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Díaz-Tejedor A, Rodríguez-Ubreva J, Ciudad L, Lorenzo-Mohamed M, González-Rodríguez M, Castellanos B, Sotolongo-Ravelo J, San-Segundo L, Corchete LA, González-Méndez L, Martín-Sánchez M, Mateos MV, Ocio EM, Garayoa M, Paíno T. Tinostamustine (EDO-S101), an Alkylating Deacetylase Inhibitor, Enhances the Efficacy of Daratumumab in Multiple Myeloma by Upregulation of CD38 and NKG2D Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4718. [PMID: 38731936 PMCID: PMC11083018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignancy characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow and the production of monoclonal immunoglobulin. A hallmark of cancer is the evasion of immune surveillance. Histone deacetylase inhibitors have been shown to promote the expression of silenced molecules and hold potential to increase the anti-MM efficacy of immunotherapy. The aim of the present work was to assess the potential effect of tinostamustine (EDO-S101), a first-in-class alkylating deacetylase inhibitor, in combination with daratumumab, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (mAb), through different preclinical studies. Tinostamustine increases CD38 expression in myeloma cell lines, an effect that occurs in parallel with an increment in CD38 histone H3 acetylation levels. Also, the expression of MICA and MICB, ligands for the NK cell activating receptor NKG2D, augments after tinostamustine treatment in myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells. Pretreatment of myeloma cell lines with tinostamustine increased the sensitivity of these cells to daratumumab through its different cytotoxic mechanisms, and the combination of these two drugs showed a higher anti-myeloma effect than individual treatments in ex vivo cultures of myeloma patients' samples. In vivo data confirmed that tinostamustine pretreatment followed by daratumumab administration significantly delayed tumor growth and improved the survival of mice compared to individual treatments. In summary, our results suggest that tinostamustine could be a potential candidate to improve the efficacy of anti-CD38 mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Díaz-Tejedor
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Ubreva
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.C.)
| | - Laura Ciudad
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.R.-U.); (L.C.)
| | - Mauro Lorenzo-Mohamed
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta González-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bárbara Castellanos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Janet Sotolongo-Ravelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Laura San-Segundo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis A. Corchete
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC, CB16/12/00233), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena González-Méndez
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Montserrat Martín-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María-Victoria Mateos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC, CB16/12/00233), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique M. Ocio
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Universidad de Cantabria, 39008 Santander, Spain;
| | - Mercedes Garayoa
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Teresa Paíno
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (M.G.-R.); (B.C.); (J.S.-R.); (L.S.-S.); (L.A.C.); (L.G.-M.); (M.M.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Servicio de Hematología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC, CB16/12/00233), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Joshi S, Sharabi A. Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells to enhance natural killer cell-based immunotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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A method of delivering an anti-p21Ras single-chain antibody fragment to tumor sites in vivo. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wu X, Sharma A, Oldenburg J, Weiher H, Essler M, Skowasch D, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. NKG2D Engagement Alone Is Sufficient to Activate Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells While 2B4 Only Provides Limited Coactivation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731767. [PMID: 34691037 PMCID: PMC8529192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are an ex vivo expanded heterogeneous cell population with an enriched NK-T phenotype (CD3+CD56+). Due to the convenient and relatively inexpensive expansion capability, together with low incidence of graft versus host disease (GVHD) in allogeneic cancer patients, CIK cells are a promising candidate for immunotherapy. It is well known that natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) plays an important role in CIK cell-mediated antitumor activity; however, it remains unclear whether its engagement alone is sufficient or if it requires additional co-stimulatory signals to activate the CIK cells. Likewise, the role of 2B4 has not yet been identified in CIK cells. Herein, we investigated the individual and cumulative contribution of NKG2D and 2B4 in the activation of CIK cells. Our analysis suggests that (a) NKG2D (not 2B4) is implicated in CIK cell (especially CD3+CD56+ subset)-mediated cytotoxicity, IFN-γ secretion, E/T conjugate formation, and degranulation; (b) NKG2D alone is adequate enough to induce degranulation, IFN-γ secretion, and LFA-1 activation in CIK cells, while 2B4 only provides limited synergy with NKG2D (e.g., in LFA-1 activation); and (c) NKG2D was unable to costimulate CD3. Collectively, we conclude that NKG2D engagement alone suffices to activate CIK cells, thereby strengthening the idea that targeting the NKG2D axis is a promising approach to improve CIK cell therapy for cancer patients. Furthermore, CIK cells exhibit similarities to classical invariant natural killer (iNKT) cells with deficiencies in 2B4 stimulation and in the costimulation of CD3 with NKG2D. In addition, based on the current data, the divergence in receptor function between CIK cells and NK (or T) cells can be assumed, pointing to the possibility that molecular modifications (e.g., using chimeric antigen receptor technology) on CIK cells may need to be customized and optimized to maximize their functional potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO) Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO) Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Weiher
