1
|
Pei Z, Guo X, Zheng F, Yang Z, Li T, Yu Z, Li X, Guo X, Chen Q, Fu C, Tang T, Feng D, Wang Y. Xuefu Zhuyu decoction promotes synaptic plasticity by targeting miR-191a-5p/BDNF-TrkB axis in severe traumatic brain injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155566. [PMID: 38565001 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula known for its ability to eliminate blood stasis and improve blood circulation, providing neuroprotection against severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. PURPOSE We aim to investigate the neuroprotective effects of XFZYD in sTBI from a novel mechanistic perspective of miRNA-mRNA. Additionally, we sought to elucidate a potential specific mechanism by integrating transcriptomics, bioinformatics, and conducting both in vitro and in vivo experiments. METHODS The sTBI rat model was established, and the rats were treated with XFZYD for 14 days. The neuroprotective effects of XFZYD were evaluated using a modified neurological severity score, hematoxylin and eosin staining, as well as Nissl staining. The anti-inflammatory effects of XFZYD were explored using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. Next, miRNA sequencing of the hippocampus was performed to determine which miRNAs were differentially expressed. Subsequently, qRT-PCR was used to validate the differentially expressed miRNAs. Target core mRNAs were determined using various methods, including miRNA prediction targets, mRNA sequencing, miRNA-mRNA network, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. The miRNA/mRNA regulatory axis were verified through qRT-PCR or Western blot analysis. Finally, morphological changes in the neural synapses were observed using transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. RESULTS XFZYD exhibited significant neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on subacute sTBI rats' hippocampus. The analyses of miRNA/mRNA sequences combined with the PPI network revealed that the therapeutic effects of XFZYD on sTBI were associated with the regulation of the rno-miR-191a-5p/BDNF axis. Subsequently, qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed XFZYD reversed the decrease of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus caused by sTBI. Additionally, XFZYD treatment potentially increased the number of synaptic connections, and the expression of the synapse-related protein PSD95, axon-related protein GAP43 and neuron-specific protein TUBB3. CONCLUSIONS XFZYD exerts neuroprotective effects by promoting hippocampal synaptic remodeling and improving cognition during the subacute phase of sTBI through downregulating of rno-miR-191a-5p/BDNF axis, further activating BDNF-TrkB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Pei
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Xiaohang Guo
- School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Fei Zheng
- The College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Zhaoyu Yang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Teng Li
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Zhe Yu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Xuexuan Li
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Xin Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Child Healthcare, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Quan Chen
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Chunyan Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422100, PR China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, PR China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; NATCM Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu YS, Wang ML, Hu NY, Li ZM, Wu JL, Li H, Li JT, Li XW, Yang JM, Gao TM, Chen YH. A comparison of the impact on neuronal transcriptome and cognition of rAAV5 transduction with three different doses in the mouse hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1195327. [PMID: 37520430 PMCID: PMC10375024 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1195327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are widely used in genetic therapeutics. AAV5 has shown superior transduction efficiency, targeting neurons and glial cells in primate brains. Nonetheless, the comprehensive impact of AAV5 transduction on molecular and behavioral alterations remains unexplored. This study focuses on evaluating the effects of AAV5 transduction in the hippocampus, a critical region for memory formation and emotional processes. Methods In this experiment, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was utilized to isolate the mCherry-labeled pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of CaMkIIα-cre mice following three different doses rAAV5-mCherry infusion after 3 weeks, which were then subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to assess gene expression profiles. The cytokines concentration, mRNA expression, and glial response in hippocampi were confirmed by ELASA, digital droplet PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. Locomotion and anxiety-like behaviors were elevated by Open Field Test and Elevated Plus Maze Test, while the Y-Maze were used to assessed spatial working memory. Recognition memory and fear responses were examined by the Novel Object Recognition Test and Fear Conditioning Test, respectively. Results We found that 2.88 × 1010 v.g rAAV5 transduction significantly upregulated genes related to the immune response and apoptosis, and downregulated genes associated with mitochondrial function and synaptic plasticity in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, while did not induce neuronal loss and gliosis compared with 2.88 × 109 v.g and 2.88 × 108 v.g. Furthermore, the same doses impaired working memory and contextual fear memory, without effects on locomotion and anxiety-related behaviors. Discussion Our findings highlight the detrimental impact of high-dose administration compared to median-dose or low-dose, resulting in increased neural vulnerability and impaired memory. Therefore, when considering the expression effectiveness of exogenous genes, it is crucial to also take potential side effects into account in clinical settings. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these drawbacks of high-dose rAAV5-mCherry still require further investigation in future studies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ntim M, Li QF, Zhang Y, Liu XD, Li N, Sun HL, Zhang X, Khan B, Wang B, Wu Q, Wu XF, Walana W, Khan K, Ma QH, Zhao J, Li S. TRIM32 Deficiency Impairs Synaptic Plasticity by Excitatory-Inhibitory Imbalance via Notch Pathway. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4617-4632. [PMID: 32219328 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is the neural basis of physiological processes involved in learning and memory. Tripartite motif-containing 32 (TRIM32) has been found to play many important roles in the brain such as neural stem cell proliferation, neurogenesis, inhibition of nerve proliferation, and apoptosis. TRIM32 has been linked to several nervous system diseases including autism spectrum disorder, depression, anxiety, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the role of TRIM32 in regulating the mechanism of synaptic plasticity is still unknown. Our electrophysiological studies using hippocampal slices revealed that long-term potentiation of CA1 synapses was impaired in TRIM32 deficient (KO) mice. Further research found that dendritic spines density, AMPA receptors, and synaptic plasticity-related proteins were also reduced. NMDA receptors were upregulated whereas GABA receptors were downregulated in TRIM32 deficient mice, explaining the imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. This caused overexcitation leading to decreased neuronal numbers in the hippocampus and cortex. In summary, this study provides this maiden evidence on the synaptic plasticity changes of TRIM32 deficiency in the brain and proposes that TRIM32 relates the notch signaling pathway and its related mechanisms contribute to this deficit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ntim
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi-Fa Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Da Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Na Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hai-Lun Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bakhtawar Khan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xue-Fei Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Williams Walana
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Khizar Khan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shao Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amiri S, Azadmanesh K, Dehghan Shasaltaneh M, Mayahi V, Naghdi N. The Implication of Androgens in the Presence of Protein Kinase C to Repair Alzheimer’s Disease-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2020; 24:64-80. [PMID: 31677609 PMCID: PMC6984714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 03/29/2024]
Abstract
Aging, as a major risk factor of memory deficiency, affects neural signaling pathways in hippocampus. In particular, age-dependent androgens deficiency causes cognitive impairments. Several enzymes like protein kinase C (PKC) are involved in memory deficiency. Indeed, PKC regulatory process mediates α-secretase activation to cleave APP in β-amyloid cascade and tau proteins phosphorylation mechanism. Androgens and cortisol regulate PKC signaling pathways, affecting the modulation of receptor for activated C kinase 1. Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK signaling pathway depends on CREB activity in hippocampal neurons and is involved in regulatory processes via PKC and androgens. Therefore, testosterone and PKC contribute in the neuronal apoptosis. The present review summarizes the current status of androgens, PKC, and their influence on cognitive learning. Inconsistencies in experimental investigations related to this fundamental correlation are also discussed, with emphasis on the mentioned contributors as the probable potent candidates for learning and memory improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amiri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Vafa Mayahi
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nasser Naghdi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hippocampal Protein Kinase C Gamma Signaling Mediates the Impairment of Spatial Learning and Memory in Prenatally Stressed Offspring Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 414:186-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
6
|
Forced expression of NR4A3 induced the differentiation of human neuroblastoma-derived NB1 cells. Med Oncol 2019; 36:66. [PMID: 31183633 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 3 (NR4A3) is a member of the NR4A subgroup of orphan nuclear receptors, implicated in the regulation of diverse biological functions, including metabolism, angiogenesis, inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Although many reports have suggested the involvement of NR4A3 in the development and/or progression of tumors, its role varies among tumor types. Previously, we reported that DNA hypomethylation at NR4A3 exon 3 is associated with lower survival rate of neuroblastoma (NB) patients. As hypomethylation of this region results in reduced expression of NR4A3, our observations suggested that NR4A3 functions as a tumor suppressor in NB. However, the exact mechanisms underlying its functions have not been clarified. In the present study, we analyzed public databases and showed that reduced NR4A3 expression was associated with shorter survival period of NB in two out of three datasets. An in vitro study revealed that forced expression of NR4A3 in human NB-derived cell line NB1 resulted in elongation of neurites along with overexpression of GAP43, one of the differentiation markers of NB. On the other hand, siRNA-mediated knockdown of NR4A3 suppressed the expression level of GAP43. Interestingly, the forced expression of NR4A3 induced only the GAP43 but not the other molecules involved in NB cell differentiation, such as MYCN, TRKA, and PHOX2B. These results indicated that NR4A3 directly activates the expression of GAP43 and induces differentiated phenotypes of NB cells, without affecting the upstream signals regulating GAP43 expression and NB differentiation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Caputi S, Trubiani O, Sinjari B, Trofimova S, Diomede F, Linkova N, Diatlova A, Khavinson V. Effect of short peptides on neuronal differentiation of stem cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019; 33:2058738419828613. [PMID: 30791821 PMCID: PMC6376556 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419828613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that short peptides play an important role in the transmission of biological information, modulation of transcription, and restoring genetically conditioned alterations occurring with age. Peptidergic regulation of homeostasis occupies an important place in physiological processes, which lead to the aging of cells, tissues, and organs, consisting in the involution of major regulatory systems-the nervous, the endocrine, and the immune. The effect of AED (Ala-Glu-Asp), KED (Lys-Glu-Asp), KE (Lys-Glu), AEDG (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) peptides and their compound on neuronal differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) was studied by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Growth-Associated Protein 43 (GAP43), which implements neurotransmission mechanisms and neuroplasticity, demonstrated an increased expression in hPDLSCs cultured with a compound of all studied peptides and with KED alone. The peptide compound and KED, increase the expression of Nestin (neurofilament protein), expressed in early neuronal precursors in hPDLSCs cultures. Thus, the compound of peptides AEDG, KE, AED, and KED could promote the neuronal differentiation of hPDLSCs and be a promising tool for the study of peptides as a modulator of neurogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases studied in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Caputi
