hongdou Jia
- Experimental Equipment Management Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xinting Shen
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhijiang Li
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dongmei Cao
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.,College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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12
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Khaled Abd-Elhaleim El Azazy M, Kamel Mohamed EA, Ismail Abo El-Fadl HM, Abd El-Razik FH, Abu Elfotuh K. Omega-3 Rich Oils Attenuate ADHD-Like Behaviour Induced by Dietary Monosodium Glutamate in Rats. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:868-880. [PMID: 34486354 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.868.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and cognitive dysfunction. The present study was designed to examine the possible modulatory effect of Fish, Walnuts or Fenugreek Oils against Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-like Behavior induced by Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) in Rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Fifty weaning rats were divided into five groups, (each group contain 10 rats) as follows: Group 1: Normal control rats were fed on a balanced diet. Groups from 2-5 rats were fed on a balanced diet+MSG (0.4 g kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> diet), Group 2 served as a positive control group whereas group 3, 4 and 5 treated with Fish, Walnuts and Fenugreek oil, respectively, (200 mg kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> b.wt.) by intra-gastric tube. Biochemical and behavioural parameters were tested as well as microscopic examination of brain tissue was done. <b>Results:</b> MSG ingestion caused marked disruption in locomotors activity, memory function and brain tissue structure along with significant abnormalities in some bio-markers and reduction in the gene expression level of Bcl-2 in brain tissue. However, treatment with the tested oils showed remarkable effect by reversing the condition. <b>Conclusion:</b> Dietary supplementation with walnut; fenugreek or fish oils at the tested dose could modulate the condition of ADHD in rats.
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Gürgen SG, Sayın O, Çeti̇n F, Sarsmaz HY, Yazıcı GN, Umur N, Yücel AT. The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Neuronal Signaling Molecules in the Hippocampus and the Neuroprotective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3028-3037. [PMID: 34328736 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavoring substance added to many ready-to-eat foods and has known neurotoxic effects. This study was performed in order to examine the potential toxic effect of MSG on neurons in various regions of the hippocampus in prepubertal rats. It also investigated the protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) expression in the brain, using immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. Six female prepubertal Wistar albino rats were used in each group. Group 1, the control group, received 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously (sc) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Group 2 received 4 mg/g MSG sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Group 3 received MSG + EPA (4 mg/g sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Oral 300 mg/kg for 9 d), while Group 4 received MSG + DHA (4 mg/g sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 and 300 mg/kg orally for 9 d, respectively). At the end of the ninth day the hippocampal regions of the brain were removed and either fixed for immunohistochemical staining or stored at -80 °C for biochemical parameter investigation. BDNF, NMDA-R, and NPY expression results were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. According to our findings, neurons in the control group hippocampal CA1 and DG regions exhibited strong BDNF, NPY, and NMDA-R reactions, while an expression in both regions decreased in the MSG group (p < 0.00). However, in the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups, BDNF, NPY, and NMDA-R immunoreactions in neurons in the same region were similar to those of the control group (p = 0.00). No significant difference was observed in terms of expression in hippocampal neurons between the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups (p > 0.00). In conclusion, since MSG caused a decrease in BDNF, NMDA-R, and NPY neural signaling molecules in the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus of prepubertal rats compared to the control group, care is required over the consumption of MSG, since it may affect memory-related neurons in these age groups. In addition, we concluded that the use of omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA in addition to MSG may protect against the neurotoxic effects of MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren Gülşen Gürgen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Oya Sayın
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Vocational Health Service, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Ferihan Çeti̇n
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34700, Turkey
| | - Hayrunnisa Yeşil Sarsmaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Health Science, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Gülce Naz Yazıcı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Umur
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Tuç Yücel
- Department of Anatomy, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
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14
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Koohpeyma F, Siri M, Allahyari S, Mahmoodi M, Saki F, Dastghaib S. The effects of L-carnitine on renal function and gene expression of caspase-9 and Bcl-2 in monosodium glutamate-induced rats. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:162. [PMID: 33933022 PMCID: PMC8088661 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is frequently consumed as a flavor enhancer or food additive. Possible damages induced by MSG effects on some organs have been stated in experimental animal models. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of L-carnitine (L-ca) on the renal tissue in MSG-Induced Rats. METHODS In this regard, 60 male rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10/each): 1 (Control); 2 (sham); 3 (L-carnitine 200 mg/kg b.w); 4 (MSG 3 g/kg b.w); 5 (MSG + L-carnitine 100 mg/kg); and 6 (MSG + L-carnitine 200 mg/kg). After 6 months, the rats were sacrificed, the blood sample collected and the kidneys harvested for evaluation of biochemical analytes, genes expression, and histopathological changes. RESULTS MSG significantly increased the serum level of MDA, BUN, creatinine, uric acid and renal Caspase-9, NGAL and KIM-1 expression, but it decreased the serum activity also renal expression of SOD, catalase, GPX, and Bcl-2 expression compared to the control group. Treatment with L-ca significantly reduced the serum BUN, creatinine, uric acid and MDA level and increased catalase, GPX and SOD compared to the MSG group. However, only administration of L-ca 200 significantly decreased the caspase-9, NGAL and KIM-1; also, it increased the Bcl-2 expression in the kidney compared to the MSG group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that L-carnitine had a major impact on the cell protection and might be an effective therapy in ameliorating the complications of the kidney induced by MSG via its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Koohpeyma
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 719363-5899, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morvarid Siri
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Marzieh Mahmoodi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Forough Saki
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 719363-5899, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 719363-5899, Shiraz, Iran
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15
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Abstract
Umami, the fifth taste, has been recognized as a legitimate taste modality only recently relative to the other tastes. Dozens of compounds from vastly different chemical classes elicit a savory (also called umami) taste. The prototypical umami substance glutamic acid or its salt monosodium glutamate (MSG) is present in numerous savory food sources or ingredients such as kombu (edible kelp), beans, soy sauce, tomatoes, cheeses, mushrooms, and certain meats and fish. Derivatives of glutamate (Glu), other amino acids, nucleotides, and small peptides can also elicit or modulate umami taste. In addition, many potent umami tasting compounds structurally unrelated to amino acids, nucleotides, and MSG have been either synthesized or discovered as naturally occurring in plants and other substances. Over the last 20 years several receptors have been suggested to mediate umami taste, including members of the metabotropic and ionotropic Glu receptor families, and more recently, the heterodimeric G protein-coupled receptor, T1R1/T1R3. Careful assessment of representative umami tasting molecules from several different chemical classes shows activation of T1R1/T1R3 with the expected rank order of potency in cell-based assays. Moreover, 5'-ribonucleotides, molecules known to enhance the savory note of Glu, considerably enhance the effect of MSG on T1R1/T1R3 in vitro. Binding sites are found on at least 4 distinct locations on T1R1/T1R3, explaining the propensity of the receptor to being activated or modulated by many structurally distinct compounds and these binding sites allosterically interact to modulate receptor activity. Activation of T1R1/T1R3 by all known umami substances evaluated and the receptor's pharmacological properties are sufficient to explain the basic human sensory experience of savory taste and it is therefore unlikely that other receptors are involved.