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Markus Essler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Skowasch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center of Integrated Oncology (CIO) Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Lin X, Li H, Li X, Yang X, Shi W, Ding Z, Zhong D, Li Y, Yang W, Yu X, Xie S, Jiang X, Lu X. A Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibody/Chemokine Fusion Protein Targeting Human Endoglin to Enhance the Anti-Tumor Activity of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1574-1583. [PMID: 34544535 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy is an ideal candidate for adoptive cell transfer therapy. However, therapeutic approaches to enhance the anti-tumor activity of cytokine-induced killer cells remain to be explored. Here, we described the successful development of a novel antibody-chemokine fusion protein containing the anti-human Endoglin antibody in the single-chain variable fragment format and human interferon-gamma-induced protein 10 (hENG scFv/hIP-10). Its anti-Endoglin immunoreactivity and chemotactic activity against the cytokine-induced killer cells were characterized in vitro. To evaluate the anti-tumor effect in vivo, cytokine-induced killer cells were intravenously injected into human hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing nude mice, together with intratumoral administration of the fusion protein hENG scFv/hIP-10 as an enhancer. The tumor volume and survival time of the mice were monitored, whilst the tumor-infiltrating cytokine-induced killer cells, serum levels of interferon-gamma, tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis were measured. The results demonstrated that hENG scFv/hIP-10 and cytokine-induced killer cells synergistically inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, the number of tumor-infiltrating cytokine-induced killer cells, serum levels of interferon-gamma, and tumor cell apoptosis were increased, accompanied with decreased tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. Thus, our study suggests that hENG scFv/hIP-10 could enhance the anti-tumor activity of cytokine-induced killer cells against human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuandong Lin
- College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Haixia Li
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xi Li
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wei Shi
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Ziqiang Ding
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Dani Zhong
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yangzi Li
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wenli Yang
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xia Yu
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shenxia Xie
- International Nanobody Research Center of Guangxi, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
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Fuertes MB, Domaica CI, Zwirner NW. Leveraging NKG2D Ligands in Immuno-Oncology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713158. [PMID: 34394116 PMCID: PMC8358801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) revolutionized the field of immuno-oncology and opened new avenues towards the development of novel assets to achieve durable immune control of cancer. Yet, the presence of tumor immune evasion mechanisms represents a challenge for the development of efficient treatment options. Therefore, combination therapies are taking the center of the stage in immuno-oncology. Such combination therapies should boost anti-tumor immune responses and/or target tumor immune escape mechanisms, especially those created by major players in the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Natural killer (NK) cells were recently positioned at the forefront of many immunotherapy strategies, and several new approaches are being designed to fully exploit NK cell antitumor potential. One of the most relevant NK cell-activating receptors is NKG2D, a receptor that recognizes 8 different NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL), including MICA and MICB. MICA and MICB are poorly expressed on normal cells but become upregulated on the surface of damaged, transformed or infected cells as a result of post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms and intracellular pathways. Their engagement of NKG2D triggers NK cell effector functions. Also, MICA/B are polymorphic and such polymorphism affects functional responses through regulation of their cell-surface expression, intracellular trafficking, shedding of soluble immunosuppressive isoforms, or the affinity of NKG2D interaction. Although immunotherapeutic approaches that target the NKG2D-NKG2DL axis are under investigation, several tumor immune escape mechanisms account for reduced cell surface expression of NKG2DL and contribute to tumor immune escape. Also, NKG2DL polymorphism determines functional NKG2D-dependent responses, thus representing an additional challenge for leveraging NKG2DL in immuno-oncology. In this review, we discuss strategies to boost MICA/B expression and/or inhibit their shedding and propose that combination strategies that target MICA/B with antibodies and strategies aimed at promoting their upregulation on tumor cells or at reprograming TAM into pro-inflammatory macrophages and remodeling of the TME, emerge as frontrunners in immuno-oncology because they may unleash the antitumor effector functions of NK cells and cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTL). Pursuing several of these pipelines might lead to innovative modalities of immunotherapy for the treatment of a wide range of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Beatriz Fuertes