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Bruna Sinjari
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Svetlana Trofimova
- 2 Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Francesca Diomede
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Natalia Linkova
- 2 Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,3 Department of Medical Physic, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Diatlova
- 2 Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,3 Department of Medical Physic, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Khavinson
- 2 Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,4 Group of Peptide Regulation of Ageing, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jeziorska M, Atkinson A, Kass-Iliyya L, Javed S, Kobylecki C, Gosal D, Marshall A, Silverdale M, Malik RA. Increased Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Degeneration and Impaired Regeneration Relate to Symptoms and Deficits in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:111. [PMID: 30837937 PMCID: PMC6383044 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have shown cutaneous small fiber pathology in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). These studies have focused on nerve degeneration, but recent reports suggest that nerve regeneration may also be important in PD pathology. Objective: To establish the extent of intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) degeneration and regeneration and its relationship to clinical and neurological deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: Twenty-three PD patients and 10 age-matched controls underwent skin biopsy and assessment of somatic and autonomic symptoms and deficits. We have assessed Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Density (IENFD) using standard PGP9.5 staining and GAP-43 to assess Mean Axonal Length (MAL) and Intraepidermal Total Nerve Fiber Length (IETNFL). Results: IENFD (p < 0.0001), MAL (p < 0.0001), IETNFL/Area (p = 0.009), and IETNFL/Length (p = 0.04) were significantly reduced in patients with PD compared to controls. IENFD correlated significantly with disease duration (p = 0.03), cumulative levodopa dose (p = 0.02), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III (UPDRS-III) (p = 0.01), Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (p = 0.03), NSP (p = 0.03), and 30:15 ratio (p = 0.03). IETNFL/Area correlated with the Autonomic Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease (SCOPA-AUT) (p = 0.03) and Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom score (DNS) (p = 0.04) and IETNFL/Length correlated with DNS (p = 0.03). MAL correlated with SCOPA-AUT (p = 0.01), DNS (p = 0.02), and DB-HRV (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Increased IENF degeneration and impaired regeneration correlates with somatic and autonomic symptoms and deficits in patients with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jeziorska
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Atkinson
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Kass-Iliyya
- Department of Neurology, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Saad Javed
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Kobylecki
- Department of Neurology, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Gosal
- Department of Neurology, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Marshall
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Monty Silverdale
- Department of Neurology, Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP-43) as a Novel Target for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Epileptogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17702. [PMID: 29255203 PMCID: PMC5735087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed increased growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) expression in brain samples resected from patients with cortical dysplasia (CD), which was correlated with duration of epilepsy. Here, we used a rat model of CD to examine the regulation of GAP-43 in the brain and serum over the course of epileptogenesis. Baseline GAP-43 expression was higher in CD animals compared to control non-CD rats. An acute seizure increased GAP-43 expression in both CD and control rats. However, GAP-43 expression decreased by day 15 post-seizure in control rats, which did not develop spontaneous seizures. In contrast, GAP-43 remained up-regulated in CD rats, and over 50% developed chronic epilepsy with increased GAP-43 levels in their serum. GAP-43 protein was primarily located in excitatory neurons, suggesting its functional significance in epileptogenesis. Inhibition of GAP-43 expression by shRNA significantly reduced seizure duration and severity in CD rats after acute seizures with subsequent reduction in interictal spiking. Serum GAP-43 levels were significantly higher in CD rats that developed spontaneous seizures. Together, these results suggest GAP-43 as a key factor promoting epileptogenesis, a possible therapeutic target for treatment of progressive epilepsy and a potential biomarker for epilepsy progression in CD.
Collapse
|
10
|
Holahan MR. A Shift from a Pivotal to Supporting Role for the Growth-Associated Protein (GAP-43) in the Coordination of Axonal Structural and Functional Plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:266. [PMID: 28912688 PMCID: PMC5583208 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In a number of animal species, the growth-associated protein (GAP), GAP-43 (aka: F1, neuromodulin, B-50, G50, pp46), has been implicated in the regulation of presynaptic vesicular function and axonal growth and plasticity via its own biochemical properties and interactions with a number of other presynaptic proteins. Changes in the expression of GAP-43 mRNA or distribution of the protein coincide with axonal outgrowth as a consequence of neuronal damage and presynaptic rearrangement that would occur following instances of elevated patterned neural activity including memory formation and development. While functional enhancement in GAP-43 mRNA and/or protein activity has historically been hypothesized as a central mediator of axonal neuroplastic and regenerative responses in the central nervous system, it does not appear to be the crucial substrate sufficient for driving these responses. This review explores the historical discovery of GAP-43 (and associated monikers), its transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation and current understanding of protein interactions and regulation with respect to its role in axonal function. While GAP-43 itself appears to have moved from a pivotal to a supporting factor, there is no doubt that investigations into its functions have provided a clearer understanding of the biochemical underpinnings of axonal plasticity.
