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Lan X, Ao WL, Li J. Preimplantation genetic testing as a preventive strategy for the transmission of mitochondrial DNA disorders. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2024; 70:38-51. [PMID: 38323618 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2024.2306389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are distinct types of metabolic and/or neurologic abnormalities that occur as a consequence of dysfunction in oxidative phosphorylation, affecting several systems in the body. There is no effective treatment modality for mitochondrial disorders so far, emphasizing the clinical significance of preventing the inheritance of these disorders. Various reproductive options are available to reduce the probability of inheriting mitochondrial disorders, including in vitro fertilization (IVF) using donated oocytes, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), and prenatal diagnosis (PND), among which PGT not only makes it possible for families to have genetically-owned children but also PGT has the advantage that couples do not have to decide to terminate the pregnancy if a mutation is detected in the fetus. PGT for mitochondrial diseases originating from nuclear DNA includes analyzing the nuclear genome for the presence or absence of corresponding mutations. However, PGT for mitochondrial disorders arising from mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more intricate, due to the specific characteristics of mtDNA such as multicopy nature, heteroplasmy phenomenon, and exclusive maternal inheritance. Therefore, the present review aims to discuss the utility and challenges of PGT as a preventive approach to inherited mitochondrial diseases caused by mtDNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Lan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wu Liji Ao
- College of Mongolian Medicine and Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ji Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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2
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Árnadóttir ER, Moore KHS, Guðmundsdóttir VB, Ebenesersdóttir SS, Guity K, Jónsson H, Stefánsson K, Helgason A. The rate and nature of mitochondrial DNA mutations in human pedigrees. Cell 2024; 187:3904-3918.e8. [PMID: 38851187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
We examined the rate and nature of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in humans using sequence data from 64,806 contemporary Icelanders from 2,548 matrilines. Based on 116,663 mother-child transmissions, 8,199 mutations were detected, providing robust rate estimates by nucleotide type, functional impact, position, and different alleles at the same position. We thoroughly document the true extent of hypermutability in mtDNA, mainly affecting the control region but also some coding-region variants. The results reveal the impact of negative selection on viable deleterious mutations, including rapidly mutating disease-associated 3243A>G and 1555A>G and pre-natal selection that most likely occurs during the development of oocytes. Finally, we show that the fate of new mutations is determined by a drastic germline bottleneck, amounting to an average of 3 mtDNA units effectively transmitted from mother to child.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valdís B Guðmundsdóttir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Kamran Guity
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Kári Stefánsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Agnar Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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3
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Ji D, Zhang N, Zou W, Zhang Z, Marley JL, Liu Z, Liang C, Shen L, Liu Y, Liang D, Su T, Du Y, Cao Y. Modeling-based prediction tools for preimplantation genetic testing of mitochondrial DNA diseases: estimating symptomatic thresholds, risk, and chance of success. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:2185-2196. [PMID: 37439868 PMCID: PMC10440331 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) has become a reliable tool for preventing the germline transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants. However, procedures are not standardized across mtDNA variants. In this study, we aim to estimate symptomatic thresholds, risk, and chance of success for PGT for mtDNA pathogenic variant carriers. METHODS We performed a systematic analysis of heteroplasmy data including 455 individuals from 187 familial pedigrees with the common m.3243A>G, m.8344A>G, or m.8993T>G pathogenic variants. We applied binary logistic regression for estimating symptomatic thresholds of heteroplasmy, simplified Sewell-Wright formula and Kimura equations for predicting the risk of disease transmission, and binomial distribution for predicting minimum oocyte numbers. RESULTS We estimated the symptomatic thresholds of m.8993T>G and m.8344A>G as 29.86% and 16.15%, respectively. We could not determine a threshold for m.3243A>G. We established models for mothers harboring common and rare mtDNA pathogenic variants to predict the risk of disease transmission and the number of oocytes required to produce an embryo with sufficiently low variant load. In addition, we provide a table allowing the prediction of transmission risk and the minimum required oocytes for PGT patients with different variant levels. CONCLUSION We have established models that can determine the symptomatic thresholds of common mtDNA pathogenic variants. We also constructed universal models applicable to nearly all mtDNA pathogenic variants which can predict risk and minimum numbers for PGT patients. These models have advanced our understanding of mtDNA disease pathogenesis and will enable more effective prevention of disease transmission using PGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhikang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jordan Lee Marley
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Zhuoli Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lingchao Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tianhong Su
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Baoshan Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yinan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Mullin NK, Voigt AP, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Liu X, Riker MJ, Varzavand K, Stone EM, Tucker BA, Mullins RF. Multimodal single-cell analysis of nonrandom heteroplasmy distribution in human retinal mitochondrial disease. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e165937. [PMID: 37289546 PMCID: PMC10443808 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants within the high copy number mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) can disrupt organelle function and lead to severe multisystem disease. The wide range of manifestations observed in patients with mitochondrial disease results from varying fractions of abnormal mtDNA molecules in different cells and tissues, a phenomenon termed heteroplasmy. However, the landscape of heteroplasmy across cell types within tissues and its influence on phenotype expression in affected patients remains largely unexplored. Here, we identify nonrandom distribution of a pathogenic mtDNA variant across a complex tissue using single-cell RNA-Seq, mitochondrial single-cell ATAC sequencing, and multimodal single-cell sequencing. We profiled the transcriptome, chromatin accessibility state, and heteroplasmy in cells from the eyes of a patient with mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and from healthy control donors. Utilizing the retina as a model for complex multilineage tissues, we found that the proportion of the pathogenic m.3243A>G allele was neither evenly nor randomly distributed across diverse cell types. All neuroectoderm-derived neural cells exhibited a high percentage of the mutant variant. However, a subset of mesoderm-derived lineage, namely the vasculature of the choroid, was near homoplasmic for the WT allele. Gene expression and chromatin accessibility profiles of cell types with high and low proportions of m.3243A>G implicate mTOR signaling in the cellular response to heteroplasmy. We further found by multimodal single-cell sequencing of retinal pigment epithelial cells that a high proportion of the pathogenic mtDNA variant was associated with transcriptionally and morphologically abnormal cells. Together, these findings show the nonrandom nature of mitochondrial variant partitioning in human mitochondrial disease and underscore its implications for mitochondrial disease pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel K. Mullin
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Andrew P. Voigt
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Miles J. Flamme-Wiese
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Xiuying Liu
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Megan J. Riker
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Katayoun Varzavand
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Edwin M. Stone
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Budd A. Tucker
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Robert F. Mullins
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
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Mayeur A, Benaloun E, Benguigui J, Duperier C, Hesters L, Chatzovoulou K, Monnot S, Grynberg M, Steffann J, Frydman N, Sonigo C. Preimplantation genetic testing for mitochondrial DNA mutation: ovarian response to stimulation, outcomes and follow-up. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 47:61-69. [PMID: 37202317 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION How do carriers of pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) respond to ovarian stimulation? DESIGN A single-centre, retrospective study conducted between January 2006 and July 2021 in France. Ovarian reserve markers and ovarian stimulation cycle outcomes were compared for couples undergoing preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for maternally inherited mtDNA disease (n = 18) (mtDNA-PGT group) with a matched-control group of patients undergoing PGT for male indications (n = 96). The PGT outcomes for the mtDNA-PGT group and the follow-up of these patients in case of unsuccessful PGT was also reported. RESULTS For carriers of pathogenic mtDNA, parameters of ovarian response to FSH and ovarian stimulation cycle outcomes were not different from those of matched-control ovarian stimulation cycles. The carriers of pathogenic mtDNA needed a longer ovarian stimulation and higher dose of gonadotrophins. Three patients (16.7%) obtained a live birth after the PGT process, and eight patients (44.4%) achieved parenthood through alternative methods: oocyte donation (n = 4), natural conception with prenatal diagnosis (n = 2) and adoption (n = 2). CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of women carrying a mtDNA variant who have undergone a PGT for monogenic (single gene defects) procedure. It is one of the possible options to obtain a healthy baby without observing an impairment in ovarian response to stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mayeur
- Service de Biologie de la Reproduction- CECOS, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris Saclay, cedex, F-92140 Clamart, France.; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France..
