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Scrima S, Lambrughi M, Tiberti M, Fadda E, Papaleo E. ASM variants in the spotlight: A structure-based atlas for unraveling pathogenic mechanisms in lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167260. [PMID: 38782304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), a critical enzyme in lipid metabolism encoded by the SMPD1 gene, plays a crucial role in sphingomyelin hydrolysis in lysosomes. ASM deficiency leads to acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, a rare genetic disorder with diverse clinical manifestations, and the protein can be found mutated in other diseases. We employed a structure-based framework to comprehensively understand the functional implications of ASM variants, integrating pathogenicity predictions with molecular insights derived from a molecular dynamics simulation in a lysosomal membrane environment. Our analysis, encompassing over 400 variants, establishes a structural atlas of missense variants of lysosomal ASM, associating mechanistic indicators with pathogenic potential. Our study highlights variants that influence structural stability or exert local and long-range effects at functional sites. To validate our predictions, we compared them to available experimental data on residual catalytic activity in 135 ASM variants. Notably, our findings also suggest applications of the resulting data for identifying cases suited for enzyme replacement therapy. This comprehensive approach enhances the understanding of ASM variants and provides valuable insights for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scrima
- Cancer Structural Biology, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Cancer Systems Biology, Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health and Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matteo Lambrughi
- Cancer Structural Biology, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Tiberti
- Cancer Structural Biology, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisa Fadda
- Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Cancer Structural Biology, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Cancer Systems Biology, Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health and Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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2
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Sako S, Oishi K, Ida H, Imagawa E. Allele frequency of pathogenic variants causing acid sphingomyelinase deficiency and Gaucher disease in the general Japanese population. Hum Genome Var 2024; 11:24. [PMID: 38866761 PMCID: PMC11169237 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-024-00282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Gaucher disease (GD) are lysosomal storage disorders associated with hepatosplenomegaly and thrombocytopenia. The incidences of ASMD and GD are known to be particularly high in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Conversely, the number of reported patients with these diseases has been limited in Asian countries, including Japan. Here, we reviewed the allele frequencies of pathogenic variants causing ASMD and GD in the Japanese population and populations with various ancestry backgrounds using the Japanese Multi-Omics Reference Panel 54KJPN and the Genome Aggregation Database v4.0.0. The estimated carrier frequencies of ASMD- and GD-related variants were 1/180 and 1/154 in Japanese individuals, equivalent to disease occurrence frequencies of 1/128,191 and 1/94,791 individuals, respectively. These frequencies are much higher than previously expected. Our data also suggest that there are more patients with a milder form of ASMD and nonspecific clinical findings who have not yet been diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Sako
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Oishi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ida
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Imagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Zampieri S, Filocamo M, Pianta A, Lualdi S, Gort L, Coll MJ, Sinnott R, Geberhiwot T, Bembi B, Dardis A. SMPD1 Mutation Update: Database and Comprehensive Analysis of Published and Novel Variants. Hum Mutat 2015; 37:139-47. [PMID: 26499107 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Types A and B (NPA/B) diseases are autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders caused by the deficient activity of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) because of the mutations in the SMPD1 gene. Here, we provide a comprehensive updated review of already reported and newly identified SMPD1 variants. Among them, 185 have been found in NPA/B patients. Disease-causing variants are equally distributed along the SMPD1 gene; most of them are missense (65.4%) or frameshift (19%) mutations. The most frequently reported mutation worldwide is the p.R610del, clearly associated with an attenuated NP disease type B phenotype. The available information about the impact of 52 SMPD1 variants on ASM mRNA and/or enzymatic activity has been collected and whenever possible, phenotype/genotype correlations were established. In addition, we created a locus-specific database easily accessible at http://www.inpdr.org/genes that catalogs the 417 SMPD1 variants reported to date and provides data on their in silico predicted effects on ASM protein function or mRNA splicing. The information reviewed in this article, providing new insights into the genotype/phenotype correlation, is extremely valuable to facilitate diagnosis and genetic counseling of families affected by NPA/B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zampieri
