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From Biomarkers to Models in the Changing Landscape of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Evolve or Become Extinct. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081782. [PMID: 33917885 PMCID: PMC8068228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by a highly variable clinical course. Thus, predicting the outcome of patients with this disease is a topic of special interest. The rapidly changing treatment landscape of CLL has questioned the value of classical biomarkers and prognostic models. Herein we examine the current state-of-the-art of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in the setting of new oral targeted agents with special focus on the most controversial findings over the last years. We also discuss the available information on the role of “old” and “new” prognostic models in the era of oral small molecules. Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an extremely heterogeneous disease. With the advent of oral targeted agents (Tas) the treatment of CLL has undergone a revolution, which has been accompanied by an improvement in patient’s survival and quality of life. This paradigm shift also affects the value of prognostic and predictive biomarkers and prognostic models, most of them inherited from the chemoimmunotherapy era but with a different behavior with Tas. This review discusses: (i) the role of the most relevant prognostic and predictive biomarkers in the setting of Tas; and (ii) the validity of classic and new scoring systems in the context of Tas. In addition, a critical point of view about predictive biomarkers with special emphasis on 11q deletion, novel resistance mutations, TP53 abnormalities, IGHV mutational status, complex karyotype and NOTCH1 mutations is stated. We also go over prognostic models in early stage CLL such as IPS-E. Finally, we provide an overview of the applicability of the CLL-IPI for patients treated with Tas, as well as the emergence of new models, generated with data from patients treated with Tas.
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Dodev TS, Karagiannis P, Gilbert AE, Josephs DH, Bowen H, James LK, Bax HJ, Beavil R, Pang MO, Gould HJ, Karagiannis SN, Beavil AJ. A tool kit for rapid cloning and expression of recombinant antibodies. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5885. [PMID: 25073855 PMCID: PMC4115235 DOI: 10.1038/srep05885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last four decades, molecular cloning has evolved tremendously. Efficient products allowing assembly of multiple DNA fragments have become available. However, cost-effective tools for engineering antibodies of different specificities, isotypes and species are still needed for many research and clinical applications in academia. Here, we report a method for one-step assembly of antibody heavy- and light-chain DNAs into a single mammalian expression vector, starting from DNAs encoding the desired variable and constant regions, which allows antibodies of different isotypes and specificity to be rapidly generated. As a proof of principle we have cloned, expressed and characterized functional recombinant tumor-associated antigen-specific chimeric IgE/κ and IgG1/κ, as well as recombinant grass pollen allergen Phl p 7 specific fully human IgE/λ and IgG4/λ antibodies. This method utilizing the antibody expression vectors, available at Addgene, has many applications, including the potential to support simultaneous processing of antibody panels, to facilitate mechanistic studies of antigen-antibody interactions and to conduct early evaluations of antibody functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir S Dodev
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Amy E Gilbert
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Debra H Josephs
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK [3] Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Holly Bowen
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Heather J Bax
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Rebecca Beavil
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Marie O Pang
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrew J Beavil
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Mankai A, Bordron A, Renaudineau Y, Berthou C, Ghedira I, Youinou P. CD5 links humoral autoimmunity with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:333-41. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Que X, Widhopf II GF, Amir S, Hartvigsen K, Hansen LF, Woelkers D, Tsimikas S, Binder CJ, Kipps TJ, Witztum JL. IGHV1-69-encoded antibodies expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia react with malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adduct, an immunodominant oxidation-specific epitope. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65203. [PMID: 23840319 PMCID: PMC3688726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulins expressed by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells are highly restricted, suggesting they are selected for binding either self or foreign antigen. Of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) genes expressed in CLL, IGHV1-69 is the most common, and often is expressed with little or no somatic mutation, and restricted IGHD and IGHJ gene usage. We found that antibodies encoded by one particular IGHV1-69 subset, designated CLL69C, with the HCDR3 encoded by the IGHD3-3 gene in reading frame 2 and IGHJ6, specifically bound to oxidation-specific epitopes (OSE), which are products of enhanced lipid peroxidation and a major target of innate natural antibodies. Specifically, CLL69C bound immunodominant OSE adducts termed MAA (malondialdehyde–acetaldehyde-adducts), which are found on apoptotic cells, inflammatory tissues, and atherosclerotic lesions. It also reacted specifically with MAA-specific peptide mimotopes. Light chain shuffling indicated that non-stochastically paired L chain of IGLV3-9 contributes to the antigen binding of CLL69C. A nearly identical CLL69C Ig heavy chain was identified from an MAA-enriched umbilical cord phage displayed Fab library, and a derived Fab with the same HCDR3 rearrangement displayed identical MAA-binding properties. These data support the concept that OSE (MAA-epitopes), which are ubiquitous products of inflammation, may play a role in clonal selection and expansion of CLL B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acetaldehyde/immunology
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antibody Specificity
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Epitopes/immunology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Lipoproteins, LDL/immunology
- Malondialdehyde/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/immunology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Protein Binding
- Rabbits
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XQ); (JLW)
| | - George F. Widhopf II
