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Galatolo D, Rocchiccioli S, Di Giorgi N, Dal Canto F, Signore G, Morani F, Ceccherini E, Doccini S, Santorelli FM. Proteomics and lipidomic analysis reveal dysregulated pathways associated with loss of sacsin. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1375299. [PMID: 38911600 PMCID: PMC11191878 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1375299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a rare incurable neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the SACS gene, which codes for sacsin, a large protein involved in protein homeostasis, mitochondrial function, cytoskeletal dynamics, autophagy, cell adhesion and vesicle trafficking. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying sacsin dysfunction are still largely uncharacterized, and so attempts to develop therapies are still in the early stages. Methods To achieve further understanding of how processes are altered by loss of sacsin, we used untargeted proteomics to compare protein profiles in ARSACS fibroblasts versus controls. Results Our analyses confirmed the involvement of known biological pathways and also implicated calcium and lipid homeostasis in ARSACS skin fibroblasts, a finding further verified in SH-SY5Y SACS -/- cells. Validation through mass spectrometry-based analysis and comparative quantification of lipids by LC-MS in fibroblasts revealed increased levels of ceramides coupled with a reduction of diacylglycerols. Discussion In addition to confirming aberrant Ca2+ homeostasis in ARSACS, this study described abnormal lipid levels associated with loss of sacsin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Signore
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Morani
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Ceccherini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Doccini
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
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2
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Perna L, Castelli M, Frasnetti E, Romano LEL, Colombo G, Prodromou C, Chapple JP. AlphaFold predicted structure of the Hsp90-like domains of the neurodegeneration linked protein sacsin reveals key residues for ATPase activity. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1074714. [PMID: 36710881 PMCID: PMC9880540 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1074714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ataxia-linked protein sacsin has three regions of partial homology to Hsp90's N-terminal ATP binding domain. Although a crystal structure for this Hsp90-like domain has been reported the precise molecular interactions required for ATP-binding and hydrolysis are unclear and it is debatable whether ATP biding is compatible with these domains. Furthermore, the Identification of a sacsin domain(s) equivalent to the middle domain of Hsp90 has been elusive. Here we present the superimposition of an AlphaFold structure of sacsin with yeast Hsp90, which provides novel insights into sacsin's structure. We identify residues within the sacsin Hsp90-like domains that are required for ATP binding and hydrolysis, including the putative catalytic arginine residues equivalent to that of the Hsp90 middle domain. Importantly, our analysis allows comparison of the Hsp90 middle domain with corresponding sacsin regions and identifies a shorter lid segment, in the sacsin ATP-binding domains, than the one found in the N-terminal domain of Hsp90. Our results show how a realignment of residues in the lid segment of sacsin that are involved in ATP binding can better match equivalent residues seen in Hsp90, which we then corroborated using molecular dynamic simulations. We speculate, from a structural viewpoint, why some ATP competitive inhibitors of Hsp90 may not bind sacsin, while others would. Together our analysis supports the hypothesis that sacsin's function is ATP-driven and would be consistent with it having a role as a super molecular chaperone. We propose that the SR1 regions of sacsin be renamed as HSP-NRD (Hsp90 N-Terminal Repeat Domain; residues 84-324) and the fragment immediately after as HSP-MRD (Hsp90 Middle Repeat Domain; residues 325-518).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Perna
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lisa E. L. Romano
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chrisostomos Prodromou
- Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: J. Paul Chapple, ; Chrisostomos Prodromou,
| | - J. Paul Chapple
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: J. Paul Chapple, ; Chrisostomos Prodromou,
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The J Domain of Sacsin Disrupts Intermediate Filament Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415742. [PMID: 36555380 PMCID: PMC9779362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of the Charlevoix Saguenay (ARSACS) is caused by mutation in the SACS gene resulting in loss of function of the protein sacsin. A key feature is the formation of abnormal bundles of neurofilaments (NF) in neurons and vimentin intermediate filaments (IF) in cultured fibroblasts, suggesting a role of sacsin in IF homeostasis. Sacsin contains a J domain (SacsJ) homologous to Hsp40, that can interact with Hsp70 chaperones. The SacsJ domain resolved NF bundles in cultured Sacs-/- neurons. Having studied the mechanism using NF assembled in vitro from purified NF proteins, we report that the SacsJ domain interacts with NF proteins to disassemble NFL filaments, and to inhibit their initial assembly. A cell-penetrating peptide derived from this domain, SacsJ-myc-TAT was efficient in disassembling NF bundles in cultured Sacs-/- motor neurons, restoring the NF network; however, there was some loss of vimentin IF and NF in cultured Sacs+/+ fibroblasts and motor neurons, respectively. These results suggest that sacsin through its SacsJ domain is a key regulator of NF and vimentin IF networks in cells.