| | - Emmanuelle Benaloun
- Service de Biologie de la Reproduction- CECOS, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris Saclay, cedex, F-92140 Clamart, France
| | - Jonas Benguigui
- Service de Médecine de la reproduction et Préservation de la Fertilité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart 92140, France
| | - Constance Duperier
- Service de Médecine de la reproduction et Préservation de la Fertilité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart 92140, France
| | - Laetitia Hesters
- Service de Biologie de la Reproduction- CECOS, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris Saclay, cedex, F-92140 Clamart, France
| | | | - Sophie Monnot
- Université de Paris, Imagine INSERM UMR1163 et Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies rares, Groupe Hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Michael Grynberg
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.; Service de Médecine de la reproduction et Préservation de la Fertilité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart 92140, France
| | - Julie Steffann
- Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.; Université de Paris, Imagine INSERM UMR1163 et Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies rares, Groupe Hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Frydman
- Service de Biologie de la Reproduction- CECOS, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris Saclay, cedex, F-92140 Clamart, France.; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Charlotte Sonigo
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.; Service de Médecine de la reproduction et Préservation de la Fertilité, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart 92140, France.; Inserm U1185, Faculté de médecine Paris Sud, France
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6
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St John JC, Okada T, Andreas E, Penn A. The role of mtDNA in oocyte quality and embryo development. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:621-633. [PMID: 35986715 PMCID: PMC10952685 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome resides in the mitochondria present in nearly all cell types. The porcine (Sus scrofa) mitochondrial genome is circa 16.7 kb in size and exists in the multimeric format in cells. Individual cell types have different numbers of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number based on their requirements for ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation. The oocyte has the largest number of mtDNA of any cell type. During oogenesis, the oocyte sets mtDNA copy number in order that sufficient copies are available to support subsequent developmental events. It also initiates a program of epigenetic patterning that regulates, for example, DNA methylation levels of the nuclear genome. Once fertilized, the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes establish synchrony to ensure that the embryo and fetus can complete each developmental milestone. However, altering the oocyte's mtDNA copy number by mitochondrial supplementation can affect the programming and gene expression profiles of the developing embryo and, in oocytes deficient of mtDNA, it appears to have a positive impact on the embryo development rates and gene expression profiles. Furthermore, mtDNA haplotypes, which define common maternal origins, appear to affect developmental outcomes and certain reproductive traits. Nevertheless, the manipulation of the mitochondrial content of an oocyte might have a developmental advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. St John
- The Mitochondrial Genetics Group, The School of Biomedicine and The Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Takashi Okada
- The Mitochondrial Genetics Group, The School of Biomedicine and The Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Eryk Andreas
- The Mitochondrial Genetics Group, The School of Biomedicine and The Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Alexander Penn
- The Mitochondrial Genetics Group, The School of Biomedicine and The Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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7
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Giannakis K, Broz AK, Sloan DB, Johnston IG. Avoiding misleading estimates using mtDNA heteroplasmy statistics to study bottleneck size and selection. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad068. [PMID: 36951404 PMCID: PMC10234379 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy samples can shed light on vital developmental and genetic processes shaping mitochondrial DNA populations. The sample means and sample variance of a set of heteroplasmy observations are typically used both to estimate bottleneck sizes and to perform fits to the theoretical "Kimura" distribution in seeking evidence for mitochondrial DNA selection. However, each of these applications raises problems. Sample statistics do not generally provide optimal fits to the Kimura distribution and so can give misleading results in hypothesis testing, including false positive signals of selection. Using sample variance can give misleading results for bottleneck size estimates, particularly for small samples. These issues can and do lead to false positive results for mitochondrial DNA mechanisms-all published experimental datasets we re-analyzed, reported as displaying departures from the Kimura model, do not in fact give evidence for such departures. Here we outline a maximum likelihood approach that is simple to implement computationally and addresses all of these issues. We advocate the use of maximum likelihood fits and explicit hypothesis tests, not fits and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests via summary statistics, for ongoing work with mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda K Broz
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Iain G Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
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8
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Bi C, Wang L, Fan Y, Yuan B, Alsolami S, Zhang Y, Zhang PY, Huang Y, Yu Y, Izpisua Belmonte J, Li M. Quantitative haplotype-resolved analysis of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in Human single oocytes, blastoids, and pluripotent stem cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:3793-3805. [PMID: 37014011 PMCID: PMC10164563 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal mitochondria are the sole source of mtDNA for every cell of the offspring. Heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations inherited from the oocyte are a common cause of metabolic diseases and associated with late-onset diseases. However, the origin and dynamics of mtDNA heteroplasmy remain unclear. We used our individual Mitochondrial Genome sequencing (iMiGseq) technology to study mtDNA heterogeneity, quantitate single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and large structural variants (SVs), track heteroplasmy dynamics, and analyze genetic linkage between variants at the individual mtDNA molecule level in single oocytes and human blastoids. Our study presented the first single-mtDNA analysis of the comprehensive heteroplasmy landscape in single human oocytes. Unappreciated levels of rare heteroplasmic variants well below the detection limit of conventional methods were identified in healthy human oocytes, of which many are reported to be deleterious and associated with mitochondrial disease and cancer. Quantitative genetic linkage analysis revealed dramatic shifts of variant frequency and clonal expansions of large SVs during oogenesis in single-donor oocytes. iMiGseq of a single human blastoid suggested stable heteroplasmy levels during early lineage differentiation of naïve pluripotent stem cells. Therefore, our data provided new insights of mtDNA genetics and laid a foundation for understanding mtDNA heteroplasmy at early stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwei Bi
- Bioscience program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lin Wang
- Bioscience program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510150 Guangzhou, China
| | - Baolei Yuan
- Bioscience program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Samhan Alsolami
- Bioscience program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Bioscience program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pu-Yao Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing100191, China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing100191, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing100191, China
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Bioscience program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Altos Labs, Inc., San Diego, CA92121, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Bioscience program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Bioengineering program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Guangzhou, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases require customized approaches for reproductive counseling, addressing differences in recurrence risks and reproductive options. The majority of mitochondrial diseases is caused by mutations in nuclear genes and segregate in a Mendelian way. Prenatal diagnosis (PND) or preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are available to prevent the birth of another severely affected child. In at least 15%-25% of cases, mitochondrial diseases are caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, which can occur de novo (25%) or be maternally inherited. For de novo mtDNA mutations, the recurrence risk is low and PND can be offered for reassurance. For maternally inherited, heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations, the recurrence risk is often unpredictable, due to the mitochondrial bottleneck. PND for mtDNA mutations is technically possible, but often not applicable given limitations in predicting the phenotype. Another option for preventing the transmission of mtDNA diseases is PGT. Embryos with mutant load below the expression threshold are being transferred. Oocyte donation is another safe option to prevent the transmission of mtDNA disease to a future child for couples who reject PGT. Recently, mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) became available for clinical application as an alternative to prevent the transmission of heteroplasmic and homoplasmic mtDNA mutations.
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10
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Mavraki E, Labrum R, Sergeant K, Alston CL, Woodward C, Smith C, Knowles CVY, Patel Y, Hodsdon P, Baines JP, Blakely EL, Polke J, Taylor RW, Fratter C. Genetic testing for mitochondrial disease: the United Kingdom best practice guidelines. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:148-163. [PMID: 36513735 PMCID: PMC9905091 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial disease describes a diverse group of neuro-metabolic disorders characterised by impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Diagnosis is challenging; >350 genes, both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded, are known to cause mitochondrial disease, leading to all possible inheritance patterns and further complicated by heteroplasmy of the multicopy mitochondrial genome. Technological advances, particularly next-generation sequencing, have driven a shift in diagnostic practice from 'biopsy first' to genome-wide analyses of blood and/or urine DNA. This has led to the need for a reference framework for laboratories involved in mitochondrial genetic testing to facilitate a consistent high-quality service. In the United Kingdom, consensus guidelines have been prepared by a working group of Clinical Scientists from the NHS Highly Specialised Service followed by national laboratory consultation. These guidelines summarise current recommended technologies and methodologies for the analysis of mtDNA and nuclear-encoded genes in patients with suspected mitochondrial disease. Genetic testing strategies for diagnosis, family testing and reproductive options including prenatal diagnosis are outlined. Importantly, recommendations for the minimum levels of mtDNA testing for the most common referral reasons are included, as well as guidance on appropriate referrals and information on the minimal appropriate gene content of panels when analysing nuclear mitochondrial genes. Finally, variant interpretation and recommendations for reporting of results are discussed, focussing particularly on the challenges of interpreting and reporting mtDNA variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Mavraki
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robyn Labrum
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kate Sergeant
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte L Alston
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Cathy Woodward
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Conrad Smith
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte V Y Knowles
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yogen Patel
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Philip Hodsdon
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jack P Baines
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma L Blakely
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Polke
- Neurogenetics Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carl Fratter
- Oxford Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Li D, Liang C, Zhang T, Marley JL, Zou W, Lian M, Ji D. Pathogenic mitochondrial DNA 3243A>G mutation: From genetics to phenotype. Front Genet 2022; 13:951185. [PMID: 36276941 PMCID: PMC9582660 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.951185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) m.3243A>G mutation is one of the most common pathogenic mtDNA variants, showing complex genetics, pathogenic molecular mechanisms, and phenotypes. In recent years, the prevention of mtDNA-related diseases has trended toward precision medicine strategies, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT). These techniques are set to allow the birth of healthy children, but clinical implementation relies on thorough insights into mtDNA genetics. The genotype and phenotype of m.3243A>G vary greatly from mother to offspring, which compromises genetic counseling for the disease. This review is the first to systematically elaborate on the characteristics of the m.3243A>G mutation, from genetics to phenotype and the relationship between them, as well as the related influencing factors and potential strategies for preventing disease. These perceptions will provide clarity for clinicians providing genetic counseling to m.3243A>G patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jordan Lee Marley