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16
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Khan TA, Sievenpiper JL, Fernstrom JD. Commentary: Dietary Glutamic Acid, Obesity, and Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:725786. [PMID: 34721103 PMCID: PMC8551475 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.725786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef A Khan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Scientist, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John D Fernstrom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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17
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Miranda AM, Ingram M, Nuessle TM, Santorico SA, Garneau NL. Factors affecting detection of bimodal sour-savory mixture and inter-individual umami taste perception. Food Qual Prefer 2021; 89:104147. [PMID: 33311858 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While basic taste interactions have been the subject of many research studies, there is one combination where data is limited in the literature: sour and umami. This combination is universal in culinary preparations and of key interest to the food industry. Therefore, the primary goal of the present study is to assess how increasing concentrations of acidity (citric acid) affect, if at all, the intensity of a constant concentration of umami (monosodium glutamate, MSG). The secondary goal is to investigate other possible factors in umami taste perception. Here, a crowdsourced cohort of 734 individuals (age range 8-81) tasted and rated the intensity of 50 mM MSG alone, and in combination with citric acid at varying concentrations (1.25 mM, 6.25 mM, 31.25 mM). Participants were also genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism rs34160967 in the T1R1 gene. The results show a significant decrease in the intensity perception of umami as sour concentration increases (low: p = 0.005, medium: p < 0.001, high: p < 0.001). Situational factors such as participant hunger level and time since last eating also have a significant effect on umami intensity perception. Neither the biological factors of sex, age, and ancestry appear to play a role in umami perception, nor does variation in gene TAS1R1 at rs34160967. These new data contribute to the growing field of taste and sensory interaction by giving evidence that sour suppresses umami taste perception in bi-model samples.
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18
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Hartley IE, Liem DG, Keast RS. Females' ability to discriminate MSG from NaCl influences perceived intensity but not liking of MSG added vegetable broths. J Food Sci 2020; 85:3934-3942. [PMID: 33037609 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether ability to taste monosodium glutamate (MSG) is associated with liking and intensity of sodium-reduced vegetable broths with added MSG. Six vegetable broths, with varying concentrations of added NaCl and MSG, were evaluated for overall intensity, and liking, by n = 115 female participants, mean age 24.1 ± 5.4. Broths evaluated included: control broth (0 g NaCl, 0 g MSG), high NaCl broth (0.8 g/100 mL), medium NaCl (0.4 g/100 mL), low NaCl (0.2 g/100 ml), medium NaCl (0.4 g/100 ml) + 29 mM MSG and, low NaCl (0.2 g/100 mL) + 29 mM MSG. Participant's umami discrimination status was determined using forced-choice triangle tests (29 mM MSG vs 29 mM NaCl), and suprathreshold salt taste intensity (NaCl) was measured. A 7% Na reduction was possible by partially replacing NaCl with MSG without influencing intensity or liking in the low NaCl broth, in comparison to the highest liked NaCl only broth (medium NaCl). There was no significant difference in liking of broths between MSG discriminators (n = 37) and nondiscriminators (n = 78) (P > 0.2). MSG discriminators rated all broths as significantly more intense overall (except for control broth, P > 0.2) than nondiscriminators (P < 0.05). A significant relationship was found between MSG discrimination status, and salt taste intensity tertiles (χ2 (2, N = 115) = 8.45; P < 0.02) indicating that the Na ion dominates taste profile. The ability to discriminate MSG from NaCl does not influence liking of salt-reduced broths with added MSG. MSG discrimination status was associated with NaCl taste intensity, indicating that the sodium ion is dominant in influencing intensity (common to both MSG and NaCl). PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The addition of MSG to vegetable broths is an effective way to reduce total sodium in the broths without reducing liking of the broths, this is irrespective of an individual's ability to taste MSG or salt. Salt taste and umami taste (MSG) appear to be associated, indicating the sodium is important in influencing taste intensity for both salty and umami taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella E Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin Univ., Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Dijn G Liem
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin Univ., Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Russell Sj Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin Univ., Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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19
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Hazzaa SM, Abdelaziz SAM, Abd Eldaim MA, Abdel-Daim MM, Elgarawany GE. Neuroprotective Potential of Allium sativum against Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity: Impact on Short-Term Memory, Gliosis, and Oxidative Stress. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1028. [PMID: 32290031 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the neuroprotective potential of Allium sativum against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced neurotoxicity with respect to its impact on short-term memory in rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats were assigned into four groups. The control group received distilled water. The second group was administered Allium sativum powder (200 mg/kg of body weight) orally for 7 successive days, then was left without treatment until the 30th day. The third group was injected intraperitoneally with MSG (4 g/kg of body weight) for 7 successive days, then left without treatment until the 30th day. The fourth group was injected with MSG in the same manner as the third group and was treated with Allium sativum powder in the same manner as the second group, simultaneously. Phytochemical analysis of Allium sativum powder identified the presence of diallyl disulphide, carvone, diallyl trisulfide, and allyl tetrasulfide. MSG-induced excitotoxicity and cognitive deficit were represented by decreased distance moved and taking a long time to start moving from the center in the open field, as well as lack of curiosity in investigating the novel object and novel arm. Moreover, MSG altered hippocampus structure and increased MDA concentration and protein expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), calretinin, and caspase-3, whereas it decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and protein expression of Ki-67 in brain tissue. However, Allium sativum powder prevented MSG-induced neurotoxicity and improved short-term memory through enhancing antioxidant activity and reducing lipid peroxidation. In addition, it decreased protein expression of GFAP, calretinin, and caspase-3 and increased protein expression of Ki-67 in brain tissues and retained brain tissue architecture. This study indicated that Allium sativum powder ameliorated MSG-induced neurotoxicity through preventing oxidative stress-induced gliosis and apoptosis of brain tissue in rats.