Collapse
|
11
|
Talman V, Pascale A, Jäntti M, Amadio M, Tuominen RK. Protein Kinase C Activation as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Alzheimer's Disease: Is there a Role for Embryonic Lethal Abnormal Vision-like Proteins? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:149-60. [PMID: 27001133 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It affects predominantly brain areas that are critical for memory and learning and is characterized by two main pathological hallmarks: extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Protein kinase C (PKC) has been classified as one of the cognitive kinases controlling memory and learning. By regulating several signalling pathways involved in amyloid and tau pathologies, it also plays an inhibitory role in AD pathophysiology. Among downstream targets of PKC are the embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV)-like RNA-binding proteins that modulate the stability and the translation of specific target mRNAs involved in synaptic remodelling linked to cognitive processes. This MiniReview summarizes the current evidence on the role of PKC and ELAV-like proteins in learning and memory, highlighting how their derangement can contribute to AD pathophysiology. This last aspect emphasizes the potential of pharmacological activation of PKC as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Talman
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Jäntti
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raimo K Tuominen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Williams KR, McAninch DS, Stefanovic S, Xing L, Allen M, Li W, Feng Y, Mihailescu MR, Bassell GJ. hnRNP-Q1 represses nascent axon growth in cortical neurons by inhibiting Gap-43 mRNA translation. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:518-34. [PMID: 26658614 PMCID: PMC4751602 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel posttranscriptional mechanism for regulating the neuronal protein GAP-43 is reported. The mRNA-binding protein hnRNP-Q1 represses Gap-43 mRNA translation by a mechanism involving a 5′ untranslated region G-quadruplex structure, which affects GAP-43 function, as demonstrated by a GAP-43–dependent increase in neurite length and number with hnRNP-Q1 knockdown. Posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by mRNA-binding proteins is critical for neuronal development and function. hnRNP-Q1 is an mRNA-binding protein that regulates mRNA processing events, including translational repression. hnRNP-Q1 is highly expressed in brain tissue, suggesting a function in regulating genes critical for neuronal development. In this study, we have identified Growth-associated protein 43 (Gap-43) mRNA as a novel target of hnRNP-Q1 and have demonstrated that hnRNP-Q1 represses Gap-43 mRNA translation and consequently GAP-43 function. GAP-43 is a neuronal protein that regulates actin dynamics in growth cones and facilitates axonal growth. Previous studies have identified factors that regulate Gap-43 mRNA stability and localization, but it remains unclear whether Gap-43 mRNA translation is also regulated. Our results reveal that hnRNP-Q1 knockdown increased nascent axon length, total neurite length, and neurite number in mouse embryonic cortical neurons and enhanced Neuro2a cell process extension; these phenotypes were rescued by GAP-43 knockdown. Additionally, we have identified a G-quadruplex structure in the 5′ untranslated region of Gap-43 mRNA that directly interacts with hnRNP-Q1 as a means to inhibit Gap-43 mRNA translation. Therefore hnRNP-Q1–mediated repression of Gap-43 mRNA translation provides an additional mechanism for regulating GAP-43 expression and function and may be critical for neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Williams
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Damian S McAninch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Snezana Stefanovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Megan Allen
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Wenqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Protein kinase C-dependent growth-associated protein 43 phosphorylation regulates gephyrin aggregation at developing GABAergic synapses. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1712-26. [PMID: 25755278 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01332-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) is known to regulate axon growth, but whether it also plays a role in synaptogenesis remains unclear. Here, we found that GAP43 regulates the aggregation of gephyrin, a pivotal protein for clustering postsynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs), in developing cortical neurons. Pharmacological blockade of either protein kinase C (PKC) or neuronal activity increased both GAP43-gephyrin association and gephyrin misfolding-induced aggregation, suggesting the importance of PKC-dependent regulation of GABAergic synapses. Furthermore, we found that PKC phosphorylation-resistant GAP43(S41A), but not PKC phosphorylation-mimicking GAP43(S41D), interacted with cytosolic gephyrin to trigger gephyrin misfolding and its sequestration into aggresomes. In contrast, GAP43(S41D), but not GAP43(S41A), inhibited the physiological aggregation/clustering of gephyrin, reduced surface GABA(A)Rs under physiological conditions, and attenuated gephyrin misfolding under transient oxygen-glucose deprivation (tOGD) that mimics pathological neonatal hypoxia. Calcineurin-mediated GAP43 dephosphorylation that accompanied tOGD also led to GAP43-gephyrin association and gephyrin misfolding. Thus, PKC-dependent phosphorylation of GAP43 plays a critical role in regulating postsynaptic gephyrin aggregation in developing GABAergic synapses.