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Weiwei Zou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Muqing Lian
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dongmei Ji
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Dongmei Ji,
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12
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Xu P, Jia M, Yan J, Yuan X, Yu W, Zhou Z, Fang H, Gao F, Shen L. Determining Mitochondrial 3243A>G Heteroplasmy Using an ARMS-ddPCR Strategy. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 157:664-677. [PMID: 34698344 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) A-to-G substitution at nucleotide 3243 (m.3243A>G) heteroplasmy is essential for both precision diagnosis of m.3243A>G-associated mitochondrial disease and genetic counseling. Precise determination of m.3243A>G heteroplasmy is challenging, however, without appropriate strategies to accommodate heteroplasmic levels ranging from 1% to 100% in samples carrying thousands to millions of mtDNA copies. METHODS We used a combined strategy of amplification-refractory mutation system-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to determine m.3243A>G heteroplasmy. Primers were specifically designed and screened for both ARMS-qPCR and ddPCR to determine m.3243A>G heteroplasmy. An optimized ARMS-qPCR-ddPCR-based strategy was established using artificial standards, with different mixtures of m.3243A-containing and m.3243G-containing plasmids and further tested using clinical samples containing the m.3243A>G mutation. RESULTS One of 20 primer pairs designed in the study was omitted for ARMS-qPCR-ddPCR strategy application according to criteria of 85% to 110%, R2> 0.98 amplification efficiency, melt curve with a single clear peak, and specificity for m.3243A and m.3243G artificial standards (|CtWt-CtMut|max). Using plasmid standards with various m.3243A>G heteroplasmy (1%-100%) at low, mid, and high copy numbers (3,000, 104, and 105-107, respectively) and DNA from the blood of 20 patients carrying m.3243A>G with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, we found that ARMS-qPCR was reliable for determining m.3243A>G at 3% to 100% for low copy number and 1% to 100% for mid to high copy number samples. Meanwhile, ddPCR was reliable for determining m.3243A>G at 1% to 100% at low to mid copy number samples. CONCLUSIONS An ARMS-qPCR-ddPCR-based strategy was successfully established for precise determination of m.3243A>G heteroplasmy in complex clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xu
- Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Manli Jia
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jimei Yan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangshu Yuan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weidong Yu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhou
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hezhi Fang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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13
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Richter U, McFarland R, Taylor RW, Pickett SJ. The molecular pathology of pathogenic mitochondrial tRNA variants. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1003-1024. [PMID: 33513266 PMCID: PMC8600956 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders, caused by pathogenic variants in either the nuclear or mitochondrial genome. This heterogeneity is particularly striking for disease caused by variants in mitochondrial DNA-encoded tRNA (mt-tRNA) genes, posing challenges for both the treatment of patients and understanding the molecular pathology. In this review, we consider disease caused by the two most common pathogenic mt-tRNA variants: m.3243A>G (within MT-TL1, encoding mt-tRNALeu(UUR) ) and m.8344A>G (within MT-TK, encoding mt-tRNALys ), which together account for the vast majority of all mt-tRNA-related disease. We compare and contrast the clinical disease they are associated with, as well as their molecular pathologies, and consider what is known about the likely molecular mechanisms of disease. Finally, we discuss the role of mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk in the manifestation of mt-tRNA-associated disease and how research in this area not only has the potential to uncover molecular mechanisms responsible for the vast clinical heterogeneity associated with these variants but also pave the way to develop treatment options for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Richter
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchThe Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityUK
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityUK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchThe Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityUK
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityUK
| | - Robert W. Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchThe Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityUK
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityUK
| | - Sarah J. Pickett
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchThe Medical SchoolNewcastle UniversityUK
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityUK
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14
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Spath K, Babariya D, Konstantinidis M, Lowndes J, Child T, Grifo JA, Poulton J, Wells D. Clinical application of sequencing-based methods for parallel preimplantation genetic testing for mitochondrial DNA disease and aneuploidy. Fertil Steril 2021; 115:1521-1532. [PMID: 33745725 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate and apply a strategy permitting parallel preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disease and aneuploidy (PGT-A). DESIGN Preclinical test validation and case reports. SETTING Fertility centers. Diagnostics laboratory. PATIENTS Four patients at risk of transmitting mtDNA disease caused by m.8993T>G (Patients A and B), m.10191T>G (Patient C), and m.3243A>G (Patient D). Patients A, B, and C had affected children. Patients A and D displayed somatic heteroplasmy for mtDNA mutations. INTERVENTIONS Embryo biopsy, genetic testing, and uterine transfer of embryos predicted to be euploid and mutation-free. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Test accuracy, treatment outcomes, and mutation segregation. RESULTS Accuracy of mtDNA mutation quantification was confirmed. The test was compatible with PGT-A, and half of the embryos tested were shown to be aneuploid (16/33). Mutations were detected in approximately 40% of embryo biopsies from Patients A and D (10/24) but in none from Patients B and C (n = 29). Patients B and C had healthy children following PGT and natural conception, respectively. The m.8993T>G mutation displayed skewed segregation, whereas m.3243A>G mutation levels were relatively low and potentially impacted embryo development. CONCLUSIONS Considering the high aneuploidy rate, strategies providing a combination of PGT for mtDNA disease and aneuploidy may be advantageous compared with approaches that consider only mtDNA. Heteroplasmic women had a higher incidence of affected embryos than those with undetectable somatic mutant mtDNA but were still able to produce mutation-free embryos. While not conclusive, the results are consistent with the existence of mutation-specific segregation mechanisms occurring during oogenesis and possibly embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Spath
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Juno Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Dhruti Babariya
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Juno Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jo Lowndes
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Child
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Fertility, Fertility Partnership, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dagan Wells
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Juno Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Yamada M, Sato S, Ooka R, Akashi K, Nakamura A, Miyado K, Akutsu H, Tanaka M. Mitochondrial replacement by genome transfer in human oocytes: Efficacy, concerns, and legality. Reprod Med Biol 2021; 20:53-61. [PMID: 33488283 PMCID: PMC7812462 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic mitochondrial (mt)DNA mutations, which often cause life-threatening disorders, are maternally inherited via the cytoplasm of oocytes. Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) is expected to prevent second-generation transmission of mtDNA mutations. However, MRT may affect the function of respiratory chain complexes comprised of both nuclear and mitochondrial proteins. METHODS Based on the literature and current regulatory guidelines (especially in Japan), we analyzed and reviewed the recent developments in human models of MRT. MAIN FINDINGS MRT does not compromise pre-implantation development or stem cell isolation. Mitochondrial function in stem cells after MRT is also normal. Although mtDNA carryover is usually less than 0.5%, even low levels of heteroplasmy can affect the stability of the mtDNA genotype, and directional or stochastic mtDNA drift occurs in a subset of stem cell lines (mtDNA genetic drift). MRT could prevent serious genetic disorders from being passed on to the offspring. However, it should be noted that this technique currently poses significant risks for use in embryos designed for implantation. CONCLUSION The maternal genome is fundamentally compatible with different mitochondrial genotypes, and vertical inheritance is not required for normal mitochondrial function. Unresolved questions regarding mtDNA genetic drift can be addressed by basic research using MRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Suguru Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Reina Ooka
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Akashi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Reproductive BiologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive BiologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Department of Reproductive BiologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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16
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Steffann J, Monnot S, Magen M, Assouline Z, Gigarel N, Ville Y, Salomon L, Bessiere B, Martinovic J, Rötig A, Bengoa J, Borghèse R, Munnich A, Barcia G, Bonnefont JP. A retrospective study on the efficacy of prenatal diagnosis for pregnancies at risk of mitochondrial DNA disorders. Genet Med 2020; 23:720-731. [PMID: 33303968 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-01043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prenatal diagnosis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders is challenging due to potential instability of fetal mutant loads and paucity of data connecting prenatal mutant loads to postnatal observations. Retrospective study of our prenatal cohort aims to examine the efficacy of prenatal diagnosis to improve counseling and reproductive options for those with pregnancies at risk of mtDNA disorders. METHODS We report on a retrospective review of 20 years of prenatal diagnosis of pathogenic mtDNA variants in 80 pregnant women and 120 fetuses. RESULTS Patients with undetectable pathogenic variants (n = 29) consistently had fetuses free of variants, while heteroplasmic women (n = 51) were very likely to transmit their variant (57/78 fetuses, 73%). In the latter case, 26 pregnancies were terminated because fetal mutant loads were >40%. Of the 84 children born, 27 were heteroplasmic (mutant load <65%). To date, no medical problems related to mitochondrial dysfunction have been reported. CONCLUSION Placental heterogeneity of mutant loads questioned the reliability of chorionic villous testing. Fetal mutant load stability, however, suggests the reliability of a single analysis of amniotic fluid at any stage of pregnancy for prenatal diagnosis of mtDNA disorders. Mutant loads under 40% reliably predict lack of symptoms in the progeny of heteroplasmic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Steffann
- Université de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. .,Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Monnot
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Magen
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Zahra Assouline
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Gigarel
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Yves Ville
- Université de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Service d'Obstétrique - Maternité, chirurgie médecine et imagerie fœtale, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Salomon
- Université de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Service d'Obstétrique - Maternité, chirurgie médecine et imagerie fœtale, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Bettina Bessiere
- Service d'histo-embryologie et fœtopathologie, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jelena Martinovic
- Unité de Foetopathologie, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, GHU Paris Saclay, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Agnès Rötig
- Université de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Joana Bengoa
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Roxana Borghèse
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Université de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Barcia
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bonnefont
- Université de Paris-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Groupe hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
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17
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Barcia G, Assouline Z, Magen M, Pennisi A, Rötig A, Munnich A, Bonnefont JP, Steffann J. Improving post-natal detection of mitochondrial DNA mutations. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:1003-1008. [PMID: 32902337 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1820326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, genetic testing of mitochondrial DNA mutations includes screening for single-nucleotide variants, several base pair insertions or deletions, large-scale deletions, or relative depletion of total mitochondrial DNA content. Within the last decade, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has resulted in remarkable advances in the field of mitochondrial diseases (MD) and has become a routine step of the diagnostic workup. AREAS COVERED We aimed to present an overview of current technologies employed in molecular diagnosis of mitochondrial DNA diseases. We report on the recent contributions of NGS testing to the diagnosis and understanding of MD. EXPERT OPINION The progress of NGS technologies allows the simultaneous detection of mutations and quantification of the heteroplasmy level, ensuring sensitivity and specificity requested for the detection of mitochondrial DNA point mutations. NGS protocols enabling the simultaneous analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA are now efficient and cost-saving approaches, and have become the gold-standard technique in diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Barcia