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Aly KA, Moutaoufik MT, Zilocchi M, Phanse S, Babu M. Insights into SACS pathological attributes in autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS)☆. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 71:102211. [PMID: 36126381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a rare early-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the SACS gene, encoding Sacsin. Initial functional annotation of Sacsin was based on sequence homology, with subsequent experiments revealing the Sacsin requirement for regulating mitochondrial dynamics, along with its domains involved in promoting neurofilament assembly or resolving their bundling accumulations. ARSACS phenotypes associated with SACS loss-of-function are discussed, and how advancements in ARSACS disease models and quantitative omics approaches can improve our understanding of ARSACS pathological attributes. Lastly in the perspectives section, we address gene correction strategies for monogenic disorders such as ARSACS, along with their common delivery methods, representing a hopeful area for ARSACS therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A Aly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Mara Zilocchi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sadhna Phanse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Francis V, Alshafie W, Kumar R, Girard M, Brais B, McPherson PS. The ARSACS disease protein sacsin controls lysosomal positioning and reformation by regulating microtubule dynamics. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102320. [PMID: 35933016 PMCID: PMC9437860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay is a fatal brain disorder featuring cerebellar neurodegeneration leading to spasticity and ataxia. This disease is caused by mutations in the SACS gene that encodes sacsin, a massive 4579-amino acid protein with multiple modular domains. However, molecular details of the function of sacsin are not clear. Here, using live cell imaging and biochemistry, we demonstrate that sacsin binds to microtubules and regulates microtubule dynamics. Loss of sacsin function in various cell types, including knockdown and KO primary neurons and patient fibroblasts, leads to alterations in lysosomal transport, positioning, function, and reformation following autophagy. Each of these phenotypic changes is consistent with altered microtubule dynamics. We further show the effects of sacsin are mediated at least in part through interactions with JIP3, an adapter for microtubule motors. These data reveal a new function for sacsin that explains its previously reported roles and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Francis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Walaa Alshafie
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martine Girard
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Morani F, Doccini S, Galatolo D, Pezzini F, Soliymani R, Simonati A, Lalowski MM, Gemignani F, Santorelli FM. Integrative Organelle-Based Functional Proteomics: In Silico Prediction of Impaired Functional Annotations in SACS KO Cell Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081024. [PMID: 35892334 PMCID: PMC9331974 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by early-onset spasticity in the lower limbs, axonal-demyelinating sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, and cerebellar ataxia. Our understanding of ARSACS (genetic basis, protein function, and disease mechanisms) remains partial. The integrative use of organelle-based quantitative proteomics and whole-genome analysis proposed in the present study allowed identifying the affected disease-specific pathways, upstream regulators, and biological functions related to ARSACS, which exemplify a rationale for the development of improved early diagnostic strategies and alternative treatment options in this rare condition that currently lacks a cure. Our integrated results strengthen the evidence for disease-specific defects related to bioenergetics and protein quality control systems and reinforce the role of dysregulated cytoskeletal organization in the pathogenesis of ARSACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Morani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Stefano Doccini
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit—IRCCS Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniele Galatolo
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit—IRCCS Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.); (D.G.)
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy; (F.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (R.S.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy; (F.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Maciej M. Lalowski
- HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (R.S.); (M.M.L.)
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, PAS, Department of Biomedical Proteomics, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Federica Gemignani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Filippo M. Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit—IRCCS Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-886311
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Bagaria J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. Genetics of Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) and Role of Sacsin in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:552. [PMID: 35008978 PMCID: PMC8745260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is an early-onset neurodegenerative disease that was originally discovered in the population from the Charlevoix-Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (CSLSJ) region in Quebec. Although the disease progression of ARSACS may start in early childhood, cases with later onset have also been observed. Spasticity and ataxia could be common phenotypes, and retinal optic nerve hypermyelination is detected in the majority of patients. Other symptoms, such as pes cavus, ataxia and limb deformities, are also frequently observed in affected individuals. More than 200 mutations have been discovered in the SACS gene around the world. Besides French Canadians, SACS genetics have been extensively studied in Tunisia or Japan. Recently, emerging studies discovered SACS mutations in several other countries. SACS mutations could be associated with pathogenicity either in the homozygous or compound heterozygous stages. Sacsin has been confirmed to be involved in chaperon activities, controlling the microtubule balance or cell migration. Additionally, sacsin may also play a crucial role in regulating the mitochondrial functions. Through these mechanisms, it may share common mechanisms with other neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are needed to define the exact functions of sacsin. This review introduces the genetic mutations discovered in the SACS gene and discusses its pathomechanisms and its possible involvement in other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Bagaria
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
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Hsp90 Inhibition: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for ARSACS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111722. [PMID: 34769152 PMCID: PMC8584178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the SACS gene, encoding the 520 kDa modular protein sacsin, which comprises multiple functional sequence domains that suggest a role either as a scaffold in protein folding or in proteostasis. Cells from patients with ARSACS display a distinct phenotype including altered organisation of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton and a hyperfused mitochondrial network where mitochondrial respiration is compromised. Here, we used vimentin bundling as a biomarker of sacsin function to test the therapeutic potential of Hsp90 inhibition with the C-terminal-domain-targeted compound KU-32, which has demonstrated mitochondrial activity. This study shows that ARSACS patient cells have significantly increased vimentin bundling compared to control, and this was also present in ARSACS carriers despite them being asymptomatic. We found that KU-32 treatment significantly reduced vimentin bundling in carrier and patient cells. We also found that cells from patients with ARSACS were unable to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential upon challenge with mitotoxins, and that the electron transport chain function was restored upon KU-32 treatment. Our preliminary findings presented here suggest that targeting the heat-shock response by Hsp90 inhibition alleviates vimentin bundling and may represent a promising area for the development of therapeutics for ARSACS.