Collapse
|
14
|
Latchney SE, Masiulis I, Zaccaria KJ, Lagace DC, Powell CM, McCasland JS, Eisch AJ. Developmental and adult GAP-43 deficiency in mice dynamically alters hippocampal neurogenesis and mossy fiber volume. Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:44-63. [PMID: 24576816 DOI: 10.1159/000357840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) is a presynaptic protein that plays key roles in axonal growth and guidance and in modulating synapse formation. Previous work has demonstrated that mice lacking one allele of this gene (GAP-43+/- mice) exhibit hippocampal structural abnormalities, impaired spatial learning and stress-induced behavioral withdrawal and anxiety, behaviors that are dependent on proper hippocampal circuitry and function. Given the correlation between hippocampal function, synaptic connectivity and neurogenesis, we tested if behaviorally naïve GAP-43+/- mice had alterations in either neurogenesis or synaptic connectivity in the hippocampus during early postnatal development and young adulthood, and following behavior testing in older adults. To test our hypothesis, we examined hippocampal cell proliferation (Ki67), number of immature neuroblasts (doublecortin, DCX) and mossy fiber volume (synaptoporin) in behaviorally naïve postnatal day 9 (P9) and P26, and behaviorally experienced 5- to 7-month-old GAP-43+/- and +/+ littermate mice. P9 GAP-43+/- mice had fewer Ki67+ and DCX+ cells compared to +/+ mice, particularly in the posterior dentate gyrus, and smaller mossy fiber volume in the same region. In young adulthood, however, male GAP-43+/- mice had more Ki67+ and DCX+ cells and greater mossy fiber volume in the posterior dentate gyrus relative to male +/+ mice. These increases were not seen in females. In 5- to 7-month-old GAP-43+/- mice (whose behaviors were the focus of our prior publication), there was no global change in the number of proliferating or immature neurons relative to +/+ mice. However, more detailed analysis revealed fewer proliferative DCX+ cells in the anterior dentate gyrus of male GAP-43+/- mice compared to male +/+ mice. This reduction was not observed in females. These results suggest that young GAP-43+/- mice have decreased hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic connectivity, but slightly older mice have greater hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic connectivity. In conjunction with our previous study, these findings suggest that GAP-43 is dynamically involved in early postnatal and adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic connectivity, possibly contributing to the GAP-43+/- behavioral phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Latchney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zikopoulos B, Barbas H. Altered neural connectivity in excitatory and inhibitory cortical circuits in autism. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:609. [PMID: 24098278 PMCID: PMC3784686 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence from diverse studies suggests that atypical brain connectivity in autism affects in distinct ways short- and long-range cortical pathways, disrupting neural communication and the balance of excitation and inhibition. This hypothesis is based mostly on functional non-invasive studies that show atypical synchronization and connectivity patterns between cortical areas in children and adults with autism. Indirect methods to study the course and integrity of major brain pathways at low resolution show changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) or diffusivity of the white matter in autism. Findings in post-mortem brains of adults with autism provide evidence of changes in the fine structure of axons below prefrontal cortices, which communicate over short- or long-range pathways with other cortices and subcortical structures. Here we focus on evidence of cellular and axon features that likely underlie the changes in short- and long-range communication in autism. We review recent findings of changes in the shape, thickness, and volume of brain areas, cytoarchitecture, neuronal morphology, cellular elements, and structural and neurochemical features of individual axons in the white matter, where pathology is evident even in gross images. We relate cellular and molecular features to imaging and genetic studies that highlight a variety of polymorphisms and epigenetic factors that primarily affect neurite growth and synapse formation and function in autism. We report preliminary findings of changes in autism in the ratio of distinct types of inhibitory neurons in prefrontal cortex, known to shape network dynamics and the balance of excitation and inhibition. Finally we present a model that synthesizes diverse findings by relating them to developmental events, with a goal to identify common processes that perturb development in autism and affect neural communication, reflected in altered patterns of attention, social interactions, and language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basilis Zikopoulos
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
PKC-epsilon activation is required for recognition memory in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:280-9. [PMID: 23911427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of PKCɛ, an abundant and developmentally regulated PKC isoform in the brain, has been implicated in memory throughout life and across species. Yet, direct evidence for a mechanistic role for PKCɛ in memory is still lacking. Hence, we sought to evaluate this in rats, using short-term treatments with two PKCɛ-selective peptides, the inhibitory ɛV1-2 and the activating ψɛRACK, and the novel object recognition task (NORT). Our results show that the PKCɛ-selective activator ψɛRACK, did not have a significant effect on recognition memory. In the short time frames used, however, inhibition of PKCɛ activation with the peptide inhibitor ɛV1-2 significantly impaired recognition memory. Moreover, when we addressed at the molecular level the immediate proximal signalling events of PKCɛ activation in acutely dissected rat hippocampi, we found that ψɛRACK increased in a time-dependent manner phosphorylation of MARCKS and activation of Src, Raf, and finally ERK1/2, whereas ɛV1-2 inhibited all basal activity of this pathway. Taken together, these findings present the first direct evidence that PKCɛ activation is an essential molecular component of recognition memory and point toward the use of systemically administered PKCɛ-regulating peptides as memory study tools and putative therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee I, Viberg H. A single neonatal exposure to perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) affects the levels of important neuroproteins in the developing mouse brain. Neurotoxicology 2013; 37:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