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Inés Domaica
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zalfa C, Paust S. Natural Killer Cell Interactions With Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633205. [PMID: 34025641 PMCID: PMC8133367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and heterogeneous environment composed of cancer cells, tumor stroma, a mixture of tissue-resident and infiltrating immune cells, secreted factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Natural killer (NK) cells play a vital role in fighting tumors, but chronic stimulation and immunosuppression in the TME lead to NK cell exhaustion and limited antitumor functions. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid cells with potent immunosuppressive activity that gradually accumulate in tumor tissues. MDSCs interact with innate and adaptive immune cells and play a crucial role in negatively regulating the immune response to tumors. This review discusses MDSC-mediated NK cell regulation within the TME, focusing on critical cellular and molecular interactions. We review current strategies that target MDSC-mediated immunosuppression to enhance NK cell cytotoxic antitumor activity. We also speculate on how NK cell-based antitumor immunotherapy could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Díaz-Tejedor A, Lorenzo-Mohamed M, Puig N, García-Sanz R, Mateos MV, Garayoa M, Paíno T. Immune System Alterations in Multiple Myeloma: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies to Reverse Immunosuppression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061353. [PMID: 33802806 PMCID: PMC8002455 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A common characteristic of multiple myeloma (MM) is the dysfunction of patients’ immune system, a condition termed immunosuppression. This state is mainly due to alterations in the number and functionality of the principal immune populations. In this setting, immunotherapy has acquired high relevance in the last years and the investigation of agents that boost the immune system represent a field of interest. In the present review, we will summarize the main cellular and molecular alterations observed in MM patients’ immune system. Furthermore, we will describe the mechanisms of action of the four immunotherapeutic drugs approved so far for the treatment of MM, which are part of the group of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Finally, the immune-stimulating effects of several therapeutic agents are described due to their potential role in reversing immunosuppression and, therefore, in favoring the efficacy of immunotherapy drugs, such as mAbs, as part of future pharmacological combinations. Abstract Immunosuppression is a common feature of multiple myeloma (MM) patients and has been associated with disease evolution from its precursor stages. MM cells promote immunosuppressive effects due to both the secretion of soluble factors, which inhibit the function of immune effector cells, and the recruitment of immunosuppressive populations. Alterations in the expression of surface molecules are also responsible for immunosuppression. In this scenario, immunotherapy, as is the case of immunotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), aims to boost the immune system against tumor cells. In fact, mAbs exert part of their cytotoxic effects through different cellular and soluble immune components and, therefore, patients’ immunosuppressive status could reduce their efficacy. Here, we will expose the alterations observed in symptomatic MM, as compared to its precursor stages and healthy subjects, in the main immune populations, especially the inhibition of effector cells and the activation of immunosuppressive populations. Additionally, we will revise the mechanisms responsible for all these alterations, including the interplay between MM cells and immune cells and the interactions among immune cells themselves. We will also summarize the main mechanisms of action of the four mAbs approved so far for the treatment of MM. Finally, we will discuss the potential immune-stimulating effects of non-immunotherapeutic drugs, which could enhance the efficacy of immunotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Díaz-Tejedor
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Hematology, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (N.P.); (R.G.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mauro Lorenzo-Mohamed
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Hematology, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (N.P.); (R.G.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Noemí Puig
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Hematology, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (N.P.); (R.G.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC, CB16/12/00233), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Sanz
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Hematology, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (N.P.); (R.G.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC, CB16/12/00233), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María-Victoria Mateos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Hematology, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (N.P.); (R.G.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC, CB16/12/00233), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mercedes Garayoa
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Hematology, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (N.P.); (R.G.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Teresa Paíno
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Hematology, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.D.-T.); (M.L.-M.); (N.P.); (R.G.-S.); (M.-V.M.); (M.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC, CB16/12/00233), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-923-294-812; Fax: +34-923-294-743