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Longo F, De Ritis D, Miluzio A, Fraticelli D, Baets J, Scarlato M, Santorelli FM, Biffo S, Maltecca F. Assessment of Sacsin Turnover in Patients With ARSACS: Implications for Molecular Diagnosis and Pathogenesis. Neurology 2021; 97:e2315-e2327. [PMID: 34649874 PMCID: PMC8665432 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is caused by variations in SACS gene encoding sacsin, a huge multimodular protein of unknown function. More than 200 SACS variations have been described worldwide to date. Because ARSACS presents phenotypic variability, previous empirical studies attempted to correlate the nature and position of SACS variations with the age at onset or with disease severity, although not considering the effect of the various variations on protein stability. In this work, we studied genotype-phenotype correlation in ARSACS at a functional level. Methods We analyzed a large set of skin fibroblasts derived from patients with ARSACS, including both new and already published cases, carrying variations of different types affecting diverse domains of the protein. Results We found that sacsin is almost absent in patients with ARSACS, regardless of the nature of the variation. As expected, we did not detect sacsin in patients with truncating variations. We found it strikingly reduced or absent also in compound heterozygotes carrying diverse missense variations. In this case, we excluded SACS mRNA decay, defective translation, or faster posttranslational degradation as possible causes of protein reduction. Conversely, our results demonstrate that nascent mutant sacsin protein undergoes cotranslational ubiquitination and degradation. Discussion Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for the lack of genotype-phenotype correlation in ARSACS. We also propose a new and unambiguous criterion for ARSACS diagnosis that is based on the evaluation of sacsin level. Last, we identified preemptive degradation of a mutant protein as a novel cause of a human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Longo
- Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Neurodegeneration Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele De Ritis
- Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Neurodegeneration Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Annarita Miluzio
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, INGM, "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Fraticelli
- Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Neurodegeneration Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marina Scarlato
- Department of Neurology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Biffo
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, INGM, "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Maltecca
- Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Neurodegeneration Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy .,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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10
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Efficient Neuroprotective Rescue of Sacsin-Related Disease Phenotypes in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168401. [PMID: 34445111 PMCID: PMC8395086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a multisystem hereditary ataxia associated with mutations in SACS, which encodes sacsin, a protein of still only partially understood function. Although mouse models of ARSACS mimic largely the disease progression seen in humans, their use in the validation of effective therapies has not yet been proposed. Recently, the teleost Danio rerio has attracted increasing attention as a vertebrate model that allows rapid and economical screening, of candidate molecules, and thus combines the advantages of whole-organism phenotypic assays and in vitro high-throughput screening assays. Through CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis, we generated and characterized a zebrafish sacs-null mutant line that replicates the main features of ARSACS. The sacs-null fish showed motor impairment, hindbrain atrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species accumulation. As proof of principle for using these mutant fish in high-throughput screening studies, we showed that both acetyl-DL-leucine and tauroursodeoxycholic acid improved locomotor and biochemical phenotypes in sacs−/− larvae treated with these neuroprotective agents, by mediating significant rescue of the molecular functions altered by sacsin loss. Taken together, the evidence here reported shows the zebrafish to be a valuable model organism for the identification of novel molecular mechanisms and for efficient and rapid in vivo optimization and screening of potential therapeutic compounds. These findings may pave the way for new interventions targeting the earliest phases of Purkinje cell degeneration in ARSACS.