- Université de Paris et Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Reference Center for Mitochondrial Diseases (CARAMMEL), Groupe Hospitalier Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Zahra Assouline
- Université de Paris et Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Reference Center for Mitochondrial Diseases (CARAMMEL), Groupe Hospitalier Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Maryse Magen
- Université de Paris et Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Reference Center for Mitochondrial Diseases (CARAMMEL), Groupe Hospitalier Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pennisi
- Université de Paris et Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Reference Center for Mitochondrial Diseases (CARAMMEL), Groupe Hospitalier Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris, France.,Laboratory for Genetics of Mitochondrial Disorders, INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine , Paris, France
| | - Agnès Rötig
- Laboratory for Genetics of Mitochondrial Disorders, INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine , Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Université de Paris et Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Reference Center for Mitochondrial Diseases (CARAMMEL), Groupe Hospitalier Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris, France.,Laboratory for Genetics of Mitochondrial Disorders, INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine , Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bonnefont
- Université de Paris et Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Reference Center for Mitochondrial Diseases (CARAMMEL), Groupe Hospitalier Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris, France.,Laboratory for Genetics of Mitochondrial Disorders, INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine , Paris, France
| | - Julie Steffann
- Université de Paris et Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Reference Center for Mitochondrial Diseases (CARAMMEL), Groupe Hospitalier Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris, France.,Laboratory for Genetics of Mitochondrial Disorders, INSERM U1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine , Paris, France
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18
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Arbeithuber B, Hester J, Cremona MA, Stoler N, Zaidi A, Higgins B, Anthony K, Chiaromonte F, Diaz FJ, Makova KD. Age-related accumulation of de novo mitochondrial mutations in mammalian oocytes and somatic tissues. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000745. [PMID: 32667908 PMCID: PMC7363077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations create genetic variation for other evolutionary forces to operate on and cause numerous genetic diseases. Nevertheless, how de novo mutations arise remains poorly understood. Progress in the area is hindered by the fact that error rates of conventional sequencing technologies (1 in 100 or 1,000 base pairs) are several orders of magnitude higher than de novo mutation rates (1 in 10,000,000 or 100,000,000 base pairs per generation). Moreover, previous analyses of germline de novo mutations examined pedigrees (and not germ cells) and thus were likely affected by selection. Here, we applied highly accurate duplex sequencing to detect low-frequency, de novo mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) directly from oocytes and from somatic tissues (brain and muscle) of 36 mice from two independent pedigrees. We found mtDNA mutation frequencies 2- to 3-fold higher in 10-month-old than in 1-month-old mice, demonstrating mutation accumulation during the period of only 9 mo. Mutation frequencies and patterns differed between germline and somatic tissues and among mtDNA regions, suggestive of distinct mutagenesis mechanisms. Additionally, we discovered a more pronounced genetic drift of mitochondrial genetic variants in the germline of older versus younger mice, arguing for mtDNA turnover during oocyte meiotic arrest. Our study deciphered for the first time the intricacies of germline de novo mutagenesis using duplex sequencing directly in oocytes, which provided unprecedented resolution and minimized selection effects present in pedigree studies. Moreover, our work provides important information about the origins and accumulation of mutations with aging/maturation and has implications for delayed reproduction in modern human societies. Furthermore, the duplex sequencing method we optimized for single cells opens avenues for investigating low-frequency mutations in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Arbeithuber
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Hester
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marzia A. Cremona
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Stoler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arslan Zaidi
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Higgins
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kate Anthony
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Francesca Chiaromonte
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- EMbeDS, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francisco J. Diaz
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kateryna D. Makova
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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19
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Lawless C, Greaves L, Reeve AK, Turnbull DM, Vincent AE. The rise and rise of mitochondrial DNA mutations. Open Biol 2020; 10:200061. [PMID: 32428418 PMCID: PMC7276526 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How mitochondrial DNA mutations clonally expand in an individual cell is a question that has perplexed mitochondrial biologists for decades. A growing body of literature indicates that mitochondrial DNA mutations play a major role in ageing, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, neuromuscular disorders and cancers. Importantly, this process of clonal expansion occurs for both inherited and somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations. To complicate matters further there are fundamental differences between mitochondrial DNA point mutations and deletions, and between mitotic and post-mitotic cells, that impact this pathogenic process. These differences, along with the challenges of investigating a longitudinal process occurring over decades in humans, have so far hindered progress towards understanding clonal expansion. Here we summarize our current understanding of the clonal expansion of mitochondrial DNA mutations in different tissues and highlight key unanswered questions. We then discuss the various existing biological models, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we explore what has been achieved with mathematical modelling so far and suggest future work to advance this important area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Doug M. Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Amy E. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
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20
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Klucnika A, Ma H. A battle for transmission: the cooperative and selfish animal mitochondrial genomes. Open Biol 2020; 9:180267. [PMID: 30890027 PMCID: PMC6451365 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome is an evolutionarily persistent and cooperative component of metazoan cells that contributes to energy production and many other cellular processes. Despite sharing the same host as the nuclear genome, the multi-copy mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) follows very different rules of replication and transmission, which translate into differences in the patterns of selection. On one hand, mtDNA is dependent on the host for its transmission, so selections would favour genomes that boost organismal fitness. On the other hand, genetic heterogeneity within an individual allows different mitochondrial genomes to compete for transmission. This intra-organismal competition could select for the best replicator, which does not necessarily give the fittest organisms, resulting in mito-nuclear conflict. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and opposing forces governing mtDNA transmission and selection in bilaterians, and what the implications of these are for mtDNA evolution and mitochondrial replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klucnika
- 1 Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute , Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN , UK.,2 Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH , UK
| | - Hansong Ma
- 1 Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute , Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN , UK.,2 Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH , UK
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21
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Evolving mtDNA populations within cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1367-1382. [PMID: 31484687 PMCID: PMC6824680 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes vital respiratory machinery. Populations of mtDNA molecules exist in most eukaryotic cells, subject to replication, degradation, mutation, and other population processes. These processes affect the genetic makeup of cellular mtDNA populations, changing cell-to-cell distributions, means, and variances of mutant mtDNA load over time. As mtDNA mutant load has nonlinear effects on cell functionality, and cell functionality has nonlinear effects on tissue performance, these statistics of cellular mtDNA populations play vital roles in health, disease, and inheritance. This mini review will describe some of the better-known ways in which these populations change over time in different organisms, highlighting the importance of quantitatively understanding both mutant load mean and variance. Due to length constraints, we cannot attempt to be comprehensive but hope to provide useful links to some of the many excellent studies on these topics.
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22
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van den Ameele J, Li AY, Ma H, Chinnery PF. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy beyond the oocyte bottleneck. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 97:156-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Johnston IG. Varied Mechanisms and Models for the Varying Mitochondrial Bottleneck. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:294. [PMID: 31824946 PMCID: PMC6879659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules exist in populations within cells, and may carry mutations. Different cells within an organism, and organisms within a family, may have different proportions of mutant mtDNA in these cellular populations. This diversity is often thought of as arising from a “genetic bottleneck.” This article surveys approaches to characterize and model the generation of this genetic diversity, aiming to provide an introduction to the range of concepts involved, and to highlight some recent advances in understanding. In particular, differences between the statistical “genetic bottleneck” (mutant proportion spread) and the physical mtDNA bottleneck and other cellular processes are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the quantitative analysis of the “genetic bottleneck,” estimation of its magnitude from observed data, and inference of its underlying mechanisms. Evidence that the “genetic bottleneck” (mutant proportion spread) varies with age, between individuals and species, and across mtDNA sequences, is described. The interpretation issues that arise from sampling errors, selection, and different quantitative definitions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain G Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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24
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Poulton J, Steffann J, Burgstaller J, McFarland R. 243rd ENMC international workshop: Developing guidelines for management of reproductive options for families with maternally inherited mtDNA disease, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 22–24 March 2019. Neuromuscul Disord 2019; 29:725-733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Spangenberg L, Graña M, Mansilla S, Martínez J, Tapié A, Greif G, Montano N, Vaglio A, Gueçaimburú R, Robello C, Castro L, Quijano C, Raggio V, Naya H. Deep sequencing discovery of causal mtDNA mutations in a patient with unspecific neurological disease. Mitochondrion 2019; 46:337-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Otten ABC, Sallevelt SCEH, Carling PJ, Dreesen JCFM, Drüsedau M, Spierts S, Paulussen ADC, de Die-Smulders CEM, Herbert M, Chinnery PF, Samuels DC, Lindsey P, Smeets HJM. Mutation-specific effects in germline transmission of pathogenic mtDNA variants. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:1331-1341. [PMID: 29850888 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does germline selection (besides random genetic drift) play a role during the transmission of heteroplasmic pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in humans? SUMMARY ANSWER We conclude that inheritance of mtDNA is mutation-specific and governed by a combination of random genetic drift and negative and/or positive selection. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY mtDNA inherits maternally through a genetic bottleneck, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Although random genetic drift is recognized as an important mechanism, selection mechanisms are thought to play a role as well. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We determined the mtDNA mutation loads in 160 available oocytes, zygotes, and blastomeres of five carriers of the m.3243A>G mutation, one carrier of the m.8993T>G mutation, and one carrier of the m.14487T>C mutation. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Mutation loads were determined in PGD samples using PCR assays and analysed mathematically to test for random sampling effects. In addition, a meta-analysis has been performed on mutation load transmission data in the literature to confirm the results of the PGD samples. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE By applying the Kimura distribution, which assumes random mechanisms, we found that mtDNA segregations patterns could be explained by variable bottleneck sizes among all our carriers (moment estimates ranging from 10 to 145). Marked differences in the bottleneck size would determine the probability that a carrier produces offspring with mutations markedly different than her own. We investigated whether bottleneck sizes might also be influenced by non-random mechanisms. We noted a consistent absence of high mutation loads in all our m.3243A>G carriers, indicating non-random events. To test this, we fitted a standard and a truncated Kimura distribution to the m.3243A>G segregation data. A Kimura distribution truncated at 76.5% heteroplasmy has a significantly better fit (P-value = 0.005) than the standard Kimura distribution. For the m.8993T>G mutation, we suspect a skewed mutation load distribution in the offspring. To test this hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis on published blood mutation levels of offspring-mother (O-M) transmission for the m.3243A>G and m.8993T>G mutations. This analysis revealed some evidence that the O-M ratios for the m.8993T>G mutation are different from zero (P-value <0.001), while for the m.3243A>G mutation there was little evidence that the O-M ratios are non-zero. Lastly, for the m.14487T>G mutation, where the whole range of mutation loads was represented, we found no indications for selective events during its transmission. LARGE SCALE DATA All data are included in the Results section of this article. LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR CAUTION The availability of human material for the mutations is scarce, requiring additional samples to confirm our findings. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our data show that non-random mechanisms are involved during mtDNA segregation. We aimed to provide the mechanisms underlying these selection events. One explanation for selection against high m.3243A>G mutation loads could be, as previously reported, a pronounced oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) deficiency at high mutation loads, which prohibits oogenesis (e.g. progression through meiosis). No maximum mutation loads of the m.8993T>G mutation seem to exist, as the OXPHOS deficiency is less severe, even at levels close to 100%. In contrast, high mutation loads seem to be favoured, probably because they lead to an increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), a hallmark on which healthy mitochondria are being selected. This hypothesis could provide a possible explanation for the skewed segregation pattern observed. Our findings are corroborated by the segregation pattern of the m.14487T>C mutation, which does not affect OXPHOS and MMP significantly, and its transmission is therefore predominantly determined by random genetic drift. Our conclusion is that mutation-specific selection mechanisms occur during mtDNA inheritance, which has implications for PGD and mitochondrial replacement therapy. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work has been funded by GROW-School of Oncology and Developmental Biology. The authors declare no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auke B C Otten
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C E H Sallevelt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Phillippa J Carling
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield institute for translational neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joseph C F M Dreesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Drüsedau
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Spierts
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Aimee D C Paulussen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mary Herbert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Samuels
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Patrick Lindsey
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hubert J M Smeets
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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27
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Mitochondrial DNA copy number as a predictor of embryo viability. Fertil Steril 2019; 111:205-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Su T, Grady JP, Afshar S, McDonald SAC, Taylor RW, Turnbull DM, Greaves LC. Inherited pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations and gastrointestinal stem cell populations. J Pathol 2018; 246:427-432. [PMID: 30146801 PMCID: PMC6282723 DOI: 10.1002/path.5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations cause mitochondrial disease, but mtDNA mutations also occur somatically and accumulate during ageing. Studies have shown that the mutation load of some inherited mtDNA mutations decreases over time in blood, suggesting selection against the mutation. However, it is unknown whether such selection occurs in other mitotic tissues, and where it occurs within the tissue. Gastrointestinal epithelium is a canonical mitotic tissue rapidly renewed by stem cells. Intestinal crypts (epithelium) undergo monoclonal conversion with a single stem cell taking over the niche and producing progeny. We show: (1) that there is a significantly lower mtDNA mutation load in the mitotic epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract when compared to the smooth muscle in the same tissue in patients with the pathogenic m.3243A>G and m.8344A>G mutations; (2) that there is considerable variation seen in individual crypts, suggesting changes in the stem cell population; (3) that this lower mutation load is reflected in the absence of a defect in oxidative phosphorylation in the epithelium. This suggests that there is selection against inherited mtDNA mutations in the gastrointestinal stem cells that is in marked contrast to the somatic mtDNA mutations that accumulate with age in epithelial stem cells leading to a biochemical defect. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Su
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - John P Grady
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Sorena Afshar
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and VitalityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Stuart AC McDonald
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- LLHW Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, The Medical SchoolNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Laura C Greaves
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchInstitute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- LLHW Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, The Medical SchoolNewcastle upon TyneUK
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29
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Kuleva M, Ben Miled S, Steffann J, Bonnefont JP, Rondeau S, Ville Y, Munnich A, Salomon LJ. Increased incidence of obstetric complications in women carrying mitochondrial DNA mutations: a retrospective cohort study in a single tertiary centre. BJOG 2018; 126:1372-1379. [PMID: 30461153 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the obstetric outcome of women carriers of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disorder mutation. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study in a single tertiary centre. SETTING A review of the obstetric history of women referred for prenatal screening of a mitochondrial disorder was performed. POPULATION Women were divided into three groups: (1) women carrying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations; (2) healthy women with a family history of mtDNA-related OXPHOS disorder; and (3) healthy women carrying heterozygote nuclear DNA mutations. METHODS Obstetric history and pregnancy complications were evaluated separately in the three groups and compared with the control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS. RESULTS Seventy-five women were included with 287 cumulative pregnancies. Groups 1 and 3 had a significantly greater proportion of terminations of pregnancy (20 and 13% versus 0.8%, P < 0.001), and a lower percentage of live births (52 and 72% versus 87%, P = 0.001), compared with controls. Apart from this, the rate of obstetric complications in group 3 did not differ from the controls. The obstetric history of women in group 1 was marked by higher rates of early miscarriages (26 versus 11%, P = 0.004), gestational diabetes (14 versus 3%, P = 0.02), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR, 10 versus 1%, P = 0.008), and postpartum haemorrhage than were reported for controls (12 versus 2%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Women who are heteroplasmic for OXPHOS mutations have a higher incidence of pregnancy losses, gestational diabetes, IUGR, and post postpartum haemorrhage. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Women heteroplasmic for mitochondrial DNA mutations have a higher incidence of obstetric complications, compared with the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuleva
- Department of Obstetrics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - S Ben Miled
- Department of Obstetrics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - J Steffann
- Imagine Institute, UMR 1163, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - J P Bonnefont
- Imagine Institute, UMR 1163, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - S Rondeau
- Imagine Institute, UMR 1163, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Y Ville
- Department of Obstetrics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - A Munnich
- Imagine Institute, UMR 1163, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - L J Salomon
- Department of Obstetrics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
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30
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Poulton J, Finsterer J, Yu-Wai-Man P. Genetic Counselling for Maternally Inherited Mitochondrial Disorders. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 21:419-429. [PMID: 28536827 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-017-0279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to provide an evidence-based approach to frequently asked questions relating to the risk of transmitting a maternally inherited mitochondrial disorder (MID). We do not address disorders linked with disturbed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance, causing mtDNA depletion or multiple mtDNA deletions, as these are autosomally inherited. The review addresses questions regarding prognosis, recurrence risks and the strategies available to prevent disease transmission. The clinical and genetic complexity of maternally inherited MIDs represent a major challenge for patients, their relatives and health professionals. Since many of the genetic and pathophysiological aspects of MIDs remain unknown, counselling of affected patients and at-risk family members remains difficult. MtDNA mutations are maternally transmitted or, more rarely, they are sporadic, occurring de novo (~25%). Females carrying homoplasmic mtDNA mutations will transmit the mutant species to all of their offspring, who may or may not exhibit a similar phenotype depending on modifying, secondary factors. Females carrying heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations will transmit a variable amount of mutant mtDNA to their offspring, which can result in considerable phenotypic heterogeneity among siblings. The majority of mtDNA rearrangements, such as single large-scale deletions, are sporadic, but there is a small risk of recurrence (~4%) among the offspring of affected women. The range and suitability of reproductive choices for prospective mothers is a complex area of mitochondrial medicine that needs to be managed by experienced healthcare professionals as part of a multidisciplinary team. Genetic counselling is facilitated by the identification of the underlying causative genetic defect. To provide more precise genetic counselling, further research is needed to clarify the secondary factors that account for the variable penetrance and the often marked differential expressivity of pathogenic mtDNA mutations both within and between families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Josef Finsterer
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Postfach 20, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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31
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Craven L, Tang MX, Gorman GS, De Sutter P, Heindryckx B. Novel reproductive technologies to prevent mitochondrial disease. Hum Reprod Update 2018. [PMID: 28651360 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of nuclear transfer (NT) has been proposed as a novel reproductive treatment to overcome the transmission of maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Pathogenic mutations in mtDNA can cause a wide-spectrum of life-limiting disorders, collectively known as mtDNA disease, for which there are currently few effective treatments and no known cures. The many unique features of mtDNA make genetic counselling challenging for women harbouring pathogenic mtDNA mutations but reproductive options that involve medical intervention are available that will minimize the risk of mtDNA disease in their offspring. This includes PGD, which is currently offered as a clinical treatment but will not be suitable for all. The potential for NT to reduce transmission of mtDNA mutations has been demonstrated in both animal and human models, and has recently been clinically applied not only to prevent mtDNA disease but also for some infertility cases. In this review, we will interrogate the different NT techniques, including a discussion on the available safety and efficacy data of these technologies for mtDNA disease prevention. In addition, we appraise the evidence for the translational use of NT technologies in infertility. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE We propose to review the current scientific evidence regarding the clinical use of NT to prevent mitochondrial disease. SEARCH METHODS The scientific literature was investigated by searching PubMed database until Jan 2017. Relevant documents from Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority as well as reports from both the scientific and popular media were also implemented. The above searches were based on the following key words: 'mitochondria', 'mitochondrial DNA'; 'mitochondrial DNA disease', 'fertility'; 'preimplantation genetic diagnosis', 'nuclear transfer', 'mitochondrial replacement' and 'mitochondrial donation'. OUTCOMES While NT techniques have been shown to effectively reduce the transmission of heteroplasmic mtDNA variants in animal models, and increasing evidence supports their use to prevent the transmission of human mtDNA disease, the need for robust, long-term evaluation is still warranted. Moreover, prenatal screening would still be strongly advocated in combination with the use of these IVF-based technologies. Scientific evidence to support the use of NT and other novel reproductive techniques for infertility is currently lacking. WIDER IMPLICATIONS It is mandatory that any new ART treatments are first adequately assessed in both animal and human models before the cautious implementation of these new therapeutic approaches is clinically undertaken. There is growing evidence to suggest that the translation of these innovative technologies into clinical practice should be cautiously adopted only in highly selected patients. Indeed, given the limited safety and efficacy data, close monitoring of any offspring remains paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey Craven