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9
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Alfarra H, Weir J, Grieve S, Reiman T. Targeting NK Cell Inhibitory Receptors for Precision Multiple Myeloma Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575609. [PMID: 33304346 PMCID: PMC7693637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune surveillance of cancer involves multiple types of immune cells including the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Natural killer (NK) cells are considered the most active ILC subset for tumor elimination because of their ability to target infected and malignant cells without prior sensitization. NK cells are equipped with an array of activating and inhibitory receptors (IRs); hence NK cell activity is controlled by balanced signals between the activating and IRs. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy that is known for its altered immune landscape. Despite improvements in therapeutic options for MM, this disease remains incurable. An emerging trend to improve clinical outcomes in MM involves harnessing the inherent ability of NK cells to kill malignant cells by recruiting NK cells and enhancing their cytotoxicity toward the malignant MM cells. Following the clinical success of blocking T cell IRs in multiple cancers, targeting NK cell IRs is drawing increasing attention. Relevant NK cell IRs that are attractive candidates for checkpoint blockades include KIRs, NKG2A, LAG-3, TIGIT, PD-1, and TIM-3 receptors. Investigating these NK cell IRs as pathogenic agents and therapeutic targets could lead to promising applications in MM therapy. This review describes the critical role of enhancing NK cell activity in MM and discusses the potential of blocking NK cell IRs as a future MM therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Escape
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmi Alfarra
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Jackson Weir
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Stacy Grieve
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Tony Reiman
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, NB, Canada
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10
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Sekiba K, Otsuka M, Seimiya T, Tanaka E, Funato K, Miyakawa Y, Koike K. The fatty-acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 inhibits MICA/B shedding. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15556. [PMID: 32968163 PMCID: PMC7512021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MICA/B proteins are expressed on the surface of various types of stressed cells, including cancer cells. Cytotoxic lymphocytes expressing natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) receptor recognize MICA/B and eliminate the cells. However, cancer cells evade such immune recognition by inducing proteolytic shedding of MICA/B proteins. Therefore, preventing the shedding of MICA/B proteins could enhance antitumor immunity. Here, by screening a protease inhibitor library, we found that the fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB597, suppresses the shedding of MICA/B. URB597 significantly reduced the soluble MICA level in culture medium and increased the MICA level on the surface of cancer cells. The effect was indirect, being mediated by increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3). Knockdown of TIMP3 expression reversed the effect of URB597, confirming that TIMP3 is required for the MICA shedding inhibition by URB597. In contrast, FAAH overexpression reduced TIMP3 expression and the cell-surface MICA level and increased the soluble MICA level. These results suggest that inhibition of FAAH could prevent human cancer cell evasion of immune-mediated clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Sekiba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Seimiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Funato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yu Miyakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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11
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Wu X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Schmidt-Wolf IG. Increase of Antitumoral Effects of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells by Antibody-Mediated Inhibition of MICA Shedding. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071818. [PMID: 32645836 PMCID: PMC7408690 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) receptor plays a pivotal role in cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity against malignancies, and the expression of NKG2D ligands might allow targets to be more susceptible to the CIK cell-mediated destruction. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effects of CIK cells antitumor activity and antibody-mediated inhibition of MICA/B shedding. This monoclonal antibody (7C6) has been previously shown to be able to specifically target MICA/B a3 domain on tumor cells, resulting in the increase in cell surface MICA/B expression by inhibition of their shedding. In the current study, we show that 7C6 antibody could substantially inhibit MICA shedding and stabilize the expression of MICA/B on Hela cells and MDA-MB-231 cells. In combination with 7C6, CIK cells showed higher degranulation rate, more IFN-γ production and elevated cytotoxic capacity against tumor cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NKG2D-MICA/B ligation could lead to activation of both CD3+ CD56− T cells and CD3+CD56+ NKT subset cells of CIK culture and NKT subset was more sensitive to NKG2D signaling than the counterpart T cells. 7C6-mediated inhibition of MICA shedding could strengthen this signal and eventually enhance the antitumor activity of CIK cells. With multiple advantages of easy ex vivo expansion, minor GVHD, natural tumor trafficking and non-MHC restricted, CIK cell-based therapy may serve as a potent combination partner with MICA antibody-mediated immunotherapy.
