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Onofrychuk TJ, Glass AE, Greba Q, Howland JG. Evidence for novelty reward cross-cueing in the odor span task in rats: implications for odor-based reward-motivated tasks. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053871. [PMID: 38286523 PMCID: PMC10903935 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053871.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The odor span task (OST) infers working memory capacity (WMC) by requiring rodents to discriminate between previously presented and session-novel odors to obtain a hidden food reward. Here, rats' responses to session-novel odors and food rewards were assessed to determine whether rats use mitigating strategies in the OST. Rats accurately responded to session-novel odors but also reliably responded to the food reward alone and performed at chance when both a session-novel odor and food reward were presented in separate locations. The inclusion of unscented sand in the cups holding the food reward significantly reduced the rats' responses to the food reward alone. Collectively, these results demonstrate the need for rigorous tests of potential mitigating strategies and hold wide implications for rodent odor discrimination-based behavioral tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Onofrychuk
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Aiden E Glass
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Quentin Greba
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - John G Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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Borzello M, Ramirez S, Treves A, Lee I, Scharfman H, Stark C, Knierim JJ, Rangel LM. Assessments of dentate gyrus function: discoveries and debates. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:502-517. [PMID: 37316588 PMCID: PMC10529488 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable speculation regarding the function of the dentate gyrus (DG) - a subregion of the mammalian hippocampus - in learning and memory. In this Perspective article, we compare leading theories of DG function. We note that these theories all critically rely on the generation of distinct patterns of activity in the region to signal differences between experiences and to reduce interference between memories. However, these theories are divided by the roles they attribute to the DG during learning and recall and by the contributions they ascribe to specific inputs or cell types within the DG. These differences influence the information that the DG is thought to impart to downstream structures. We work towards a holistic view of the role of DG in learning and memory by first developing three critical questions to foster a dialogue between the leading theories. We then evaluate the extent to which previous studies address our questions, highlight remaining areas of conflict, and suggest future experiments to bridge these theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Borzello
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steve Ramirez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Helen Scharfman
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology and Psychiatry and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Craig Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James J Knierim
- Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lara M Rangel
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Zheng Y, Tao S, Liu Y, Liu J, Sun L, Zheng Y, Tian Y, Su P, Zhu X, Xu F. Basal Forebrain-Dorsal Hippocampus Cholinergic Circuit Regulates Olfactory Associative Learning. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158472. [PMID: 35955605 PMCID: PMC9368792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain, an anatomically heterogeneous brain area containing multiple distinct subregions and neuronal populations, innervates many brain regions including the hippocampus (HIP), a key brain region responsible for learning and memory. Although recent studies have revealed that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) are involved in olfactory associative learning and memory, the potential neural circuit is not clearly dissected yet. Here, using an anterograde monosynaptic tracing strategy, we revealed that BFCNs in different subregions projected to many brain areas, but with significant differentiations. Our rabies virus retrograde tracing results found that the dorsal HIP (dHIP) received heavy projections from the cholinergic neurons in the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB), magnocellular preoptic nucleus (MCPO), and substantia innominate (SI) brain regions, which are known as the HMS complex (HMSc). Functionally, fiber photometry showed that cholinergic neurons in the HMSc were significantly activated in odor-cued go/no-go discrimination tasks. Moreover, specific depletion of the HMSc cholinergic neurons innervating the dHIP significantly decreased the performance accuracies in odor-cued go/no-go discrimination tasks. Taken together, these studies provided detailed information about the projections of different BFCN subpopulations and revealed that the HMSc-dHIP cholinergic circuit plays a crucial role in regulating olfactory associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (S.T.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Sijue Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (S.T.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (S.T.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.L.); (P.S.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yawen Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (S.T.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Peng Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Xutao Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.L.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (F.X.)
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (S.T.); (Y.L.); (Y.T.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China; (J.L.); (P.S.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (F.X.)