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mao-Xing Tang
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gráinne S Gorman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Petra De Sutter
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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32
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Burr SP, Pezet M, Chinnery PF. Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy and Purifying Selection in the Mammalian Female Germ Line. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:21-32. [PMID: 29363102 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inherited mutations in the mitochondrial (mt)DNA are a major cause of human disease, with approximately 1 in 5000 people affected by one of the hundreds of identified pathogenic mtDNA point mutations or deletions. Due to the severe, and often untreatable, symptoms of many mitochondrial diseases, identifying how these mutations are inherited from one generation to the next has been an area of intense research in recent years. Despite large advances in our understanding of this complex process, many questions remain unanswered, with one of the most hotly debated being whether or not purifying selection acts against pathogenic mutations during germline development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Burr
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mikael Pezet
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Greenfield A, Braude P, Flinter F, Lovell-Badge R, Ogilvie C, Perry ACF. Assisted reproductive technologies to prevent human mitochondrial disease transmission. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:1059-1068. [PMID: 29121011 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential cytoplasmic organelles that generate energy (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation and mediate key cellular processes such as apoptosis. They are maternally inherited and in humans contain a 16,569-base-pair circular genome (mtDNA) encoding 37 genes required for oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations in mtDNA cause a range of pathologies, commonly affecting energy-demanding tissues such as muscle and brain. Because mitochondrial diseases are incurable, attention has focused on limiting the inheritance of pathogenic mtDNA by mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT). MRT aims to avoid pathogenic mtDNA transmission between generations by maternal spindle transfer, pronuclear transfer or polar body transfer: all involve the transfer of nuclear DNA from an egg or zygote containing defective mitochondria to a corresponding egg or zygote with normal mitochondria. Here we review recent developments in animal and human models of MRT and the underlying biology. These have led to potential clinical applications; we identify challenges to their technical refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Greenfield
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Peter Braude
- Division of Women's Health, King's College, London, UK
| | - Frances Flinter
- Clinical Genetics Department, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | | | - Caroline Ogilvie
- Genetics Department, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Division of Women's Health, King's College, London, UK
| | - Anthony C F Perry
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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34
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Steffann J, Bonnefont JP, Frydman N. [Nuclear transfer to prevent transmission of mtDNA disorders: where are we?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:642-645. [PMID: 28990567 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173306022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent birth from a mitochondrial DNA mutation carrier of a child, conceived after transfer in a donor oocyte of the meiotic spindle, taken from the maternal oocyte, revived the debate on the safety of these procedures. The doubts concern mainly the possibility of genetic reversion, the uncertainties about potential disturbances of the dialogue between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and the side effects of a heteroplasmic state induced by these techniques. The possibility to expand nuclear transfer applications to patients experiencing in vitro fertilization failure, urges us to answer these questions rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Steffann
- Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Imagine UMR 1163, et Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bonnefont
- Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Imagine UMR 1163, et Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Nelly Frydman
- AP-HP, Biologie de la Reproduction, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère Clamart, F-92140, France
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35
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Vachin P, Adda-Herzog E, Chalouhi G, Elie C, Rio M, Rondeau S, Gigarel N, Jabot Hanin F, Monnot S, Borghese R, Bengoa J, Ville Y, Rotig A, Munnich A, Bonnefont JP, Steffann J. Segregation of mitochondrial DNA mutations in the human placenta: implication for prenatal diagnosis of mtDNA disorders. J Med Genet 2017; 55:131-136. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders have a high clinical variability, mainly explained by variation of the mutant load across tissues. The high recurrence risk of these serious diseases commonly results in requests from at-risk couples for prenatal diagnosis (PND), based on determination of the mutant load on a chorionic villous sample (CVS). Such procedures are hampered by the lack of data regarding mtDNA segregation in the placenta.The objectives of this report were to determine whether mutant loads (1) are homogeneously distributed across the whole placentas, (2) correlate with those in amniocytes and cord blood cells and (3) correlate with the mtDNA copy number.MethodsWe collected 11 whole placentas carrying various mtDNA mutations (m.3243A>G, m.8344A>G, m.8993T>G, m.9185T>C and m.10197G>A) and, when possible, corresponding amniotic fluid samples (AFSs) and cord blood samples. We measured mutant loads in multiple samples from each placenta (n= 6–37), amniocytes and cord blood cells, as well as total mtDNA content in placenta samples.ResultsLoad distribution was homogeneous at the sample level when average mutant load was low (<20%) or high (>80%) at the whole placenta level. By contrast, a marked heterogeneity was observed (up to 43%) in the intermediate range (20%–80%), the closer it was to 40%–50% the mutant load, the wider the distribution. Mutant loads were found to be similar in amniocytes and cord blood cells, at variance with placenta samples. mtDNA content correlated to mutant load in m.3243A>G placentas only.ConclusionThese data indicate that (1) mutant load determined from CVS has to be interpreted with caution for PND of some mtDNA disorders and should be associated with/substituted by a mutant load measurement on amniocytes; (2) the m.3243A>G mutation behaves differently from other mtDNA mutations with respect to the impact on mtDNA copy number, as previously shown in human preimplantation embryogenesis.
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36
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Modulating mitochondrial quality in disease transmission: towards enabling mitochondrial DNA disease carriers to have healthy children. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1091-100. [PMID: 27528757 PMCID: PMC4984448 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One in 400 people has a maternally inherited mutation in mtDNA potentially causing incurable disease. In so-called heteroplasmic disease, mutant and normal mtDNA co-exist in the cells of carrier women. Disease severity depends on the proportion of inherited abnormal mtDNA molecules. Families who have had a child die of severe, maternally inherited mtDNA disease need reliable information on the risk of recurrence in future pregnancies. However, prenatal diagnosis and even estimates of risk are fraught with uncertainty because of the complex and stochastic dynamics of heteroplasmy. These complications include an mtDNA bottleneck, whereby hard-to-predict fluctuations in the proportions of mutant and normal mtDNA may arise between generations. In ‘mitochondrial replacement therapy’ (MRT), damaged mitochondria are replaced with healthy ones in early human development, using nuclear transfer. We are developing non-invasive alternatives, notably activating autophagy, a cellular quality control mechanism, in which damaged cellular components are engulfed by autophagosomes. This approach could be used in combination with MRT or with the regular management, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Mathematical theory, supported by recent experiments, suggests that this strategy may be fruitful in controlling heteroplasmy. Using mice that are transgenic for fluorescent LC3 (the hallmark of autophagy) we quantified autophagosomes in cleavage stage embryos. We confirmed that the autophagosome count peaks in four-cell embryos and this correlates with a drop in the mtDNA content of the whole embryo. This suggests removal by mitophagy (mitochondria-specific autophagy). We suggest that modulating heteroplasmy by activating mitophagy may be a useful complement to mitochondrial replacement therapy.
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Sallevelt SCEH, Dreesen JCFM, Coonen E, Paulussen ADC, Hellebrekers DMEI, de Die-Smulders CEM, Smeets HJM, Lindsey P. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for mitochondrial DNA mutations: analysis of one blastomere suffices. J Med Genet 2017; 54:693-697. [PMID: 28668821 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a reproductive strategy for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation carriers, strongly reducing their risk of affected offspring. Embryos either without the mutation or with mutation load below the phenotypic threshold are transferred to the uterus. Because of incidental heteroplasmy deviations in single blastomere and the relatively limited data available, we so far preferred relying on two blastomeres rather than one. Considering the negative effect of a two-blastomere biopsy protocol compared with a single-blastomere biopsy protocol on live birth delivery rate, we re-evaluated the error rate in our current dataset. METHODS For the m.3243A>G mutation, sufficient embryos/blastomeres were available for a powerful analysis. The diagnostic error rate, defined as a potential false-negative result, based on a threshold of 15%, was determined in 294 single blastomeres analysed in 73 embryos of 9 female m.3243A>G mutation carriers. RESULTS Only one out of 294 single blastomeres (0.34%) would have resulted in a false-negative diagnosis. False-positive diagnoses were not detected. CONCLUSION Our findings support a single-blastomere biopsy PGD protocol for the m.3243A>G mutation as the diagnostic error rate is very low. As in the early preimplantation embryo no mtDNA replication seems to occur and the mtDNA is divided randomly among the daughter cells, we conclude this result to be independent of the specific mutation and therefore applicable to all mtDNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C E H Sallevelt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph C F M Dreesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Research School for Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edith Coonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aimee D C Paulussen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Research School for Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby M E I Hellebrekers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine E M de Die-Smulders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Research School for Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert J M Smeets
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Research School for Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Lindsey
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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38
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Slone J, Zhang J, Huang T. Experience from the First Live-Birth Derived From Oocyte Nuclear Transfer as a Treatment Strategy for Mitochondrial Diseases. J Mol Genet Med 2017; 11. [PMID: 29118824 PMCID: PMC5673251 DOI: 10.4172/1747-0862.1000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Slone
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio-45229, USA
| | - J Zhang
- New Hope Fertility Center, 4 Columbus Circle, New York, NY10019, USA
| | - T Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio-45229, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondrial disease is a challenging area of genetics because two distinct genomes can contribute to disease pathogenesis. It is also challenging clinically because of the myriad of different symptoms and, until recently, a lack of a genetic diagnosis in many patients. The last five years has brought remarkable progress in this area. We provide a brief overview of mitochondrial origin, function, and biology, which are key to understanding the genetic basis of mitochondrial disease. However, the primary purpose of this review is to describe the recent advances related to the diagnosis, genetic basis, and prevention of mitochondrial disease, highlighting the newly described disease genes and the evolving methodologies aimed at preventing mitochondrial DNA disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey Craven
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom;
| | - Charlotte L Alston
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom;
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom;
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom;
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40