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Xiromerisiou G, Dadouli K, Marogianni C, Provatas A, Ntellas P, Rikos D, Stathis P, Georgouli D, Loules G, Zamanakou M, Hadjigeorgiou GM. A novel homozygous SACS mutation identified by whole exome sequencing-genotype phenotype correlations of all published cases. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:131-141. [PMID: 31701440 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ARSACS is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by ataxia, spasticity, and polyneuropathy. A plethora of worldwide distributed mutations have been described so far. Here, we report two brothers, born to non-consanguineous parents, presenting with cerebellar ataxia and peripheral neuropathy. Whole-exome sequencing revealed the presence of a novel homozygous variant in the SACS gene. The variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing and found at heterozygous state in both parents. This is the first reported mutation in this gene, in Greek population. This case report further highlights the growing trend of identifying genetic diseases previously restricted to single, ethnically isolated regions in many different ethnic groups worldwide. Additionally, we performed a systematic review of all published cases with SACs mutations. ARSACS seems to be an important cause of ataxia and many different types of mutations have been identified, mainly located in exon 10. We evaluated the mutation pathogenicity in all previously reported cases to investigate possible phenotype-genotype correlations. We managed to find a correlation between the pathogenicity of mutations, severity of the phenotype, and age of onset of ARSACS. Greater mutation numbers in different populations will be important and mutation-specific functional studies will be essential to identify the pathogenicity of the various ARSACS variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Katerina Dadouli
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Marogianni
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonios Provatas
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Ntellas
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Rikos
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Pantelis Stathis
- Department of Neurology, Mediterraneo Hospital, Glyfada, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Georgouli
- Department of Neurology, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | | | | | - Georgios M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Larivière R, Sgarioto N, Márquez BT, Gaudet R, Choquet K, McKinney RA, Watt AJ, Brais B. Sacs R272C missense homozygous mice develop an ataxia phenotype. Mol Brain 2019; 12:19. [PMID: 30866998 PMCID: PMC6416858 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS [MIM 270550]) is an early-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the SACS gene. Over 200 SACS mutations have been identified. Most mutations lead to a complete loss of a sacsin, a large 520 kD protein, although some missense mutations are associated with low levels of sacsin expression. We previously showed that Sacs knock-out mice demonstrate early-onset ataxic phenotype with neurofilament bundling in many neuronal populations. To determine if the preservation of some mutated sacsin protein resulted in the same cellular and behavioral alterations, we generated mice expressing an R272C missense mutation, a homozygote mutation found in some affected patients. Though SacsR272C mice express 21% of wild type brain sacsin and sacsin is found in many neurons, they display similar abnormalities to Sacs knock-out mice, including the development of an ataxic phenotype, reduced Purkinje cell firing rates, and somatodendritic neurofilament bundles in Purkinje cells and other neurons. Together our results support that Sacs missense mutation largely lead to loss of sacsin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Larivière
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Room 622, 3801, University Street, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Sgarioto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Room 622, 3801, University Street, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Rébecca Gaudet
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Room 622, 3801, University Street, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Karine Choquet
- Department of Human Genetics, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - R Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Alanna J Watt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Room 622, 3801, University Street, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Ricca I, Morani F, Bacci GM, Nesti C, Caputo R, Tessa A, Santorelli FM. Clinical and molecular studies in two new cases of ARSACS. Neurogenetics 2019; 20:45-49. [PMID: 30680480 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-019-00564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the association of spastic ataxia and sensorimotor neuropathy. Additional features include retinal changes and cognitive impairment. Today, next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques are allowing the rapid identification of a growing number of missense variants, even in less typical forms of the disease, but the pathogenic significance of these changes is often difficult to establish on the basis of classic bioinformatics criteria and genotype/phenotype correlations. Herein, we describe two novel cases of missense mutations in SACS. The two individuals were identified during the genetic screening of a large cohort of patients with inherited ataxias. We discuss how protein studies and specialized ophthalmological investigations could represent useful pointers for the interpretation of genetic data. Combination of these tools with NGS for rapid genotyping might help to identify new true ARSACS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ricca
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, via dei Giacinti 2 Calambrone, 56128, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Morani
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, via dei Giacinti 2 Calambrone, 56128, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Maria Bacci
- Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Nesti
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, via dei Giacinti 2 Calambrone, 56128, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Caputo
- Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tessa
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, via dei Giacinti 2 Calambrone, 56128, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, via dei Giacinti 2 Calambrone, 56128, Pisa, Italy.