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20
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Hamza RZ, Al-Salmi FA, El-Shenawy NS. Evaluation of the effects of the green nanoparticles zinc oxide on monosodium glutamate-induced toxicity in the brain of rats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7460. [PMID: 31579564 PMCID: PMC6768055 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used extensively as a food additive in the diets of many countries around the world. Aim of the study Our aim was to determine the effects of green zinc oxide nanoparticles on MSG-induced oxidative damage, neurotransmitter changes, and histopathological alternation in the cerebral cortexes of rats. Methods MSG was administered orally at two doses of 6 and 17.5 mg/kg body weight. The higher dose was associated with a significant decline in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glutathione (GSH) in the cerebral cortex of rats. Results The administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles/green tea extract (ZnO NPs/GTE) to 17.5 mg/kg MSG-treated rats was associated with significant improvements in all parameters previously shown to be altered by MSG. The higher dose of MSG induced significant histopathological variation in brain tissue. Co-treatment of rats with ZnO NPs/GTE and MSG-HD inhibited the reduction of neurotransmitters and acetylcholinesterase by MSG. Conclusions ZnO NPs/GTE have the potential to protect against oxidative stress and neuronal necrosis induced by MSG-HD. ZnO NPs/GTE conferred a greater benefit than the control treatment or ZnO NPs or GTE administered separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Z Hamza
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawziah A Al-Salmi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla S El-Shenawy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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21
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Holton KF, Hargrave SL, Davidson TL. Differential Effects of Dietary MSG on Hippocampal Dependent Memory Are Mediated by Diet. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:968. [PMID: 31572118 PMCID: PMC6751330 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Free glutamate is a common dietary flavor enhancer and is also an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the body. A good number of food additives which contain glutamate are found in the Western Diet, and this diet has also been linked to increased risk of cognitive dysfunction. Objective To examine the effects of dietary glutamate on hippocampal and non-hippocampal memory performance, and whether consuming a diet high in fat/sugar could influence any observed associations. Methods Sixty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained concurrently on two different discrimination problems: (1) Pavlovian serial feature negative (sFN) discrimination, in which a brief tone stimulus was reinforced with sucrose pellets when it was presented alone (T+ trials) and non-reinforced on trials when it was preceded by the presentation of a brief light (LT− trials); and (2) a simple discrimination (SD) problem in which a white noise (WN+) cue was reinforced with sucrose pellets and a clicker (C-) stimulus was not reinforced. Previous research has shown that sFN, but not SD performance, depends on the functional integrity of the hippocampus. After solving both problems, the rats were assigned to one of four ad libitum-fed diet groups, matched on weight and discrimination performance: (1) high fat, high sugar western-style diet (WD), (2) standard laboratory rodent chow diet (chow), (3) WD + monosodium glutamate (MSG), or (4) chow + MSG. Results After 14 weeks, rats fed WD had higher adiposity than rats fed chow. Consistent with previous findings, rats fed WD exhibited impaired performance on the sFN problem, but not on the SD, relative to rats fed chow. Adding MSG to WD abolished this impairment, whereas rats fed chow + MSG had impaired sFN performance compared to rats fed chow alone. No differences in performance on the SD task were observed. Conclusion This study demonstrates differing effects of dietary glutamate on hippocampal dependent memory function, with MSG impairing hippocampal function in animals receiving chow, while improving hippocampal function in animals receiving a Western-type diet, high in fat and sugar. More research will be needed to explore the cause of these differential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Holton
- Nutritional Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Studies, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sara L Hargrave
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Terry L Davidson
- Laboratory for Behavioral and Neural Homeostasis, Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
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22
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Jin HJ, Han DH. College Students' Experience of a Food Safety Class and Their Responses to the MSG Issue. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16162977. [PMID: 31430891 PMCID: PMC6719175 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines whether students' experience in a food safety class affected their responses to the monosodium glutamate (MSG) issue and to message framing. We differentiated students into two groups depending on their involvement in a food safety class. The data were collected through in-class surveys in South Korea. A structural equation model was used where the dependent variable was students' intention to avoid MSG; the mediating variables were knowledge, trust, attitude, and risk perception; and the exogenous variable was class experience. A difference-in-differences scheme was used to analyze the interaction between class experience and message frame. Empirical results show that students who took the class had relatively more knowledge of MSG along with lower risk perceptions or fears of MSG and thus a reduced intention to avoid it. The class experience also affected their trust in overall food safety in the domestic market as well as in food-related institutions and groups. Students showed sensitivity to message framing, although the sensitivity did not statistically differ by students' class experience status. Our results imply that cultivating students' knowledge of food additives through a food safety class enables them to respond more reasonably toward food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joung Jin
- Department of Economics, College of Business & Economics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Dae Hee Han
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Cebi N, Dogan CE, Olgun EO, Sagdic O. A survey of free glutamic acid in foods using a robust LC-MS/MS method. Food Chem 2018; 248:8-13. [PMID: 29329874 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An effective and simultaneous liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used with the aim of quantifying monosodium glutamate (MSG) in foodstuffs, such as chips, taste cubes, sauces and soups. The results were linear (R2 = 1), with very low LOD and LOQ values, 1.0 µg/kg, 5.0 µg/kg, respectively. Excellent repeatability and reproducibility were also achieved. This highly sensitive and robust LC-MS/MS technique was applied successfully for the detection and quantification of MSG in a wide variety of foodstuffs. MSG contents ranged from 0.01 g/100 g to 15.39 g/100 g in food samples. Importantly, determination of free glutamic acid in the daily diet could also prevent various side effects associated with consumption of excess free glutamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Cebi
- Yıldız Technical University, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, 34210 İstanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | - Osman Sagdic
- Yıldız Technical University, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, 34210 İstanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Kimchi (a traditional Korean fermented vegetable) was prepared with a starter, Lactobacillus zymae GU240 producing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and one precursor of GABA (glutamic acid, glutamic acid monosodium salt (MSG), or kelp extract). L. zymae GU240, an isolate from kimchi, can grow at 7% NaCl and low temperature. Five different kimchi samples were fermented for 20 weeks at -1°C. Kimchi with starter alone could not produce GABA. The GABA content was highest in kimchi with co-inoculation of the starter and MSG (1% (w/w)). Kimchi co-inoculated with the starter and kelp extract powder (3% (w/w)) had the second highest GABA content. Addition of glutamic acid powder (1% (w/w)) caused a reduction in the pH level of kimchi and growth inhibition of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Kimchi samples with MSG or kelp extract showed improvement of sensory evaluation scores. The results demonstrate the possibility to produce kimchi with improved functionality and taste by using L. zymae GU240 as a starter along with a suitable precursor such as MSG or kelp extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wook Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Shim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhuang Yao
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Holton KF, Cotter EW. Could dietary glutamate be contributing to the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder? Future Sci OA 2018; 4:FSO277. [PMID: 29568566 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 50-year-old man who had suffered from daily obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms for 39 years, in addition to fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, was enrolled in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial to test the effects of a low-glutamate diet on fibromyalgia/irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. After 1 month on the low-glutamate diet all of his symptoms remitted, including his OCD, which had previously been nonresponsive to pharmacological treatment. This case study is limited by self-report of symptoms; however, glutamatergic neurotransmission appears to be dysregulated in OCD, suggesting biological plausibility for this observation. Future research is needed.
