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Habicher J, Varshney GK, Waldmann L, Snitting D, Allalou A, Zhang H, Ghanem A, Öhman Mägi C, Dierker T, Kjellén L, Burgess SM, Ledin J. Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate glycosyltransferase genes are essential for craniofacial development. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010067. [PMID: 35192612 PMCID: PMC8896900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans are indispensable for animal development and homeostasis but the large number of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis have made CS/DS function a challenging problem to study genetically. In our study, we generated loss-of-function alleles in zebrafish genes encoding CS/DS biosynthetic enzymes and characterized the effect on development in single and double mutants. Homozygous mutants in chsy1, csgalnact1a, csgalnat2, chpfa, ust and chst7, respectively, develop to adults. However, csgalnact1a-/- fish develop distinct craniofacial defects while the chsy1-/- skeletal phenotype is milder and the remaining mutants display no gross morphological abnormalities. These results suggest a high redundancy for the CS/DS biosynthetic enzymes and to further reduce CS/DS biosynthesis we combined mutant alleles. The craniofacial phenotype is further enhanced in csgalnact1a-/-;chsy1-/- adults and csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- larvae. While csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- was the most affected allele combination in our study, CS/DS is still not completely abolished. Transcriptome analysis of chsy1-/-, csgalnact1a-/-and csgalnact1a-/-;csgalnact2-/- larvae revealed that the expression had changed in a similar way in the three mutant lines but no differential expression was found in any of fifty GAG biosynthesis enzymes identified. Thus, zebrafish larvae do not increase transcription of GAG biosynthesis genes as a consequence of decreased CS/DS biosynthesis. The new zebrafish lines develop phenotypes similar to clinical characteristics of several human congenital disorders making the mutants potentially useful to study disease mechanisms and treatment. The components of the extracellular matrix are crucial for interactions and communication between cells during animal development and disease progression. One major component of the extracellular matrix is chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans, which support and modify cell functions and tissue homeostasis. The biosynthesis of CS/DS is complex and no genetic models have been developed to specifically reduce CS/DS in the zebrafish model organism. We have used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out key CS/DS biosynthesis genes. We find that knocking out single genes rarely causes major effects on zebrafish morphology and viability, but by combining several knockout alleles we could observe malformations in the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton. In addition, one combination of alleles was embryonic lethal. Our findings describe the role of CS/DS in the development of the head skeleton and give insights in the regulation of genes involved in CS/DS biosynthesis. The zebrafish mutants generated in this study can be used as tools to further study human diseases caused by mutations in CS/DS biosynthesis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Habicher
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- * E-mail: (JH); (JL)
| | - Gaurav K. Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Laura Waldmann
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Snitting
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amin Allalou
- Department of Information Technology, and SciLifeLab BioImage Informatics Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanqing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Medical Genetics and Genomics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abdurrahman Ghanem
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Öhman Mägi
- Department for Engineering Sciences, Applied Materials Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department for Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shawn M. Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (JH); (JL)
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Hellicar J, Stevenson NL, Stephens DJ, Lowe M. Supply chain logistics - the role of the Golgi complex in extracellular matrix production and maintenance. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:273996. [PMID: 35023559 PMCID: PMC8767278 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical and biochemical properties of connective tissues are determined by the composition and quality of their extracellular matrix. This, in turn, is highly dependent on the function and organisation of the secretory pathway. The Golgi complex plays a vital role in directing matrix output by co-ordinating the post-translational modification and proteolytic processing of matrix components prior to their secretion. These modifications have broad impacts on the secretion and subsequent assembly of matrix components, as well as their function in the extracellular environment. In this Review, we highlight the role of the Golgi in the formation of an adaptable, healthy matrix, with a focus on proteoglycan and procollagen secretion as example cargoes. We then discuss the impact of Golgi dysfunction on connective tissue in the context of human disease and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hellicar
