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Fenton AA. Remapping revisited: how the hippocampus represents different spaces. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:428-448. [PMID: 38714834 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The representation of distinct spaces by hippocampal place cells has been linked to changes in their place fields (the locations in the environment where the place cells discharge strongly), a phenomenon that has been termed 'remapping'. Remapping has been assumed to be accompanied by the reorganization of subsecond cofiring relationships among the place cells, potentially maximizing hippocampal information coding capacity. However, several observations challenge this standard view. For example, place cells exhibit mixed selectivity, encode non-positional variables, can have multiple place fields and exhibit unreliable discharge in fixed environments. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that, when measured at subsecond timescales, the moment-to-moment cofiring of a pair of cells in one environment is remarkably similar in another environment, despite remapping. Here, I propose that remapping is a misnomer for the changes in place fields across environments and suggest instead that internally organized manifold representations of hippocampal activity are actively registered to different environments to enable navigation, promote memory and organize knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Fenton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute at the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Reinshagen A. Grid cells: the missing link in understanding Parkinson's disease? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1276714. [PMID: 38389787 PMCID: PMC10881698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1276714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) are complex and not fully understood, and the box-and-arrow model among other current models present significant challenges. This paper explores the potential role of the allocentric brain and especially its grid cells in several PD motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, kinesia paradoxa, freezing of gait, the bottleneck phenomenon, and their dependency on cueing. It is argued that central hubs, like the locus coeruleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus, often narrowly interpreted in the context of PD, play an equally important role in governing the allocentric brain as the basal ganglia. Consequently, the motor and secondary motor (e.g., spatially related) symptoms of PD linked with dopamine depletion may be more closely tied to erroneous computation by grid cells than to the basal ganglia alone. Because grid cells and their associated central hubs introduce both spatial and temporal information to the brain influencing velocity perception they may cause bradykinesia or hyperkinesia as well. In summary, PD motor symptoms may primarily be an allocentric disturbance resulting from virtual faulty computation by grid cells revealed by dopamine depletion in PD.
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3
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Tuncdemir SN, Grosmark AD, Chung H, Luna VM, Lacefield CO, Losonczy A, Hen R. Adult-born granule cells facilitate remapping of spatial and non-spatial representations in the dentate gyrus. Neuron 2023; 111:4024-4039.e7. [PMID: 37820723 PMCID: PMC10841867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Adult-born granule cells (abGCs) have been implicated in memory discrimination through a neural computation known as pattern separation. Here, using in vivo Ca2+ imaging, we examined how chronic ablation or acute chemogenetic silencing of abGCs affects the activity of mature granule cells (mGCs). In both cases, we observed altered remapping of mGCs. Rather than broadly modulating the activity of all mGCs, abGCs promote the remapping of place cells' firing fields while increasing rate remapping of mGCs that represent sensory cues. In turn, these remapping deficits are associated with behavioral impairments in animals' ability to correctly identify new goal locations. Thus, abGCs facilitate pattern separation through the formation of non-overlapping representations for identical sensory cues encountered in different locations. In the absence of abGCs, the dentate gyrus shifts to a state that is dominated by cue information, a situation that is consistent with the overgeneralization often observed in anxiety or age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem N Tuncdemir
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andres D Grosmark
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hannah Chung
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Victor M Luna
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Clay O Lacefield
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rene Hen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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4
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Bowler JC, Losonczy A. Direct cortical inputs to hippocampal area CA1 transmit complementary signals for goal-directed navigation. Neuron 2023; 111:4071-4085.e6. [PMID: 37816349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The subregions of the entorhinal cortex (EC) are conventionally thought to compute dichotomous representations for spatial processing, with the medial EC (MEC) providing a global spatial map and the lateral EC (LEC) encoding specific sensory details of experience. Yet, little is known about the specific types of information EC transmits downstream to the hippocampus. Here, we exploit in vivo sub-cellular imaging to record from EC axons in CA1 while mice perform navigational tasks in virtual reality (VR). We uncover distinct yet overlapping representations of task, location, and context in both MEC and LEC axons. MEC transmitted highly location- and context-specific codes; LEC inputs were biased by ongoing navigational goals. However, during tasks with reliable reward locations, the animals' position could be accurately decoded from either subregion. Our results revise the prevailing dogma about EC information processing, revealing novel ways spatial and non-spatial information is routed and combined upstream of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Bowler
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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5
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Fenton AA, Hurtado JR, Broek JAC, Park E, Mishra B. Do Place Cells Dream of Deceptive Moves in a Signaling Game? Neuroscience 2023; 529:129-147. [PMID: 37591330 PMCID: PMC10592151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
We consider the possibility of applying game theory to analysis and modeling of neurobiological systems. Specifically, the basic properties and features of information asymmetric signaling games are considered and discussed as having potential to explain diverse neurobiological phenomena; we focus on neuronal action potential discharge that can represent cognitive variables in memory and purposeful behavior. We begin by arguing that there is a pressing need for conceptual frameworks that can permit analysis and integration of information and explanations across many scales of biological function including gene regulation, molecular and biochemical signaling, cellular and metabolic function, neuronal population, and systems level organization to generate plausible hypotheses across these scales. Developing such integrative frameworks is crucial if we are to understand cognitive functions like learning, memory, and perception. The present work focuses on systems neuroscience organized around the connected brain regions of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. These areas are intensely studied in rodent subjects as model neuronal systems that undergo activity-dependent synaptic plasticity to form neuronal circuits and represent memories and spatial knowledge used for purposeful navigation. Examples of cognition-related spatial information in the observed neuronal discharge of hippocampal place cell populations and medial entorhinal head-direction cell populations are used to illustrate possible challenges to information maximization concepts. It may be natural to explain these observations using the ideas and features of information asymmetric signaling games.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Fenton
- Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Institute at the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - José R Hurtado
- Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jantine A C Broek
- Departments of Computer Science and Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - EunHye Park
- Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bud Mishra
- Departments of Computer Science and Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Simon Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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6
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Allison EAMA, Moore JW, Arkell D, Thomas J, Dudchenko PA, Wood ER. The medial entorhinal cortex is necessary for the stimulus control over hippocampal place fields by distal, but not proximal, landmarks. Hippocampus 2023; 33:811-829. [PMID: 36808771 PMCID: PMC10946748 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental property of place cells in the hippocampus is the anchoring of their firing fields to salient landmarks within the environment. However, it is unclear how such information reaches the hippocampus. In the current experiment, we tested the hypothesis that the stimulus control exerted by distal visual landmarks requires input from the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). Place cells were recorded from mice with ibotenic acid lesions of the MEC (n = 7) and from sham-lesioned mice (n = 6) following 90° rotations of either distal landmarks or proximal cues in a cue- controlled environment. We found that lesions of the MEC impaired the anchoring of place fields to distal landmarks, but not proximal cues. We also observed that, relative to sham-lesioned mice, place cells in animals with MEC lesions exhibited significantly reduced spatial information and increased sparsity. These results support the view that distal landmark information reaches the hippocampus via the MEC, but that proximal cue information can do so via an alternative neural pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe W. Moore
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Daisy Arkell
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Julia Thomas
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Emma R. Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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7
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Pospisil DA, Bair W. Accounting for Bias in the Estimation of r 2 between Two Sets of Noisy Neural Responses. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9343-9355. [PMID: 36396403 PMCID: PMC9794365 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0198-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pearson correlation coefficient squared, r 2, is an important tool used in the analysis of neural data to quantify the similarity between neural tuning curves. Yet this metric is biased by trial-to-trial variability; as trial-to-trial variability increases, measured correlation decreases. Major lines of research are confounded by this bias, including those involving the study of invariance of neural tuning across conditions and the analysis of the similarity of tuning across neurons. To address this, we extend an estimator, [Formula: see text], that was recently developed for estimating model-to-neuron correlation, in which a noisy signal is compared with a noise-free prediction, to the case of neuron-to-neuron correlation, in which two noisy signals are compared with each other. We compare the performance of our novel estimator to a prior method developed by Spearman, commonly used in other fields but widely overlooked in neuroscience, and find that our method has less bias. We then apply our estimator to demonstrate how it avoids drastic confounds introduced by trial-to-trial variability using data collected in two prior studies (macaque, both sexes) that examined two different forms of invariance in the neural encoding of visual inputs-translation invariance and fill-outline invariance. Our results quantify for the first time the gradual falloff with spatial offset of translation-invariant shape selectivity within visual cortical neuronal receptive fields and offer a principled method to compare invariance in noisy biological systems to that in noise-free models.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Quantifying the similarity between two sets of averaged neural responses is fundamental to the analysis of neural data. A ubiquitous metric of similarity, the correlation coefficient, is attenuated by trial-to-trial variability that arises from many irrelevant factors. Spearman recognized this problem and proposed corrected methods that have been extended over a century. We show this method has large asymptotic biases that can be overcome using a novel estimator. Despite the frequent use of the correlation coefficient in neuroscience, consensus on how to address this fundamental statistical issue has not been reached. We provide an accurate estimator of the correlation coefficient and apply it to gain insight into visual invariance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Pospisil
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
| | - Wyeth Bair
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
- Computational Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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8
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Zhao R, Grunke SD, Wood CA, Perez GA, Comstock M, Li MH, Singh AK, Park KW, Jankowsky JL. Activity disruption causes degeneration of entorhinal neurons in a mouse model of Alzheimer's circuit dysfunction. eLife 2022; 11:e83813. [PMID: 36468693 PMCID: PMC9873254 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by selective vulnerability of distinct cell populations; however, the cause for this specificity remains elusive. Here, we show that entorhinal cortex layer 2 (EC2) neurons are unusually vulnerable to prolonged neuronal inactivity compared with neighboring regions of the temporal lobe, and that reelin + stellate cells connecting EC with the hippocampus are preferentially susceptible within the EC2 population. We demonstrate that neuronal death after silencing can be elicited through multiple independent means of activity inhibition, and that preventing synaptic release, either alone or in combination with electrical shunting, is sufficient to elicit silencing-induced degeneration. Finally, we discovered that degeneration following synaptic silencing is governed by competition between active and inactive cells, which is a circuit refinement process traditionally thought to end early in postnatal life. Our data suggests that the developmental window for wholesale circuit plasticity may extend into adulthood for specific brain regions. We speculate that this sustained potential for remodeling by entorhinal neurons may support lifelong memory but renders them vulnerable to prolonged activity changes in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Stacy D Grunke
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Caleb A Wood
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Gabriella A Perez
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Melissa Comstock
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Anand K Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Kyung-Won Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Joanna L Jankowsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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9
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Cholvin T, Bartos M. Hemisphere-specific spatial representation by hippocampal granule cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6227. [PMID: 36266288 PMCID: PMC9585038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) output plays a key role in the emergence of spatial and contextual map representation within the hippocampus during learning. Differences in neuronal network activity have been observed between left and right CA1-3 areas, implying lateralization in spatial coding properties. Whether bilateral differences of DG granule cell (GC) assemblies encoding spatial and contextual information exist remains largely unexplored. Here, we employed two-photon calcium imaging of the left or the right DG to record the activity of GC populations over five consecutive days in head-fixed mice navigating through familiar and novel virtual environments. Imaging revealed similar mean GC activity on both sides. However, spatial tuning, context-selectivity and run-to-run place field reliability was markedly higher for DG place cells in the left than the right hemisphere. Moreover, the proportion of GCs reconfiguring their place fields between contexts was greater in the left DG. Thus, our data suggest that contextual information is differentially processed by GC populations depending on the hemisphere, with higher context discrimination in the left but a bias towards generalization in the right DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Cholvin
- grid.5963.9Institute for Physiology I, University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Bartos
