3
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Jia Y, Zhu J. Palladium-Catalyzed, Modular Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Indoles and Tryptophans by Direct Annulation of Substituted o-Haloanilines and Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2006; 71:7826-34. [PMID: 16995692 DOI: 10.1021/jo061471s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One-pot synthesis of indoles by a palladium-catalyzed annulation of ortho-haloanilines and aldehydes has been developed. Coupling of ortho-iodoaniline with aldehyde is realized under mild ligandless conditions [Pd(OAc)2, DABCO, DMF, 85 degrees C], whereas X-Phos is found to be the ligand of choice for coupling reactions involving ortho-chloroanilines/ortho-bromoanilines and aldehydes. A variety of ortho-haloanilines with different electronic properties are suitable substrates, and aldehydes including chiral ones participated in this reaction without racemization. Coupling of (S)-2-N,N-di-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5-oxopentanoate, derived from L-glutamic acid, with ortho-haloanilines provides a rapid access to the ring-A-substituted tryptophans in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Jia
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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4
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Kozhushkov SI, Zlatopolskiy BD, Brandl M, Alvermann P, Radzom M, Geers B, de Meijere A, Zeeck A. Hormaomycin Analogues by Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis - Synthesis of and Feeding Experiments with Amino Acids Related to the Unique 3-(trans-2-Nitrocyclopropyl)alanine Constituent. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Avent AG, Duggan HME, Young DW. Synthesis of protected γ-carboxyglutamates and γ-acylglutamates by rearrangement of N,N-diacylglutamates. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2327-32. [PMID: 16010368 DOI: 10.1039/b503900b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method for gamma-acylation of protected glutamic acids, involving intramolecular rearrangement of an acyl urethane, has been devised to prepare the protected gamma-carboxyglutamates 7, 9 and 11 and the protected 4-acylglutamates 15 and 22 from N,N-bisurethanes or N-acyl-N-urethanes of general structure 1. When the formyl-urethane 17 was used in the reaction, then the intermediate 18 in the intramolecular rearrangement was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Avent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UKBN1 9QJ
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6
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Bold G, Allmendinger T, Herold P, Moesch L, Schär HP, Duthaler RO. Stereoselektive Synthese von (2S,6S)-2,6-Diaminoheptandisäure und von unsymmetrischen Derivaten dermeso-2,6-Diaminoheptandisäure. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19920750321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Papageorgiou G, Ogden D, Corrie JET. An Antenna-Sensitized Nitroindoline Precursor to Enable Photorelease of l-Glutamate in High Concentrations. J Org Chem 2004; 69:7228-33. [PMID: 15471473 DOI: 10.1021/jo049071x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Acyl-7-nitroindolines are useful reagents for rapid release of carboxylates upon flash photolysis in aqueous solution and have been particularly effective for rapid (submicrosecond) release of neuroactive amino acids such as l-glutamate in biological experiments. In model systems the efficiency of photorelease has been shown to be greatly improved by attachment of a benzophenone triplet-sensitizing antenna. The present work describes synthesis and initial biological evaluation of the l-glutamate precursor 3. A significant improvement in the overall synthesis uses double Boc protection of the glutamate amino group to avoid side reactions during introduction of the nitro group. To accommodate the multiple functionalities in 3, linkage of the nitroindoline and benzophenone moieties is carried out late in the synthesis. Photolysis of 3 occurs with near-quantitative stoichiometry and the released l-glutamate efficiently activates neuronal glutamate ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Papageorgiou
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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8
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Luesch H, Hoffmann D, Hevel JM, Becker JE, Golakoti T, Moore RE. Biosynthesis of 4-methylproline in cyanobacteria: cloning of nosE and nosF genes and biochemical characterization of the encoded dehydrogenase and reductase activities. J Org Chem 2003; 68:83-91. [PMID: 12515465 DOI: 10.1021/jo026479q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the unusual amino acid 4-methylproline in the Nostoc genus of cyanobacteria was investigated on the genetic and enzymatic level. Two genes involved in the biosynthesis were cloned and the corresponding enzymes, a zinc-dependent long-chain dehydrogenase and a Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) reductase homologue, were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized. Putative substrates were synthesized to test enzyme substrate specificities, and deuterium labeling studies were carried out to reveal the stereospecificities of the enzymatic reactions with respect to the substrates as well as to the coenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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11
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Johannesson P, Lindeberg G, Tong W, Gogoll A, Synnergren B, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Angiotensin II analogues encompassing 5,9- and 5,10-fused thiazabicycloalkane tripeptide mimetics. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4524-37. [PMID: 10579816 DOI: 10.1021/jm991089q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple experimental procedure on solid phase for the construction of new tripeptidic 5,9- and 5,10-fused thiazabicycloalkane scaffolds that adopt beta-turns has been developed. This N-terminal-directed bicyclization, relying on masked aldehyde precursors derived from glutamic acid as key building blocks, provides a complement to the related bicyclization previously reported, where an aspartic acid-derived precursor was employed to induce cyclization toward the C-terminal end of the peptide. Thus, the regioselectivity of the bicyclization can be altered simply by varying the chain length of the incorporated aldehyde precursor. Four analogues of the hypertensive octapeptide angiotensin II, comprising the new scaffolds in the 3-5- and 5-7-positions, were synthesized. One of these conformationally constrained angiotensin II analogues exhibited AT(1) receptor affinity (K(i) = 750 nM). Results from theoretical conformational analysis of model compounds of the bicyclic tripeptide mimetics are presented, and they demonstrate that subtle differences in geometry have a strong impact on the affinity to the AT(1) receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/analogs & derivatives
- Angiotensin II/chemical synthesis
- Angiotensin II/chemistry
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Aza Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Aza Compounds/chemistry
- Aza Compounds/metabolism
- Binding, Competitive
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/chemical synthesis
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/chemistry
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Mimicry
- Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- P Johannesson
- Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Meffre P. Syntheses of optically active 2-amino-4-oxobutyric acid and N,O-protected derivatives. Amino Acids 1999; 16:251-72. [PMID: 10399015 DOI: 10.1007/bf01388171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for the synthesis of optically active aspartaldehyde derivatives are reviewed. Most of them are using the chiral pool: allylglycine or naturally occurring homoserine, aspartic acid or methionine and side chain modifications. This will be developed in the first part. Some other original routes are also displayed in the second part. Different aspects of each strategy are discussed: the nature and number of steps, the problem of protecting groups, the price and availability of starting materials. Some synthetic applications of such interesting chiral synthons are shown in the last part.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meffre
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, France.
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15
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Kokotos G, Padrón JM, Martín T, Gibbons WA, Martín VS. A General Approach to the Asymmetric Synthesis of Unsaturated Lipidic α-Amino Acids. The First Synthesis of α-Aminoarachidonic Acid. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9715128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Carretera de La Esperanza, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - José M. Padrón
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Carretera de La Esperanza, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Tomás Martín
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Carretera de La Esperanza, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - William A. Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Carretera de La Esperanza, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Víctor S. Martín
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Carretera de La Esperanza, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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16
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Sardina FJ, Rapoport H. Enantiospecific Synthesis of Heterocycles from alpha-Amino Acids. Chem Rev 1996; 96:1825-1872. [PMID: 11848813 DOI: 10.1021/cr9300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Sardina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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