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14
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Gentil BJ, Lai GT, Menade M, Larivière R, Minotti S, Gehring K, Chapple JP, Brais B, Durham HD. Sacsin, mutated in the ataxia ARSACS, regulates intermediate filament assembly and dynamics. FASEB J 2018; 33:2982-2994. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801556r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit J. Gentil
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Gia-Thanh Lai
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Marie Menade
- Department of BiochemistryGroupe de Recherche axé sur la Structure des ProtéinesMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Roxanne Larivière
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of MotionMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Sandra Minotti
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of BiochemistryGroupe de Recherche axé sur la Structure des ProtéinesMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - J.-Paul Chapple
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Bernard Brais
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of MotionMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Heather D. Durham
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMontreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
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15
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Ménade M, Kozlov G, Trempe JF, Pande H, Shenker S, Wickremasinghe S, Li X, Hojjat H, Dicaire MJ, Brais B, McPherson PS, Wong MJH, Young JC, Gehring K. Structures of ubiquitin-like (Ubl) and Hsp90-like domains of sacsin provide insight into pathological mutations. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12832-12842. [PMID: 29945973 PMCID: PMC6102131 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a neurodegenerative disease that is caused by mutations in the SACS gene. The product of this gene is a very large 520-kDa cytoplasmic protein, sacsin, with a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain at the N terminus followed by three large sacsin internal repeat (SIRPT) supradomains and C-terminal J and HEPN domains. The SIRPTs are predicted to contain Hsp90-like domains, suggesting a potential chaperone activity. In this work, we report the structures of the Hsp90-like Sr1 domain of SIRPT1 and the N-terminal Ubl domain determined at 1.55- and 2.1-Å resolutions, respectively. The Ubl domain crystallized as a swapped dimer that could be relevant in the context of full-length protein. The Sr1 domain displays the Bergerat protein fold with a characteristic nucleotide-binding pocket, although it binds nucleotides with very low affinity. The Sr1 structure reveals that ARSACS-causing missense mutations (R272H, R272C, and T201K) disrupt protein folding, most likely leading to sacsin degradation. This work lends structural support to the view of sacsin as a molecular chaperone and provides a framework for future studies of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ménade
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Harshit Pande
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Solomon Shenker
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Sihara Wickremasinghe
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Xinlu Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Hamed Hojjat
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Marie-Josée Dicaire
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Peter S. McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Michael J. H. Wong
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Jason C. Young
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and
| | - Kalle Gehring
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada and , To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Rm. 473, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada. Tel.:
514-398-7287; E-mail:
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16
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Bradshaw TY, Romano LEL, Duncan EJ, Nethisinghe S, Abeti R, Michael GJ, Giunti P, Vermeer S, Chapple JP. A reduction in Drp1-mediated fission compromises mitochondrial health in autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix Saguenay. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3232-3244. [PMID: 27288452 PMCID: PMC5179924 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative disease autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix Saguenay (ARSACS) is caused by loss of function of sacsin, a modular protein that is required for normal mitochondrial network organization. To further understand cellular consequences of loss of sacsin, we performed microarray analyses in sacsin knockdown cells and ARSACS patient fibroblasts. This identified altered transcript levels for oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress genes. These changes in mitochondrial gene networks were validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Functional impairment of oxidative phosphorylation was then demonstrated by comparison of mitochondria bioenergetics through extracellular flux analyses. Moreover, staining with the mitochondrial-specific fluorescent probe MitoSox suggested increased levels of superoxide in patient cells with reduced levels of sacsin.Key to maintaining mitochondrial health is mitochondrial fission, which facilitates the dynamic exchange of mitochondrial components and separates damaged parts of the mitochondrial network for selective elimination by mitophagy. Fission is dependent on dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), which is recruited to prospective sites of division where it mediates scission. In sacsin knockdown cells and ARSACS fibroblasts, we observed a decreased incidence of mitochondrial associated Drp1 foci. This phenotype persists even when fission is induced by drug treatment. Mitochondrial-associated Drp1 foci are also smaller in sacsin knockdown cells and ARSACS fibroblasts. These data suggest a model for ARSACS where neurons with reduced levels of sacsin are compromised in their ability to recruit or retain Drp1 at the mitochondrial membrane leading to a decline in mitochondrial health, potentially through impaired mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teisha Y Bradshaw
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa E L Romano
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Duncan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Suran Nethisinghe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rosella Abeti
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory J Michael
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Giunti
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Vermeer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Paul Chapple