- grid.5963.9Institute for Physiology I, University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Caputi A, Liu X, Fuchs EC, Liu YC, Monyer H. Medial entorhinal cortex commissural input regulates the activity of spatially and object-tuned cells contributing to episodic memory. Neuron 2022; 110:3389-3405.e7. [PMID: 36084654 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Extensive interhemispheric projections connect many homotopic brain regions, including the hippocampal formation, but little is known as to how information transfer affects the functions supported by the target area. Here, we studied whether the commissural projections connecting the medial entorhinal cortices contribute to spatial coding, object coding, and memory. We demonstrate that input from the contralateral medial entorhinal cortex targets all major cell types in the superficial medial entorhinal cortex, modulating their firing rate. Notably, a fraction of responsive cells displayed object tuning and exhibited a reduction in their firing rate upon the inhibition of commissural input. In line with this finding are behavioral results that revealed the contribution of commissural input to episodic-like memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Caputi
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University and of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xinghua Liu
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University and of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke C Fuchs
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University and of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Chao Liu
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University and of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University and of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Valero M, Navas-Olive A, de la Prida LM, Buzsáki G. Inhibitory conductance controls place field dynamics in the hippocampus. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111232. [PMID: 36001959 PMCID: PMC9595125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal place cells receive a disparate collection of excitatory and inhibitory currents that endow them with spatially selective discharges and rhythmic activity. Using a combination of in vivo intracellular and extracellular recordings with opto/chemogenetic manipulations and computational modeling, we investigate the influence of inhibitory and excitatory inputs on CA1 pyramidal cell responses. At the cell bodies, inhibition leads and is stronger than excitation across the entire theta cycle. Pyramidal neurons fire on the ascending phase of theta when released from inhibition. Computational models equipped with the observed conductances reproduce these dynamics. In these models, place field properties are favored when the increased excitation is coupled with a reduction of inhibition within the field. As predicted by our simulations, firing rate within place fields and phase locking to theta are impaired by DREADDs activation of interneurons. Our results indicate that decreased inhibitory conductance is critical for place field expression. Valero et al. examine the influence of inhibition on place fields. They show that hippocampal neurons are dominated by inhibitory conductances during theta oscillations. A transient increase of excitation and drop of inhibition mediates place field emergence in simulations. Consistently, chemogenetic activation of interneurons deteriorates place cell properties in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Valero
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrea Navas-Olive
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenue Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Liset M de la Prida
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenue Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain.
| | - György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neurology, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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12
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Zutshi I, Valero M, Fernández-Ruiz A, Buzsáki G. Extrinsic control and intrinsic computation in the hippocampal CA1 circuit. Neuron 2022; 110:658-673.e5. [PMID: 34890566 PMCID: PMC8857017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In understanding circuit operations, a key problem is the extent to which neuronal spiking reflects local computation or responses to upstream inputs. We addressed this issue in the hippocampus by performing combined optogenetic and pharmacogenetic local and upstream inactivation. Silencing the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) largely abolished extracellular theta and gamma currents in CA1 while only moderately affecting firing rates. In contrast, CA3 and local CA1 silencing strongly decreased firing of CA1 neurons without affecting theta currents. Each perturbation reconfigured the CA1 spatial map. However, the ability of the CA1 circuit to support place field activity persisted, maintaining the same fraction of spatially tuned place fields and reliable assembly expression as in the intact mouse. Thus, the CA1 network can induce and maintain coordinated cell assemblies with minimal reliance on its inputs, but these inputs can effectively reconfigure and assist in maintaining stability of the CA1 map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipshita Zutshi
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Manuel Valero
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Antonio Fernández-Ruiz
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- New York University Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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13
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Cholvin T, Hainmueller T, Bartos M. The hippocampus converts dynamic entorhinal inputs into stable spatial maps. Neuron 2021; 109:3135-3148.e7. [PMID: 34619088 PMCID: PMC8516433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC)-hippocampal network plays a key role in the processing, storage, and recall of spatial information. However, how the spatial code provided by MEC inputs relates to spatial representations generated by principal cell assemblies within hippocampal subfields remains enigmatic. To investigate this coding relationship, we employed two-photon calcium imaging in mice navigating through dissimilar virtual environments. Imaging large MEC bouton populations revealed spatially tuned activity patterns. MEC inputs drastically changed their preferred spatial field locations between environments, whereas hippocampal cells showed lower levels of place field reconfiguration. Decoding analysis indicated that higher place field reliability and larger context-dependent activity-rate differences allow low numbers of principal cells, particularly in the DG and CA1, to provide information about location and context more accurately and rapidly than MEC inputs. Thus, conversion of dynamic MEC inputs into stable spatial hippocampal maps may enable fast encoding and efficient recall of spatio-contextual information. MEC inputs to the DG, CA3, and CA1 show different spatial coding properties MEC inputs remap even more strongly than hippocampal principal cells Hippocampal principal cell activity is more reliable and stable than their MEC inputs Hippocampal principal cells allow improved spatial and contextual readout
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Cholvin
- Institute for Physiology I, University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Thomas Hainmueller
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marlene Bartos
- Institute for Physiology I, University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Entorhinal cortical grid cells fire in a periodic pattern that tiles space, which is suggestive of a spatial coordinate system. However, irregularities in the grid pattern as well as responses of grid cells in contexts other than spatial navigation have presented a challenge to existing models of entorhinal function. In this Perspective, we propose that hippocampal input provides a key informative drive to the grid network in both spatial and non-spatial circumstances, particularly around salient events. We build on previous models in which neural activity propagates through the entorhinal-hippocampal network in time. This temporal contiguity in network activity points to temporal order as a necessary characteristic of representations generated by the hippocampal formation. We advocate that interactions in the entorhinal-hippocampal loop build a topological representation that is rooted in the temporal order of experience. In this way, the structure of grid cell firing supports a learned topology rather than a rigid coordinate frame that is bound to measurements of the physical world.