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673
| | - Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Congenital Disorders of Deficiency in Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:717535. [PMID: 34539746 PMCID: PMC8446454 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.717535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans, which are distributed at the cell surface as well as in the extracellular matrix. Proteoglycans and GAGs have been demonstrated to exhibit a variety of physiological functions such as construction of the extracellular matrix, tissue development, and cell signaling through interactions with extracellular matrix components, morphogens, cytokines, and growth factors. Not only connective tissue disorders including skeletal dysplasia, chondrodysplasia, multiple exostoses, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, but also heart and kidney defects, immune deficiencies, and neurological abnormalities have been shown to be caused by defects in GAGs as well as core proteins of proteoglycans. These findings indicate that GAGs and proteoglycans are essential for human development in major organs. The glycobiological aspects of congenital disorders caused by defects in GAG-biosynthetic enzymes including specific glysocyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases, in addition to core proteins of proteoglycans will be comprehensively discussed based on the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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Lipiński P, Stępień KM, Ciara E, Tylki-Szymańska A, Jezela-Stanek A. Skeletal and Bone Mineral Density Features, Genetic Profile in Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation: Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081438. [PMID: 34441372 PMCID: PMC8391432 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders with impaired glycosylation of proteins and lipids. These conditions have multisystemic clinical manifestations, resulting in gradually progressive complications including skeletal involvement and reduced bone mineral density. Contrary to PMM2-CDG, all remaining CDG, including ALG12-CDG, ALG3-CDG, ALG9-CDG, ALG6-CDG, PGM3-CDG, CSGALNACT1-CDG, SLC35D1-CDG and TMEM-165, are characterized by well-defined skeletal dysplasia. In some of them, prenatal-onset severe skeletal dysplasia is observed associated with early death. Osteoporosis or osteopenia are frequently observed in all CDG types and are more pronounced in adults. Hormonal dysfunction, limited mobility and inadequate diet are common risk factors for reduced bone mineral density. Skeletal involvement in CDGs is underestimated and, thus, should always be carefully investigated and managed to prevent fractures and chronic pain. With the advent of new therapeutic developments for CDGs, the severity of skeletal complications may be reduced. This review focuses on possible mechanisms of skeletal manifestations, risk factors for osteoporosis, and bone markers in reported paediatric and adult CDG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Lipiński
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina M. Stępień
- Adult Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK;
| | - Elżbieta Ciara
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Tylki-Szymańska
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland;
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Kai Y, Yoneyama H, Yoshikawa M, Kimura H, Muro S. Chondroitin sulfate in tissue remodeling: Therapeutic implications for pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Investig 2021; 59:576-588. [PMID: 34176780 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, while idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by dysregulated tissue repair and remodeling. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, and antifibrotic drugs, like pirfenidone and nintedanib, are used in IPF therapy. However, their limited effects suggest that single mediators are inadequate to control IPF. Therefore, therapies targeting the multifactorial cascades that regulate tissue remodeling in fibrosis could provide alternate solutions. ECM molecules have been shown to modulate various biological functions beyond tissue structure support and thus, could be developed into novel therapeutic targets for modulating tissue remodeling. Among ECM molecules, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are linear polysaccharides consisting of repeated disaccharides, which regulate cell-matrix interactions. Chondroitin sulfate (CS), one of the major GAGs, binds to multifactorial mediators in the ECM and reportedly participates in tissue remodeling in various diseases; however, to date, its biological functions have drawn considerably less attention than other GAGs, like heparan sulfate. In the present review, we discuss the involvement and regulation of CS in tissue remodeling and pulmonary fibrotic diseases, its role in pulmonary fibrosis, and the therapeutic approaches targeting CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Kai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Minami-Nara General Medical Center, 8-1 Fukugami, Oyodo-cho, Yoshino-gun, Nara, 638-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yoneyama
- TME Therapeutics Inc., 2-16-1 Higashi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0021, Japan.
