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Benzaria S, Bardiot D, Bouisset T, Counor C, Rabeson C, Pierra C, Storer R, Loi AG, Cadeddu A, Mura M, Musiu C, Liuzzi M, Loddo R, Bergelson S, Bichko V, Bridges E, Cretton-Scott E, Mao J, Sommadossi JP, Seifer M, Standring D, Tausek M, Gosselin G, La Colla P. 2′-C-Methyl Branched Pyrimidine Ribonucleoside Analogues: Potent Inhibitors of RNA Virus Replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 18:225-42. [PMID: 17907380 DOI: 10.1177/095632020701800406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses are the agents of numerous widespread and often severe diseases. Their unique RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) is essential for replication and, thus, constitutes a valid target for the development of selective chemotherapeutic agents. In this regard, we have investigated sugar-modified ribonucleoside analogues as potential inhibitors of the RDRP. Title compounds retain ‘natural’ pyrimidine bases, but possess a β-methyl substituent at the 2′-position of the D- or L-ribose moiety. Evaluation against a broad range of RNA viruses, either single-stranded positive (ssRNA), single-stranded negative (ssRNA−) or double-stranded (dsRNA), revealed potent activities for D-2′- C-methyl-cytidine and -uridine against ssRNA+, and dsRNA viruses. None of the L-enantiomers were active. Moreover, the 5′-triphosphates of the active D-enantiomers were found to inhibit the bovine virus diarrhoea virus polymerase. Thus, the 2′-methyl branching of natural pyrimidine ribonucleosides transforms physiological molecules into potent, broad-spectrum antiviral agents that merit further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Benzaria
- Laboratoire Coopératif Idenix-CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
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Design and synthesis of potential ribonucleotide reductase enzyme (RNR) inhibitors as antileukemic and/or antiviral 2′-deoxymethylene nucleosides. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Newman EM, Morgan RJ, Kummar S, Beumer JH, Blanchard MS, Ruel C, El-Khoueiry AB, Carroll MI, Hou JM, Li C, Lenz HJ, Eiseman JL, Doroshow JH. A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine, administered with tetrahydrouridine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:537-46. [PMID: 25567350 PMCID: PMC4344391 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibitors of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases (DNMT) are active antineoplastic agents. We conducted the first-in-human phase I trial of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdCyd), a DNMT inhibitor stable in aqueous solution, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Objectives were to establish the safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of FdCyd + tetrahydrouridine (THU). METHODS FdCyd + THU were administered by 3 h IV infusion on days 1-5 every 3 weeks, or days 1-5 and 8-12 every 4 weeks. FdCyd was administered IV with a fixed 350 mg/m(2)/day dose of THU to inhibit deamination of FdCyd. Pharmacokinetics of FdCyd, downstream metabolites and THU were assessed by LC-MS/MS. RBC γ-globin expression was evaluated as a pharmacodynamics biomarker. RESULTS Patients were enrolled on the 3-week schedule at doses up to 80 mg/m(2)/day without dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) prior to transitioning to the 4-week schedule, which resulted in an MTD of 134 mg/m(2)/day; one of six patients had a first-cycle DLT (grade 3 colitis). FdCyd ≥40 mg/m(2)/day produced peak plasma concentrations >1 µM. Although there was inter-patient variability, γ-globin mRNA increased during the first two treatment cycles. One refractory breast cancer patient experienced a partial response (PR) of >90 % decrease in tumor size, lasting over a year. CONCLUSIONS The MTD was established at 134 mg/m(2) FdCyd + 350 mg/m(2) THU days 1-5 and 8-12 every 4 weeks. Based on toxicities observed over multiple cycles, good plasma exposures, and the sustained PR observed at 67 mg/m(2)/day, the phase II dose for our ongoing multi-histology trial is 100 mg/m(2)/day FdCyd with 350 mg/m(2)/day THU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Newman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA,
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McCormack JJ, Marquez VE, Liu PS, Vistica DT, Driscoll JS. Inhibition of cytidine deaminase by 2-oxopyrimidine riboside and related compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 29:830-2. [PMID: 20227965 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(80)90566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/1979] [Accepted: 09/20/1979] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J McCormack
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Biology, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20205, USA
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Krolikiewicz K, Schäfer M, Vorbrüggen H. Synthesis of ansa1-cytidines. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:695-712. [PMID: 20183610 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903109896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new ansa(1)-N(4)5-ethylene cytidines such as 3-ss-D-ribofuranosyl-3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one is described and the problems connected with the ring closure to the desired tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine base discussed. The lack of biological activities of the new ansa(1-) cytidines is furthermore commented on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Krolikiewicz