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GoodSmith D, Kim SH, Puliyadi V, Ming GL, Song H, Knierim JJ, Christian KM. Flexible encoding of objects and space in single cells of the dentate gyrus. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1088-1101.e5. [PMID: 35108522 PMCID: PMC8930604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is involved in the formation of memories that require associations among stimuli to construct representations of space and the items and events within that space. Neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG), an initial input region of the hippocampus, have robust spatial tuning, but it is unclear how nonspatial information may be integrated with spatial activity in this region. We recorded from the DG of 21 adult mice as they foraged for food in an environment that contained discrete objects. We found DG cells with multiple firing fields at a fixed distance and direction from objects (landmark vector cells) and cells that exhibited localized changes in spatial firing when objects in the environment were manipulated. By classifying recorded DG cells into putative dentate granule cells and mossy cells, we examined how the addition or displacement of objects affected the spatial firing of these DG cell types. Object-related activity was detected in a significant proportion of mossy cells. Although few granule cells with responses to object manipulations were recorded, likely because of the sparse nature of granule cell firing, there was generally no significant difference in the proportion of granule cells and mossy cells with object responses. When mice explored a second environment with the same objects, DG spatial maps completely reorganized, and a different subset of cells responded to object manipulations. Together, these data reveal the capacity of DG cells to detect small changes in the environment while preserving a stable spatial representation of the overall context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas GoodSmith
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vyash Puliyadi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - James J Knierim
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Park SB, Lim HY, Lee EY, Yoo SW, Jung HS, Lee E, Sun W, Lee I. The fasciola cinereum subregion of the hippocampus is important for the acquisition of visual contextual memory. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 210:102217. [PMID: 34999186 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The fasciola cinereum (FC) is a subregion of the hippocampus that has received relatively little attention compared with other hippocampal subregions with respect to anatomical characteristics and functional significance. Here, we show that the FC exhibits clear anatomical borders with the distalmost region of the CA1. Principal neurons in the FC resemble the granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG). However, adult neurogenesis was not found unlike in the DG. The FC receives inputs mostly from the lateral entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex while projecting exclusively to the crest of the DG within the hippocampus. Neurotoxic lesions in the FC using colchicine impaired the acquisition, but not retrieval, of visual contextual memory in rats. FC lesions also impaired place recognition and object-in-place memory. As the rat performed the contextual memory task on the T-maze, place cells in the FC exhibited robust place fields and were indiscriminable from those in CA1 with respect to the basic firing properties. However, place cells in the FC fired only transiently in their place fields on the maze compared with those in CA1. Our findings suggest that the episodic firing pattern of the place cells in the FC may play critical roles in learning a novel contextual environment by facilitating temoporally structured contextual pattern separation in the DG of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Beom Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Yeol Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Yoo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Jung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Anam-dong 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Anam-dong 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Broussard JI, Redell JB, Maynard ME, Zhao J, Moore A, Mills RW, Hood KN, Underwood E, Roysam B, Dash PK. Impaired Experience-Dependent Refinement of Place Cells in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:1907-1916. [PMID: 35253742 PMCID: PMC9850819 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocampal place cells play an integral role in generating spatial maps. Impaired spatial memory is a characteristic pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet it remains unclear how AD influences the properties of hippocampal place cells. OBJECTIVE To record electrophysiological activity in hippocampal CA1 neurons in freely-moving 18-month-old male TgF344-AD and age-matched wild-type (WT) littermates to examine place cell properties. METHODS We implanted 32-channel electrode arrays into the CA1 subfield of 18-month-old male WT and TgF344-AD (n = 6/group) rats. Ten days after implantation, single unit activity in an open field arena was recorded across days. The spatial information content, in-field firing rate, and stability of each place cell was compared across groups. Pathology was assessed by immunohistochemical staining, and a deep neural network approach was used to count cell profiles. RESULTS Aged TgF344-AD rats exhibited hippocampal amyloid-β deposition, and a significant increase in Iba1 immunoreactivity and microglia cell counts. Place cells from WT and TgF344-AD rat showed equivalent spatial information, in-field firing rates, and place field stability when initially exposed to the arena. However, by day 3, the place cells in aged WT rats showed characteristic spatial tuning as evidenced by higher spatial information content, stability, and in-field firing rates, an effect not seen in TgF344-AD rats. CONCLUSION These findings support the notion that altered electrophysiological properties of place cells may contribute to the learning and memory deficits observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I. Broussard
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030,To whom correspondence should be addressed: JI Broussard, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin, St., Suite 7.011, Houston, TX 77030, Phone: (713) 500-5545,
| | - John B. Redell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mark E. Maynard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Anthony Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Rachel W. Mills
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Kimberly N. Hood
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Erica Underwood
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Badrinath Roysam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Pramod K. Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
