1
|
Xu Z, You Y, Bai S, Wang L, Liu C. Microliquid/Liquid Interfacial Sensors: Biomimetic Investigation of Transmembrane Mechanisms and Real-Time Determinations of Clemastine, Cyproheptadine, Epinastine, Cetirizine, and Desloratadine. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6599-6608. [PMID: 38640514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Antihistamines relieve allergic symptoms by inhibiting the action of histamine. Further understanding of antihistamine transmembrane mechanisms and optimizing the selectivity and real-time monitoring capabilities of drug sensors is necessary. In this study, a micrometer liquid/liquid (L/L) interfacial sensor has served as a biomimetic membrane to investigate the mechanism of interfacial transfer of five antihistamines, i.e., clemastine (CLE), cyproheptadine (CYP), epinastine (EPI), desloratadine (DSL), and cetirizine (CET), and realize the real-time determinations. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques have been used to uncover the electrochemical transfer behavior of the five antihistamines at the L/L interface. Additionally, finite element simulations (FEMs) have been employed to reveal the thermodynamics and kinetics of the process. Visualization of antihistamine partitioning in two phases at different pH values can be realized by ion partition diagrams (IPDs). The IPDs also reveal the transfer mechanism at the L/L interface and provide effective lipophilicity at different pH values. Real-time determinations of these antihistamines have been achieved through potentiostatic chronoamperometry (I-t), exhibiting good selectivity with the addition of nine common organic or inorganic compounds in living organisms and revealing the potential for in vivo pharmacokinetics. Besides providing a satisfactory surrogate for studying the transmembrane mechanism of antihistamines, this work also sheds light on micro- and nano L/L interfacial sensors for in vivo analysis of pharmacokinetics at a single-cell or single-organelle level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yongtao You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Silan Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernández TA, Mayorga F, Garcia JI, Zanotto FM, Fernández RA, Dassie SA. Facilitated Ion Transfer Reactions across Liquid|Liquid Interfaces assisted by a Neutral Weak Acid: A Theoretical Approach. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ayelén Hernández
- INFIQC: Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquimca de Cordoba Departamento de Fisicoquímica - Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba ARGENTINA
| | - Fabricio Mayorga
- INFIQC: Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquimca de Cordoba departamento de fisicoquímica - Facultad de Ciencias Químicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba ARGENTINA
| | - Julia Inés Garcia
- INFIQC: Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquimca de Cordoba Departamento de Fisicoquímica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. ARGENTINA
| | - Franco Martín Zanotto
- INFIQC: Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquimca de Cordoba Departamento de Fisicoquímica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. ARGENTINA
| | - Ricardo Ariel Fernández
- INFIQC: Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquimca de Cordoba Departamento de Fisicoquímica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. ARGENTINA
| | - Sergio Alberto Dassie
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - INFIQC - CONICET Departamento de Fisicoquímica Medina Allende y Haya de la TorrePabellón ArgentinaCiudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba ARGENTINA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
MURAKAMI K, HORI K, MAEDA K, FUKUYAMA M, YOSHIDA Y. Adsorption and Distribution of Ions to a Bilayer Lipid Membrane. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2018. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.67.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji MURAKAMI
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Kisho HORI
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Kohji MAEDA
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| | - Mao FUKUYAMA
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
| | - Yumi YOSHIDA
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An integrated theoretical-experimental approach to understand facilitated proton transfer-electron transfer coupled reactions at thick-film modified electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Facilitated proton transfer-electron transfer coupled reactions at thick-film modified electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Vega Mercado F, Ovejero J, Zanotto F, Serial M, Velasco M, Fernández R, Acosta R, Dassie S. Facilitated proton transfer across liquid | liquid interfaces under forced hydrodynamic conditions. Determination of partition coefficients of neutral weak bases. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
7
|
