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Arnaut P, Bracho Pozsoni N, Nahra F, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP. Synthesis and reactivity of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold-fluoroalkoxide complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11952-11958. [PMID: 38958393 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01402b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
We disclose a novel series of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold complexes with varied steric and electronic properties, bearing fluorinated alkoxide anions. Early reactivity studies involving these synthons, lead to the synthesis of various complexes of relevance to gold chemistry and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Arnaut
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nestor Bracho Pozsoni
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Fady Nahra
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Materials & Chemistry (MATCH) unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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Stetsenko DA, Apukhtina VS, Chelobanov BP, Palladino P. Removal of acid-labile protecting or anchoring groups in the presence of polyfluorinated alcohol: Application to solid-phase peptide synthesis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201602014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Palladino P, Stetsenko DA. New TFA-Free Cleavage and Final Deprotection in Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis: Dilute HCl in Fluoro Alcohol. Org Lett 2012; 14:6346-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol303124r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, P.O. Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Dmitry A. Stetsenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, P.O. Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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THOMAS DAVIDW, JONES JOHNH. Second supplementary list of amino-acid derivatives useful in peptide synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1985.tb02167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Evans DA, Bach T. Selective Pd0-Mediated C?C Bond Constructions on the Imidazole Ring ofL-Histidine: A Practical Approach to the Synthesis of Diphthamide and Related Histidine Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199313261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Evans DA, Bach T. Selektive Pd0-vermittelte C-C-Bindungsbildung am Imidazolring vonL-Histidin – ein Ansatz zur Synthese von Diphthamid und verwandten Histidinderivaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Barlos K, Gatos D, Kallitsis J, Papaioannou D, Sotiriou P, Schäfer W. Verknüpfung von Aminosäuren mit Hydroxygruppen enthaltenden Harzen und ihre Anwendung zur Synthese von Peptiden mitN-Tritylaminosäure-(1-benzotriazolylestern). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198719870869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boon PJ, Mous JF, ten Kortenaar PB, Tesser GI. Semisynthesis of the native sequence of horse heart cytochrome c-(66-104)-nonatriacontapeptide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1986; 28:477-92. [PMID: 3028972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1986.tb03282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of some derivatives of horse cytochrome c-(66-79)-tetradecapeptide are presented. The syntheses are so designed that analogues of this phylogenetically well preserved sequence can be obtained also. The compounds were intended as synthons for the semisynthesis of 65-homoserine-cytochrome c, which we described earlier. A requisite for this project was the C-terminal tetracosapeptide fragment of the protein, accessible through degradation of cytochrome c with cyanogen bromide. The five epsilon amino groups in this compound are reversibly protected with the 2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyloxycarbonyl function, which is resistant to acid and causes little impairment of solubility. The condensation of the fragments leading to the native sequence of horse cytochrome c-(66-104)-nonatriacontapeptide is presented also. The syntheses were performed using the solution strategy. Some unexpected ring closing reactions involving tyrosine and tert.-butyl prolylasparaginylcarbazate, are described.
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Bodanszky M. In search of new methods in peptide synthesis. A review of the last three decades. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1985; 25:449-74. [PMID: 3894264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1985.tb02200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An attempt was made to discern ideas and trends in the development of peptide synthesis and to recognize general principles of the discipline. Introduction of efficient methods of activation and coupling during the early years of the reviewed period was followed by only moderate further improvements. Major advances were achieved by the discovery of novel methods of protection and by techniques of facilitation. Improvements in the methods of deblocking hold considerable promise and might bring significantly closer the goal of peptide synthesis: the direct preparation of homogeneous products.
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Knorr R, Danho W, Büllesbach EE, Gattner HG, Zahn H, King GL, Kahn CR. [B17-D-leucine]insulin and [B17-norleucine]insulin: synthesis and biological properties. HOPPE-SEYLER'S ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE 1983; 364:1615-26. [PMID: 6363268 DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1983.364.2.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of two porcine insulin analogues is described. Leucine in position B17 of the native molecule was substituted by its D-enantiomer and by L-norleucine, respectively. Both B-chain derivatives were synthesized by fragment condensation and purified as di-S-sulphonates by gel filtration followed by ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex at pH3. Combination with native sulphhydryl A-chain yielded [DLeuB17]insulin and [NleB17]insulin. Both insulin analogues were isolated by gel filtration followed by ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose at pH 4.0. Biological activities of the analogues were determined relative to native pork insulin: 1) glucose oxidation in rat epididymal adipocytes was 6% for [DLeuB17]insulin and 16% for [NleB17]insulin, 2) receptor-binding affinity tested with cultured human fibroblasts and with rat adipocytes was 3% for [DLeuB17]insulin and 26% for [NleB17]insulin, and 3) thymidine incorporation into DNA of human fibroblasts was 35% for [DLeuB17]insulin and 100% for [NleB17]insulin.