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Domínguez-Rivas E, Ávila-Muñoz E, Schwarzacher SW, Zepeda A. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the context of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation: A molecular, cellular and behavioral review. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:286-302. [PMID: 34174334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous generation of new neurons occurs in at least two well-defined niches in the adult rodent brain. One of these areas is the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus. While the DG is associated with contextual and spatial learning and memory, hippocampal neurogenesis is necessary for pattern separation. Hippocampal neurogenesis begins with the activation of neural stem cells and culminates with the maturation and functional integration of a portion of the newly generated glutamatergic neurons into the hippocampal circuits. The neurogenic process is continuously modulated by intrinsic factors, one of which is neuroinflammation. The administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been widely used as a model of neuroinflammation and has yielded a body of evidence for unveiling the detrimental impact of inflammation upon the neurogenic process. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the effects of the systemic and central administration of LPS upon the different stages of neurogenesis and discuss their effects at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Domínguez-Rivas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Evangelina Ávila-Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephan W Schwarzacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angélica Zepeda
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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8
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Newell AJ, Chung SH, Wagner CK. Inhibition of progesterone receptor activity during development increases reelin-immunoreactivity in Cajal-Retzius cells, alters synaptic innervation in neonatal dentate gyrus, and impairs episodic-like memory in adulthood. Horm Behav 2021; 127:104887. [PMID: 33166560 PMCID: PMC8130849 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) is expressed in Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells of the dentate gyrus (DG) molecular layer during the postnatal period (P1-28), a critical stage of development for the dentate gyrus and its circuitry. CR cells secrete the glycoprotein, reelin, which is required for typical development of the DG and its connections, particularly afferent input from the perforant path. This pathway regulates the processing of sensory information arriving from entorhinal cortex and integrates this information to form episodic memories. To assess the potential role of PR activity on the development of these connections and associated behavior, rats were treated daily from P1 to 7 with the PR antagonist, RU486. RU486 treatment increased the number of reelin-ir cells, suggesting an accumulation of reelin, and implicating PR in the regulation of a principle developmental function of CR cells. RU486 also altered the synaptic bouton marker, synaptophysin-ir, in a sex-specific manner, suggesting a role for PR activity in the development of perforant path innervation of the molecular layer (MOL). Finally, both control and RU486 treated rats spent significantly more time with a temporally distant object in the Relative Recency task, suggesting an intact associative memory for object identity and temporal order in both groups. In contrast, the same RU486 treated rats were impaired in an episodic-like memory task compared to controls, failing to integrate object identity ('what'), time ('when'), and object position ('where'). These findings reveal a novel role for PR in regulating CR cell function within the MOL, thereby altering development of DG connectivity and behavioral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newell
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America; Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America
| | - Sung Hwan Chung
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America; Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America
| | - Christine K Wagner
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America; Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America.
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9
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Tyrtyshnaia A, Manzhulo I. Neuropathic Pain Causes Memory Deficits and Dendrite Tree Morphology Changes in Mouse Hippocampus. J Pain Res 2020; 13:345-354. [PMID: 32104056 PMCID: PMC7023911 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s238458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathic pain manifests in a diverse combination of sensory symptoms and disorders of higher nervous activity, such as memory deficiency, anxiety, depression, anhedonia, etc. This suggests the participation of brain structures, including the hippocampus, in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. The elucidation of central sensitization mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain cognitive and affective symptoms may be useful in the development of new and effective treatments for these common disorders. The study aims to elucidate the effect of chronic neuropathic pain on cognitive function and underlying neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus. METHODS Chronic constriction injury of mouse right hind limb sciatic nerve was used as a model of neuropathic pain. The presence of neuropathic pain was confirmed by the thermal and mechanical allodynia. The morphology of the CA1 pyramidal neurons and the dentate gyrus (DG) granule neurons were studied using Golgi-Cox staining. The hippocampal proteins concentration was determined by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. RESULTS Behavioral testing revealed reduced locomotor activity as well as impaired working and long-term memory in mice with a ligated nerve. We revealed changes in the dendritic tree morphology in CA1 and the dentate gyrus hippocampal subregions. We found the atrophy of the CA1 pyramidal neurons and an increase in the dendritic tree complexity in DG. Moreover, changes in the density of dendritic spines were observed in these regions. In addition, we revealed increased expression of the Arc protein in DG granule neurons and decreased surface expression of AMPA receptors within the hippocampus. Decreased AMPA receptors expression underlies observed altered dendrite arborization and dendritic spines morphology. DISCUSSION We found that pain information entering the hippocampus causes neuronal plasticity changes. The changes in neurite arborization, dendritic length and dendritic spines morphology as well as protein expression are observed within the hippocampal regions involved in the processing of pain information. Moreover, changes in the dendrite morphology in hippocampal subregions are different due to the anatomical and functional heterogeneity of the hippocampus. Apparently, the detected morphological and biochemical changes can underlie the observed hippocampus-dependent behavioral and cognitive impairment in animals with neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tyrtyshnaia
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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10