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15
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Jacob PY, Van Cauter T, Poucet B, Sargolini F, Save E. Medial entorhinal cortex lesions induce degradation of CA1 place cell firing stability when self-motion information is used. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820953004. [PMID: 33088918 PMCID: PMC7545758 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820953004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal–hippocampus network plays a central role in navigation and episodic memory formation. To investigate these interactions, we examined the effect of medial entorhinal cortex lesions on hippocampal place cell activity. Since the medial entorhinal cortex is suggested to play a role in the processing of self-motion information, we hypothesised that such processing would be necessary for maintaining stable place fields in the absence of environmental cues. Place cells were recorded as medial entorhinal cortex–lesioned rats explored a circular arena during five 16-min sessions comprising a baseline session with all sensory inputs available followed by four sessions during which environmental (i.e. visual, olfactory, tactile) cues were progressively reduced to the point that animals could rely exclusively on self-motion cues to maintain stable place fields. We found that place field stability and a number of place cell firing properties were affected by medial entorhinal cortex lesions in the baseline session. When rats were forced to rely exclusively on self-motion cues, within-session place field stability was dramatically decreased in medial entorhinal cortex rats relative to SHAM rats. These results support a major role of the medial entorhinal cortex in processing self-motion cues, with this information being conveyed to the hippocampus to help anchor and maintain a stable spatial representation during movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Jacob
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
| | - Tiffany Van Cauter
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Poucet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
| | - Francesca Sargolini
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Save
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Marseille, France
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16
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Li T, Arleo A, Sheynikhovich D. Modeling place cells and grid cells in multi-compartment environments: Entorhinal–hippocampal loop as a multisensory integration circuit. Neural Netw 2020; 121:37-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Jin W, Qin H, Zhang K, Chen X. Spatial Navigation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1284:63-90. [PMID: 32852741 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7086-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is critical for spatial navigation. In this review, we focus on the role of the hippocampus in three basic strategies used for spatial navigation: path integration, stimulus-response association, and map-based navigation. First, the hippocampus is not required for path integration unless the path of path integration is too long and complex. The hippocampus provides mnemonic support when involved in the process of path integration. Second, the hippocampus's involvement in stimulus-response association is dependent on how the strategy is conducted. The hippocampus is not required for the habit form of stimulus-response association. Third, while the hippocampus is fully engaged in map-based navigation, the shared characteristics of place cells, grid cells, head direction cells, and other spatial encoding cells, which are detected in the hippocampus and associated areas, offer a possibility that there is a stand-alone allocentric space perception (or mental representation) of the environment outside and independent of the hippocampus, and the spatially specific firing patterns of these spatial encoding cells are the unfolding of the intermediate stages of the processing of this allocentric spatial information when conveyed into the hippocampus for information storage or retrieval. Furthermore, the presence of all the spatially specific firing patterns in the hippocampus and the related neural circuits during the path integration and map-based navigation support such a notion that in essence, path integration is the same allocentric space perception provided with only idiothetic inputs. Taken together, the hippocampus plays a general mnemonic role in spatial navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Jin
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Han Qin
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Mok RM, Love BC. A non-spatial account of place and grid cells based on clustering models of concept learning. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5685. [PMID: 31831749 PMCID: PMC6908717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One view is that conceptual knowledge is organized using the circuitry in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) that supports spatial processing and navigation. In contrast, we find that a domain-general learning algorithm explains key findings in both spatial and conceptual domains. When the clustering model is applied to spatial navigation tasks, so-called place and grid cell-like representations emerge because of the relatively uniform distribution of possible inputs in these tasks. The same mechanism applied to conceptual tasks, where the overall space can be higher-dimensional and sampling sparser, leading to representations more aligned with human conceptual knowledge. Although the types of memory supported by the MTL are superficially dissimilar, the information processing steps appear shared. Our account suggests that the MTL uses a general-purpose algorithm to learn and organize context-relevant information in a useful format, rather than relying on navigation-specific neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Mok
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK.
| | - Bradley C Love
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK.
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK.
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19
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Park SW, Jang HJ, Kim M, Kwag J. Spatiotemporally random and diverse grid cell spike patterns contribute to the transformation of grid cell to place cell in a neural network model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225100. [PMID: 31725775 PMCID: PMC6855461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus are brain regions specialized in spatial information processing. While an animal navigates around an environment, grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex spike at multiple discrete locations, forming hexagonal grid patterns, and each grid cell is spatiotemporally dynamic with a different grid size, spacing, and orientation. In contrast, place cells in the hippocampus spike when an animal is at one or more specific locations, called a “place field”. While an animal traverses through a place field, the place cell’s spike phases relative to the hippocampal theta-frequency oscillation advance in phase, known as the “spike phase precession” phenomenon and each spike encodes the specific location within the place field. Interestingly, the medial entorhinal cortical grid cells and the hippocampal place cells are only one excitatory synapse apart. However, how the spatiotemporally dynamic multi-peaked grid cell activities are transformed into hippocampal place cell activities with spike phase precession phenomenon is yet unknown. To address this question, we construct an anatomically and physiologically realistic neural network model comprised of 10,000 grid cell models, each with a spatiotemporally dynamic grid patterns and a place cell model connected by excitatory synapses. Using this neural network model, we show that grid cells’ spike activities with spatiotemporally random and diverse grid orientation, spacing, and phases as inputs to place cell are able to generate a place field with spike phase precession. These results indicate that spatiotemporally random and diverse grid cell spike activities are essential for the formation of place cell activity observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahn Woo Park
- Neural Computational Laboratory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Jang
- Neural Computational Laboratory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mincheol Kim
- Neural Computational Laboratory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kwag
- Neural Computational Laboratory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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20
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Hippocampal Global Remapping Can Occur without Input from the Medial Entorhinal Cortex. Cell Rep 2019; 22:3152-3159. [PMID: 29562172 PMCID: PMC5929481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The high storage capacity of the episodic memory system relies on distinct representations for events that are separated in time and space. The spatial component of these computations includes the formation of independent maps by hippocampal place cells across environments, referred to as global re-mapping. Such remapping is thought to emerge by the switching of input patterns from specialized spatially selective cells in medial entorhinal cortex (mEC), such as grid and border cells. Although it has been shown that acute manipulations of mEC firing patterns are sufficient for inducing hippocampal remapping, it remains unknown whether specialized spatial mEC inputs are necessary for the reorganization of hippocampal spatial representations. Here, we examined remapping in rats without mEC input to the hippocampus and found that highly distinct spatial maps emerged rapidly in every individual rat. Our data suggest that hippocampal spatial computations do not depend on inputs from specialized cell types in mEC.