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Gan H, Feng T, Wu Y, Liu C, Xia Q, Cheng T. Circular transcriptome sequencing of the middle silk gland and posterior silk gland in the Bombyx mori. Data Brief 2017; 15:709-711. [PMID: 29124095 PMCID: PMC5671477 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular transcriptome sequencing of the middle silk gland (MSG) and posterior silk gland (PSG) in the Bombyx mori are presented. The middle silk gland and posterior silk gland were collected from the third day of fifth-instar B.mori larvae. The circular RNAs enriched by using RNase R to degrade the linear RNA molecules, and circular RNA sequencing (circRNA-seq) was performed using an Illumina Hiseq. 2500 sequencing platform. Samples are described in the SRA portal (SRP100385) and FASTQ files have been deposited in Sequence Read Archive (accession numbers: SRX2577343 and SRX2577342). The interpretation of these data is presented in the following research article: "Identification of circular RNA in the Bombyx mori silk gland" [1] (Gan et al., 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyan Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Tieshan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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van den Berg NWE, Neefs J, Berger WR, Baalman SWE, Meulendijks E, Kawasaki M, Kemper EM, Piersma FR, Veldkamp MW, Wesselink R, Krul SPJ, de Groot JR. Can we spice up our Christmas dinner? : Busting the myth of the 'Chinese restaurant syndrome'. Neth Heart J 2017; 25:664-668. [PMID: 29127646 PMCID: PMC5691820 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-017-1053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monosodium glutamate (MSG), also referred to as Vetsin or E621, is a flavour enhancer frequently used in Asian cuisine and abundantly present in the famous Chinese dish Peking duck. MSG is notorious for triggering the onset of the so-called ‘Chinese restaurant syndrome’ (CRS), a complex of unpleasant symptoms, which might include flushing, sweating and the onset of atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aims to determine the effects of MSG on the occurrence of AF. Methods We conducted a placebo self-controlled single-arm study in the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam. We included paroxysmal AF patients who reported a consistent onset of AF upon MSG intake. During three admissions, participants were subsequently administered: placebo, 1.5 g and 3 g MSG. If AF was recorded after the dose of 1.5 g MSG, patients were given another placebo instead of 3 g MSG. The primary outcome was the onset of AF registered by 24-hour Holter monitoring. The secondary outcomes were any other arrhythmia and the onset of CRS defined as two or more symptoms of CRS after MSG intake. Results Six men participated in the study. Both 1.5 g and 3 g MSG were unrelated to CRS, arrhythmias or AF occurrence. Conclusion Peking duck can be put on the Christmas menu without risking guests to be admitted to the emergency department with new episodes of AF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12471-017-1053-5) contains study inlcusion and exclusion criteria and recipe of Peking duck, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W E van den Berg
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Neefs
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W R Berger
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S W E Baalman
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Meulendijks
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kawasaki
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E M Kemper
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F R Piersma
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M W Veldkamp
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Wesselink
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S P J Krul
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J R de Groot
- Heart Centre, Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rivera-Carvantes MC, Jarero-Basulto JJ, Feria-Velasco AI, Beas-Zárate C, Navarro-Meza M, González-López MB, Gudiño-Cabrera G, García-Rodríguez JC. Changes in the expression level of MAPK pathway components induced by monosodium glutamate-administration produce neuronal death in the hippocampus from neonatal rats. Neuroscience 2017; 365:57-69. [PMID: 28954212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Excessive Glutamate (Glu) release may trigger excitotoxic cellular death by the activation of intracellular signaling pathways that transduce extracellular signals to the cell nucleus, which determines the onset of a death program. One such signaling pathway is the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which is involved in both survival and cell death. Experimental evidences from the use of specific inhibitors supports the participation of some MAPK pathway components in the excitotoxicity mechanism, but the complete process of this activation, which terminates in cell damage and death, is not clearly understood. The present work, we investigated the changes in the expression level of some MAPK-pathway components in hippocampal excitotoxic cell death in the neonatal rats using an experimental model of subcutaneous monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration on postnatal days (PD) 1, 3, 5 and 7. Data were collected at different ages through PD 14. Cell viability was evaluated using fluorescein diacetate mixed with propidium iodide (FDA-PI), and the Nissl-staining technique was used to evaluate histological damage. Transcriptional changes were also investigated in 98 components of the MAPK pathway that are associated with cell damage. These results are an evidence of that repetitive use of MSG, in neonatal rats, induces cell damage-associated transcriptional changes of MAPK components, that might reflect a differential stage of both biochemical and molecular brain maturation. This work also suggests that some of the proteins evaluated such as phosphorylated retinoblastoma (pRb) protein, which was up-regulated, could regulate the response to excitotoxic through modulation of the process of re-entry into the cell cycle in the hippocampus of rats treated with MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Catalina Rivera-Carvantes
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
| | - José Jaime Jarero-Basulto
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ignacio Feria-Velasco
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Regeneration and Neural Development Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Mónica Navarro-Meza
- Department of Health and Wellness, CUSur, University of Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzman, Jal., Mexico
| | - Mariana Berenice González-López
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Graciela Gudiño-Cabrera
- Regeneration and Neural Development Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
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Blonde GD, Spector AC. An Examination of the Role of L-Glutamate and Inosine 5'-Monophosphate in Hedonic Taste-Guided Behavior by Mice Lacking the T1R1 + T1R3 Receptor. Chem Senses 2017; 42:393-404. [PMID: 28334294 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterodimeric T1R1 + T1R3 receptor is considered critical for normal signaling of L-glutamate and 5'-ribonucleotides in the oral cavity. However, some taste-guided responsiveness remains in mice lacking one subunit of the receptor, suggesting that other receptors are sufficient to support some behaviors. Here, mice lacking both receptor subunits (KO) and wild-type (WT, both n = 13) mice were tested in a battery of behavioral tests. Mice were trained and tested in gustometers with a concentration series of Maltrin-580, a maltodextrin, in a brief-access test (10-s trials) as a positive control. Similar tests followed with monosodium glutamate (MSG) with and without the ribonucleotide inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), but always in the presence of the epithelial sodium channel blocker amiloride (A). Brief-access tests were repeated following short-term (30-min) and long-term (48-h) exposures to MSG + A + IMP and were also conducted with sodium gluconate replacing MSG. Finally, progressive ratio tests were conducted with Maltrin-580 or MSG + A + IMP, to assess appetitive behavior while minimizing satiation. Overall, MSG generated little concentration-dependent responding in either food-restricted WT or KO mice, even in combination with IMP. However, KO mice licked less to the amino acid stimuli, a measure of consummatory behavior in the brief-access tests. In contrast, both groups initiated a similar number of trials and had a similar breakpoint in the progressive ratio task, both measures of appetitive (approach) behavior. Collectively, these results suggest that while the T1R1 + T1R3 receptor is necessary for consummatory responding to MSG (+IMP), other receptors are sufficient to maintain appetitive responding to this "umami" stimulus complex in food-restricted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger D Blonde
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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30