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George JB, Abraham GM, Rashid Z, Amrutur B, Sikdar SK. Random neuronal ensembles can inherently do context dependent coarse conjunctive encoding of input stimulus without any specific training. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1403. [PMID: 29362477 PMCID: PMC5780417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctive encoding of inputs has been hypothesized to be a key feature in the computational capabilities of the brain. This has been inferred based on behavioral studies and electrophysiological recording from animals. In this report, we show that random neuronal ensembles grown on multi-electrode array perform a coarse-conjunctive encoding for a sequence of inputs with the first input setting the context. Such an encoding scheme creates similar yet unique population codes at the output of the ensemble, for related input sequences, which can then be decoded via a simple perceptron and hence a single STDP neuron layer. The random neuronal ensembles allow for pattern generalization and novel sequence classification without needing any specific learning or training of the ensemble. Such a representation of the inputs as population codes of neuronal ensemble outputs, has inherent redundancy and is suitable for further decoding via even probabilistic/random connections to subsequent neuronal layers. We reproduce this behavior in a mathematical model to show that a random neuronal network with a mix of excitatory and inhibitory neurons and sufficient connectivity creates similar coarse-conjunctive encoding of input sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Baby George
- Center for Nanosicence and Engineering, IISc Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Grace Mathew Abraham
- Center for Nanosicence and Engineering, IISc Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Zubin Rashid
- Center for Nanosicence and Engineering, IISc Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharadwaj Amrutur
- Robert Bosch Center for Cyber-Physical Systems and Department of Electrical Communications Engineering, IISc Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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11
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Hippocampal Regulation of Postsynaptic Density Homer1 by Associative Learning. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5959182. [PMID: 29238619 PMCID: PMC5697134 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5959182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes involved in synaptic plasticity, particularly genes encoding postsynaptic density proteins, have been recurrently linked to psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Postsynaptic density Homer1 proteins contribute to synaptic plasticity through the competing actions of short and long isoforms. The activity-induced expression of short Homer1 isoforms, Homer1a and Ania-3, is thought to be related to processes of learning and memory. However, the precise regulation of Homer1a and Ania-3 with different components of learning has not been investigated. Here, we used in situ hybridization to quantify short and long Homer1 expression in the hippocampus following consolidation, retrieval, and extinction of associative fear memory, using contextual fear conditioning in rats. Homer1a and Ania-3, but not long Homer1, were regulated by contextual fear learning or novelty detection, although their precise patterns of expression in hippocampal subregions were dependent on the isoform. We also show for the first time that the two short Homer1 isoforms are regulated after the retrieval and extinction of contextual fear memory, albeit with distinct temporal and spatial profiles. These findings support a role of activity-induced Homer1 isoforms in learning and memory processes in discrete hippocampal subregions and suggest that Homer1a and Ania-3 may play separable roles in synaptic plasticity.
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12
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Birkel L. Decreased use of spatial pattern separation in contemporary lifestyles may contribute to hippocampal atrophy and diminish mental health. Med Hypotheses 2017; 107:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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HIPP neurons in the dentate gyrus mediate the cholinergic modulation of background context memory salience. Nat Commun 2017; 8:189. [PMID: 28775269 PMCID: PMC5543060 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neuromodulation in the hippocampus controls the salience of background context memory acquired in the presence of elemental stimuli predicting an aversive reinforcement. With pharmacogenetic inhibition we here demonstrate that hilar perforant path-associated (HIPP) cells of the dentate gyrus mediate the devaluation of background context memory during Pavlovian fear conditioning. The salience adjustment is sensitive to reduction of hilar neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression via dominant negative CREB expression in HIPP cells and to acute blockage of NPY-Y1 receptors in the dentate gyrus during conditioning. We show that NPY transmission and HIPP cell activity contribute to inhibitory effects of acetylcholine in the dentate gyrus and that M1 muscarinic receptors mediate the cholinergic activation of HIPP cells as well as their control of background context salience. Our data provide evidence for a peptidergic local circuit in the dentate gyrus that mediates the cholinergic encoding of background context salience during fear memory acquisition. Intra-hippocampal circuits are essential for associating a background context with behaviorally salient stimuli and involve cholinergic modulation at SST+ interneurons. Here the authors show that the salience of the background context memory is modulated through muscarinic activation of NPY+ hilar perforant path associated interneurons and NPY signaling in the dentate gyrus.
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14
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An analysis of dentate gyrus function (an update). Behav Brain Res 2017; 354:84-91. [PMID: 28756212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review there will be a description of the dentate gyrus (DG) neural circuitry that mediates the operation of a variety of mnemonic processes associated with dorsal and ventral DG function in rats. Dysfunction of the dorsal DG can be shown to mediate mnemonic processing of spatially based information including a) the operation of conjunctive encoding of multiple sensory inputs to determine spatial representations, b) pattern separation based on reducing interference between similar spatial locations and spatial contexts for horizontal distance between objects, vertical distance for height of objects, slope or angle of motor movements, c) importance of spatial context in object recognition and processing of shades of grey associated with the walls of the box d) temporal integration in the creation of remote memory based in part on DG neurogenesis and function of the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus. Dysfunction of the ventral DG can be shown to mediate mnemonic processing of odor and reward value based information including a) pattern separation for odors and reward value, and b) social recognition.