18
|
Structural basis for the interaction of unstructured neuron specific substrates neuromodulin and neurogranin with Calmodulin. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1392. [PMID: 23462742 PMCID: PMC3589724 DOI: 10.1038/srep01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulin (Nm) and neurogranin (Ng) are neuron-specific substrates of protein kinase C (PKC). Their interactions with Calmodulin (CaM) are crucial for learning and memory formation in neurons. Here, we report the structure of IQ peptides (24aa) of Nm/Ng complexed with CaM and their functional studies with full-length proteins. Nm/Ng and their respective IQ peptides are intrinsically unstructured; however, upon binding with CaM, IQ motifs adopt a helical conformation. Ser41 (Ser36) of Nm (Ng) is located in a negatively charged pocket in the apo CaM and, when phosphorylated, it will repel Nm/Ng from CaM. These observations explain the mechanism by which PKC-induced Ser phosphorylation blocks the association of Nm/Ng with CaM and interrupts several learning- and memory-associated functions. Moreover, the present study identified Arg as a key CaM interacting residue from Nm/Ng. This residue is crucial for CaM-mediated function, as evidenced by the inability of the Ng mutant (Arg-to-Ala) to potentiate synaptic transmission in CA1 hippocampal neurons.
Collapse
|
19
|
Grasselli G, Strata P. Structural plasticity of climbing fibers and the growth-associated protein GAP-43. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:25. [PMID: 23441024 PMCID: PMC3578352 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural plasticity occurs physiologically or after brain damage to adapt or re-establish proper synaptic connections. This capacity depends on several intrinsic and extrinsic determinants that differ between neuron types. We reviewed the significant endogenous regenerative potential of the neurons of the inferior olive (IO) in the adult rodent brain and the structural remodeling of the terminal arbor of their axons, the climbing fiber (CF), under various experimental conditions, focusing on the growth-associated protein GAP-43. CFs undergo remarkable collateral sprouting in the presence of denervated Purkinje cells (PCs) that are available for new innervation. In addition, severed olivo-cerebellar axons regenerate across the white matter through a graft of embryonic Schwann cells. In contrast, CFs undergo a regressive modification when their target is deleted. In vivo knockdown of GAP-43 in olivary neurons, leads to the atrophy of their CFs and a reduction in the ability to sprout toward surrounding denervated PCs. These findings demonstrate that GAP-43 is essential for promoting denervation-induced sprouting and maintaining normal CF architecture.
Collapse
|
20
|
Baumgärtel K, Mansuy IM. Neural functions of calcineurin in synaptic plasticity and memory. Learn Mem 2012; 19:375-84. [PMID: 22904368 DOI: 10.1101/lm.027201.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Major brain functions depend on neuronal processes that favor the plasticity of neuronal circuits while at the same time maintaining their stability. The mechanisms that regulate brain plasticity are complex and engage multiple cascades of molecular components that modulate synaptic efficacy. Protein kinases (PKs) and phosphatases (PPs) are among the most important of these components that act as positive and negative regulators of neuronal signaling and plasticity, respectively. In these cascades, the PP protein phosphatase 2B or calcineurin (CaN) is of particular interest because it is the only Ca(2+)-activated PP in the brain and a major regulator of key proteins essential for synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. This review describes the primary properties of CaN and illustrates its functions and modes of action by focusing on several representative targets, in particular glutamate receptors, striatal enriched protein phosphatase (STEP), and neuromodulin (GAP43), and their functional significance for synaptic plasticity and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Baumgärtel
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037-1000, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fond G, Macgregor A, Attal J, Larue A, Brittner M, Ducasse D, Capdevielle D. Treating patients with schizophrenia deficit with erythropoietin? Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 66:375-82. [PMID: 22725970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review summarizes and critically appraises the literature on the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) in schizophrenia patients and the pathophysiological mechanisms that may explain the potential of its use in this disease. EPO is mainly known for its regulatory activity in the synthesis of erythrocytes and is frequently used in treatment of chronic anemia. This cytokine, however, has many other properties, some of which may improve the symptoms of psychiatric illness. The review follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Three databases (Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane) were searched combining the search terms 'erythropoietin AND (psychotic disorders OR schizophrenia)'. Seventy-eight studies were included in qualitative synthesis, a meta-analytic approach being prohibited. The findings suggest that several EPO cerebral potential properties may be relevant for schizophrenia treatment, such as neurotransmission regulation, neuroprotection, modulation of inflammation, effects on blood-brain barrier permeability, effects on oxidative stress and neurogenesis. Several potentially detrimental side-effects of EPO therapy, such as increased risk of thrombosis, cancer, increased metabolic rate and mean arterial blood pressure leading to cerebral ischemia could severely limit or halt the use of EPO. Overall, because the available data are inconclusive, further efforts in this field are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fond