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Pilliod J, Moutton S, Lavie J, Maurat E, Hubert C, Bellance N, Anheim M, Forlani S, Mochel F, N'Guyen K, Thauvin-Robinet C, Verny C, Milea D, Lesca G, Koenig M, Rodriguez D, Houcinat N, Van-Gils J, Durand CM, Guichet A, Barth M, Bonneau D, Convers P, Maillart E, Guyant-Marechal L, Hannequin D, Fromager G, Afenjar A, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Valence S, Charles P, Berquin P, Rooryck C, Bouron J, Brice A, Lacombe D, Rossignol R, Stevanin G, Benard G, Burglen L, Durr A, Goizet C, Coupry I. New practical definitions for the diagnosis of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:871-86. [PMID: 26288984 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is caused by mutations in the SACS gene. SACS encodes sacsin, a protein whose function remains unknown, despite the description of numerous protein domains and the recent focus on its potential role in the regulation of mitochondrial physiology. This study aimed to identify new mutations in a large population of ataxic patients and to functionally analyze their cellular effects in the mitochondrial compartment. METHODS A total of 321 index patients with spastic ataxia selected from the SPATAX network were analyzed by direct sequencing of the SACS gene, and 156 patients from the ATAXIC project presenting with congenital ataxia were investigated either by targeted or whole exome sequencing. For functional analyses, primary cultures of fibroblasts were obtained from 11 patients carrying either mono- or biallelic variants, including 1 case harboring a large deletion encompassing the entire SACS gene. RESULTS We identified biallelic SACS variants in 33 patients from SPATAX, and in 5 nonprogressive ataxia patients from ATAXIC. Moreover, a drastic and recurrent alteration of the mitochondrial network was observed in 10 of the 11 patients tested. INTERPRETATION Our results permit extension of the clinical and mutational spectrum of ARSACS patients. Moreover, we suggest that the observed mitochondrial network anomalies could be used as a trait biomarker for the diagnosis of ARSACS when SACS molecular results are difficult to interpret (ie, missense variants and heterozygous truncating variant). Based on our findings, we propose new diagnostic definitions for ARSACS using clinical, genetic, and cellular criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pilliod
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Lavie
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elise Maurat
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Hubert
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadège Bellance
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Neurology Service, Strasbourg University Hospitals, Strasbourg, France.,Molecular Cell Biology Genetics Institute, INSERM U964/CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Sylvie Forlani
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Mochel
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Karine N'Guyen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Christophe Verny
- Nantes Angers le Mans University and Neurology Service, CNRS UMR6214, INSERM U1083, University Hospital Center, Angers, France
| | - Dan Milea
- Ophthalmology Service, Angers University Hospital Center, Angers, France and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gaëtan Lesca
- Genetics Service, Lyon University Hospital Center, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Koenig
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, INSERM U827, Montpellier Regional University Hospital Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- Rare Diseases Reference Center "Defects and Congenital Diseases of the Cerebellum," Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Robert Debré Hospital, INSERM U1141, Paris, France.,Genetics Service, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nada Houcinat
- Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Van-Gils
- Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christelle M Durand
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Agnès Guichet
- Neuropediatrics Service, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Barth
- Neuropediatrics Service, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Neuropediatrics Service, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Convers
- Nantes Angers le Mans University and Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital Center, Angers, France
| | - Elisabeth Maillart
- Clinical Neurophysiology Service, Saint-Étienne University Hospital Center, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Lucie Guyant-Marechal
- Neurology Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Neurology Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Rare Diseases Reference Center "Defects and Congenital Diseases of the Cerebellum," Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Neurologist, Caen, France
| | - Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud
- Rare Diseases Reference Center "Defects and Congenital Diseases of the Cerebellum," Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Neurologist, Caen, France
| | - Stéphanie Valence
- Rare Diseases Reference Center "Defects and Congenital Diseases of the Cerebellum," Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Genetics Service, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Charles
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Berquin
- Amiens University Hospital Center, Pediatric Neurology Activity Center, Amiens, France
| | - Caroline Rooryck
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Bouron
- Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Practical School of Higher Studies, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Benard
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Rare Diseases Reference Center "Defects and Congenital Diseases of the Cerebellum," Armand Trousseau Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Robert Debré Hospital, INSERM U1141, Paris, France.,Neurologist, Caen, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Genetics Service, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris, France.,Brain and Spinal Cord Institute, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universities-Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Medical Genetics Service, Pellegrin University Hospital Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Coupry
- Rare Diseases Laboratory: Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Li X, Ménade M, Kozlov G, Hu Z, Dai Z, McPherson PS, Brais B, Gehring K. High-Throughput Screening for Ligands of the HEPN Domain of Sacsin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137298. [PMID: 26366743 PMCID: PMC4569058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sacsin is a large protein implicated in the neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS), which features the loss of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum. Although the domain architecture of sacsin suggests that it is a neuronal chaperone assisting in protein quality control, the precise function of sacsin remains elusive. Using fluorescence polarization (FP) assays, we confirmed that the HEPN domain of sacsin binds to nucleotides with low micromolar affinities. FP competition assays with a variety of nucleotides and nucleotide analogs revealed that the binding is primarily mediated by the phosphate groups of nucleotides. A high-throughput screen subsequently identified novel small molecule ligands of HEPN, providing new chemical probes for cell culture studies and drug development. Together, the results are consistent with the HEPN domain contributing to the functional activity of sacsin by binding to nucleotides or other multiply charged anionic compounds in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche axé sur la structure des protéines, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie Ménade