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15
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Lasting Adaptations in Social Behavior Produced by Social Disruption and Inhibition of Adult Neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7027-38. [PMID: 27358459 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4435-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Research on social instability has focused on its detrimental consequences, but most people are resilient and respond by invoking various coping strategies. To investigate cellular processes underlying such strategies, a dominance hierarchy of rats was formed and then destabilized. Regardless of social position, rats from disrupted hierarchies had fewer new neurons in the hippocampus compared with rats from control cages and those from stable hierarchies. Social disruption produced a preference for familiar over novel conspecifics, a change that did not involve global memory impairments or increased anxiety. Using the neuropeptide oxytocin as a tool to increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus of disrupted rats restored preference for novel conspecifics to predisruption levels. Conversely, reducing the number of new neurons by limited inhibition of adult neurogenesis in naive transgenic GFAP-thymidine kinase rats resulted in social behavior similar to disrupted rats. Together, these results provide novel mechanistic evidence that social disruption shapes behavior in a potentially adaptive way, possibly by reducing adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To investigate cellular processes underlying adaptation to social instability, a dominance hierarchy of rats was formed and then destabilized. Regardless of social position, rats from disrupted hierarchies had fewer new neurons in the hippocampus compared with rats from control cages and those from stable hierarchies. Unexpectedly, these changes were accompanied by changes in social strategies without evidence of impairments in cognition or anxiety regulation. Restoring adult neurogenesis in disrupted rats using oxytocin and conditionally suppressing the production of new neurons in socially naive GFAP-thymidine kinase rats showed that loss of 6-week-old neurons may be responsible for adaptive changes in social behavior.
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16
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Riaz S, Schumacher A, Sivagurunathan S, Van Der Meer M, Ito R. Ventral, but not dorsal, hippocampus inactivation impairs reward memory expression and retrieval in contexts defined by proximal cues. Hippocampus 2017; 27:822-836. [PMID: 28449268 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC) has been widely implicated in the contextual control of appetitive and aversive conditioning. However, whole hippocampal lesions do not invariably impair all forms of contextual processing, as in the case of complex biconditional context discrimination, leading to contention over the exact nature of the contribution of the HPC in contextual processing. Moreover, the increasingly well-established functional dissociation between the dorsal (dHPC) and ventral (vHPC) subregions of the HPC has been largely overlooked in the existing literature on hippocampal-based contextual memory processing in appetitively motivated tasks. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the individual roles of the dHPC and the vHPC in contextual biconditional discrimination (CBD) performance and memory retrieval. To this end, we examined the effects of transient post-acquisition pharmacological inactivation (using a combination of GABAA and GABAB receptor agonists muscimol and baclofen) of functionally distinct subregions of the HPC (CA1/CA3 subfields of the dHPC and vHPC) on CBD memory retrieval. Additional behavioral assays including novelty preference, light-dark box and locomotor activity test were also performed to confirm that the respective sites of inactivation were functionally silent. We observed robust deficits in CBD performance and memory retrieval following inactivation of the vHPC, but not the dHPC. Our data provides novel insight into the differential roles of the ventral and dorsal HPC in reward contextual processing, under conditions in which the context is defined by proximal cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Riaz
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anett Schumacher
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Lee JW, Jung MW. Separation or binding? Role of the dentate gyrus in hippocampal mnemonic processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:183-194. [PMID: 28174077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As a major component of the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit, the dentate gyrus (DG) relays inputs from the entorhinal cortex to the CA3 subregion. Although the anatomy of the DG is well characterized, its contribution to hippocampal mnemonic processing is still unclear. A currently popular theory proposes that the primary function of the DG is to orthogonalize incoming input patterns into non-overlapping patterns (pattern separation). We critically review the available data and conclude that the theoretical support and empirical evidence for this theory are not strong. We then review an alternative theory that posits a role for the DG in binding together different types of incoming sensory information. We conclude that 'binding' better captures the contribution of the DG to memory encoding than 'pattern separation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Whan Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Netrakanti PR, Cooper BH, Dere E, Poggi G, Winkler D, Brose N, Ehrenreich H. Fast cerebellar reflex circuitry requires synaptic vesicle priming by munc13-3. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:264-83. [PMID: 25617111 PMCID: PMC4441738 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Munc13-3 is a member of the Munc13 family of synaptic vesicle priming proteins and mainly expressed in cerebellar neurons. Munc13-3 null mutant (Munc13-3−/−) mice show decreased synaptic release probability at parallel fiber to Purkinje cell, granule cell to Golgi cell, and granule cell to basket cell synapses and exhibit a motor learning deficit at highest rotarod speeds. Since we detected Munc13-3 immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus, as reported here for the first time, and current studies indicated a crucial role for the cerebellum in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, we systematically investigated Munc13-3−/− mice versus wild-type littermates of both genders with respect to hippocampus-related cognition and a range of basic behaviors, including tests for anxiety, sensory functions, motor performance and balance, sensorimotor gating, social interaction and competence, and repetitive and compulsive behaviors. Neither basic behavior nor hippocampus-dependent cognitive performance, evaluated by Morris water maze, hole board working and reference memory, IntelliCage-based place learning including multiple reversals, and fear conditioning, showed any difference between genotypes. However, consistent with a disturbed cerebellar reflex circuitry, a reliable reduction in the acoustic startle response in both male and female Munc13-3−/− mice was found. To conclude, complete deletion of Munc13-3 leads to a robust decrease in the acoustic startle response. This readout of a fast cerebellar reflex circuitry obviously requires synaptic vesicle priming by Munc13-3 for full functionality, in contrast to other behavioral or cognitive features, where a nearly perfect compensation of Munc13-3 deficiency by related synaptic proteins has to be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Rao Netrakanti