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Kang E, Wu J, Gutierrez NM, Koski A, Tippner-Hedges R, Agaronyan K, Platero-Luengo A, Martinez-Redondo P, Ma H, Lee Y, Hayama T, Van Dyken C, Wang X, Luo S, Ahmed R, Li Y, Ji D, Kayali R, Cinnioglu C, Olson S, Jensen J, Battaglia D, Lee D, Wu D, Huang T, Wolf DP, Temiakov D, Belmonte JCI, Amato P, Mitalipov S. Mitochondrial replacement in human oocytes carrying pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations. Nature 2016; 540:270-275. [PMID: 27919073 DOI: 10.1038/nature20592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternally inherited mitochondrial (mt)DNA mutations can cause fatal or severely debilitating syndromes in children, with disease severity dependent on the specific gene mutation and the ratio of mutant to wild-type mtDNA (heteroplasmy) in each cell and tissue. Pathogenic mtDNA mutations are relatively common, with an estimated 778 affected children born each year in the United States. Mitochondrial replacement therapies or techniques (MRT) circumventing mother-to-child mtDNA disease transmission involve replacement of oocyte maternal mtDNA. Here we report MRT outcomes in several families with common mtDNA syndromes. The mother's oocytes were of normal quality and mutation levels correlated with those in existing children. Efficient replacement of oocyte mutant mtDNA was performed by spindle transfer, resulting in embryos containing >99% donor mtDNA. Donor mtDNA was stably maintained in embryonic stem cells (ES cells) derived from most embryos. However, some ES cell lines demonstrated gradual loss of donor mtDNA and reversal to the maternal haplotype. In evaluating donor-to-maternal mtDNA interactions, it seems that compatibility relates to mtDNA replication efficiency rather than to mismatch or oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction. We identify a polymorphism within the conserved sequence box II region of the D-loop as a plausible cause of preferential replication of specific mtDNA haplotypes. In addition, some haplotypes confer proliferative and growth advantages to cells. Hence, we propose a matching paradigm for selecting compatible donor mtDNA for MRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kang
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Nuria Marti Gutierrez
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Amy Koski
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Rebecca Tippner-Hedges
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Karen Agaronyan
- Department of Cell Biology School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, New Jersey 08084, USA
| | - Aida Platero-Luengo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Paloma Martinez-Redondo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Yeonmi Lee
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Tomonari Hayama
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Crystal Van Dyken
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Xinjian Wang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Riffat Ahmed
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Dongmei Ji
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Reproductive Medical Centre, Anhui Medical University, No 218, Jixi Rd, Shushan District, Heifei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Refik Kayali
- IviGen Los Angeles, 406 Amapola Avenue, Suite 215, Torrance, California 90501, USA
| | - Cengiz Cinnioglu
- IviGen Los Angeles, 406 Amapola Avenue, Suite 215, Torrance, California 90501, USA
| | - Susan Olson
- Research Cytogenetics Laboratory, Oregon Health &Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey Jensen
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - David Battaglia
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - David Lee
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Diana Wu
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Don P Wolf
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | - Dmitry Temiakov
- Department of Cell Biology School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, New Jersey 08084, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Paula Amato
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Division of Reproductive &Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.,Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health &Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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41
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Evolution of Cell-to-Cell Variability in Stochastic, Controlled, Heteroplasmic mtDNA Populations. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:1150-1162. [PMID: 27843124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of physiologically vital mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules evolve in cells under control from the nucleus. The evolution of populations of mixed mtDNA types is complicated and poorly understood, and variability of these controlled admixtures plays a central role in the inheritance and onset of genetic disease. Here, we develop a mathematical theory describing the evolution of, and variability in, these stochastic populations for any type of cellular control, showing that cell-to-cell variability in mtDNA and mutant load inevitably increases with time, according to rates that we derive and which are notably independent of the mechanistic details of feedback signaling. We show with a set of experimental case studies that this theory explains disparate quantitative results from classical and modern experimental and computational research on heteroplasmy variance in different species. We demonstrate that our general model provides a host of specific insights, including a modification of the often-used but hard-to-interpret Wright formula to correspond directly to biological observables, the ability to quantify selective and mutational pressure in mtDNA populations, and characterization of the pronounced variability inevitably arising from the action of possible mtDNA quality-control mechanisms. Our general theoretical framework, supported by existing experimental results, thus helps us to understand and predict the evolution of stochastic mtDNA populations in cell biology.
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42
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Røyrvik EC, Burgstaller JP, Johnston IG. mtDNA diversity in human populations highlights the merit of haplotype matching in gene therapies. Mol Hum Reprod 2016; 22:809-817. [PMID: 27609757 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity in modern human populations potentially pose a challenge, via mtDNA segregation, to mitochondrial replacement therapies? SUMMARY ANSWER The magnitude of mtDNA diversity in modern human populations is as high as in mammalian model systems where strong mtDNA segregation is observed; consideration of haplotype pairs and/or haplotype matching can help avoid these potentially deleterious effects. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In mammalian models, substantial proliferative differences are observed between different mtDNA haplotypes in cellular admixtures, with larger proliferative differences arising from more diverse haplotype pairings. If maternal mtDNA is 'carried over' in human gene therapies, these proliferative differences could lead to its amplification in the resulting offspring, potentially leading to manifestation of the disease that the therapy was designed to avoid-but existing studies have not investigated whether mtDNA diversity in modern human populations is sufficient to permit significant amplification. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This theoretical study used over 7500 human mtDNA sequences from The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a range of international and British mtDNA surveys, and 2011 census data. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A stochastic simulation approach was used to model random haplotype pairings from within different regions. In total, 1000 simulated pairings were analysed using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) for each region. Previous data from mouse models were used to estimate proliferative differences. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Even within the same haplogroup, differences of around 20-80 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are common between mtDNAs admixed in random pairings. These values are sufficient to lead to substantial segregation in mouse models over an organismal lifetime, even given low starting heteroplasmy, inducing increases from 5% to 35% over 1 year. Substantial population mixing in modern UK cities increases the expected genetic differences. Hence, the likely genetic differences between humans randomly sampled from a population may well allow substantial amplification of a disease-carrying mtDNA haplotype over the timescale of a human lifetime. We report ranges and mean differences for all statistics to quantify uncertainty in our results. LIMITATIONS/REASONS FOR CAUTION The mapping from mouse and other mammalian models to the human system is challenging, as timescales and mechanisms may differ. Reporting biases in NCBI mtDNA data, if present, may affect the statistics we compute. We discuss the robustness of our findings in the light of these concerns. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Matching the mtDNA haplotypes of the mother and third-party donor in mitochondrial replacement therapies is supported as a means of ameliorating the potentially deleterious results of human mtDNA diversity. We present a chart of expected SNP differences between mtDNA haplogroups, allowing the selection of optimal partners for therapies. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors report no external funding sources or conflicts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Røyrvik
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - J P Burgstaller
- Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, 3430 Tulln, Austria.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna , Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - I G Johnston
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Spangenberg L, Graña M, Greif G, Suarez-Rivero JM, Krysztal K, Tapié A, Boidi M, Fraga V, Lemes A, Gueçaimburú R, Cerisola A, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Robello C, Raggio V, Naya H. 3697G>A in MT-ND1 is a causative mutation in mitochondrial disease. Mitochondrion 2016; 28:54-9. [PMID: 27017994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of clinically heterogeneous disorders that can be difficult to diagnose. We report a two and a half year old girl with clinical symptoms compatible with Leigh disease but with no definitive diagnosis. Using next generation sequencing we found that mutation 3697G>A was responsible for the patient's clinical symptoms. Corroboration was performed via segregation analysis in mother and sister and by evolutionary analysis that showed that the mutation is located in a highly conserved region across a wide range of species. Functional analyses corroborated the mutation effect and indicated that the pathophysiological alterations were partially restored by Coenzyme Q10. In addition, we proposed that the presence of the mutation at high frequencies causes the phenotype in the patient, while other family members with intermediate levels of heteroplasmy are symptoms-free.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martín Graña
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Juan M Suarez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/Junta de Andalucía, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Krysztal
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad ORT Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra Tapié
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Boidi
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Aída Lemes
- Instituto de Genética Médica, Hospital Italiano, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/Junta de Andalucía, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Victor Raggio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Naya
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Engelstad K, Sklerov M, Kriger J, Sanford A, Grier J, Ash D, Egli D, DiMauro S, Thompson JLP, Sauer MV, Hirano M. Attitudes toward prevention of mtDNA-related diseases through oocyte mitochondrial replacement therapy. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1058-65. [PMID: 26936885 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Among women who carry pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations and healthy oocyte donors, what are the levels of support for developing oocyte mitochondrial replacement therapy (OMRT) to prevent transmission of mtDNA mutations? SUMMARY ANSWER The majority of mtDNA carriers and oocyte donors support the development of OMRT techniques to prevent transmission of mtDNA diseases. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Point mutations of mtDNA cause a variety of maternally inherited human diseases that are frequently disabling and often fatal. Recent developments in (OMRT) as well as pronuclear transfer between embryos offer new potential options to prevent transmission of mtDNA disease. However, it is unclear whether the non-scientific community will approve of embryos that contain DNA from three people. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Between 1 June 2012 through 12 February 2015, we administered surveys in cross-sectional studies of 92 female carriers of mtDNA point mutations and 112 healthy oocyte donors. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The OMRT carrier survey was completed by 92 female carriers of an mtDNA point mutation. Carriers were recruited through the North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium (NAMDC), the United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation (UMDF), patient support groups, research and private patients followed at the Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) and patients' referrals of maternal relatives. The OMRT donor survey was completed by 112 women who had donated oocytes through a major ITALIC! in vitro fertilization clinic. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE All carriers surveyed were aware that they could transmit the mutation to their offspring, with 78% (35/45) of women, who were of childbearing age, indicating that the risk was sufficient to consider not having children, and 95% (87/92) of all carriers designating that the development of this technique was important and worthwhile. Of the 21 surveyed female carriers considering childbearing, 20 (95%) considered having their own biological offspring somewhat or very important and 16 of the 21 respondents (76%) were willing to donate oocytes for research and development. Of 112 healthy oocyte donors who completed the OMRT donor survey, 97 (87%) indicated that they would donate oocytes for generating a viable embryo through OMRT. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Many of the participants were either patients or relatives of patients who were already enrolled in a research-oriented database, or who sought care in a tertiary research university setting, indicating a potential sampling bias. The survey was administered to a select group of individuals, who carry, or are at risk for carrying, mtDNA point mutations. These individuals are more likely to have been affected by the mutation or have witnessed first-hand the devastating effects of these mutations. It has not been established whether the general public would be supportive of this work. This survey did not explicitly address alternatives to OMRT. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study indicating a high level of interest in the development of these methods among women affected by the diseases or who are at risk of carrying mtDNA mutations as well as willingness of most donors to provide oocytes for the development of OMRT. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was conducted under the auspices of the NAMDC (Study Protocol 7404). NAMDC (U54NS078059) is part of the NCATS Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN). RDCRN is an initiative of the Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR) and NCATS. NAMDC is funded through a collaboration between NCATS, NINDS, NICHD and NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. The work was also supported by the Bernard and Anne Spitzer Fund and the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF). Dr Hirano has received research support from Santhera Pharmaceuticals and Edison Pharmaceuticals for studies unrelated to this work. None of the other authors have conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Engelstad