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21
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Diamantaki M, Coletta S, Nasr K, Zeraati R, Laturnus S, Berens P, Preston-Ferrer P, Burgalossi A. Manipulating Hippocampal Place Cell Activity by Single-Cell Stimulation in Freely Moving Mice. Cell Rep 2019; 23:32-38. [PMID: 29617670 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning critically depends on the ability to rapidly form and store non-overlapping representations of the external world. In line with their postulated role in episodic memory, hippocampal place cells can undergo a rapid reorganization of their firing fields upon contextual manipulations. To explore the mechanisms underlying such global remapping, we juxtacellularly stimulated 42 hippocampal neurons in freely moving mice during spatial exploration. We found that evoking spike trains in silent neurons was sufficient for creating place fields, while in place cells, juxtacellular stimulation induced a rapid remapping of their place fields to the stimulus location. The occurrence of complex spikes was most predictive of place field plasticity. Our data thus indicate that plasticity-inducing stimuli are able to rapidly bias place cell activity, simultaneously suppressing existing place fields. We propose that such competitive place field dynamics could support the orthogonalization of the hippocampal map during global remapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Diamantaki
- Werner-Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Otfried-Müller-str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience-IMPRS, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefano Coletta
- Werner-Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Otfried-Müller-str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience-IMPRS, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Khaled Nasr
- Werner-Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Otfried-Müller-str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience-IMPRS, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roxana Zeraati
- Werner-Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Otfried-Müller-str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience-IMPRS, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sophie Laturnus
- Werner-Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Otfried-Müller-str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Berens
- Werner-Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Otfried-Müller-str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Preston-Ferrer
- Werner-Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Otfried-Müller-str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Burgalossi
- Werner-Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Otfried-Müller-str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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22
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Sabariego M, Schönwald A, Boublil BL, Zimmerman DT, Ahmadi S, Gonzalez N, Leibold C, Clark RE, Leutgeb JK, Leutgeb S. Time Cells in the Hippocampus Are Neither Dependent on Medial Entorhinal Cortex Inputs nor Necessary for Spatial Working Memory. Neuron 2019; 102:1235-1248.e5. [PMID: 31056352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A key function of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex is to bridge events that are discontinuous in time, and it has been proposed that medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) supports memory retention by sustaining the sequential activity of hippocampal time cells. Therefore, we recorded hippocampal neuronal activity during spatial working memory and asked whether time cells depend on mEC inputs. Working memory was impaired in rats with mEC lesions, but the occurrence of time cells and of trajectory-coding cells in the stem did not differ from controls. Rather, the main effect of mEC lesions was an extensive spatial coding deficit of CA1 cells, which included inconsistency over time and reduced firing differences between positions on the maze. Therefore, mEC is critical for providing stable and distinct spatial information to hippocampus, while working memory (WM) maintenance is likely supported either by local synaptic plasticity in hippocampus or by activity patterns elsewhere in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sabariego
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Antonia Schönwald
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brittney L Boublil
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David T Zimmerman
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Siavash Ahmadi
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nailea Gonzalez
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian Leibold
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jill K Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stefan Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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23
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Savelli F, Knierim JJ. Origin and role of path integration in the cognitive representations of the hippocampus: computational insights into open questions. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb188912. [PMID: 30728236 PMCID: PMC7375830 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.188912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Path integration is a straightforward concept with varied connotations that are important to different disciplines concerned with navigation, such as ethology, cognitive science, robotics and neuroscience. In studying the hippocampal formation, it is fruitful to think of path integration as a computation that transforms a sense of motion into a sense of location, continuously integrated with landmark perception. Here, we review experimental evidence that path integration is intimately involved in fundamental properties of place cells and other spatial cells that are thought to support a cognitive abstraction of space in this brain system. We discuss hypotheses about the anatomical and computational origin of path integration in the well-characterized circuits of the rodent limbic system. We highlight how computational frameworks for map-building in robotics and cognitive science alike suggest an essential role for path integration in the creation of a new map in unfamiliar territory, and how this very role can help us make sense of differences in neurophysiological data from novel versus familiar and small versus large environments. Similar computational principles could be at work when the hippocampus builds certain non-spatial representations, such as time intervals or trajectories defined in a sensory stimulus space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Savelli
- The Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - James J Knierim
- The Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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24
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Acute silencing of hippocampal CA3 reveals a dominant role in place field responses. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:337-342. [PMID: 30664772 PMCID: PMC6387637 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in hippocampal output area CA1 are thought to exhibit redundancy across cortical and hippocampal inputs. Here we show instead that acute silencing of CA3 terminals drastically reduces place field responses for many CA1 neurons, while a smaller number are unaffected or have increased responses. These results imply that CA3 is the predominant driver of CA1 place cells under normal conditions, while also revealing heterogeneity in input dominance across cells.