- Medicinal Chemistry, The former Schering AG, now Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
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Megati S, Ealick SE, Naguib FNM, el Kouni MH, Klein RS, Otter BA. O5′,6-Methanocytidine — Synthesis, Conformational Properties and Deamination by Cytidine Deaminase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408013214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tomassini JE, Getty K, Stahlhut MW, Shim S, Bhat B, Eldrup AB, Prakash TP, Carroll SS, Flores O, MacCoss M, McMasters DR, Migliaccio G, Olsen DB. Inhibitory effect of 2'-substituted nucleosides on hepatitis C virus replication correlates with metabolic properties in replicon cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2050-8. [PMID: 15855531 PMCID: PMC1087620 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.5.2050-2058.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleosides have been widely used in the treatment of viral diseases, but relatively few have been identified as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV). The modified ribonucleosides, 2'-C-methyl-adenosine and 2'-O-methyl-cytidine, are potent inhibitors of HCV replication which specifically target the NS5B polymerase. Herein, a more extensive characterization of the effect of these compounds upon HCV replication in subgenomic replicons is reported. A highly selective antireplicative effect induced by the nucleosides in replicon-containing cell lines was maintained during an exponential growth period with potencies which paralleled the reduction of both positive- and negative-strand RNA replication. Moreover, the inhibitory effect closely correlated with the intrinsic metabolic properties of differing replicon clonal lines. Interestingly, while 2'-C-methyl-adenosine elicited similar inhibitory potencies in different cell lines, 2'-O-methyl-cytidine was found to be inactive in one replicon cell line tested, although the corresponding triphosphates comparably inhibited the in vitro activity of replication complexes isolated from these cells and the activity of NS5B polymerase using synthetic templates. The lack of antireplicative effect, attributed to poor intracellular conversion of the 2'-O-methyl-cytidine nucleoside to the active 5'-triphosphate, was reversed using a monophosphate prodrug. Thus, although replicon cells are useful for evaluating the effect of inhibitors upon HCV replication, these findings have important implications for their use in the identification and characterization of nucleosides and other chemotherapeutic agents requiring cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Tomassini
- Department of Research, Merck and Co., WP26-265, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Shimma N, Umeda I, Arasaki M, Murasaki C, Masubuchi K, Kohchi Y, Miwa M, Ura M, Sawada N, Tahara H, Kuruma I, Horii I, Ishitsuka H. The design and synthesis of a new tumor-selective fluoropyrimidine carbamate, capecitabine. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1697-706. [PMID: 10976516 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To identify an orally available fluoropyrimidine having efficacy and safety profiles greatly improved over those of parenteral 5-fluorouracil (5-FU: 1), we designed a 5-FU prodrug that would pass intact through the intestinal mucisa and be sequentially converted to 5-FU by enzymes that are highly expressed in the human liver and then in tumors. Among various N4-substituted 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine derivatives, a series of N4-alkoxycarbonyl derivatives were hydrolyzed to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'-DFCR: 8) specifically by carboxylesterase, which exists preferentially in the liver in humans and monkeys. Particularly, derivatives having an N4-alkoxylcarbonyl moiety with a C4-C6 alkyl chain were the most susceptible to the human carboxylesterase. Those were then converted to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR: 4) by cytidine deaminase highly expressed in the liver and solid tumors and finally to 5-FU by thymidine phosphorylase (dThdPase) preferentially located in tumors. When administered orally to monkeys, a derivative having the N4-alkoxylcarbonyl moiety with a C5 alkyl chain (capecitabine: 6) The highest AUC and Cmax for plasma 5'-DFUR. In tests with various human cancer xenograft models, capecitabine was more efficacious at wider dose ranges than either 5-FU or 5'-DFUR and was significantly less toxic to the intestinal tract than the others in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shimma
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Roche Research Center, Kamakura City, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Cristalli G, Volpini R, Vittori S, Camaioni E, Rafaiani G, Potenza S, Vita A. Diazepinone Nucleosides as Inhibitors of Cytidine Deaminase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608002457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Krayevsky AA, Watanabe KA. Possibility for the Existence of a General Conformational Motif in the Active Sites of Enzymes Which are Involved in Nucleic Acids Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319308019019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Barchi JJ, Haces A, Marquez VE, McCormack JJ. Inhibition of Cytidine Deaminase by Derivatives of 1-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)-Dihydropyrimidin-2-One (Zebularine). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319208017823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kawana M, Kuzuhara H. General method for the synthesis of 2′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides by the use of [1,2]-hydride shift and β-elimination reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/p19920000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ninomiya Y, Miwa M, Eda H, Sahara H, Fujimoto K, Ishida M, Umeda I, Yokose K, Ishitsuka H. Comparative antitumor activity and intestinal toxicity of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine and its prodrug trimethoxybenzoyl-5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine. Jpn J Cancer Res 1990; 81:188-95. [PMID: 2139643 PMCID: PMC5963899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N4-Trimethoxybenzoyl-5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (Ro 09-1390), a prodrug of the cytostatic 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR), was synthesized with the aim of reducing of the dose-limiting toxicity of 5'-DFUR, which is diarrhea. In mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma, 5'-DFUR given po produced a substantial amount of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the intestinal tract as well as tumors, where the enzyme pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase, essential for conversion of 5'-DFUR to 5-FU, is predominantly located. With the oral administration of Ro 09-1390 only a small amount of 5-FU was formed in the intestine; however, the administration of Ro 09-1390 and 5'-DFUR at the same dose produced similar amounts of 5-FU in tumor tissues. These differences in metabolism were reflected in their toxicity and antitumor efficacy. The administration of 5'-DFUR resulted in damage to the intestinal mucosal membrane and diarrhea in normal mice, whereas Ro 09-1390 was much less toxic to the intestinal tract. As regards antitumor activity, Ro 09-1390 and 5'-DFUR at equivalent doses inhibited the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma to similar extents. Since Ro 09-1390 was much less toxic to the intestinal tract than 5'-DFUR, mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma could be given Ro 09-1390 daily over a longer period and at a higher dose, resulting in a longer survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuchiya
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Kawasaki, Japan
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Abstract
Most of the drugs used today in the treatment of viral infections in man are purine-pyrimidine antimetabolites that interfere with viral replication. Work at Southern Research Institute has identified a number of compounds of this type with promising antiviral activity in both cell culture and rodent test systems. By far the most active and selective agents are carbocyclic nucleoside analogs in which the oxygen of the furanose ring is replaced by a methylene group. The effects of this change on the metabolism and antiviral activity of these compounds is discussed below.
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Kawana M, Yamasaki N, Nishikawa M, Kuzuhara H. The Synthesis of 2′,3′-Dideoxycytidine and Its 2′-Azido Analogue. Applications of the Deoxygenative [1,2]-Hydride Shift of Sulfonates with Mg(OMe)2–NaBH4. CHEM LETT 1987. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1987.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kaulinya LT, Lidak MY. Synthesis of 1-(3-halotetrahydro-2-furyl) derivatives of uracil, 5-substituted uracils, and cytosine. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00475481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Visser GW, Zwaagstra O, Gorree GC, Moonen P, Herscheid JD, Hoekstra A. Synthesis and tumour-localizing properties of [18F]-5-fluorocytosine-arabinoside and [18F]-5-fluorocyclocytidine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE 1986; 12:137-40. [PMID: 2428619 DOI: 10.1007/bf00276706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[18F]-5-fluorocytosine-arabinoside (2) and [18F]-5-fluorocyclocytidine (4) were prepared by reaction of [18F]-acetylhypofluorite with cytosine-arabinoside (1) or cyclocytidine (3) in acetic acid and were isolated in an overall radiochemical yield of 20% and 9%, respectively. The biodistribution of both radiopharmaceuticals was determined in melanoma bearing Syrian golden hamsters. It was found that 2 is a good tumour-localizing agent for pigmented and non-pigmented Greene melanoma.
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Cooney DA, Dalal M, Mitsuya H, McMahon JB, Nadkarni M, Balzarini J, Broder S, Johns DG. Initial studies on the cellular pharmacology of 2',3-dideoxycytidine, an inhibitor of HTLV-III infectivity. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:2065-8. [PMID: 3015143 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ashley GW, Bartlett PA. Purification and properties of cytidine deaminase from escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ling Chwang T, Williams RD, Schieber JE. Synthesis of 2′-o-nitro-9-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine and 2′-o-nitro-9-β-d-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine. Tetrahedron Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)88130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Watanabe KA, Reichman U, Fox JJ, Chou TC. Nucleosides. CXIX. Substrate specificity and mechanism of action of cytidine deaminases of monkey plasma and mouse kidney. Chem Biol Interact 1981; 37:41-54. [PMID: 7285246 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(81)90164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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