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Mirella Filocamo
- Centro di Diagnostica Genetica e Biochimica delle Malattie Metaboliche, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pianta
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Susanna Lualdi
- Centro di Diagnostica Genetica e Biochimica delle Malattie Metaboliche, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Gort
- Sección Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo-IBC, Serv Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Hospital Clínic; IDIBAPS; CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Coll
- Sección Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo-IBC, Serv Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Hospital Clínic; IDIBAPS; CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Sinnott
- Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Bruno Bembi
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Dardis
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
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4
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Abstract
Beyond their contribution to basic metabolism, the major cellular organelles, in particular mitochondria, can determine whether cells respond to stress in an adaptive or suicidal manner. Thus, mitochondria can continuously adapt their shape to changing bioenergetic demands as they are subjected to quality control by autophagy, or they can undergo a lethal permeabilization process that initiates apoptosis. Along similar lines, multiple proteins involved in metabolic circuitries, including oxidative phosphorylation and transport of metabolites across membranes, may participate in the regulated or catastrophic dismantling of organelles. Many factors that were initially characterized as cell death regulators are now known to physically or functionally interact with metabolic enzymes. Thus, several metabolic cues regulate the propensity of cells to activate self-destructive programs, in part by acting on nutrient sensors. This suggests the existence of "metabolic checkpoints" that dictate cell fate in response to metabolic fluctuations. Here, we discuss recent insights into the intersection between metabolism and cell death regulation that have major implications for the comprehension and manipulation of unwarranted cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75005 Paris, France. INSERM, U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75005 Paris, France. INSERM, U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France.
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5
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Rhein C, Tripal P, Seebahn A, Konrad A, Kramer M, Nagel C, Kemper J, Bode J, Mühle C, Gulbins E, Reichel M, Becker CM, Kornhuber J. Functional implications of novel human acid sphingomyelinase splice variants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35467. [PMID: 22558155 PMCID: PMC3338701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) hydrolyses sphingomyelin and generates the lipid messenger ceramide, which mediates a variety of stress-related cellular processes. The pathological effects of dysregulated ASM activity are evident in several human diseases and indicate an important functional role for ASM regulation. We investigated alternative splicing as a possible mechanism for regulating cellular ASM activity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identified three novel ASM splice variants in human cells, termed ASM-5, -6 and -7, which lack portions of the catalytic- and/or carboxy-terminal domains in comparison to full-length ASM-1. Differential expression patterns in primary blood cells indicated that ASM splicing might be subject to regulatory processes. The newly identified ASM splice variants were catalytically inactive in biochemical in vitro assays, but they decreased the relative cellular ceramide content in overexpression studies and exerted a dominant-negative effect on ASM activity in physiological cell models. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that alternative splicing of ASM is of functional significance for the cellular stress response, possibly representing a mechanism for maintaining constant levels of cellular ASM enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Rhein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angela Seebahn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alice Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcel Kramer
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute and Center for Sepsis Control and Care at Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Kemper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Bode