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25
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Porter BS, Schmidt R, Bilkey DK. Hippocampal place cell encoding of sloping terrain. Hippocampus 2018; 28:767-782. [PMID: 29781093 PMCID: PMC6282778 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Effective navigation relies on knowledge of one's environment. A challenge to effective navigation is accounting for the time and energy costs of routes. Irregular terrain in ecological environments poses a difficult navigational problem as organisms ought to avoid effortful slopes to minimize travel costs. Route planning and navigation have previously been shown to involve hippocampal place cells and their ability to encode and store information about an organism's environment. However, little is known about how place cells may encode the slope of space and associated energy costs as experiments are traditionally carried out in flat, horizontal environments. We set out to investigate how dorsal-CA1 place cells in rats encode systematic changes to the slope of an environment by tilting a shuttle box from flat to 15 ° and 25 ° while minimizing external cue change. Overall, place cell encoding of tilted space was as robust as their encoding of flat ground as measured by traditional place cell metrics such as firing rates, spatial information, coherence, and field size. A large majority of place cells did, however, respond to slope by undergoing partial, complex remapping when the environment was shifted from one tilt angle to another. The propensity for place cells to remap did not, however, depend on the vertical distance the field shifted. Changes in slope also altered the temporal coding of information as measured by the rate of theta phase precession of place cell spikes, which decreased with increasing tilt angles. Together these observations indicate that place cells are sensitive to relatively small changes in terrain slope and that terrain slope may be an important source of information for organizing place cell ensembles. The terrain slope information encoded by place cells could be utilized by efferent regions to determine energetically advantageous routes to goal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake S. Porter
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OtagoDunedin, 9016New Zealand
- Brain Health Research CentreDivision of Sciences, University of OtagoDunedin, 9016New Zealand
| | - Robert Schmidt
- Department of Psychologythe University of SheffieldSheffield, S1 2LTUnited Kingdom
| | - David K. Bilkey
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OtagoDunedin, 9016New Zealand
- Brain Health Research CentreDivision of Sciences, University of OtagoDunedin, 9016New Zealand
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26
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Diehl GW, Hon OJ, Leutgeb S, Leutgeb JK. Stability of medial entorhinal cortex representations over time. Hippocampus 2018; 29:284-302. [PMID: 30175425 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Distinct functional cell types in the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) have been shown to represent different aspects of experiences. To further characterize mEC cell populations, we examined whether spatial representations of neurons in mEC superficial layers depended on the scale of the environment and changed over extended time periods. Accordingly, mEC cells were recorded while rats repeatedly foraged in a small or a large environment in sessions that were separated by time intervals from minutes to hours. Comparing between large and small environments, we found that the overall precision of grid and non-grid cell spatial maps was higher in smaller environments. When examining the stability of spatial firing patterns over time, differences and similarities were observed across cell types. Within-session stability was higher for grid cells than for non-grid cell populations. Despite differences in baseline stability between cell types, stability levels remained consistent over time between sessions, up to 1 hr. Even for sessions separated by 6 hrs, activity patterns of grid cells and of most non-grid cells lacked any systematic decrease in spatial similarity over time. However, a subset of ~15% of mEC non-grid cells recorded preferentially from layer III exhibited dramatic, time dependent changes in firing patterns across 6 hrs, reminiscent of previous characterizations of the hippocampal CA2 subregion. Collectively, our data suggest that mEC grid cell input to hippocampus in conjunction with many time invariant non-grid cells may aid in stabilizing hippocampal spatial maps, while a subset of time varying non-grid cells could provide complementary temporal information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey W Diehl
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Olivia J Hon
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Stefan Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California.,Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Jill K Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California
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27
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Differential Representation of Landmark and Self-Motion Information along the CA1 Radial Axis: Self-Motion Generated Place Fields Shift toward Landmarks during Septal Inactivation. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6766-6778. [PMID: 29954846 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3211-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial location in the environment can be defined in relation to specific landmarks or in relation to the global context, and is estimated from both the sensing of landmarks and the inner sense of cumulated locomotion referred to as path-integration. The respective contribution of landmark and path-integration to place-cell activity in the hippocampus is still unclear and complicated by the fact that the two mechanisms usually overlap. To bias spatial mechanisms toward landmark or path-integration, we use a treadmill equipped with a long belt on which male mice run sequentially through a zone enriched and a zone impoverished in visual-tactile cues. We show that inactivation of the medial septum (MS), which is known to disrupt the periodic activity of grid cells, impairs mice ability to anticipate the delivery of a reward in the cue-impoverished zone and transiently alter the spatial configuration of place fields in the cue-impoverished zone selectively: following MS inactivation, place fields in the cue-impoverished zone progressively shift backward and stabilize near the cues, resulting in the contraction of the spatial representation around cues; following MS recovery, the initial spatial representation is progressively restored. Furthermore, we found that place fields in the cue-rich and cue-impoverished zones are preferentially generated by cells from the deep and superficial sublayers of CA1, respectively. These findings demonstrate with mechanistic insights the contribution of MS to the spread of spatial representations in cue-impoverished zones, and indicate a segregation of landmark-based and path-integration-assisted spatial mechanisms into deep and superficial CA1, respectively.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cells encoding a cue-impoverished zone and the vicinity of landmarks responded differentially to septal inactivation and resided in distinct sublayers of CA1. These findings provide new insights on place field mechanisms: septal activity is critical for maintaining the spread of place fields in cue-impoverished areas, but not for the generation of place fields; Following MS inactivation, trial-by-trial network modifications by activity-dependent mechanisms are responsible for the gradual collapse of spatial representations. Furthermore, the findings suggest parallel coding streams for landmark and self-motion information. Superficial CA1 cells are better suited for encoding global position via the assist of path-integration, whereas deep CA1 cells can support spatial memory processes on an object-specific basis.