- Montpellier University, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, INSERM, Adult Academic Psychiatry Department, La Colombière Hospital/CHRU of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Strain-independent global effect of hippocampal proteins in mice trained in the Morris water maze. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1739-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
23
|
Sun MK, Alkon DL. Activation of protein kinase C isozymes for the treatment of dementias. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 64:273-302. [PMID: 22840750 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Memories are much more easily impaired than improved. Dementias, a lasting impairment of memory function, occur in a variety of cognitive disorders and become more clinically dominant as the population ages. Protein kinase C is one of the "cognitive kinases," and plays an essential role in both memory acquisition and maintenance. Deficits in protein kinase C (PKC) signal cascades in neurons represent one of the earliest changes in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of memory impairment, including those related to cerebral ischemia and ischemic stroke. Inhibition or impairment of PKC activity results in compromised learning and memory, whereas an appropriate activation of certain PKC isozymes leads to an enhancement of learning and memory and/or antidementic effects. In preclinical studies, PKC activators have been shown to increase the expression and activity of PKC isozymes, thereby restoring PKC signaling and downstream activity, including stimulation of neurotrophic activity, synaptic/structural remodeling, and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus and related cortical areas. PKC activators also reduce the accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid and tau protein hyperphosphorylation and support anti-apoptotic processes in the brain. These observations strongly suggest that PKC pharmacology may represent an attractive area for the development of effective cognition-enhancing therapeutics for the treatment of dementias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Kun Sun
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tabatadze N, Tomas C, McGonigal R, Lin B, Schook A, Routtenberg A. Wnt transmembrane signaling and long-term spatial memory. Hippocampus 2011; 22:1228-41. [PMID: 22180023 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane signaling mechanisms are critical for regulating the plasticity of neuronal connections underlying the establishment of long-lasting memory (e.g., Linden and Routtenberg (1989) Brain Res Rev 14:279-296; Sossin (1996) Trends Neurosci 19:215-218; Mayr and Montminy (2001) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:599-609; Chen et al. (2011) Nature 469:491-497). One signaling mechanism that has received surprisingly little attention in this regard is the well-known Wnt transmembrane signaling pathway even though this pathway in the adult plays a significant role, for example, in postsynaptic dendritic spine morphogenesis and presynaptic terminal neurotransmitter release (Inestrosa and Arenas (2010) Nat Rev Neurosci 11:77-86). The present report now provides the first evidence of Wnt signaling in spatial information storage processes. Importantly, this Wnt participation is specific and selective. Thus, spatial, but not cued, learning in a water maze selectively elevates the levels in hippocampus of Wnt 7 and Wnt 5a, but not the Wnt 3 isoform, indicating behavioral selectivity and isoform specificity. Wnt 7 elevation is subfield-specific: granule cells show an increase with no detectable change in CA3 neurons. Wnt 7 elevation is temporally specific: increased Wnt signaling is not observed during training, but is seen 7 days and, unexpectedly, 30 days later. If the Wnt elevation after learning is activity-dependent, then it may be possible to model this effect in primary hippocampal neurons in culture. Here, we evaluate the consequence of potassium or glutamate depolarization on Wnt signaling. This represents, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of an activation-dependent elevation of Wnt levels and surprisingly an increased number of Wnt-stained puncta in neurites suggestive of trafficking from the cell body to neuronal processes, probably dendrites. It is proposed that Wnt signaling pathways regulate long-term information storage in a behavioral-, cellular-, and isoform-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nino Tabatadze
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kudryashova IV. Structural and functional modifications of presynaptic afferents: Do they correlate with learning mechanisms? NEUROCHEM J+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241104009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
26
|
Grasselli G, Mandolesi G, Strata P, Cesare P. Impaired sprouting and axonal atrophy in cerebellar climbing fibres following in vivo silencing of the growth-associated protein GAP-43. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20791. [PMID: 21695168 PMCID: PMC3112224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system has a limited ability to establish new connections and to recover from traumatic or degenerative events. The olivo-cerebellar network represents an excellent model to investigate neuroprotection and repair in the brain during adulthood, due to its high plasticity and ordered synaptic organization. To shed light on the molecular mechanisms involved in these events, we focused on the growth-associated protein GAP-43 (also known as B-50 or neuromodulin). During development, this protein plays a crucial role in growth and in branch formation of neurites, while in the adult it is only expressed in a few brain regions, including the inferior olive (IO) where climbing fibres (CFs) originate. Following axotomy GAP-43 is usually up-regulated in association with regeneration. Here we describe an in vivo lentiviral-mediated gene silencing approach, used for the first time in the olivo-cerebellar system, to efficiently and specifically downregulate GAP-43 in rodents CFs. We show that lack of GAP-43 causes an atrophy of the CF in non-traumatic conditions, consisting in a decrease of its length, branching and number of synaptic boutons. We also investigated CF regenerative ability by inducing a subtotal lesion of the IO. Noteworthy, surviving CFs lacking GAP-43 were largely unable to sprout on surrounding Purkinje cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GAP-43 is essential both to maintain CFs structure in non-traumatic condition and to promote sprouting after partial lesion of the IO.