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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TAKAGI Y. History of Neural Stem Cell Research and Its Clinical Application. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56:110-24. [PMID: 26888043 PMCID: PMC4791305 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2015-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
"Once development was ended…in the adult centers, the nerve paths are something fixed and immutable. Everything may die, nothing may be regenerated," wrote Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Spanish neuroanatomist and Nobel Prize winner and the father of modern neuroscience. This statement was the central dogma in neuroscience for a long time. However, in the 1960s, neural stem cells (NSCs) were discovered. Since then, our knowledge about NSCs has continued to grow. This review focuses on our current knowledge about NSCs and their surrounding microenvironment. In addition, the clinical application of NSCs for the treatment of various central nervous system diseases is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi TAKAGI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto
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20
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Lazarov O, Hollands C. Hippocampal neurogenesis: Learning to remember. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 138-140:1-18. [PMID: 26855369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly, is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. It has become increasingly clear that while neuronal cell loss in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus occurs in Alzheimer's disease, it is preceded by a long period of deficits in the connectivity of the hippocampal formation that contributes to the vulnerability of these circuits. Hippocampal neurogenesis plays a role in the maintenance and function of the dentate gyrus and hippocampal circuitry. This review will examine the evidence suggesting that hippocampal neurogenesis plays a role in cognitive function that is affected in Alzheimer's disease, will discuss the cognitive assessments used for the detection of Alzheimer's disease in humans and rodent models of familial Alzheimer's disease, and their value for unraveling the mechanism underlying the development of cognitive impairments and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Carolyn Hollands
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Kim WR, Lee JW, Sun W, Lee SH, Choi JS, Jung MW. Effect of dentate gyrus disruption on remembering what happened where. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:170. [PMID: 26175676 PMCID: PMC4485174 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies using Bax knockout (Bax-KO) mice, in which newly generated granule cells continue to accumulate, disrupting neural circuitry specifically in the dentate gyrus (DG), suggest the involvement of the DG in binding the internally-generated spatial map with sensory information on external landmarks (spatial map-object association) in forming a distinct spatial context for each environment. In order to test whether the DG is also involved in binding the internal spatial map with sensory information on external events (spatial map-event association), we tested the behavior of Bax-KO mice in a delayed-non-match-to-place task. Performance of Bax-KO mice was indistinguishable from that of wild-type mice as long as there was no interruption during the delay period (tested up to 5 min), suggesting that on-line maintenance of working memory is intact in Bax-KO mice. However, Bax-KO mice showed profound performance deficits when they were removed from the maze during the delay period (interruption condition) with a sufficiently long (65 s) delay, suggesting that episodic memory was impaired in Bax-KO mice. Together with previous findings, these results suggest the role of the DG in binding spatial information derived from dead reckoning and nonspatial information, such as external objects and events, in the process of encoding episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Ryoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Min Whan Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science Daejeon, Korea ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon, Korea ; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon, Korea
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22
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Méndez-Couz M, Conejo NM, González-Pardo H, Arias JL. Functional interactions between dentate gyrus, striatum and anterior thalamic nuclei on spatial memory retrieval. Brain Res 2015; 1605:59-69. [PMID: 25680583 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The standard model of memory system consolidation supports the temporal reorganization of brain circuits underlying long-term memory storage, including interactions between the dorsal hippocampus and extra-hippocampal structures. In addition, several brain regions have been suggested to be involved in the retrieval of spatial memory. In particular, several authors reported a possible role of the ventral portion of the hippocampus together with the thalamus or the striatum in the persistence of this type of memory. Accordingly, the present study aimed to evaluate the contribution of different cortical and subcortical brain regions, and neural networks involved in spatial memory retrieval. For this purpose, we used cytochrome c oxidase quantitative histochemistry as a reliable method to measure brain oxidative metabolism. Animals were trained in a hidden platform task and tested for memory retention immediately after the last training session; one week after completing the task, they were also tested in a memory retrieval probe. Results showed that retrieval of the previously learned task was associated with increased levels of oxidative metabolism in the prefrontal cortex, the dorsal and ventral striatum, the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus and the dentate gyrus of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. The analysis of functional interactions between brain regions suggest that the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus could be involved in spatial memory retrieval. In addition, the results highlight the key role of the extended hippocampal system, thalamus and striatum in this process. Our study agrees with previous ones reporting interactions between the dorsal hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex during spatial memory retrieval. Furthermore, novel activation patterns of brain networks involving the aforementioned regions were found. These functional brain networks could underlie spatial memory retrieval evaluated in the Morris water maze task.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Méndez-Couz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - N M Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - H González-Pardo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - J L Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