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Reichel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cord-Michael Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Jones I, He X, Katouzian F, Darroch PI, Schuchman EH. Characterization of common SMPD1 mutations causing types A and B Niemann-Pick disease and generation of mutation-specific mouse models. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 95:152-62. [PMID: 18815062 PMCID: PMC2621017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe detailed characterization of four common mutations (L302P, H421Y, R496L and DeltaR608) within the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) gene causing types A and B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). In vitro and in situ enzyme assays revealed marked deficiencies of ASM activity in NPD cell lines homoallelic for each mutation, although Western blotting and fluorescent microscopy showed that the mutant ASM polypeptides were expressed at normal levels and trafficked to lysosomes. Co-immunoprecipitation of the polypeptides with the ER chaperone, BiP, confirmed these findings, as did in vitro expression of the mutant cDNAs in reticulocyte lysates. We further developed a computer assisted, three-dimensional model of human ASM based on homologies to known proteins, and used this model to map each NPD mutation in relation to putative substrate binding, hydrolysis and zinc-binding domains. Lastly, we generated transgenic mice expressing the R496L and DeltaR608 mutations on the complete ASM knock-out background (ASMKO), and established breeding colonies for the future evaluation of enzyme enhancement therapies. Analysis of these mice demonstrated that the mutant ASM transgenes were expressed at high levels in the brain, and in the case of the DeltaR608 mutation, produced residual ASM activity that was significantly above the ASMKO background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Jones
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xingxuan He
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Fourogh Katouzian
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter I. Darroch
- Wound Management, Smith and Nephew Healthcare Ltd., Healthcare House, Goulton Street, Hull, HU3 4DJ, United Kingdom
| | - Edward H. Schuchman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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7
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Ishii H, Takahashi T, Toyono M, Tamura M, Harada K, Yoshida M, Nishikawa Y, Enomoto K, Takada G. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency: cardiac dysfunction and characteristic findings of the coronary arteries. J Inherit Metab Dis 2006; 29:232-4. [PMID: 16601902 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-006-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two sisters with type B Niemann-Pick disease (genotype: S436R/S436R) showed cardiac dysfunctions, not secondary to pulmonary disease, at the beginning of the third decade. In the younger sister, myocardial dysfunction was refractory to treatment, resulting in death. At autopsy, the distal branches of the coronary arteries showed narrowing of the arterial lumina due to swelling of the medial and intimal smooth-muscle cells. This is the first report describing characteristic findings of coronary arteries in type B Niemann-Pick disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
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8
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Simonaro CM, Desnick RJ, McGovern MM, Wasserstein MP, Schuchman EH. The demographics and distribution of type B Niemann-Pick disease: novel mutations lead to new genotype/phenotype correlations. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:1413-9. [PMID: 12369017 PMCID: PMC378582 DOI: 10.1086/345074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2002] [Accepted: 09/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have collected demographic and/or mutation information on a worldwide sample of 394 patients with type B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). The disorder is panethnic, with the highest incidence occurring in individuals of Turkish, Arabic, and North African descent. Only five of the 394 patients were Ashkenazi Jewish, revealing that, unlike the type A form of NPD, type B NPD does not occur frequently within this population. Mutation analysis of the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) gene (designated "SMPD1") was performed on 228 patients (324 unique alleles), and several novel, "common" mutations were found. Among these were the L137P, fsP189, and L549P mutations, which accounted for approximately 75% of the alleles in Turkish patients, the H421Y and K576N mutations, which accounted for approximately 85% of the alleles in Saudi Arabian patients, the S379P, R441X, R474W, and F480L mutations, which accounted for approximately 55% of the alleles in Portuguese/Brazilian patients, and the A196P mutation, which accounted for approximately 42% of the alleles in Scottish/English patients. The previously reported DeltaR608 mutation occurred on approximately 12% of the alleles studied. Overall, a total of 45 novel mutations were found, and several new genotype/phenotype correlations were identified. In particular, the L137P, A196P, and R474W mutations were consistent with a less severe form of type B NPD, whereas the H421Y and K576N mutations led to an early-onset, more severe form that was specific to Saudi Arabia. These data provide the first extensive demographic assessment of this disorder and describe several new mutations that can be used to predict phenotypic outcome and to gain new insights into the structure and function of ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calogera M Simonaro
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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9