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shahzada Amir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karsten Hartvigsen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte F. Hansen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas Woelkers
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas J. Kipps
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XQ); (JLW)
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Chailyan A, Marcatili P, Cirillo D, Tramontano A. Structural repertoire of immunoglobulin λ light chains. Proteins 2011; 79:1513-24. [PMID: 21365679 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin λ isotype is present in nearly all vertebrates and plays an important role in the human immune system. Despite its importance, few systematic studies have been performed to analyze the structural conformation of its variable regions, contrary to what is the case for κ and heavy chains. We show here that an analysis of the structures of λ chains allows the definition of a discrete set of recurring conformations (canonical structures) of their hypervariable loops and, most importantly, the identification of sequence constraints that can be used to predict their structure. We also show that the structural repertoire of λ chains is different and more varied than that of the κ chains, consistently with the current view of the involvement of the two major light-chain families in complementary strategies of the immune system to ensure a fine tuning between diversity and stability in antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chailyan
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5-00185 Rome (I), Italy
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Characterization of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) in Shanghai, China: molecular and cytogenetic characteristics, IgV gene restriction and hypermutation patterns. Leuk Res 2009; 33:1599-603. [PMID: 19428103 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The clinical, cytogenetic and molecular features of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), a disease previously considered to be rare in Asia, were examined in consecutive series of 70 cases diagnosed by our laboratory over a 30-month period. Clonal abnormalities were observed in 80% of CLL/SLL cases using a combination of conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Those involving 14q32/IGH were the most frequent (24 cases), followed by trisomy 12 and 11q abnormalities. IgV(H) gene usage was non-random with over-representation of V(H)4-34, V(H)3-23 and a previously unreported increase in V(H)3-48 gene use. Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of IgV(H) germline sequences was observed in 56.5% of cases with stereotyped patterns of SHM observed in V(H)4-34 heavy chain complimentary-determining (HCDR1) and framework region CFR2 sequences. These findings in a Chinese population suggest subtle geographical differences in IgV(H) gene usage while the remarkably specific pattern of SHM suggest that a relatively limited set of antigens may be involved in the development of this disease worldwide. IgV(H) gene mutation status was a significant predictor of initial survival in CLL/SLL. However, an influence of karyotype on prognosis was not observed.
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Linet MS, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Weisenburger DD, Richardson DB, Landgren O, Blair A, Silver S, Field RW, Caldwell G, Hatch M, Dores GM. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: an overview of aetiology in light of recent developments in classification and pathogenesis. Br J Haematol 2008; 139:672-86. [PMID: 18021081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This overview of the epidemiology of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) summarizes the evolution of classification and coding systems and describes the intersection of pathogenesis and aetiology. The role of the putative precursor to CLL, monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), is considered, and ideas for future investigations of the MBL-CLL relationship are outlined. We discuss the epidemiology of CLL, focusing on descriptive patterns and methodological considerations. Postulated risk factors are reviewed including the role of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, occupational and environmental chemical exposures, medical conditions and treatments, and lifestyle and genetic factors. We conclude by raising key questions that need to be addressed to advance our understanding of CLL aetiology. Recommendations for future epidemiological studies are given, including the standardization of reporting of CLL across cancer registries, the clarification of the natural history of MBL, and the circumvention of the methodological shortcomings of prior epidemiological investigations in relation to radiation, chemical exposures and infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S Linet
- DCEG/Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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A new perspective: molecular motifs on oxidized LDL, apoptotic cells, and bacteria are targets for chronic lymphocytic leukemia antibodies. Blood 2008; 111:3838-48. [PMID: 18223168 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-125450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The restricted immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire found in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) implies a role for antigen(s) in the leukemogenesis. The nature of the antigens has, however, not been characterized, although examples of autoantigens have been demonstrated. We have analyzed a panel of 28 CLL cell lines and primary cultures, producing monoclonal Ig with different Ig heavy-chain variable region gene usage and mutational status, including several complementarity determining region 3 homology subset members. Using mass-spectrometry, immunoassays, or protein macroarrays, we have discovered novel antigens binding to CLL Igs. These antigens included cytoskeletal proteins vimentin, filamin B, and cofilin-1, but also phosphorylcholine-containing antigens (eg, Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharides and oxidized low-density lipoprotein [oxLDL]). Additional new antigens identified were cardiolipin and proline-rich acidic protein-1. Remarkably, these antigens represent molecular motifs exposed on apoptotic cells/blebs and bacteria, and several CLL Igs bound to apoptotic Jurkat cells. In conclusion, these intriguing data, showing a limited target structure recognition, indicate that CD5+ CLL B cells are derived from a cell compartment that produces "natural antibodies," which may be instrumental in elimination and scavenging of apoptotic cells and pathogenic bacteria.
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Current Awareness in Hematological Oncology. Hematol Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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