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12
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Sabry M, Lowdell MW. Killers at the crossroads: The use of innate immune cells in adoptive cellular therapy of cancer. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:974-984. [PMID: 32416056 PMCID: PMC7445022 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is an approach to cancer treatment that involves the use of antitumor immune cells to target residual disease in patients after completion of chemo/radiotherapy. ACT has several advantages compared with other approaches in cancer immunotherapy, including the ability to specifically expand effector cells in vitro before selection for adoptive transfer, as well as the opportunity for host manipulation in order to enhance the ability of transferred cells to recognize and kill established tumors. One of the main challenges to the success of ACT in cancer clinical trials is the identification and generation of antitumor effector cells with high avidity for tumor recognition. Natural killer (NK) cells, cytokine‐induced killers and natural killer T cells are key innate or innate‐like effector cells in cancer immunosurveillance that act at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, to have a greater influence over immune responses to cancer. In this review, we discuss recent studies that highlight their potential in cancer therapy and summarize clinical trials using these effector immune cells in adoptive cellular therapy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Sabry
- Department of HaematologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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13
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BCMA-targeting Bispecific Antibody That Simultaneously Stimulates NKG2D-enhanced Efficacy Against Multiple Myeloma. J Immunother 2020; 43:175-188. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Horenstein AL, Bracci C, Morandi F, Malavasi F. CD38 in Adenosinergic Pathways and Metabolic Re-programming in Human Multiple Myeloma Cells: In-tandem Insights From Basic Science to Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:760. [PMID: 31068926 PMCID: PMC6491463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironments are rich in extracellular nucleotides that can be metabolized by ectoenzymes to produce adenosine, a nucleoside involved in controlling immune responses. Multiple myeloma, a plasma cell malignancy developed within a bone marrow niche, exploits adenosinergic pathways to customize the immune homeostasis of the tumor. CD38, a multifunctional protein that acts as both receptor and ectoenzyme, is overexpressed at all stages of myeloma. At neutral and acidic pH, CD38 catalyzes the extracellular conversion of NAD+ to regulators of calcium signaling. The initial disassembly of NAD+ is also followed by adenosinergic activity, if CD38 is operating in the presence of CD203a and CD73 nucleotidases. cAMP extruded from tumor cells provides another substrate for metabolizing nucleotidases to signaling adenosine. These pathways flank or bypass the canonical adenosinergic pathway subjected to the conversion of ATP by CD39. All of the adenosinergic networks can be hijacked by the tumor, thus controlling the homeostatic reprogramming of the myeloma in the bone marrow. In this context, adenosine assumes the role of a local hormone: cell metabolism is adjusted via low- or high-affinity purinergic receptors expressed by immune and bone cells as well as by tumor cells. The result is immunosuppression, which contributes to the failure of immune surveillance in cancer. A similar metabolic strategy silences immune effectors during the progression of indolent gammopathies to symptomatic overt multiple myeloma disease. Plasma from myeloma aspirates contains elevated levels of adenosine resulting from interactions between myeloma and other cells lining the niche and adenosine concentrations are known to increase as the disease progresses. This is statistically reflected in the International Staging System for multiple myeloma. Along with the ability to deplete CD38+ malignant plasma cell populations which has led to their widespread therapeutic use, anti-CD38 antibodies are involved in the polarization and release of microvesicles characterized by the expression of multiple adenosine-producing molecules. These adenosinergic pathways provide new immune checkpoints for improving immunotherapy protocols by helping to restore the depressed immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Horenstein
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bracci
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Morandi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, Turin, Italy.,CeRMS, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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15
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Imai Y, Hirano M, Kobayashi M, Futami M, Tojo A. HDAC Inhibitors Exert Anti-Myeloma Effects through Multiple Modes of Action. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040475. [PMID: 30987296 PMCID: PMC6520917 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HDACs are critical regulators of gene expression that function through histone modification. Non-histone proteins and histones are targeted by these proteins and the inhibition of HDACs results in various biological effects. Moreover, the aberrant expression and function of these proteins is thought to be related to the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) and several inhibitors have been introduced or clinically tested. Panobinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, in combination with a proteasome inhibitor and dexamethasone has improved survival in relapsing/refractory MM patients. We revealed that panobinostat inhibits MM cell growth by degrading the protein PPP3CA, a catalytic subunit of calcineurin. This degradation was suggested to be mediated by suppression of the chaperone function of HSP90 due to HDAC6 inhibition. Cytotoxicity due to the epigenetic regulation of tumor-associated genes by HDAC inhibitors has also been reported. In addition, HDAC6 inhibition enhances tumor immunity and has been suggested to strengthen the cytotoxic effects of therapeutic antibodies against myeloma. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies to enhance the anti-myeloma effects of HDAC inhibitors through the addition of other agents has been intensely evaluated. Thus, the treatment of patients with MM using HDAC inhibitors is promising as these drugs exert their effects through multiple modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Imai