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Mikami T, Takahashi T, Ishida A, Minamiya Y, Ida H, Takada G. Signaling pathway for radiation-induced apoptosis in the lymphoblasts from neuronopathic (type A) and non-neuronopathic (type B) forms of Niemann-Pick disease. J Neurol Sci 2002; 199:39-43. [PMID: 12084440 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficient activity of human lysosomal hydrolase, acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), results in the neuronopathic (type A) and non-neuronopathic (type B) forms of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). A deficiency of ASM is known to deprive lymphoblasts of their response to apoptotic induction by X-ray irradiation. To elucidate the genetic heterogeneity of apoptotic induction in NPD cells, we investigated radiation-induced apoptosis of lymphoblasts in patients with type A (genotype: IVS3-2A-G/IVS3-2A-G) and type B (genotype: S436R/S436R) NPD. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblasts established from a patient with type A NPD, a patient with type B NPD and a normal control were irradiated with 20 Gy and incubated for 24 h. The cells were harvested and the morphological features of apoptosis were observed with DNA-specific fluorochrome bis-benzimide. Exposure of lymphoblasts to 20 Gy of radiation resulted in 25-30% apoptosis of total cells in normal lymphoblasts, 8-9% apoptosis in type A NPD and 20-27% apoptosis in type B NPD. The radiation-induced apoptotic response in the lymphoblasts of type A NPD was significantly different from that of the normal lymphoblasts (P<0.0005). On the other hand, the radiation-induced apoptotic response in type B NPD was not markedly different from that in normal lymphoblasts (P=0.624). In the patient with type B NPD, the signaling pathway for radiation-induced apoptosis was preserved in lymphoblasts, which suggests that the extent of cell signaling system disturbance due to ASM deficiency may be related to the phenotypes in types A and B NPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Mikami
- Department of Pediatrics, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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Takahashi T, Abe T, Sato T, Miura K, Takahashi I, Yano M, Watanabe A, Imashuku S, Takada G. Elevated sphingomyelinase and hypercytokinemia in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002; 24:401-4. [PMID: 12142792 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200206000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ceramide generated from sphingomyelinase activation has been reported to play a role in cytokine-mediated events. Secretory sphingomyelinase (S-SMase), a product of the acid sphingomyelinase gene, has been found to be derived from many cell types and to exist in human serum. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the serum level of S-SMase. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three patients with hypercytokinemia caused by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) were studied. Serum samples were collected from the three patients with HLH, patients with a deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase, or type B Niemann-Pick disease, and normal controls. The S-SMase activities were determined using 14C-sphingomyelin as a substrate. RESULTS The serum S-SMase activities were increased 10-to 20-fold in the sera from the three patients with HLH (P < 0.0001). The high S-SMase activity was decreased to the normal level along with the clinical improvement of HLH. CONCLUSIONS Increased release of S-SMase from cells into the circulation is observed in patients with active HLH. The authors suggest that S-SMase is related to the pathophysiology of hypercytokinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan.
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11
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Komatsu M, Takahashi T, Abe T, Takahashi I, Ida H, Takada G. Evidence for the association of ultraviolet-C and H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis with acid sphingomyelinase activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1533:47-54. [PMID: 11514235 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide appears to be a potent second messenger implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription, ligand binding, and cell death. Environmental stress-induced apoptosis is believed to be associated with the sphingomyelin degradation pathway, which generates ceramide as a second messenger in initiating the apoptosis response. To date, two distinct sphingomyelinases, a lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), which is deficient in patients affected with types A and B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD), and a neutral, magnesium-dependent sphingomyelinase (NSM), are candidate enzymes which respond to apoptotic stimulations and cause sphingomyelin hydrolysis and subsequent ceramide generation. Using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblast cells from type A NPD patient which have defined splicing site mutation in the ASM gene, we showed that ASM-deficient cells were defective in ultraviolet-C (UV-C) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induced apoptosis. As another induction of apoptosis, we exposed this cell line to serum starvation which influences to p53 expression and leads to apoptosis. There were no differences by the degree of apoptosis between ASM-deficient lymphoblast cells and normal lymphoblast cells. These results are evidence that ASM plays one of the important roles in apoptosis induction by UV-C and H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan