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Miriam Sklerov
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joshua Kriger
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexandra Sanford
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Johnston Grier
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Ash
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John L P Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark V Sauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Li M, Rothwell R, Vermaat M, Wachsmuth M, Schröder R, Laros JFJ, van Oven M, de Bakker PIW, Bovenberg JA, van Duijn CM, van Ommen GJB, Slagboom PE, Swertz MA, Wijmenga C, Kayser M, Boomsma DI, Zöllner S, de Knijff P, Stoneking M. Transmission of human mtDNA heteroplasmy in the Genome of the Netherlands families: support for a variable-size bottleneck. Genome Res 2016; 26:417-26. [PMID: 26916109 PMCID: PMC4817766 DOI: 10.1101/gr.203216.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have documented a bottleneck in the transmission of mtDNA genomes from mothers to offspring, several aspects remain unclear, including the size and nature of the bottleneck. Here, we analyze the dynamics of mtDNA heteroplasmy transmission in the Genomes of the Netherlands (GoNL) data, which consists of complete mtDNA genome sequences from 228 trios, eight dizygotic (DZ) twin quartets, and 10 monozygotic (MZ) twin quartets. Using a minor allele frequency (MAF) threshold of 2%, we identified 189 heteroplasmies in the trio mothers, of which 59% were transmitted to offspring, and 159 heteroplasmies in the trio offspring, of which 70% were inherited from the mothers. MZ twin pairs exhibited greater similarity in MAF at heteroplasmic sites than DZ twin pairs, suggesting that the heteroplasmy MAF in the oocyte is the major determinant of the heteroplasmy MAF in the offspring. We used a likelihood method to estimate the effective number of mtDNA genomes transmitted to offspring under different bottleneck models; a variable bottleneck size model provided the best fit to the data, with an estimated mean of nine individual mtDNA genomes transmitted. We also found evidence for negative selection during transmission against novel heteroplasmies (in which the minor allele has never been observed in polymorphism data). These novel heteroplasmies are enhanced for tRNA and rRNA genes, and mutations associated with mtDNA diseases frequently occur in these genes. Our results thus suggest that the female germ line is able to recognize and select against deleterious heteroplasmies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Li
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Fondation Mérieux, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Rebecca Rothwell
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Martijn Vermaat
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Manja Wachsmuth
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Schröder
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeroen F J Laros
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Mannis van Oven
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper A Bovenberg
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Legal Pathways Institute for Health and Bio Law, Aerdenhout 2111, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan B van Ommen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Genomics Coordination Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Method of carrier-free delivery of therapeutic RNA importable into human mitochondria: Lipophilic conjugates with cleavable bonds. Biomaterials 2016; 76:408-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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de Laat P, Fleuren LHJ, Bekker MN, Smeitink JAM, Janssen MCH. Obstetric complications in carriers of the m.3243A>G mutation, a retrospective cohort study on maternal and fetal outcome. Mitochondrion 2015; 25:98-103. [PMID: 26455484 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mitochondrial DNA m.3243A>G mutation is the most prevalent mutation causing mitochondrial disease in adult patients. Aside from some case reports, there are no studies on obstetric complications in a cohort of m.3243A>G carriers. We aimed to identify the prevalence of obstetric complications in a cohort of women carrying the m.3243A>G mutation. METHODS All female carriers of the m.3243A>G mutation known from our previous national inventory were sent a questionnaire regarding their obstetric history. Data were compared to national references. Data from the national inventory, including NMDAS (disease severity) scores and heteroplasmy levels in urinary epithelial cells (UEC) were used to stratify women. RESULTS Sixty women participated, the mean age was 47 years (range 20-70), mean NMDAS was 14.6 (range 0-46), and mean heteroplasmy percentage in UEC was 19.9% (range 5-85%). Ninety-eight pregnancies in 46 women were reported. Twenty-three (25.3%) had a premature delivery and five of them (5.5%) had a gestation of ≤ 32 weeks and eleven of the women (12%) suffered from preeclampsia. No different heteroplasmy level was found in the women with preeclampsia. Nine pregnancies (11%) were complicated by gestational diabetes. DISCUSSION Obstetric complications occur frequently in carriers of the m.3243A>G mutation. Proper guidance during pregnancies and early detection of possible obstetric complications are needed. As techniques to prevent transmission of mitochondrial mutations are studied it is important to know the possible complications patients may experience from the ensuing pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul de Laat
- Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Leanne H J Fleuren
- Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille N Bekker
- Radboudumc, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirian C H Janssen
- Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc, Department of Internal Medicine, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lightowlers RN, Taylor RW, Turnbull DM. Mutations causing mitochondrial disease: What is new and what challenges remain? Science 2015; 349:1494-9. [PMID: 26404827 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac7516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are among the most common and most complex of all inherited genetic diseases. The involvement of both the mitochondrial and nuclear genome presents unique challenges, but despite this there have been some remarkable advances in our knowledge of mitochondrial diseases over the past few years. A greater understanding of mitochondrial genetics has led to improved diagnosis as well as novel ways to prevent transmission of severe mitochondrial disease. These and other advances have had a major impact on patient care, but considerable challenges remain, particularly in the areas of therapies for those patients manifesting clinical symptoms associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the tissue specificity seen in many mitochondrial disorders. This review highlights some important recent advances in mitochondrial disease but also stresses the areas where progress is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Lightowlers
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Smeets HJ, Sallevelt SC, Dreesen JC, de Die-Smulders CE, de Coo IF. Preventing the transmission of mitochondrial DNA disorders using prenatal or preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1350:29-36. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert J.M. Smeets
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht the Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C.E.H. Sallevelt
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht the Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Jos C.F.M. Dreesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Christine E.M. de Die-Smulders
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht the Netherlands
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Irenaeus F.M. de Coo
- Department of Neurology; Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital; Rotterdam the Netherlands
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50
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Johnston IG, Burgstaller JP, Havlicek V, Kolbe T, Rülicke T, Brem G, Poulton J, Jones NS. Stochastic modelling, Bayesian inference, and new in vivo measurements elucidate the debated mtDNA bottleneck mechanism. eLife 2015; 4:e07464. [PMID: 26035426 PMCID: PMC4486817 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dangerous damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be ameliorated during mammalian development through a highly debated mechanism called the mtDNA bottleneck. Uncertainty surrounding this process limits our ability to address inherited mtDNA diseases. We produce a new, physically motivated, generalisable theoretical model for mtDNA populations during development, allowing the first statistical comparison of proposed bottleneck mechanisms. Using approximate Bayesian computation and mouse data, we find most statistical support for a combination of binomial partitioning of mtDNAs at cell divisions and random mtDNA turnover, meaning that the debated exact magnitude of mtDNA copy number depletion is flexible. New experimental measurements from a wild-derived mtDNA pairing in mice confirm the theoretical predictions of this model. We analytically solve a mathematical description of this mechanism, computing probabilities of mtDNA disease onset, efficacy of clinical sampling strategies, and effects of potential dynamic interventions, thus developing a quantitative and experimentally-supported stochastic theory of the bottleneck. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07464.001 Mitochondria are structures that provide vital sources of energy in our cells. DNA contained within mitochondria encodes important mitochondrial machinery, and most human cells contain hundreds or thousands of mitochondrial DNA molecules in addition to the DNA that is stored in the nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mothers via the egg, and the details of this inheritance are poorly understood. This question is important because inherited mistakes in mitochondrial DNA can have detrimental consequences on health, with links to fatal diseases and many other conditions. An unfertilised egg cell contains many copies of mitochondrial DNA molecules; some may have mutations and some may not. After fertilisation, the egg divides, the number of cells in the developing embryo increases, and the number of mitochondrial DNA molecules per cell changes. If the original egg cell contained defective mitochondrial DNA, some of these new cells end up containing more defective copies than others, leading to cell-to-cell differences in the developing embryo. This potentially allows cells with the greatest number of defective mitochondria to be eliminated. The increase in this cell-to-cell variability is called ‘bottlenecking’, and its mechanism remains highly debated. Johnston et al. have now used tools from maths, statistics and new experiments to address this debate, in the light of several studies that measured the mitochondrial DNA content in developing mice. This approach allowed a new theoretical model of mitochondrial DNA during the growth of an organism to be produced, which encompasses a wide range of existing theories and allows them to be compared. This model starts from the viewpoint that the hundreds or thousands of mitochondrial DNA molecules in a cell can be thought of as a population undergoing random ‘birth’ and ‘death’, and it allows the first statistical comparison of the many proposed bottleneck mechanisms. Johnston et al. find support for two ways that cells segregate mitochondria as they multiply, and show that the decrease in the number of mitochondrial DNA molecules during bottlenecking is flexible. This reconciles a debate amongst previous studies. These findings are confirmed using new experimental data from mice, which are genetically distinct from existing studies, illustrating the generality of the model's findings. Furthermore, an analytic mathematical description that describes in detail how bottlenecking might work is produced. Finally, Johnston et al. provide examples using this new theoretical model to suggest therapeutic strategies for diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations. Future work will need to test these suggestions, and link mathematical understanding of mitochondria with healthcare data. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07464.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain G Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg P Burgstaller
- Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, IFA Tulln, Tulln, Austria
| | - Vitezslav Havlicek
- Reproduction Centre Wieselburg, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Kolbe
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jo Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick S Jones
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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