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche axé sur la structure des protéines, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche axé sur la structure des protéines, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zheping Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche axé sur la structure des protéines, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zheng Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche axé sur la structure des protéines, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter S. McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche axé sur la structure des protéines, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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19
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Li X, Gehring K. Structural studies of parkin and sacsin: Mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1610-9. [PMID: 26359782 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are prevalent, chronic diseases emanating from the dysfunction or death of neurons. The disrupted mitochondrial dynamics observed in a large number of neurodegenerative diseases suggests a common etiology with the possibility of therapies targeting multiple diseases. This review highlights the contributions of structural studies of disease-related proteins to the understanding of neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis and especially the cellular events leading to disruptions in mitochondrial dynamics and function. The examples used are parkin and sacsin, two proteins linked respectively to autosomal-recessive early-onset PD and autosomal-recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay. Structural studies of parkin and sacsin explain the pathogenicity of a large number of disease-associated mutations and reveal insights into their cellular functions related to mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de recherche axé sur la structure des protéines, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry and Groupe de recherche axé sur la structure des protéines, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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20
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Blumkin L, Bradshaw T, Michelson M, Kopler T, Dahari D, Lerman-Sagie T, Lev D, Chapple JP, Leshinsky-Silver E. Molecular and functional studies of retinal degeneration as a clinical presentation of SACS-related disorder. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2015; 19:472-6. [PMID: 25819952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ARSACS (autosomal-recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by SACS gene mutations and characterized by a triad of symptoms: early-onset cerebellar ataxia, spasticity and peripheral neuropathy. A characteristic retinal nerve fiber hypertrophy has been reported in several individuals with ARSACS. METHODS We describe a patient with a unique clinical presentation of ataxia, nystagmus, dysarthria, hearing impairment, and retinal degeneration. Whole-exome-sequencing was performed as well as morphological studies in the patient's fibroblasts. RESULTS A compound heterozygosity for a novel D3269N and N2380K mutations in the SACS gene was found. The parents are carriers. Morphological studies revealed a dramatic decrease in the number of cell mitochondria as well as a difference in mitochondrial network morphology. CONCLUSIONS Retinal degeneration has never been reported in ARSACS. Since sacsin is involved in the mitochondrial fusion-fission process, we speculate that defected fission process may be responsible for an impaired mitochondrial function and retinal degeneration. Our patient has a unique clinical presentation of SACS mutations inconsistent with the classic ARSACS triad but also different from the "atypical" presentations described in the literature. Further studies are necessary to clarify the factors that modify the SACS related phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubov Blumkin
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Metabolic-Neurogenetic Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Teisha Bradshaw
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marina Michelson
- Metabolic-Neurogenetic Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Institute of Medical Genetics, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Kopler
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | | | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Metabolic-Neurogenetic Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dorit Lev
- Metabolic-Neurogenetic Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Institute of Medical Genetics, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - J Paul Chapple
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Esther Leshinsky-Silver
- Metabolic-Neurogenetic Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Toldot Genetics Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Duncan EJ, Cheetham ME, Chapple JP, van der Spuy J. The role of HSP70 and its co-chaperones in protein misfolding, aggregation and disease. Subcell Biochem 2015; 78:243-73. [PMID: 25487025 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11731-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones and their associated co-chaperones are essential in health and disease as they are key facilitators of protein folding, quality control and function. In particular, the HSP70 molecular chaperone networks have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases caused by aberrant protein folding. The pathogenesis of these disorders usually includes the formation of deposits of misfolded, aggregated protein. HSP70 and its co-chaperones have been recognised as potent modulators of inclusion formation and cell survival in cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative disease. In has become evident that the HSP70 chaperone machine functions not only in folding, but also in proteasome mediated degradation of neurodegenerative disease proteins. Thus, there has been a great deal of interest in the potential manipulation of molecular chaperones as a therapeutic approach for many neurodegenerations. Furthermore, mutations in several HSP70 co-chaperones and putative co-chaperones have been identified as causing inherited neurodegenerative and cardiac disorders, directly linking the HSP70 chaperone system to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Duncan
- Molecular Endocrinology Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charter House Square, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK,
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22
