1
|
Khan M, Majeed S, Ain Q, Nawaz A, Sumra KA, Lammi V, Nihal F, Afrah A, Khan EA, Khan MI, Sadiq F. Long COVID in Pakistan: a cross-sectional analysis of health and psychosocial outcomes. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2024; 29:1250-1264. [PMID: 38151820 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2023.2297748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization-led Delphi consensus, long COVID corresponds to the occurrence of symptoms beyond twelve weeks after the onset of acute COVID-19 illness that cannot be explained by alternate diagnosis. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyse the impacts of long COVID on general health and psychosocial well-being. For this study, the participants were interviewed either face to face or via telephone, and their responses were recorded on a questionnaire capturing information on demographics, COVID-19 status, duration of symptoms and long COVID symptoms. The psychosocial impacts of the pandemic were assessed using scales like Short Mood and feeling questionnaire (sMFQ), Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Regression analysis was conducted to analyse the predictors of long COVID. A total of 300 participants were interviewed, of which 155 (52%) had COVID-19 illness. Of these 54 (35%) had persistent symptoms for a period of more than 12 weeks classified as long COVID. Muscle problems and fatigue were the most frequent (14.7%) symptoms encountered, followed by breathing problems (12.6%) and cognitive issues (12.6%). The symptoms of decrease in appetite and confusion or disorientation during the initial phase of the infection were associated with long COVID. The majority of the participants (83.3%) had moderate level of perceived stress, while moderate to severe levels of stress were observed in 17.3% of the individuals. Moreover, a high level of positive mental well-being was also observed. This study highlights the need for further research into the clinical aspects and implications of long COVID in Pakistan and emphasizes the importance of ongoing support for affected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Khan
- Directorate of Research, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Majeed
- Department of Physiology, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer e Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Quratul Ain
- Directorate of Research, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Nawaz
- Directorate of Research, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Vilma Lammi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Faizan Nihal
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aleena Afrah
- Department of Psychology, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Ejaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Iqbal Khan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Sadiq
- Directorate of Research, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Butt MA, Abdullah MA, Waseem M, Ahmed H, Aamir A, Asif R, Durrani HM. Prevalence of Long COVID Syndrome and its Association With Blood Group: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e53966. [PMID: 38468999 PMCID: PMC10926967 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus pandemic rapidly spread across the globe since 2020. It was characterized by a number of acute signs and symptoms. There were, however, some new-onset signs and symptoms labelled as "Long COVID". This study was conducted to study its prevalence and associations with blood group. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted in Islamabad for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in 2020-2021. Information was collected through an online and physical questionnaire regarding personal demographics, symptoms during and after COVID-19, and blood group. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 (Released 2017; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). RESULTS The study identified 196 participants out of which 48.5% were male and 51% were female, with a median age of 30. Most participants (62.2%) belonged to the Punjabi ethnicity. The mean BMI was 25.56 kg/m2. The majority of the study participants reported having blood group B (n=76) followed by A (n=52). Acute symptoms were experienced by 95.4% of participants, with fatigue being the most persistent symptom at four weeks (45.9%). After four weeks, 63.3% of participants reported new symptoms like hair loss. Females were found more likely to experience long COVID symptoms. The perceived severity of acute infection was significantly associated with long COVID symptoms (p=<0.01). There was no association found between long COVID and blood group (p=0.158). CONCLUSION There was no association found between long COVID and ABO blood groups. Females were more likely than males to experience long COVID. Long COVID was found to be more likely to develop in those with perceived severe acute infection, highlighting the need for further research regarding aggressive care from the onset of COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Areeb Abdullah
- College of Medicine, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Mustafa Waseem
- College of Medicine, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Hamna Ahmed
- College of Medicine, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Amna Aamir
- College of Medicine, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Rafia Asif
- College of Medicine, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Hameed M Durrani
- Department of Community Medicine, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, PAK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdulla SA, Elawamy HA, Mohamed NAE, Abduallah EH, Amshahar HAA, Abuzaeid NK, Eisa MAM, Osman MEM, Konozy EHE. Association of ABO blood types and clinical variables with COVID-19 infection severity in Libya. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231187736. [PMID: 37489137 PMCID: PMC10363681 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231187736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The continuing COVID-19 pandemic is a coronavirus-related health emergency (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Inadequate efforts are still being made to address the illness situation in Libya, and this must change. To address these issues, we looked into the demography and trend of the disease as well as the potential risk factors for infection. Methods This study is a retrospective case-control study conducted online among 616 COVID-19 patients. The p0.05 value, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and analyzed from the drawn data. Results Males were at high risk of COVID-19 than females (odds ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.042-1.622; p = 0.02). Anosmia and ageusia were more prominent in females. Patients with an "AB" blood group are significantly susceptible to infection. Adults (31 and above) are highly liable to infection. The univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking is a risk factor for those above 60 years (odds ratio = 2.228, 95% confidence interval: 1.145-4.336; p = 0.018). Individuals with chronic diseases such as diabetes and/or hypertension are more prone to COVID-19 (odds ratio = 10.045, 95% confidence interval: 3.078-32.794; p = 0.000 and odds ratio = 11.508, 95% confidence interval: 3.930-33.695; p = 0.000, respectively). Conclusion This study provided for the first time the demographic data and the trend of COVID-19 infection in Libya, which will assist the stakeholders and governmental bodies in planning protection strategies against the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Abdulla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | | | - Negia AE Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Enas H Abduallah