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28
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Abstract
The discovery of place cells provided fundamental insight into the neural basis by which the hippocampus encodes spatial memories and supports navigation and prompted the development of computational models to explain the emergence of their spatial selectively. Many such works posit that input from entorhinal grid cells is critical to the formation of place fields, a prediction that has received mixed experimental support. Potentially reconciling seemingly conflicting findings is recent work indicating that subpopulations of pyramidal neurons are functionally distinct and may be driven to varying degrees by different inputs. Additionally, new studies have demonstrated that hippocampal principal neurons encode a myriad of features extending beyond current position. Here, we highlight recent evidence for how extensive heterogeneity in connectivity and genetic expression could interact with membrane biophysics to enable place cells to encode a diverse range of stimuli. These recent findings highlight the need for more computational models that integrate these heterogeneous features of hippocampal principal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Mallory
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Lisa M Giocomo
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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29
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Mallory CS, Hardcastle K, Bant JS, Giocomo LM. Grid scale drives the scale and long-term stability of place maps. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:270-282. [PMID: 29335607 PMCID: PMC5823610 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) grid cells fire at regular spatial intervals and project to the hippocampus, where place cells are active in spatially restricted locations. One feature of the grid population is the increase in grid spatial scale along the dorsal-ventral MEC axis. However, the difficulty in perturbing grid scale without impacting the properties of other functionally defined MEC cell types has obscured how grid scale influences hippocampal coding and spatial memory. Here we use a targeted viral approach to knock out HCN1 channels selectively in MEC, causing the grid scale to expand while leaving other MEC spatial and velocity signals intact. Grid scale expansion resulted in place scale expansion in fields located far from environmental boundaries, reduced long-term place field stability and impaired spatial learning. These observations, combined with simulations of a grid-to-place cell model and position decoding of place cells, illuminate how grid scale impacts place coding and spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Mallory
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Kiah Hardcastle
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason S Bant
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa M Giocomo
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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30
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Neurons in Primate Entorhinal Cortex Represent Gaze Position in Multiple Spatial Reference Frames. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2430-2441. [PMID: 29386260 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2432-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primates rely predominantly on vision to gather information from the environment and neurons representing visual space and gaze position are found in many brain areas. Within the medial temporal lobe, a brain region critical for memory, neurons in the entorhinal cortex of macaque monkeys exhibit spatial selectivity for gaze position. Specifically, the firing rate of single neurons reflects fixation location within a visual image (Killian et al., 2012). In the rodents, entorhinal cells such as grid cells, border cells, and head direction cells show spatial representations aligned to visual environmental features instead of the body (Hafting et al., 2005; Sargolini et al., 2006; Solstad et al., 2008; Diehl et al., 2017). However, it is not known whether similar allocentric representations exist in primate entorhinal cortex. Here, we recorded neural activity in the entorhinal cortex in two male rhesus monkeys during a naturalistic, free-viewing task. Our data reveal that a majority of entorhinal neurons represent gaze position and that simultaneously recorded neurons represent gaze position relative to distinct spatial reference frames, with some neurons aligned to the visual image and others aligned to the monkey's head position. Our results also show that entorhinal neural activity can be used to predict gaze position with a high degree of accuracy. These findings demonstrate that visuospatial representation is a fundamental property of entorhinal neurons in primates and suggest that entorhinal cortex may support relational memory and motor planning by coding attentional locus in distinct, behaviorally relevant frames of reference.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The entorhinal cortex, a brain area important for memory, shows striking spatial activity in rodents through grid cells, border cells, head direction cells, and nongrid spatial cells. The majority of entorhinal neurons signal the location of a rodent relative to visual environmental cues, representing the location of the animal relative to space in the world instead of the body. Recently, we found that entorhinal neurons can signal location of gaze while a monkey explores images visually. Here, we report that spatial entorhinal neurons are widespread in the monkey and these neurons are capable of showing a world-based spatial reference frame locked to the bounds of explored images. These results help connect the extensive findings in rodents to the primate.
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31
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Latuske P, Kornienko O, Kohler L, Allen K. Hippocampal Remapping and Its Entorhinal Origin. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 11:253. [PMID: 29354038 PMCID: PMC5758554 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of hippocampal cell ensembles is an accurate predictor of the position of an animal in its surrounding space. One key property of hippocampal cell ensembles is their ability to change in response to alterations in the surrounding environment, a phenomenon called remapping. In this review article, we present evidence for the distinct types of hippocampal remapping. The progressive divergence over time of cell ensembles active in different environments and the transition dynamics between pre-established maps are discussed. Finally, we review recent work demonstrating that hippocampal remapping can be triggered by neurons located in the entorhinal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Latuske
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olga Kornienko
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Kohler
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Allen
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Kanter BR, Lykken CM, Avesar D, Weible A, Dickinson J, Dunn B, Borgesius NZ, Roudi Y, Kentros CG. A Novel Mechanism for the Grid-to-Place Cell Transformation Revealed by Transgenic Depolarization of Medial Entorhinal Cortex Layer II. Neuron 2017; 93:1480-1492.e6. [PMID: 28334610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatial receptive fields of neurons in medial entorhinal cortex layer II (MECII) and in the hippocampus suggest general and environment-specific maps of space, respectively. However, the relationship between these receptive fields remains unclear. We reversibly manipulated the activity of MECII neurons via chemogenetic receptors and compared the changes in downstream hippocampal place cells to those of neurons in MEC. Depolarization of MECII impaired spatial memory and elicited drastic changes in CA1 place cells in a familiar environment, similar to those seen during remapping between distinct environments, while hyperpolarization did not. In contrast, both manipulations altered the firing rate of MEC neurons without changing their firing locations. Interestingly, only depolarization caused significant changes in the relative firing rates of individual grid fields, reconfiguring the spatial input from MEC. This suggests a novel mechanism of hippocampal remapping whereby rate changes in MEC neurons lead to locational changes of hippocampal place fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Kanter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Christine M Lykken
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Daniel Avesar
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Aldis Weible
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Jasmine Dickinson
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Benjamin Dunn
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nils Z Borgesius
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yasser Roudi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Clifford G Kentros
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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33