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Muona M, Berkovic SF, Dibbens LM, Oliver KL, Maljevic S, Bayly MA, Joensuu T, Canafoglia L, Franceschetti S, Michelucci R, Markkinen S, Heron SE, Hildebrand MS, Andermann E, Andermann F, Gambardella A, Tinuper P, Licchetta L, Scheffer IE, Criscuolo C, Filla A, Ferlazzo E, Ahmad J, Ahmad A, Baykan B, Said E, Topcu M, Riguzzi P, King MD, Ozkara C, Andrade DM, Engelsen BA, Crespel A, Lindenau M, Lohmann E, Saletti V, Massano J, Privitera M, Espay AJ, Kauffmann B, Duchowny M, Møller RS, Straussberg R, Afawi Z, Ben-Zeev B, Samocha KE, Daly MJ, Petrou S, Lerche H, Palotie A, Lehesjoki AE. A recurrent de novo mutation in KCNC1 causes progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Nat Genet 2014; 47:39-46. [PMID: 25401298 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs) are a group of rare, inherited disorders manifesting with action myoclonus, tonic-clonic seizures and ataxia. We sequenced the exomes of 84 unrelated individuals with PME of unknown cause and molecularly solved 26 cases (31%). Remarkably, a recurrent de novo mutation, c.959G>A (p.Arg320His), in KCNC1 was identified as a new major cause for PME. Eleven unrelated exome-sequenced (13%) and two affected individuals in a secondary cohort (7%) had this mutation. KCNC1 encodes KV3.1, a subunit of the KV3 voltage-gated potassium ion channels, which are major determinants of high-frequency neuronal firing. Functional analysis of the Arg320His mutant channel showed a dominant-negative loss-of-function effect. Ten cases had pathogenic mutations in known PME-associated genes (NEU1, NHLRC1, AFG3L2, EPM2A, CLN6 and SERPINI1). Identification of mutations in PRNP, SACS and TBC1D24 expand their phenotypic spectra to PME. These findings provide insights into the molecular genetic basis of PME and show the role of de novo mutations in this disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Muona
- 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [4] Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne M Dibbens
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen L Oliver
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Snezana Maljevic
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marta A Bayly
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tarja Joensuu
- 1] Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Canafoglia
- Department of Neurophysiopathology, C. Besta Foundation Neurological Institute, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- Department of Neurophysiopathology, C. Besta Foundation Neurological Institute, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salla Markkinen
- 1] Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah E Heron
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael S Hildebrand
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Andermann
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederick Andermann
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Paolo Tinuper
- 1] Neurology Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy. [2] Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Licchetta
- 1] Neurology Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy. [2] Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- 1] Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia. [2] Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [3] Department of Pediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Edoardo Ferlazzo
- 1] Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy. [2] Regional Epilepsy Center, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Betul Baykan
- 1] Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. [2] Epilepsy Center (EPIMER), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edith Said
- 1] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. [2] Section of Medical Genetics, Mater dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Meral Topcu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Patrizia Riguzzi
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mary D King
- 1] Department of Neurology, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. [2] Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cigdem Ozkara
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Danielle M Andrade
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Neurosciences Program, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernt A Engelsen
- 1] Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. [2] Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Matthias Lindenau
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Epilepsy Center Hamburg-Alsterdorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- 1] Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Epilepsy Center Hamburg-Alsterdorf, Hamburg, Germany. [2] Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. [3] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Veronica Saletti
- Developmental Neurology Unit, C. Besta Foundation Neurological Institute, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - João Massano
- 1] Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal. [2] Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael Privitera
- Epilepsy Center, University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Gardner Center for Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Michael Duchowny
- 1] Brain Institute, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rikke S Møller
- 1] Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark. [2] Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rachel Straussberg
- 1] Neurogenetic Clinic, Child Neurology Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tiqvah, Israel. [2] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Zaid Afawi
- 1] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel. [2] Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Bruria Ben-Zeev
- 1] Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel. [2] Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Kaitlin E Samocha
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Program in Genetics and Genomics, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven Petrou
- 1] Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aarno Palotie
- 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [5] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK. [6] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [7] Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- 1] Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Masciullo M, Silvestri G, Modoni A, Tessa A, Bianchi M, Santorelli F. Do not jump to easy conclusions! Lessons from pitfall in the molecular diagnosis of ARSACS. Clin Genet 2013; 86:396-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Masciullo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana; Rome Italy
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology; Catholic University of Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - G. Silvestri
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology; Catholic University of Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - A. Modoni
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology; Catholic University of Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - A. Tessa
- Molecular Medicine and Neurodegenerative Diseases; IRCCS Stella Maris; Pisa Italy
| | - M.L.E. Bianchi
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology; Catholic University of Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - F.M. Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine and Neurodegenerative Diseases; IRCCS Stella Maris; Pisa Italy
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