Collapse
|
27
|
Routtenberg A. Adult learning and remodeling of hippocampal mossy fibers: unheralded participant in circuitry for long-lasting spatial memory. Hippocampus 2010; 20:44-5. [PMID: 19554645 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two articles in this issue concerning the overexpression of GAP-43 on mossy fiber growth are related to the plasticity of these axons in relation to learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh Routtenberg
- Department of Psychology, Neurobiology, and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-2710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Holahan MR, Honegger KS, Routtenberg A. Ectopic growth of hippocampal mossy fibers in a mutated GAP-43 transgenic mouse with impaired spatial memory retention. Hippocampus 2010; 20:58-64. [PMID: 19437419 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, it was shown that transgenic mice, designated G-NonP, forget the location of a water maze hidden platform when tested 7 days after the last training day (Holahan and Routtenberg (2008) Hippocampus 18:1099-1102). The memory loss in G-NonP mice might be related to altered hippocampal architecture suggested by the fact that in the rat, 7 days after water maze training, there is discernible mossy fiber (MF) growth (Holahan et al. (2006) Hippocampus 16:560-570; Rekart et al. (2007) Learn Mem 14:416-421). In the present report, we studied the distribution of the MF system within the hippocampus of naïve, untrained, G-NonP mouse. In WT mice, the MF projection was restricted to the stratum lucidum of CA3 with no detectable MF innervation in distal stratum oriens (dSO). In G-NonP mice, in contrast, there was an ectopic projection terminating in the CA3 dSO. Unexpectedly, there was nearly a complete loss of immunostaining for the axonal marker Tau1 in the G-NonP transgenic mice in the MF terminal fields indicating that transgenesis itself leads to off-target consequences (Routtenberg (1996) Trends Neurosci 19:471-472). Because transgenic mice overexpressing nonmutated, wild type GAP-43 do not show this ectopic growth (Rekart et al., in press) and the G-NonP mice overexpress a mutated form of GAP-43 precluding its phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC), the possibility exists that permanently dephosphorylated GAP-43 disrupts normal axonal fasciculation which gives rise to the ectopic growth into dSO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Holahan
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vianna MRM, Coitinho A, Izquierdo L, Izquierdo I. Effects of intrahippocampal administration of the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid: Dual effects on memory formation. Dement Neuropsychol 2010; 4:23-27. [PMID: 29213656 PMCID: PMC5619526 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642010dn40100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation mediated by serine-threonine kinases in the hippocampus
is crucial to the synaptic modifications believed to underlie memory formation.
The role of phosphatases has been the focus of comparatively little study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica R M Vianna
- Faculty of Biosciences, National Institute of Translational Medicine
| | - Adriana Coitinho
- Faculty of Biosciences, National Institute of Translational Medicine
| | - Luciana Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute and National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute and National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Al-Khairi I, Baharnoori M, Kamath A, Bhardwaj SK, Srivastava LK. Altered expression and alpha-1 adrenergic receptor mediated activity of protein kinase C in the prefrontal cortex of rats with neonatal ventral hippocampus lesions. Synapse 2009; 63:1051-9. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
31
|
Carmichael ST. Translating the frontiers of brain repair to treatments: starting not to break the rules. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:237-42. [PMID: 19770043 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of neural repair in stroke has identified cellular systems of reorganization and possible molecular mechanisms. Conceptual barriers now limit the generation of clinically useful agents. First, it is not clear what the causal mechanisms of neural repair are in stroke. Second, adequate delivery systems for neural repair drugs need to be determined for candidate molecules. Third, ad hoc applications of existing pharmacological agents that enhance attention, mood or arousal to stroke have failed. New approaches that specifically harness the molecular systems of learning and memory provide a new avenue for stroke repair drugs. Fourth, combinatorial treatments for neural repair need to be considered for clinical therapies. Finally, neural repair therapies have as a goal altering brain connections, cognitive maps and active neural networks. These actions may trigger a unique set of "neural repair side effects" that need to be considered in planning clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|