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Scaplen KM, Ramesh RN, Nadvar N, Ahmed OJ, Burwell RD. Inactivation of the Lateral Entorhinal Area Increases the Influence of Visual Cues on Hippocampal Place Cell Activity. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:40. [PMID: 28611603 PMCID: PMC5447019 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is important for both navigation and associative learning. We previously showed that the hippocampus processes two-dimensional (2D) landmarks and objects differently. Our findings suggested that landmarks are more likely to be used for orientation and navigation, whereas objects are more likely to be used for associative learning. The process by which cues are recognized as relevant for navigation or associative learning, however, is an open question. Presumably both spatial and nonspatial information are necessary for classifying cues as landmarks or objects. The lateral entorhinal area (LEA) is a good candidate for participating in this process as it is implicated in the processing of three-dimensional (3D) objects and object location. Because the LEA is one synapse upstream of the hippocampus and processes both spatial and nonspatial information, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the LEA modulates how the hippocampus uses 2D landmarks and objects. To test this hypothesis, we temporarily inactivated the LEA ipsilateral to the dorsal hippocampal recording site using fluorophore-conjugated muscimol (FCM) 30 min prior to three foraging sessions in which either the 2D landmark or the 2D object was back-projected to the floor of an open field. Prior to the second session we rotated the 2D cue by 90°. Cues were returned to the original configuration for the third session. Compared to the Saline treatment, FCM inactivation increased the percentage of rotation responses to manipulations of the landmark cue, but had no effect on information content of place fields. In contrast, FCM inactivation increased information content of place fields in the presence of the object cue, but had no effect on rotation responses to the object cue. Thus, LEA inactivation increased the influence of visual cues on hippocampal activity, but the impact was qualitatively different for cues that are useful for navigation vs. cues that may not be useful for navigation. FCM inactivation also led to reductions in both frequency and power of hippocampal theta rhythms, indicative of the loss of functionally important LEA inputs to hippocampus. These data provide evidence that the LEA is involved in modulating how the dorsal hippocampus utilizes visual environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Rohan N Ramesh
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, United States
| | - Negin Nadvar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Omar J Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rebecca D Burwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, United States.,Department of Cognitive, Linguistics and Psychological Science, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, United States
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34
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Robinson NTM, Priestley JB, Rueckemann JW, Garcia AD, Smeglin VA, Marino FA, Eichenbaum H. Medial Entorhinal Cortex Selectively Supports Temporal Coding by Hippocampal Neurons. Neuron 2017; 94:677-688.e6. [PMID: 28434800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that hippocampal "time cells" code for sequential moments in temporally organized experiences. However, it is currently unknown whether these temporal firing patterns critically rely on upstream cortical input. Here we employ an optogenetic approach to explore the effect of large-scale inactivation of the medial entorhinal cortex on temporal, as well as spatial and object, coding by hippocampal CA1 neurons. Medial entorhinal inactivation produced a specific deficit in temporal coding in CA1 and resulted in significant impairment in memory across a temporal delay. In striking contrast, spatial and object coding remained intact. Further, we extended the scope of hippocampal phase precession to include object information relevant to memory and behavior. Overall, our work demonstrates that medial entorhinal activity plays an especially important role for CA1 in temporal coding and memory across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick T M Robinson
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James B Priestley
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jon W Rueckemann
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Aaron D Garcia
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Howard Eichenbaum
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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35
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Savelli F, Luck JD, Knierim JJ. Framing of grid cells within and beyond navigation boundaries. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28084992 PMCID: PMC5271608 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grid cells represent an ideal candidate to investigate the allocentric determinants of the brain's cognitive map. Most studies of grid cells emphasized the roles of geometric boundaries within the navigational range of the animal. Behaviors such as novel route-taking between local environments indicate the presence of additional inputs from remote cues beyond the navigational borders. To investigate these influences, we recorded grid cells as rats explored an open-field platform in a room with salient, remote cues. The platform was rotated or translated relative to the room frame of reference. Although the local, geometric frame of reference often exerted the strongest control over the grids, the remote cues demonstrated a consistent, sometimes dominant, countervailing influence. Thus, grid cells are controlled by both local geometric boundaries and remote spatial cues, consistent with prior studies of hippocampal place cells and providing a rich representational repertoire to support complex navigational (and perhaps mnemonic) processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Savelli
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - J D Luck
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - James J Knierim
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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36
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Buchtová H, Fajnerová I, Stuchlík A, Kubík Š. Acute systemic MK-801 induced functional uncoupling between hippocampal areas CA3 and CA1 with distant effect in the retrosplenial cortex. Hippocampus 2016; 27:134-144. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Buchtová
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory; Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Fajnerová
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory; Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Stuchlík
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory; Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Kubík
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory; Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
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37
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Zhao R, Grunke SD, Keralapurath MM, Yetman MJ, Lam A, Lee TC, Sousounis K, Jiang Y, Swing DA, Tessarollo L, Ji D, Jankowsky JL. Impaired Recall of Positional Memory following Chemogenetic Disruption of Place Field Stability. Cell Rep 2016; 16:793-804. [PMID: 27373150 PMCID: PMC4956499 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural network of the temporal lobe is thought to provide a cognitive map of our surroundings. Functional analysis of this network has been hampered by coarse tools that often result in collateral damage to other circuits. We developed a chemogenetic system to temporally control electrical input into the hippocampus. When entorhinal input to the perforant path was acutely silenced, hippocampal firing patterns became destabilized and underwent extensive remapping. We also found that spatial memory acquired prior to neural silencing was impaired by loss of input through the perforant path. Together, our experiments show that manipulation of entorhinal activity destabilizes spatial coding and disrupts spatial memory. Moreover, we introduce a chemogenetic model for non-invasive neuronal silencing that offers multiple advantages over existing strategies in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stacy D Grunke
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Michael J Yetman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Lam
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Tang-Cheng Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Yongying Jiang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Deborah A Swing
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daoyun Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Joanna L Jankowsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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38
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McKenzie S, Keene CS, Farovik A, Bladon J, Place R, Komorowski R, Eichenbaum H. Representation of memories in the cortical-hippocampal system: Results from the application of population similarity analyses. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 134 Pt A:178-191. [PMID: 26748022 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we consider the value of neural population analysis as an approach to understanding how information is represented in the hippocampus and cortical areas and how these areas might interact as a brain system to support memory. We argue that models based on sparse coding of different individual features by single neurons in these areas (e.g., place cells, grid cells) are inadequate to capture the complexity of experience represented within this system. By contrast, population analyses of neurons with denser coding and mixed selectivity reveal new and important insights into the organization of memories. Furthermore, comparisons of the organization of information in interconnected areas suggest a model of hippocampal-cortical interactions that mediates the fundamental features of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam McKenzie
- The Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, United States
| | | | - Anja Farovik
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, United States
| | - John Bladon
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, United States
| | - Ryan Place
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, United States
| | - Robert Komorowski
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States
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