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23
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A computational theory of hippocampal function, and tests of the theory: New developments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 48:92-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Costa V, Lugert S, Jagasia R. Role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in cognition in physiology and disease: pharmacological targets and biomarkers. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 228:99-155. [PMID: 25977081 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16522-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a remarkable form of brain structural plasticity by which new functional neurons are generated from adult neural stem cells/precursors. Although the precise role of this process remains elusive, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important for learning and memory and it is affected in disease conditions associated with cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety. Immature neurons in the adult brain exhibit an enhanced structural and synaptic plasticity during their maturation representing a unique population of neurons to mediate specific hippocampal function. Compelling preclinical evidence suggests that hippocampal neurogenesis is modulated by a broad range of physiological stimuli which are relevant in cognitive and emotional states. Moreover, multiple pharmacological interventions targeting cognition modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, recent genetic approaches have shown that promoting neurogenesis can positively modulate cognition associated with both physiology and disease. Thus the discovery of signaling pathways that enhance adult neurogenesis may lead to therapeutic strategies for improving memory loss due to aging or disease. This chapter endeavors to review the literature in the field, with particular focus on (1) the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in cognition in physiology and disease; (2) extrinsic and intrinsic signals that modulate hippocampal neurogenesis with a focus on pharmacological targets; and (3) efforts toward novel strategies pharmacologically targeting neurogenesis and identification of biomarkers of human neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Costa
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases (NORD), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 124 Grenzacherstrasse, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Weeden CSS, Roberts JM, Kamm AM, Kesner RP. The role of the ventral dentate gyrus in anxiety-based behaviors. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 118:143-9. [PMID: 25498221 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dorsoventral lesion studies of the hippocampus (HPP) indicate that the dorsal axis is important for spatial processing and the ventral axis is important in anxiety and olfactory processes. There is some evidence that ventral CA3 and ventral CA1 subregions are important for cued retrieval in fear conditioning, which supports a ventral-anxiety relationship. However, the role of the ventral dentate gyrus (DG) in anxiety-based behaviors is less understood. Therefore, we used elevated plus and open field mazes to investigate the role of the ventral DG in the ability to modify behavior in potentially dangerous conditions and to clarify a few previous reports that ventral HPP lesions may induce hyperactivity. Rats with ventral DG lesions spent significantly more time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and inner zone of the open field test than did controls and rats with dorsal DG lesions. Locomotor measures indicate that all rats traveled at similar rates in enclosed arms, as well as in open arms of the elevated plus maze and all groups traveled at similar rates in the open field test, which indicates that differences in exploration were not likely due to hyperactivity. The present study findings indicate that the ventral DG plays an important role in anxiety-based behaviors, such as preference for safer environments and the ability to modify exploratory behavior when in potentially dangerous environments and that the dorsal DG is not importantly involved in anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared M Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Allison M Kamm
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Raymond P Kesner
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
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26
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Martin-Fairey CA, Nunez AA. Circadian modulation of memory and plasticity gene products in a diurnal species. Brain Res 2014; 1581:30-9. [PMID: 25063362 PMCID: PMC4157103 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cognition is modulated by circadian rhythms, in both nocturnal and diurnal species. Rhythms of clock gene expression occur in brain regions that are outside the master circadian oscillator of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and that control cognitive functions, perhaps by regulating the expression neural-plasticity genes such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high affinity receptor, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB). In the diurnal grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus), the hippocampus shows rhythms of clock genes that are 180° out of phase with those of nocturnal rodents. Here, we examined the hypothesis that this reversal extends to the optimal phase for learning a hippocampal-dependent task and to the phase of hippocampal rhythms in BDNF/TrkB expression. We used the Morris water maze (MWM) to test for time of day differences in reference memory and monitored daily patterns of hippocampal BDNF/TrkB expression in grass rats. Grass rats showed superior long-term retention of the MWM, when the training and testing occurred during the day as compared to the night, at a time when nocturnal laboratory rats show superior retention; acquisition of the MWM was not affected by time of day. BDNF/TrkB expression was rhythmic in the hippocampus of grass rats, and the phase of the rhythms was reversed compared to that of nocturnal rodents. Our findings provide correlational evidence for the claim that the circadian regulation of cognition may involve rhythms of BDNF/TrkB expression in the hippocampus and that their phase may contribute to species differences in the optimal phase for learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio A Nunez