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya
| | - Habsa AA Amshahar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sirte University, Sirte, Libya
| | - Nadir K Abuzaeid
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory of Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed AM Eisa
- Department of Physiology, Al Qunfudah Medical College, Umm Al Qura University, Al Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Makarim Elfadil M Osman
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Glycoproteins, Biotechnology Park, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Emadeldin Hassan E Konozy
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Glycoproteins, Biotechnology Park, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karary University, Omdurman, Khartoum State, Sudan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Soriano JB, Peláez A, Busquets X, Rodrigo-García M, Pérez-Urría EÁ, Alonso T, Girón R, Valenzuela C, Marcos C, García-Castillo E, Ancochea J. ABO blood group as a determinant of COVID-19 and Long COVID: An observational, longitudinal, large study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286769. [PMID: 37267401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association of ABO blood group and COVID-19 remains controversial. METHODS Following STROBE guidance for observational research, we explored the distribution of ABO blood group in patients hospitalized for acute COVID-19 and in those with Long COVID. Contingency tables were made and risk factors were explored using crude and adjusted Mantle-Haentzel odds ratios (OR and 95% CI). RESULTS Up to September 2022, there were a total of 5,832 acute COVID-19 hospitalizations in our hospital, corresponding to 5,503 individual patients, of whom blood group determination was available for 1,513 (27.5%). Their distribution by ABO was: 653 (43.2%) group 0, 690 (45.6%) A, 113 (7.5%) B, and 57 (3.8%) AB, which corresponds to the expected frequencies in the general population. In parallel, of 676 patients with Long COVID, blood group determination was available for 135 (20.0%). Their distribution was: 60 (44.4%) from group 0, 61 (45.2%) A, 9 (6.7%) B, and 5 (3.7%) AB. The distribution of the ABO system of Long COVID patients did not show significant differences with respect to that of the total group (p ≥ 0.843). In a multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and severity of acute COVID-19 infection, subgroups A, AB, and B were not significantly associated with developing Long COVID with an OR of 1.015 [0.669-1.541], 1.327 [0.490-3.594] and 0.965 [0.453-2.058], respectively. The effect of the Rh+ factor was also not significant 1,423 [0.772-2,622] regarding Long COVID. CONCLUSIONS No association of any ABO blood subgroup with COVID-19 or developing Long COVID was identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan B Soriano
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Peláez
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | | | - Elena Ávalos Pérez-Urría
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Alonso
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Girón
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Valenzuela
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celeste Marcos
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Castillo
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Ancochea
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Domènech-Montoliu S, Puig-Barberà J, Guerra-Murcia O, Pac-Sa MR, Orrico-Sanchéz A, Gómez-Lanas L, Sala-Trull D, Domènech-Leon C, Del Rio-González A, Sánchez-Urbano M, Satorres-Martinez P, Latorre-Poveda M, Ferrando-Rubert S, Aparisi-Esteve L, Badenes-Marques G, Blasco-Gari R, Casanova-Suarez J, Fontal-Carcel M, Gil-Fortuño M, Hernández-Pérez N, Jovani-Sales D, López-Diago L, Notari-Rodríguez C, Pérez-Olaso O, Romeu-Garcia MA, Ruíz-Puig R, Arnedo-Pena A. ABO Blood Groups and Incidence of COVID-19 in the Mass Gathering Events in Borriana (Spain), March 2020: A Retrospective Cohort Study. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2023; 4:63-73. [PMID: 36810454 PMCID: PMC9944070 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia4010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 and the ABO blood Groups in the mass-gathering events (MGEs) during the Falles Festival in Borriana (Spain) from 6-10 March 2020. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study and measured anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the ABO of participants. We performed laboratory COVID-19 tests and obtained the ABO in 775 subjects (72.8% of the original exposed cohort): O-group (45.2%), A-group (43.1%), B-group (8.5%) and AB-group (3.4%). Adjusted for confounding factors, including COVID-19 exposure during the MGEs, attack rates of COVID-19 for each ABO group were 55.4%, 59.6%, 60.2%, and 63.7%. The adjusted relative risks were for O-group 0.93 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.83-1.04), for A-group 1.06 (95% CI 0.94-1.18), for B-group 1.04 (95%CI 0.88-1.24), and for AB-group 1.11 (95% CI 0.81-1.51) with no significant differences. Conclusions: Our results suggest no effect of ABO on COVID-19 incidence. We observed weak but not significant protection of the O-group and not a significantly greater infection risk for the remaining groups compared with the O-group. More studies are needed to resolve the controversies regarding the association between ABO and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan Puig-Barberà
- Vaccines Research Unit, Fundación Para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO-Public Health, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Guerra-Murcia
- Vaccines Research Unit, Fundación Para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO-Public Health, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Orrico-Sanchéz
- Vaccines Research Unit, Fundación Para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO-Public Health, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorna Gómez-Lanas
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain
| | - Diego Sala-Trull
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roser Blasco-Gari
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain
| | | | | | - María Gil-Fortuño
- Microbiology Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain
| | | | - David Jovani-Sales
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain
| | - Laura López-Diago
- Clinical Analysis Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain
| | | | - Oscar Pérez-Olaso
- Microbiology Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Ruíz-Puig
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain
| | - Alberto Arnedo-Pena
- Public Health Center, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
- Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Science, Public University Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|