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhito Hirano
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Muneyoshi Futami
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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16
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Hwang S, Han J, Baek JS, Tak E, Song GW, Lee SG, Jung DH, Park GC, Ahn CS, Kim N. Cytotoxicity of Human Hepatic Intrasinusoidal CD56 bright Natural Killer Cells against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071564. [PMID: 30925759 PMCID: PMC6480584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic intrasinusoidal (HI) natural killer (NK) cells from liver perfusate have unique features that are similar to those of liver-resident NK cells. Previously, we have reported that HI CD56bright NK cells effectively degranulate against SNU398 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Thus, the aim of this study was to further investigate the phenotype and function of HI NK cells. We found that HI CD56bright NK cells degranulated much less to Huh7 cells. HI CD56bright NK cells expressed NKG2D, NKp46, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and FAS ligand (FASL) at higher levels than CD56dim cells. SNU398 cells expressed more NKG2D ligands and FAS and less PD-L1 than Huh7 cells. Blockade of NKG2D, TRAIL, and FASL significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of HI NK cells against SNU398 cells, but blockade of PD-L1 did not lead to any significant change. However, HI NK cells produced IFN-γ well in response to Huh7 cells. In conclusion, the cytotoxicity of HI CD56bright NK cells was attributed to the expression of NKG2D, TRAIL, and FASL. The results suggest the possible use of HI NK cells for cancer immunotherapy and prescreening of HCC cells to help identify the most effective NK cell therapy recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hwang
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Ji-Seok Baek
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Gi-Won Song
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Sung-Gyu Lee
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hwan Jung
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Gil-Chun Park
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Chul-Soo Ahn
- Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine & Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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17
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Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich MF. Anticancer potential of naturally occurring immunoepigenetic modulators: A promising avenue? Cancer 2019; 125:1612-1628. [PMID: 30840315 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system represents the major primary defense line against carcinogenesis and acts by identifying and eradicating nascent transformed cells. A growing body of evidence is indicating that aberrant epigenetic reprogramming plays a key role in tumor immune escape through: 1) impaired efficient recognition of neoplastic cells by the immune system, resulting from a downregulation or loss of the expression of tumor-associated antigens, human leukocyte antigens, antigen processing and presenting machinery, and costimulatory molecule genes; 2) aberrant expression of immune checkpoint proteins and their ligands; and 3) modification of cytokine profiles and tumor-associated immune cell populations toward an immunosuppressive state in the tumor microenvironment. Consistent with the inherent reversibility of epigenetic alterations, epigenetic drugs, including DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, have the unique potential to favorably modify the tumor microenvironment, restore tumor recognition and stimulate an antitumor immune response. The objective of this review is to highlight selected, naturally occurring epigenetic modulators, namely, butyrate, curcumin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, romidepsin, and trichostatin A, with a special focus on their antitumor immune properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc F Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Biederbick KD, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Efficacy of cytokine-induced killer cells targeting CD40 and GITR. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2425-2430. [PMID: 30675308 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of a novel protocol in 1991, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have shown promising results in the treatment against neoplastic diseases. Despite ongoing preclinical and clinical studies, CIK cell treatment in the context of human monoclonal antibodies targeting tumor-necrosis factor receptors remains overlooked. The present study investigated whether a combination of CIK cells with human monoclonal antibody anti-CD40 and anti-Glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related protein (GITR) would lead to further cytotoxicity against tumor cells expressing CD40 and GITR ligand (L). Therefore, in vitro experiments with human lymphoma cell lines SU-DHL-4 and Daudi (both CD40 positive) and human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 (GITRL positive) were performed and the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ was measured. Three interesting results emerged: i) a combination of CIK cells and anti-CD40 mAb is more effective than CIK cell treatment alone; ii) the use of anti-GITR mAb and CIK cells significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of CIK cells against MCF-7 compared with single CIK cell treatment and iii) the combination of both antibodies and CIK cells abrogates the anti tumoral effect of CIK cells on all three cell lines. By performing an ELISA for IFN-γ measurement, a lower secretion was observed when anti-CD40 or anti-GITR mAb was added. This outcome indicates that further studies in vitro and in vivo may aid in understanding the synergistic molecular mechanisms of CIK cells, and anti-CD40 and anti-GITR mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja D Biederbick
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, CIO Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
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19