Murakami K, Hori K, Maeda K, Fukuyama M, Yoshida Y. Distribution and Adsorption of Ionic Species into a Liposome Membrane and Their Dependence upon the Species and Concentration of a Coexisting Counterion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10678-10684. [PMID: 27687781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of ions into a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) and their adsorption on the BLM are investigated by extracting a hydrophobic cation, rhodamine 6G (R6G+), into a liposome through the dialysis membrane method. R6G+ distribution mainly depends upon the concentration of the coexisting anion and its species (Cl-, Br-, BF4-, ClO4-, and picrate). On the other hand, R6G+ adsorption on the BLM surface follows the Langmuir adsorption model and is independent of the coexisting anion in the aqueous phase. We propose an extraction model of ionic species into the BLM, to explain the dependence of extraction of ionic species upon the coexisting anion. In this model, an ion is distributed with a coexisting counterion into the BLM and then forms an ion pair in the BLM. Here, the ion adsorption equilibrium on the BLM surface is independent of the species and concentration of the coexisting counterion under the same ionic strength. On the basis of this model, we estimate the distribution constant of R6G+ and anion (KD), the ion-pair formation constant in the BLM (Kip), and the R6G+ adsorption constant on the BLM surface (Kad). Even for an ultrathin membrane system, such as a BLM, R6G+ is distributed with a coexisting counterion and the distribution equilibrium of the ionic species at the water-BLM interface is analyzable similar to that at the water-organic solvent interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Murakami
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology and ‡Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kisho Hori
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology and ‡Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kohji Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology and ‡Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Mao Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology and ‡Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yumi Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology and ‡Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Vega Mercado F, Ovejero JM, Fernández RA, Dassie SA. Effect of ligand protonation on the facilitated ion transfer reactions across oil|water interfaces. V. Applications of forced hydrodynamic conditions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Dassie SA. Facilitated proton transfer or protonated species transfer reactions across oil|water interfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Pelczarska A, Delie F, Domańska U, Carrupt PA, Martel S. New high throughput screening method for drug release measurements. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Partovi Nia R, Su B, Méndez MA, Barbe JM, Samec Z, Girault HH. Ionic partition diagram of tetraphenylporphyrin at the water|1,2-dichloroethane interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Effect of ligand protonation on the facilitated ion transfer reactions across oil/water interfaces. IV. Buffer solution effect. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Benvidi A, Lanjwani SN, Ding Z. Facilitated proton transfer by 2-acetylpyridine-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone across water/1,2-dichloroethane interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
15
|
Andrade SM, Costa SM, Pansu R. The Influence of Water on the Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Piroxicam in AOT/iso-octane/Water Reversed Micelles. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710405tiowot2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Osakai T, Hirai T, Wakamiya T, Sawada S. Quantitative analysis of the structure–hydrophobicity relationship for di- and tripeptides based on voltammetric measurements with an oil/water interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:985-93. [PMID: 16482341 DOI: 10.1039/b513335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of 18 di- and 27 tripeptides with un-ionizable amino acid side chains at a nitrobenzene/water (NB/W) interface was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The reversible half-wave potential (E(r)(1/2)), i.e., the midpoint potential could be accurately determined at pH 2 for both the facilitated and non-facilitated transfers, respectively, in the presence and absence of dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) in NB. A multiple linear regression analysis was then performed for the E(r)(1/2) using the 'corrected' Dubois steric parameter for amino acid side chain substitutents. The result shows that the hydrophobicity of the peptides is governed not only by the intrinsic hydrophobicity of the peptide backbone and side chains, but also by the steric effects of side chain substituents. For the non-facilitated transfer of peptides, the steric effect of a bulky side chain is more significant at the N-terminus than at the C-terminus (and central for tripeptides). The more bulky the side chain at the N-terminus, the less hydrophobic the peptide becomes due to inhibition of the solvation of a terminal -NH(3)(+) group by organic solvents. For the facilitated transfer by DB18C6, however, the steric effect of a bulky side chain is the most significant at the central position of a tripeptide. A MOPAC calculation of optimized structures of DB18C6-peptide complexes has also shown that there is a notable steric hindrance between the central side chain and the benzene rings of DB18C6, which would reduce the 'apparent' hydrophobicity or transferability of the tripeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Osakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mälkiä A, Murtomäki L, Urtti A, Kontturi K. Drug permeation in biomembranes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 23:13-47. [PMID: 15324921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, it has become increasingly apparent that in addition to therapeutic effect, drugs need to exhibit favourable absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) characteristics to produce a desirable response in vivo. As the recent progress in drug discovery technology enables rapid synthesis of vast numbers of potential drug candidates, robust methods are required for the effective screening of compounds synthesized within such programs, so that compounds with poor pharmacokinetic properties can be rejected at an early stage of drug development. Furthermore, a viable in silico method would save resources by enabling virtual screening of drug candidates already prior to synthesis. This review gives a general overview of the approaches aimed at predicting biological permeation, one of the cornerstones behind the ADME behaviour of drugs. The most important experimental and computational models are reviewed. Physicochemical factors underlying the permeation process are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Mälkiä