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Takahashi I, Takahashi T, Abe T, Watanabe W, Takada G. Distribution of acid sphingomyelinase in human various body fluids. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2000; 192:61-6. [PMID: 11128869 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.192.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme activities of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) were determined in various human cell-free body fluids, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, salivary fluid, tear fluid, and synovial fluid, using assay buffers with or without Zn2+ -cation. Although ASM activity was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, the other fluids demonstrated significant enzyme activities of ASM. All ASMs detected in the fluids were stimulated by the addition of Zn2+ -cation, suggesting that those enzymes are secretory ASM derived from ASM gene. We suggest a possible enzymatic diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease types A and B using those body fluids. Interestingly, salivary and tear fluids showed much higher activities of ASM than those of the other fluids. Because sphingolipids, especially sphingomyelin, are major constituents of a normal diet, especially, milk, eggs, and meat products, we suggest that ASM in the salivary gland may play an important role in the digestion of sphingomyelin in a normal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
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13
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Schuchman EH, Miranda SR. Niemann-Pick disease: mutation update, genotype/phenotype correlations, and prospects for genetic testing. GENETIC TESTING 1999; 1:13-9. [PMID: 10464620 DOI: 10.1089/gte.1997.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Disease (NPD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). NPD occurs in two forms, neuronopathic Type A and nonneuronopathic Type B. The incidence of Type A NPD is highest among Ashkenazi Jews. Type B NPD is more common in non-Jews but has been reported in Ashkenazi Jews. Different mutations in ASM are presumed to be responsible for the different NPD phenotypes. Three mutations are predicted to account for > 95% of all Type A NPD chromosomes among Ashkenazi Jews (L302P, R496L, fsP330). Based on limited screens for these mutations among Ashkenazi Jews, a carrier frequency for Type A NPD of 1:90 is reported for this population. Less is known about mutations responsible for Type B NPD, although one mutation (delta R608) has been identified in both Ashkenazi Jews and non-Jews. Screening of the Ashkenazi Jewish population to detect > 95% of NPD carriers can be accomplished with a four-mutation panel that includes L302P, R496L, fsP330, and delta R608, the three predominant Type A mutations and one recurrent Type B mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Schuchman
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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14
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Gluck I, Zeigler M, Bargal R, Schiff E, Bach G. Niemann Pick disease type A in Israeli Arabs: 677delT, a common novel single mutation. Hum Mutat 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)12:2<136::aid-humu12>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Takahashi T, Akiyama K, Tomihara M, Tokudome T, Nishinomiya F, Tazawa Y, Horinouchi K, Sakiyama T, Takada G. Heterogeneity of liver disorder in type B Niemann-Pick disease. Hum Pathol 1997; 28:385-8. [PMID: 9042807 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(97)90141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients with type B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) are known to be complicated with varying degrees of prognosis-determining liver dysfunction. To see heterogeneity of the dysfunction histologically, we performed liver biopsies on three NPD patients from three different families, who were diagnosed by enzyme assay of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) and analysis of the ASM gene. In a severe case, of a female patient in her childhood, the liver showed definite fibrosis despite her age. In contrast, in a very mild case, of an adult male patient, the liver showed little fibrosis, though the ballooning of hepatocytes and infiltration of foamy histiocytes were observed in the tissue. Three homo-allelic mutations (S436R, A599T, and S231P) were identified in the patients. Thus, various hepatic phenotypes in type B NPD were shown to be caused by the heterogeneity of liver lesions originating from different ASM gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita-shi, Japan
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16
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Schissel SL, Schuchman EH, Williams KJ, Tabas I. Zn2+-stimulated sphingomyelinase is secreted by many cell types and is a product of the acid sphingomyelinase gene. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:18431-6. [PMID: 8702487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.31.18431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sphingomyelinases have been implicated in many important physiological and pathophysiological processes. Although several mammalian sphingomyelinases have been identified and studied, one of these, an acidic Zn2+-stimulated sphingomyelinase (Zn-SMase) originally found in fetal bovine serum, has received little attention since its first and only report 7 years ago. We now show that Zn-SMase activity is secreted by human and murine macrophages, human skin fibroblasts, microglial cells, and several other cells in culture and is markedly up-regulated during differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages. Remarkably, peritoneal macrophages from mice in which the acid SMase gene had been disrupted by homologous recombination secreted no Zn-SMase activity, indicating that this enzyme and the intracellular lysosomal SMase, which is Zn-independent, arise from the same gene. Furthermore, skin fibroblasts from patients with types A and B Niemann-Pick disease, which are known to lack lysosomal SMase activity, also lack Zn-SMase activity in their conditioned media. Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with a cDNA encoding lysosomal SMase massively overexpress both cellular lysosomal SMase and secreted Zn-SMase activities. Thus, Zn-SMase arises independently of alternative splicing, suggesting a post-translational process. In summary, a wide variety of cell types secrete Zn-SMase activity, which arises from the same gene as lysosomal SMase. This secreted enzyme may play roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes involving extracellular sphingomyelin hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Schissel