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Ma S, Xia X, Li Y, Sun L, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Shi R, Chang J, Zhao P, Xia Q. Increasing the yield of middle silk gland expression system through transgenic knock-down of endogenous sericin-1. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 292:823-831. [PMID: 28357595 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various genetically modified bioreactor systems have been developed to meet the increasing demands of recombinant proteins. Silk gland of Bombyx mori holds great potential to be a cost-effective bioreactor for commercial-scale production of recombinant proteins. However, the actual yields of proteins obtained from the current silk gland expression systems are too low for the proteins to be dissolved and purified in a large scale. Here, we proposed a strategy that reducing endogenous sericin proteins would increase the expression yield of foreign proteins. Using transgenic RNA interference, we successfully reduced the expression of BmSer1 to 50%. A total 26 transgenic lines expressing Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed) in the middle silk gland (MSG) under the control of BmSer1 promoter were established to analyze the expression of recombinant. qRT-PCR and western blotting showed that in BmSer1 knock-down lines, the expression of DsRed had significantly increased both at mRNA and protein levels. We did an additional analysis of DsRed/BmSer1 distribution in cocoon and effect of DsRed protein accumulation on the silk fiber formation process. This study describes not only a novel method to enhance recombinant protein expression in MSG bioreactor, but also a strategy to optimize other bioreactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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31
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Franco CCS, Prates KV, Previate C, Moraes AMP, Matiusso CCI, Miranda RA, de Oliveira JC, Tófolo LP, Martins IP, Barella LF, Ribeiro TA, Malta A, Pavanello A, Francisco FA, Gomes RM, Alves VS, Moreira VM, Rigo KP, Almeida DL, de Sant Anna JR, Prado MAAC, Mathias PCF. Glibenclamide treatment blocks metabolic dysfunctions and improves vagal activity in monosodium glutamate-obese male rats. Endocrine 2017; 56:346-356. [PMID: 28233096 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Autonomic nervous system imbalance is associated with metabolic diseases, including diabetes. Glibenclamide is an antidiabetic drug that acts by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Since there is scarce data concerning autonomic nervous system activity and diabetes, the aim of this work was to test whether glibenclamide can improve autonomic nervous system activity and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function in pre-diabetic obese male rats. METHODS Pre-diabetes was induced by treatment with monosodium L-glutamate in neonatal rats. The monosodium L-glutamate group was treated with glibenclamide (2 mg/kg body weight /day) from weaning to 100 days of age, and the control group was treated with water. Body weight, food intake, Lee index, fasting glucose, insulin levels, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, omeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, and fat tissue accumulation were measured. The vagus and sympathetic nerve electrical activity were recorded. Insulin secretion was measured in isolated islets challenged with glucose, acetylcholine, and the selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists by radioimmunoassay technique. RESULTS Glibenclamide treatment prevented the onset of obesity and diminished the retroperitoneal (18%) and epididymal (25%) fat pad tissues. In addition, the glibenclamide treatment also reduced the parasympathetic activity by 28% and glycemia by 20% in monosodium L-glutamate-treated rats. The insulinotropic effect and unaltered cholinergic actions in islets from monosodium L-glutamate groups were increased. CONCLUSION Early glibenclamide treatment prevents monosodium L-glutamate-induced obesity onset by balancing autonomic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudinéia C S Franco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Kelly V Prates
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Carina Previate
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana M P Moraes
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Camila C I Matiusso
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosiane A Miranda
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Júlio C de Oliveira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Laize P Tófolo
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Isabela P Martins
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Barella
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Tatiane A Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ananda Malta
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Audrei Pavanello
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Flávio A Francisco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Gomes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia/GO, Brazil
| | - Vander S Alves
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M Moreira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Késia P Rigo
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Douglas L Almeida
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliane R de Sant Anna
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis & Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Marialba A A C Prado
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis & Genetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo C F Mathias
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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32
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Chien JY, Liu CJ, Chuang PC, Lee TF, Huang YT, Liao CH, Hung CC, Sheng WH, Yu CJ, Hsueh PR. Evaluation of the automated Becton Dickinson MAX real-time PCR platform for detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii. Future Microbiol 2016; 12:29-37. [PMID: 27936923 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We evaluated the performance of the automated quantitative BD MAX (Becton Dickinson) real-time PCR platform for detecting Pneumocystis jirovecii. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of 34 retrospective and 137 prospective samples were included. RESULTS Retrospectively, all (100%) positive samples were correctly detected by this platform compared with a nested PCR. Among prospective samples, the overall sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 92.6%, 94.5%, 17.0 and 0.1, respectively. All bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)/bronchial washing samples were correctly identified by this platform. Samples from patients with colonization had significantly higher median amplification cycle threshold values than patients with P. jirovecii pneumonia. CONCLUSION The quantitative BD MAX real-time PCR is a rapid and highly sensitive modality for detecting P. jirovecii, especially in samples from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid/bronchial washing fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yien Chien
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Chuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Fen Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences & Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsing Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Huei Sheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Gomes JR, Freitas JR, Grassiolli S. Effects of Physical Exercise on the Intestinal Mucosa of Rats Submitted to a Hypothalamic Obesity Condition. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1389-96. [PMID: 27488821 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine plays a role in obesity as well as in satiation. However, the effect of physical exercise on the morphology and function of the small intestine during obesity has not been reported to date. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on morphological aspects of the rat small intestine during hypothalamic monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity. The rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary (S), Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), Exercised (E), and Exercised Monosodium Glutamate (EMSG). The MSG and EMSG groups received a daily injection of monosodium glutamate (4 g/kg) during the 5 first days after birth. The S and E groups were considered as control groups and received injections of saline. At weaning, at 21 days after birth, the EMSG and E groups were submitted to swimming practice 3 times a week until the 90th day, when all groups were sacrificed and the parameters studied recorded. Exercise significantly reduced fat deposits and the Lee Index in MSG-treated animals, and also reduced the thickness of the intestinal wall, the number of goblet cells and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity. However, physical activity alone increased the thickness and height of villi, and the depth of the crypts. In conclusion, regular physical exercise may alter the morphology or/and functions of the small intestine, reducing the prejudicial effects of hypothalamic obesity. Anat Rec, 299:1389-1396, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural Molecular e Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa, PR, CEP 84030-900, Brazil.