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Ahn JR, Lee I. Intact CA3 in the hippocampus is only sufficient for contextual behavior based on well-learned and unaltered visual background. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1081-93. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Rong Ahn
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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Abstract
One of the landmark events of the past 25 years in neuroscience research was the establishment of neural stem cells (NSCs) as a life-long source of neurons and glia, a concept that shattered the dogma that the nervous system lacked regenerative power. Stem cells afford the plasticity to generate, repair, and change nervous system function. Combined with reprogramming technology, human somatic cell-derived NSCs and their progeny can model neurological diseases with improved accuracy. As technology advances, we anticipate further important discoveries and novel therapies based on the knowledge and application of these powerful cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Wilson DIG, Watanabe S, Milner H, Ainge JA. Lateral entorhinal cortex is necessary for associative but not nonassociative recognition memory. Hippocampus 2013; 23:1280-90. [PMID: 23836525 PMCID: PMC4030623 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) provides one of the two major input pathways to the hippocampus and has been suggested to process the nonspatial contextual details of episodic memory. Combined with spatial information from the medial entorhinal cortex it is hypothesised that this contextual information is used to form an integrated spatially selective, context-specific response in the hippocampus that underlies episodic memory. Recently, we reported that the LEC is required for recognition of objects that have been experienced in a specific context (Wilson et al. (2013) Hippocampus 23:352-366). Here, we sought to extend this work to assess the role of the LEC in recognition of all associative combinations of objects, places and contexts within an episode. Unlike controls, rats with excitotoxic lesions of the LEC showed no evidence of recognizing familiar combinations of object in place, place in context, or object in place and context. However, LEC lesioned rats showed normal recognition of objects and places independently from each other (nonassociative recognition). Together with our previous findings, these data suggest that the LEC is critical for associative recognition memory and may bind together information relating to objects, places, and contexts needed for episodic memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I G Wilson
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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André MAE, Manahan-Vaughan D. Spatial olfactory learning facilitates long-term depression in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2013; 23:963-8. [PMID: 23804412 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has emerged that visual spatial exploration facilitates synaptic plasticity at different synapses within the trisynaptic network. Particularly striking is the finding that visuospatial contexts facilitate hippocampal long-term depression (LTD), raising the possibility that this form of plasticity may be important for memory formation. It is not known whether other sensory modalities elicit similar permissive effects on LTD. Here, we explored if spatial olfactory learning facilitates LTD in the hippocampus region of freely behaving rats. Patterned afferent stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals elicited short-term depression (STD) (<1 h) of evoked responses in the Stratum radiatum of the CA1 region. Coupling of this protocol with novel exploration of a spatial constellation of olfactory cues facilitated short-term depression into LTD that lasted for over 24 h. Facilitation of LTD did not occur when animals were re-exposed 1 week later to the same odors in the same spatial constellation. Evaluation of learning behavior revealed that 1 week after the 1st odor exposure, the animals remembered the odors and their relative positions. These data support that the hippocampus can use nonvisuospatial resources, and specifically can use spatial olfactory information, to facilitate LTD and to generate spatial representations. The data also support that a tight relationship exists between the processing of spatial contextual information and the expression of LTD in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Agnès Emma André
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; International Graduate School for Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
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31
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Lee I, Lee CH. Contextual behavior and neural circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:84. [PMID: 23675321 PMCID: PMC3650478 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals including humans engage in goal-directed behavior flexibly in response to items and their background, which is called contextual behavior in this review. Although the concept of context has long been studied, there are differences among researchers in defining and experimenting with the concept. The current review aims to provide a categorical framework within which not only the neural mechanisms of contextual information processing but also the contextual behavior can be studied in more concrete ways. For this purpose, we categorize contextual behavior into three subcategories as follows by considering the types of interactions among context, item, and response: contextual response selection, contextual item selection, and contextual item–response selection. Contextual response selection refers to the animal emitting different types of responses to the same item depending on the context in the background. Contextual item selection occurs when there are multiple items that need to be chosen in a contextual manner. Finally, when multiple items and multiple contexts are involved, contextual item–response selection takes place whereby the animal either chooses an item or inhibits such a response depending on item–context paired association. The literature suggests that the rhinal cortical regions and the hippocampal formation play key roles in mnemonically categorizing and recognizing contextual representations and the associated items. In addition, it appears that the fronto-striatal cortical loops in connection with the contextual information-processing areas critically control the flexible deployment of adaptive action sets and motor responses for maximizing goals. We suggest that contextual information processing should be investigated in experimental settings where contextual stimuli and resulting behaviors are clearly defined and measurable, considering the dynamic top-down and bottom-up interactions among the neural systems for contextual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inah Lee
- Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
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