- Department of Anatomy, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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17
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Ida H, Rennert OM, Maekawa K, Eto Y. Identification of three novel mutations in the acid sphinogomyelinase gene of Japanese patients with Niemann-Pick disease type A and B. Hum Mutat 1996; 7:65-7. [PMID: 8664904 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1996)7:1<65::aid-humu10>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ida
- Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gieselmann
- Department of Biochemistry II, Georg August Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Schuchman EH. Two new mutations in the acid sphingomyelinase gene causing type a Niemann-pick disease: N389T and R441X. Hum Mutat 1995; 6:352-4. [PMID: 8680412 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380060412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E H Schuchman
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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20
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Sperl W, Bart G, Vanier MT, Christomanou H, Baldissera I, Steichen-Gersdorf E, Paschke E. A family with visceral course of Niemann-Pick disease, macular halo syndrome and low sphingomyelin degradation rate. J Inherit Metab Dis 1994; 17:93-103. [PMID: 8051942 DOI: 10.1007/bf00735404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a family with six patients suffering from a sphingomyelinase-deficient form of Niemann-Pick disease, all presenting with a visceral course of the disease. Retinal changes classified as macular halos in four members indicated neuronal storage and therefore an intermediate type of the disease. For further classification of the biochemical type, [choline-methyl-14C]sphingomyelin degradation studies were carried out in fibroblast cultures of all six members. The low degradation rates measured were similar to those usually found in the neuronopathic form (type A) of Niemann-Pick disease. This family illustrates the broad heterogeneity within the sphingomyelinase deficiency group of the Niemann-Pick disease. Apparently the finding of a low sphingomyelin degradation rate in fibroblast cultures does not necessarily imply a typical serious and lethal course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sperl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Vanier MT, Ferlinz K, Rousson R, Duthel S, Louisot P, Sandhoff K, Suzuki K. Deletion of arginine (608) in acid sphingomyelinase is the prevalent mutation among Niemann-Pick disease type B patients from northern Africa. Hum Genet 1993; 92:325-30. [PMID: 8225311 DOI: 10.1007/bf01247328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There is a high incidence of Niemann-Pick type B disease in the Maghreb region of North Africa, which includes Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. A hypothesis that there may well be a common, predominant mutant acid sphingomyelinase allele responsible for the type B phenotype in this population has been tested. A deletion of an arginine codon at amino acid residue 608 was found in one patient. The same mutation was also observed in another of our cases. An original screening procedure using 3'-end digoxigenin-labeled allele-specific oligonucleotides and chemiluminescent detection was developed and used parallel to the conventional assay with 5'-end radiolabeled oligonucleotides. Of the 15 non-related, non-Jewish North African type B patients studied, 12 were homozygous and two compound heterozygous for this deletion (26 delta R608 alleles/30 mutant alleles). Among type B patients from other geographic regions (France, UK, Italy, Czechoslovakia), this mutation was observed in only one of the 16 alleles studied. Our results indicate that deletion of arginine 608 in the acid sphingomyelinase gene is the highly prevalent mutation underlying Niemann-Pick type B disease in the population of Maghreb. A varying severity of the clinical and enzymatic expression within the non-neuronopathic phenotype has however been observed in patients homozygous for the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Vanier
- Département de Biochimie, INSERM U189, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France
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22
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Levran O, Desnick RJ, Schuchman EH. Type A Niemann-Pick disease: a frameshift mutation in the acid sphingomyelinase gene (fsP330) occurs in Ashkenazi Jewish patients. Hum Mutat 1993; 2:317-9. [PMID: 8401540 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Levran
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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