| | - J R Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural Molecular e Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa, PR, CEP 84030-900, Brazil
| | - S Grassiolli
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná -Campus de Cascavel, Rua Universitária, 2069, Bairro: Jardim Universitário, CEP 85819-110, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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Zhu S, Wu Y, Ye X, Ma L, Qi J, Yu D, Wei Y, Lin G, Ren G, Li D. FGF21 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inducing autophagy. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 420:107-19. [PMID: 27435856 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and seek to determine if its therapeutic effect is through induction of autophagy. In this research, Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG)-induced obese mice or normal lean mice were treated with vehicle, Fenofibrate, and recombinant murine FGF21, respectively. After 5 weeks of treatment, metabolic parameters including body weight, blood glucose and lipid levels, hepatic and fat gene expression levels were monitored and analyzed. Also, fat-loaded HepG2 cells were treated with vehicle or recombinant murine FGF21. The expression levels of proteins associated with autophagy were detected by western blot, real-time PCR, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Autophagic flux was monitored by laser confocal microscopy and western blot. Results showed that FGF21 significantly reduced body weight (P < 0.01) and serum triglyceride, improved insulin sensitivity, and reversed hepatic steatosis in the MSG model mice. In addition, FGF21 significantly increased the expression of several proteins related to autophagy both in MSG mice and fat-loaded HepG2 cells, such as microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3, Bcl-2-interacting myosin-like coiled-coil protein-1 (Beclin-1), and autophagy-related gene 5. Furthermore, the evidence of TEM revealed an increased number of autophagosomes and lysosomes in the model cells treated with FGF21. In vitro experimental results also showed that FGF21 remarkably increased autophagic flux. Taken together, FGF21 corrects multiple metabolic parameters on NAFLD in vitro and in vivo by inducing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Zhu
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunzhou Wu
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianlong Ye
- School of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lei Ma
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianying Qi
- School of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dan Yu
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangxiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guiping Ren
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Deshan Li
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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35
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Obara M, Togao O, Yoneyama M, Okuaki T, Shibukawa S, Honda H, Van Cauteren M. Acceleration-selective arterial spin labeling for intracranial MR angiography with improved visualization of cortical arteries and suppression of cortical veins. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:1996-2004. [PMID: 27418366 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A new approach for intracranial MR angiography (MRA) is introduced, using acceleration-selective arterial spin labeling (AccASL). The aim of this study was to investigate the arterial visualization and venous suppression using AccASL. METHODS Intracranial MRA images obtained by AccASL and time-of-flight (TOF) were compared in seven healthy volunteers and one patient with occlusion of the terminal portion of the left internal carotid artery. The volunteer images were assessed by measuring the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and white matter (WM) and between the confluence of sinuses and WM. Additionally, visualized peripheral arteries were counted and qualitative scoring of the MCA visualization and vein signal contamination was conducted. RESULTS The CNR at the M4 branch and the number of visualized arteries was significantly higher using AccASL compared with that in TOF (P < 0.05). In the qualitative comparison, the score for artery visualization was higher using AccASL (P < 0.05), while minimizing signal contamination by cortical veins. Additionally, in patient examination, the collateral flow visualization was better with AccASL. CONCLUSION AccASL enables better efficiency for visualizing peripheral arteries compared with TOF, while suppressing cortical vein signal. Magn Reson Med 77:1996-2004, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Obara
- Philips Electronics Japan Ltd., Healthcare, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Togao
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masami Yoneyama
- Philips Electronics Japan Ltd., Healthcare, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shuhei Shibukawa
- Department of Radiology, Tokai University Hospital, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Jinap S, Hajeb P, Karim R, Norliana S, Yibadatihan S, Abdul-Kadir R. Reduction of sodium content in spicy soups using monosodium glutamate. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30463. [PMID: 27356909 PMCID: PMC4926097 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive dietary sodium intake causes several diseases, such as hypertension, cardiovascular and renal disease, etc. Hence, reducing sodium intake has been highly recommended. In this study the effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG), as an umami substance, on saltiness and sodium reduction was investigated. Methods and Results The trained panellists were presented with basic spicy soups (curry chicken and chili chicken) containing different amounts of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0–1.2%) and MSG (0–1.2%). They tasted the optimum concentrations of NaCl and MSG for the two spicy soups and the overall acceptability were 0.8% and 0.7%, respectively. There was no significant effect of spiciness level on the saltiness and umami taste of both soups. The optimum levels of combined NaCl and MSG for overall acceptance in the chili and curry soups were 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively. The results showed that with the addition of MSG, it is possible to reduce sodium intake without changing the overall acceptability of the spicy soup. A 32.5% reduction in sodium level is made feasible by adding 0.7% MSG to the spicy soups. Conclusions This study suggests that low-sodium soups can be developed by the addition of appropriate amounts of MSG, while maintaining the acceptability of the spicy soups. It was also proven that it is feasible to reduce sodium intake by replacing NaCl with MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selamat Jinap
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; ;
| | - Parvaneh Hajeb
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Roslina Karim
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sarian Norliana
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Simayi Yibadatihan
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Razak Abdul-Kadir