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Rieth J, Subramanian S. Mechanisms of Intrinsic Tumor Resistance to Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051340. [PMID: 29724044 PMCID: PMC5983580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased understanding of the interactions between the immune system and tumors has opened the door to immunotherapy for cancer patients. Despite some success with checkpoint inhibitors including ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab, most cancer patients remain unresponsive to such immunotherapy, likely due to intrinsic tumor resistance. The mechanisms most likely involve reducing the quantity and/or quality of antitumor lymphocytes, which ultimately are driven by any number of developments: tumor mutations and adaptations, reduced neoantigen generation or expression, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) overexpression, loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression, and overexpression of the Wnt⁻β-catenin pathway. Current work in immunotherapy continues to identify various tumor resistance mechanisms; future work is needed to develop adjuvant treatments that target those mechanisms, in order to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy and to expand its scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rieth
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, 11-212 Moos Tower, Mayo Mail Code 195, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, 11-212 Moos Tower, Mayo Mail Code 195, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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20
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Fan XY, Wang PY, Zhang C, Zhang YL, Fu Y, Zhang C, Li QX, Zhou JN, Shan BE, He DW. All-trans retinoic acid enhances cytotoxicity of CIK cells against human lung adenocarcinoma by upregulating MICA and IL-2 secretion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16481. [PMID: 29184163 PMCID: PMC5705634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the growth inhibition capability of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) with cytokine-induced killer cells (CIKs), we evaluated their effects, alone and in combination, on human lung carcinoma A549 cells. CIKs treated with ATRA significantly inhibited cell growth. Additionally, CIK with ATRA synergistically inhibited migration and invasiveness, colony formation of A549 and NCI-H520 cells. Furthermore, analysis of apoptosis markers Bcl-2, Bax, Survivin and cleaved Caspase-3 showed that Bcl-2 and Survivin mRNA levels significantly decreased, and that Bax mRNA significantly increased, in the CIK + ATRA-treated cells, with corresponding effects on their respective proteins. The involved mechanisms may be associated with upregulated expression of MHC class I-Related Chain (MICA) and interleukin (IL)-2. These results suggest that administration of combined CIK and ATRA is a potentially novel treatment for lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Fan
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Bio-Cell, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
- Research Center, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Research Center, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Long Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Number One Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Fu
- Research Center, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Bio-Cell, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Xia Li
- Department of Clinical Bio-Cell, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Na Zhou
- Department of Clinical Bio-Cell, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-En Shan
- Research Center, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Wei He
- Department of Clinical Bio-Cell, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Meng Y, Yu Z, Wu Y, Du T, Chen S, Meng F, Su N, Ma Y, Li X, Sun S, Zhang G. Cell-based immunotherapy with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells: From preparation and testing to clinical application. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1-9. [PMID: 28301281 PMCID: PMC5489295 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1285987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapy holds promise in the quest for the treatment of cancer, having potential synergy with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As a novel approach for adoptive cell-based immunotherapy, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have moved from the 'bench to bedside'. CIK cells are a heterogeneous subset of ex-vitro expanded, polyclonal T-effector cells with both natural killer (NK) and T-cell properties, which present potent non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor target cells. Initial clinical studies on CIK cell therapy have provided encouraging results and revealed synergistic antitumor effects when combined with standard therapeutic procedures. At the same time, issues such as inadequate quality control and quantity of CIK cells as well as exaggerated propaganda were continuously emerging. Thus, the Ministry of Health in China stopped CIK cell therapy in May 2016, which was a major setback for the innovation of CIK cell-based immunotherapy. Thus, it is very important to modify technical criteria to develop a standardized operation procedure (SOP) and standardized system for evaluating antitumor efficacy in a safe way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Meng
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhifu Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Yefeng Wu
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianzhao Du
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Fanjuan Meng
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Su
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Yushu Ma
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Sulan Sun
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
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22
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CIK Cells and HDAC Inhibitors in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050945. [PMID: 28468247 PMCID: PMC5454858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy. Despite all the progress made in treating multiple myeloma, it still remains an incurable disease. Patients are left with a median survival of 4–5 years. The combined treatment of multiple myeloma with histone deacetylase inhibitors and cytokine-induced killer cells provides a promising targeted treatment option for patients. This study investigated the impact of a combined treatment compared to treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors. The experiments revealed that a treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors could reduce cell viability to 59% for KMS 18 cell line and 46% for the U-266 cell line. The combined treatment led to a decrease of cell viability to 33% for KMS 18 and 27% for the U-266 cell line, thus showing a significantly better efficacy than the single treatment.
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