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Naithani VK, Schwertner E. Human proinsulin VI. Synthesis of protected segment 46-70 of prohormone. HOPPE-SEYLER'S ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE 1983; 364:1603-13. [PMID: 6689314 DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1983.364.2.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of the protected pentacosapeptide Trt-Gly-Gly-Pro-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ser-(But)-Leu-Gln-Pro-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu( OBut)-Gly-Ser (But)-Leu-Gln-Lys(Boc)-Arg-Gly-Ile-Val-Glu-(OBut)-Gln-OH (Pos. 46-70) of human proinsulin is described. This segment was prepared by the mixed anhydride condensation of the trityl-protected peptides (46-64) or (46-59) with the fragments 65-70 and 60-70, respectively. In both the cases the purification was effected by counter current distribution in a yield of 25% and 24%, respectively.
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Galpin I, Hancock G, Kenner G, Morgan B. The synthesis of an insulin active site analogue. Tetrahedron 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)97641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Knorr R, Danho W, Büllesbach EE, Gattner HG, Zahn H, King GL, Kahn CR. [B22-D-arginine]insulin: synthesis and biological properties. HOPPE-SEYLER'S ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE 1982; 363:1449-60. [PMID: 6761262 DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1982.363.2.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An analogue of porcine insulin which differs from the native molecule in that the amino-acid residue B22-L-arginine is replaced by its D-enantiomer has been synthesized. The [D ArgB22]B-chain was synthesized by the segment condensation method and purified as the di-S-sulfonate by ion exchange chromatoggraphy on SP-Sephadex at pH 3.5. Combination with native porcine sulfhydryl A-chain gave [DArgB22]insulin which was purified by ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex at pH 4.5 with a linear NaCl gradient. The biological activity of this analogue as measured by glucose oxidation in rat epididymal adipocytes was 2%. Thymidine incorporation into DNA of human fibroblast was 16%. The immunoreactivity using antipork insulin antibody in a double antibody immunoassay was 4%. The receptor-binding affinity as measured by radioreceptor assays was 2% with cultured human fibroblasts and 1% with rat adipocytes. These results suggest that the L-configuration at B22-arginine is essential for retaining the biological, immunological and receptor-binding properties of the hormone.
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Bodanszky M, Bednarek MA, Bodanszky A. Coupling in the absence of tertiary amines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1982; 20:387-95. [PMID: 7174200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1982.tb00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to avoid base catalyzed side reactions during coupling, attempts were made to render superfluous the addition of tertiary amines to the reaction mixture. Weak acids were applied for the removal of acid labile protecting groups. Acetic acid and other carboxylic acids were considered unsuitable for this purpose coupling step. Pentachlorophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol cleaved the Bpoc, Nps and Trt groups but more practical rates were reached with solutions of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) in trifluoroethanol, in acetic acid, or in a mixture of phenol and p-cresol. In addition to acidolysis, HOBt salts of amino components could also be obtained through hydrogenolysis of the Z group or thiolysis of the Nps group in the presence of HOBt, or by the displacement of acetic acid from acetate salts with HOBt. Acylation of HOBt salts of amino components with symmetrical or mixed anhydrides or with active esters did not require the addition of tertiary amine.
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Galpin I, Hancock F, Handa B, Jackson A, Kenner G, McDowell P, Noble P, Ramage R. Peptides-XXXXVI. Tetrahedron 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)98920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Synthese der Sequenz 71—86 des Humanproinsulins, I Synthese der Sequenz 71—86 als monomeres cyclisches Biscystinpeptidderivat und als Tetra-S-tritylderivat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1979.360.1.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wendlberger G, Moroder L, Hallett A, W�nsch E. Zur Synthese von Human-Big-Gastrin I und seinem 32-Leucin-Analogon 1. Mitteilung: Darstellung der Teilsequenzen 28?34, 23?27, 21?22 und 15?20. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00938288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The biological activity of human insulin, prepared by total chemical synthesis, was compared in various tests in vivo and in vitro with that of natural human or pork insulin. The potencies of the synthetic and natural hormone, as determined by the mouse convulsion assay, by hypoglycaemic effect and diaphragm glycogen increase in fasted rats in vivo, or by stimulation of 14C-glucose metabolism in fat cells and binding to anti-insulin serum in vitro, did not differ significantly. It is concluded that this synthetic human insulin is biologically equivalent to the natural hormone.
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Sieber P, Kamber B, Hartmann A, Jöhl A, Riniker B, Rittel W. [Total synthesis of human insulin. IV. Description of the final steps (author's transl)]. Helv Chim Acta 1977; 60:27-37. [PMID: 838597 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19770600105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kamber B, Riniker B, Sieber P, Rittel W. [Synthesis of human insulin. III. Preparation of the A(14-21) - B(17-30) fragment (author's transl)]. Helv Chim Acta 1976; 59:2830-40. [PMID: 1017975 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19760590821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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