- Department of Food Service, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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López-Miranda V, Soto-Montenegro ML, Uranga-Ocio JA, Vera G, Herradón E, González C, Blas C, Martínez-Villaluenga M, López-Pérez AE, Desco M, Abalo R. Effects of chronic dietary exposure to monosodium glutamate on feeding behavior, adiposity, gastrointestinal motility, and cardiovascular function in healthy adult rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1559-70. [PMID: 26303145 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor-enhancer widely used as a food additive. However, its safe dietary concentration and its toxicity, including its possible implication in the recent metabolic syndrome pandemia, is still a controversial issue. Therefore, a deep knowledge of its effects upon regular dietary use is needed. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to MSG on feeding behavior, abdominal fat, gastrointestinal motility, and cardiovascular function in rats. METHODS Two groups of adult male Wistar rats were used: control and treated with MSG (4 g/L in drinking water) for 6 weeks. Different functional parameters were determined and the histological structure was analyzed in tissues of interest. KEY RESULTS Compared to control animals, chronic MSG increased water intake but did not modify food ingestion or body weight gain. Neither the abdominal fat volume nor the fat fraction, measured by magnetic resonance imaging, was modified by MSG. Monosodium glutamate did not alter general gastrointestinal motility, but significantly increased the colonic response to mechanical stimulation. It slightly reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta, without significantly modifying any other cardiovascular parameters. No significant histological alterations were detected in salivary glands, intestinal wall, aorta, heart, and kidney. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Chronic treatment with MSG in the adult rat increased water intake. This supports its potential to improve acceptance of low-fat regimens and to increase hydration in the elderly and sportspeople, often at risk of dehydration. Changes in colonic contractility and cardiovascular function could have some long-term repercussions warranting further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V López-Miranda
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica(IQM) y al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L Soto-Montenegro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Uranga-Ocio
- Área de Histología y Anatomía Patológica y Unidad Asociada al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Vera
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica(IQM) y al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Herradón
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica(IQM) y al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - C González
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica(IQM) y al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Blas
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica(IQM) y al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Martínez-Villaluenga
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica(IQM) y al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - A E López-Pérez
- Unidad del Dolor, Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Desco
- Dept. Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica(IQM) y al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Leong J, Kasamatsu C, Ong E, Hoi JT, Loong MN. A study on sensory properties of sodium reduction and replacement in Asian food using difference-from - control test. Food Sci Nutr 2015; 4:469-78. [PMID: 27247776 PMCID: PMC4867766 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of sodium reduction and flavor enhancers on the sensory profile of two types of hawker foods commonly consumed in Singapore, namely chicken rice and mee soto broth. The ‘difference‐from‐control’ test was the method adopted in this study involving 24–29 trained panelists. Combinations included blind control, two levels of sodium reduction, and two levels of flavor enhancers in sodium‐reduced recipes. In the sodium‐reduced recipes, two levels of NaCl, 0.48% and 0.55%, for chicken rice, and 0.76% and 0.86% for mee soto (equivalent to 31% and 22% reduction in NaCl), were used. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) or Ajiplus® (a blend of MSG and nucleotides) at 0.20% and 0.40% were added to the recipes comprising a reduction of 40% in NaCl (equivalent to 31% and 22% reduction in sodium, respectively) compared with the control. It was found that the inclusion of MSG or Ajiplus® in 40% NaCl‐reduced recipe resulted in a significant increase in perception of umami taste (P < 0.05) when compared to the control. By adding flavor enhancers into the 40%‐reduced salt chicken rice recipes, the perception of saltiness was significantly increased when compared to 22% and 31% sodium reduced recipes. Similarly for mee soto broth, there was a significant increase in perception of chicken flavor, umami taste, mouthfeel sensation, and sweet taste (P < 0.05) with a decrease in the perception of sour and bitter taste when compared to control. By adding 0.40% MSG into the 40%‐reduced salt recipes, the perception of saltiness was maintained when compared with control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Leong
- Singapore Polytechnic Food Innovation and Resource Centre 500, Dover Road 139651 Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Evelyn Ong
- Singapore Polytechnic Food Innovation and Resource Centre 500, Dover Road 139651 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jia Tse Hoi
- Singapore Polytechnic Food Innovation and Resource Centre 500, Dover Road 139651 Singapore Singapore
| | - Mann Na Loong
- Singapore Polytechnic Food Innovation and Resource Centre 500, Dover Road 139651 Singapore Singapore
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Banerjee S, Das RK, Giffear KA, Shapiro BH. Permanent uncoupling of male-specific CYP2C11 transcription/translation by perinatal glutamate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:79-91. [PMID: 25697375 PMCID: PMC4374021 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure of rats and mice to the typically reported 4mg/g bd wt dose of monosodium glutamate (MSG) results in a complete block in GH secretion as well as obesity, growth retardation and a profound suppression of several cytochrome P450s, including CYP2C11, the predominant male-specific isoform--all irreversible effects. In contrast, we have found that a lower dose of the food additive, 2mg/g bd wt on alternate days for the first 9days of life results in a transient neonatal depletion of plasma GH, a subsequent permanent overexpression of CYP2C11 as well as subnormal (mini) GH pulse amplitudes in an otherwise normal adult masculine episodic GH profile. The overexpressed CYP2C11 was characterized by a 250% increase in mRNA, but only a 40 to 50% increase in CYP2C11 protein and its catalytic activity. Using freshly isolated hepatocytes as well as primary cultures exposed to the masculine-like episodic GH profile, we observed normal induction, activation, nuclear translocation and binding to the CYP2C11 promoter of the GH-dependent signal transducers required for CYP2C11 transcription. The disproportionately lower expression levels of CYP2C11 protein were associated with dramatically high expression levels of an aberrant, presumably nontranslated CYP2C11 mRNA, a 200% increase in CYP2C11 ubiquitination and a 70-80% decline in miRNAs associated, at normal levels, with a suppression of CYP2C expression. Whereas the GH-responsiveness of CYP2C7 and CYP2C6 as well as albumin was normal in the MSG-derived hepatocytes, the abnormal expression of CYP2C11 was permanent and irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Banerjee
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Rajat Kumar Das
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Kelly A Giffear
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Bernard H Shapiro
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA.