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 6100, FIN-02015 HUT, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Andrade SM, Costa SMB. Fluorescence quenching of Acridine Orange in microemulsions induced by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Piroxicam. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003; 2:605-10. [PMID: 12803085 DOI: 10.1039/b300097d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The singlet excited-state quenching of Acridine Orange (AO) by methyl viologen (MV2+) and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Piroxicam (Prx), incorporated in sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane/water and Triton X-100 (Trx-100)/cyclohexane-hexanol/water (w/o) microemulsions, was followed by steady- and transient-state fluorescence. The water content was varied by using different values of omega 0 (omega 0 = [H2O]/[S]) at fixed AOT (0.1 M) and Trx-100 (0.2 M) concentrations. In AOT, MV2+ resides at the interface, while Prx partitions between the interface and bulk water, but considerably biased towards the latter compared to AO. The quenching process efficiency increases with increasing omega 0, but reaches a diffusional value similar to that of free water only for the case of Prx, underlining the electrostatic effect of the AOT interface. The quenching process in Trx-100 microemulsions is more efficient for Prx than for MV2+, pointing to a similar polyoxyethylene intra-chain location for the former and AO. In both cases, data obtained allowed the microviscosity of the aqueous interior at different omega 0 to be extrapolated and indicate an increase in eta w values with water content, reflecting changes in the shape of Trx-100 microemulsions, which occur at omega 0 = 8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzana M Andrade
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo 1, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Heli H, Mahjani M, Jafarian M, Gobal F, Mousavi M, Shamsipur M. Investigation of the pyridinium ion transfer across the water/nitrobenzene interface by means of cyclic voltammetry and ac-impedance techniques. Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
20
|
Monzón L, Yudi L. Voltammetric analysis of lipophilicity of benzodiazepine derivatives at the water∣1,2-dichloroethane interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Reymond F, Fermı́n D, Lee HJ, Girault HH. Electrochemistry at liquid/liquid interfaces: methodology and potential applications. Electrochim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
22
|
Pagliara A, Reist M, Geinoz S, Carrupt PA, Testa B. Evaluation and prediction of drug permeation. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999; 51:1339-57. [PMID: 10678488 DOI: 10.1211/0022357991777164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge confronting the pharmaceutical scientist is to optimize the selective and efficient delivery of new active entities and drug candidates. Successful drug development requires not only optimization of specific and potent pharmacodynamic activity, but also efficient delivery to the target site. Following advances in rational drug design, combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening techniques, the number of newly discovered and promising active compounds has increased dramatically in recent years, often making delivery problems the rate-limiting step in drug research. To overcome these problems, a good knowledge of the pharmacokinetic barriers encountered by bioactive compounds is required. This review gives an overview of the properties of relevant physiological barriers and presents some important biological models for evaluation of drug permeation and transport. Physicochemical determinants in drug permeation and the relevance of quantitative and qualitative approaches to the prediction and evaluation of passive drug absorption are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pagliara
- Institut de Chimie Thérapeutique, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reymond F, Chopineaux-Courtois V, Steyaert G, Bouchard G, Carrupt PA, Testa B, Girault HH. Ionic partition diagrams of ionisable drugs: pH-lipophilicity profiles, transfer mechanisms and charge effects on solvation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
24
|
Azcurra A, Yudi L, Baruzzi A. Interfacial phenomena involving Fe(III)–ofloxacin complexes at the water|1,2-dichloroethane interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
25
|
Mechanism and dynamics of methyl and ethyl orange transfer across the water/1,2-dichloroethane interface. Electrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(98)00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
26
|
Reymond F, Carrupt PA, Girault HH. Facilitated ion transfer reactions across oil|water interfaces. Part I. Algebraic development and calculation of cyclic voltammetry experiments for successive complex formation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
27
|
Cyclic voltammetry for the transfer of multiple charged ions at large ITIES: general computational methodology and application to simple and facilitated ion transfer reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|