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Chun JY, Kim BS, Lee JG, Cho HY, Min SG, Choi MJ. Effect of NaCl/Monosodium Glutamate ( MSG) Mixture on the Sensorial Properties and Quality Characteristics of Model Meat Products. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2014; 34:576-81. [PMID: 26761490 PMCID: PMC4662218 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.5.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium chloride is an important ingredient added to most of foods which contributes to flavor enhancement and food preservation but excess intake of sodium chloride may also cause various diseases such as heart diseases, osteoporosis and so on. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a salty flavor enhancer on the quality and sensorial properties of the NaCl/MSG complex and actual food system. For characterizing the spray-dried NaCl/MSG complex, surface dimension, morphology, rheology, and saltiness intensity were estimated by increasing MSG (0-2.0%) levels at a fixed NaCl concentration (2.0%). MSG levels had no effect of the characteristics of the NaCl/MSG complex, although the addition of MSG increased the surface dimension of the NaCl/MSG complex significantly (p<0.05). Furthermore, the effect of MSG on enhancing the salty flavor was not observed in the solution of the NaCl/MSG complex. In the case of an actual food system, model meat products (pork patties) were prepared by replacing NaCl with MSG. MSG enhanced the salty flavor, thereby increasing overall acceptability of pork patties. Replacement of NaCl with MSG (<1.0%) did not result in negative sensorial properties of pork patties, although quality deterioration such as high cooking loss was found. Nevertheless, MSG had a potential application in meat product formulation as a salty flavor enhancer or a partial NaCl replacer when meat products were supplemented with binding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Chun
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Byong-Soo Kim
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jung-Gyu Lee
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Hyung-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam 463-836, Korea
| | - Sang-Gi Min
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Choi
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Holeski LM, Monnahan P, Koseva B, McCool N, Lindroth RL, Kelly JK. A high-resolution genetic map of yellow monkeyflower identifies chemical defense QTLs and recombination rate variation. G3 (Bethesda) 2014; 4:813-21. [PMID: 24626287 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping-by-sequencing methods have vastly improved the resolution and accuracy of genetic linkage maps by increasing both the number of marker loci as well as the number of individuals genotyped at these loci. Using restriction-associated DNA sequencing, we construct a dense linkage map for a panel of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between divergent ecotypes of Mimulus guttatus. We used this map to estimate recombination rate across the genome and to identify quantitative trait loci for the production of several secondary compounds (PPGs) of the phenylpropanoid pathway implicated in defense against herbivores. Levels of different PPGs are correlated across recombinant inbred lines suggesting joint regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway. However, the three quantitative trait loci identified in this study each act on a distinct PPG. Finally, we map three putative genomic inversions differentiating the two parental populations, including a previously characterized inversion that contributes to life-history differences between the annual/perennial ecotypes.
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42
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Tugarinov V. Indirect use of deuterium in solution NMR studies of protein structure and hydrogen bonding. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2014; 77:49-68. [PMID: 24411830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A description of the utility of deuteration in protein NMR is provided with an emphasis on quantitative evaluation of the effects of deuteration on a number of NMR parameters of proteins: (1) chemical shifts, (2) scalar coupling constants, (3) relaxation properties (R1 and R2 rates) of nuclei directly attached to one or more deuterons as well as protons of methyl groups in a highly deuterated environment, (4) scalar relaxation of 15N and 13C nuclei in 15N-D and 13C-D spin systems as a measure of hydrogen bonding strength, and (5) NOE-based applications of deuteration in NMR studies of protein structure. The discussion is restricted to the 'indirect' use of deuterium in the sense that the description of NMR parameters and properties of the nuclei affected by nearby deuterons (15N, 13C, 1H) is provided rather than those of deuterium itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Tugarinov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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43
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Abstract
The consumption of monosodium glutamate (MSG) solutions has been shown to reinforce preferences for MSG and for MSG-paired flavors in mice. These effects appear to have a strong postoral component, such that MSG detected in the gut is associated with concurrently consumed flavors. Two experiments investigated postoral MSG reward by infusing 400mM MSG intragastrically (IG) to C57BL/6 mice as they consumed a conditioned stimulus (CS+) flavor. An alternate CS- flavor was paired with IG water. In Experiment 1, the grape and cherry CS flavors were unsweetened, and intakes and preferences for the CS+ flavor were modest. Experiment 2 attempted to generate stronger preferences by adding 0.05% saccharin to the CS flavors. Sweet taste did enhance intakes during training and testing but did not significantly increase percent CS+ intake or persistence of the preference. However, only conditioning with the sweet CS+ resulted in the mice expressing a preference for oral MSG in an initial choice test with water. These findings extend recent studies demonstrating postoral MSG conditioning in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ackroff
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
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44
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Shivasharan BD, Nagakannan P, Thippeswamy BS, Veerapur VP. Protective Effect of Calendula officinalis L. Flowers Against Monosodium Glutamate Induced Oxidative Stress and Excitotoxic Brain Damage in Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 28:292-8. [PMID: 24426226 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-012-0256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a popular flavour enhancer used in food industries; however, excess MSG is neurotoxic. Oxidative stress is well documented in MSG induced neurotoxicity. The compounds having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties reportedly possess beneficial effects against various neurotoxic insults. Calendula officinalis Linn. flower extract (COE) is known for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Hence, this present study has been designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of COE on MSG-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Adult Wistar rats were administered systemically for 7 days with MSG and after one h of MSG injection, rats were treated with COE (100 and 200 mg/kg) orally. At the end the treatment period, animals were assessed for locomotor activity and were sacrificed; brains were isolated for estimation of LPO, GSH, CAT, TT, GST, Nitrite and histopathological studies. MSG caused a significant alteration in animal behavior, oxidative defense (raised levels of LPO, nitrite concentration, depletion of antioxidant levels) and hippocampal neuronal histology. Treatment with COE significantly attenuated behavioral alterations, oxidative stress, and hippocampal damage in MSG-treated animals. Hence, this study demonstrates that COE protects against MSG-induced neurotoxicity in rats. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of COE may be responsible for its observed neuroprotective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Shivasharan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, 572 102 Karnataka India
| | - P Nagakannan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, 572 102 Karnataka India
| | - B S Thippeswamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, 572 102 Karnataka India
| | - V P Veerapur
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, 572 102 Karnataka India
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