| | - Masanori Yoshikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Respiratory Disease Center, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-city, Tokyo, 204-8522, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Muro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-city, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
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Dubail J, Cormier-Daire V. Chondrodysplasias With Multiple Dislocations Caused by Defects in Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:642097. [PMID: 34220933 PMCID: PMC8242584 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.642097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations form a group of severe disorders characterized by joint laxity and multiple dislocations, severe short stature of pre- and post-natal onset, hand anomalies, and/or vertebral anomalies. The majority of chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations have been associated with mutations in genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and transporters implicated in the synthesis or sulfation of glycosaminoglycans, long and unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeated disaccharide bond to protein core of proteoglycan. Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis is a tightly regulated process that occurs mainly in the Golgi and that requires the coordinated action of numerous enzymes and transporters as well as an adequate Golgi environment. Any disturbances of this chain of reactions will lead to the incapacity of a cell to construct correct glycanic chains. This review focuses on genetic and glycobiological studies of chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations associated with glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis defects and related animal models. Strong comprehension of the molecular mechanisms leading to those disorders, mostly through extensive phenotypic analyses of in vitro and/or in vivo models, is essential for the development of novel biomarkers for clinical screenings and innovative therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Dubail
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Pour Les Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Lipiński P, Tylki-Szymańska A. Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation: What Clinicians Need to Know? Front Pediatr 2021; 9:715151. [PMID: 34540767 PMCID: PMC8446601 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.715151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of clinically heterogeneous disorders characterized by defects in the synthesis of glycans and their attachment to proteins and lipids. This manuscript aims to provide a classification of the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment of CDG based on the literature review and our own experience (referral center in Poland). A diagnostic algorithm for CDG was also proposed. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of serum transferrin (Tf) is still the method of choice for diagnosing N-glycosylation disorders associated with sialic acid deficiency. Nowadays, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary zone electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry techniques are used, although they are not routinely available. Since next-generation sequencing became more widely available, an improvement in diagnostics has been observed, with more patients and novel CDG subtypes being reported. Early and accurate diagnosis of CDG is crucial for timely implementation of appropriate therapies and improving clinical outcomes. However, causative treatment is available only for few CDG types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Lipiński
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Tylki-Szymańska
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Ondruskova N, Cechova A, Hansikova H, Honzik T, Jaeken J. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: Still "hot" in 2020. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129751. [PMID: 32991969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are inherited metabolic diseases caused by defects in the genes important for the process of protein and lipid glycosylation. With the ever growing number of the known subtypes and discoveries regarding the disease mechanisms and therapy development, it remains a very active field of study. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review brings an update on the CDG-related research since 2017, describing the novel gene defects, pathobiomechanisms, biomarkers and the patients' phenotypes. We also summarize the clinical guidelines for the most prevalent disorders and the current therapeutical options for the treatable CDG. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In the majority of the 23 new CDG, neurological involvement is associated with other organ disease. Increasingly, different aspects of cellular metabolism (e.g., autophagy) are found to be perturbed in multiple CDG. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work highlights the recent trends in the CDG field and comprehensively overviews the up-to-date clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ondruskova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Cechova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Paediatrics and Centre for Metabolic Diseases, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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RNA-seq reveals downregulated osteochondral genes potentially related to tibia bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis in broilers. BMC Genet 2020; 21:58. [PMID: 32493207 PMCID: PMC7271470 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) develops in the growth plate (GP) of the proximal femur and tibia and is initiated by damage to the less mineralized chondrocytes followed by colonization of opportunistic bacteria. This condition affects approximately 1% of all birds housed, being considered one of the major causes of lameness in fast growing broilers. Although several studies have been previously performed aiming to understand its pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms involved with BCO remains to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to generate a profile of global differential gene expression involved with BCO in the tibia of commercial broilers, through RNA sequencing analysis to identity genes and molecular pathways involved with BCO in chickens. Results Our data showed 192 differentially expressed (DE) genes: 63 upregulated and 129 downregulated in the GP of the tibia proximal epiphysis of BCO-affected broilers. Using all DE genes, six Biological Processes (BP) were associated with bone development (connective tissue development, cartilage development, skeletal system development, organ morphogenesis, system development and skeletal system morphogenesis). The analyses of the upregulated genes did not indicate any significant BP (FDR < 0.05). However, with the downregulated genes, the same BP were identified when using all DE genes in the analysis, with a total of 26 coding genes explaining BCO in the tibia: ACAN, ALDH1A2, CDH7, CHAD, CHADL, COL11A1, COMP, CSGALNACT1, CYR61, FRZB, GAL3ST1, HAPLN1, IHH, KIF26B, LECT1, LPPR1, PDE6B, RBP4A, SERINC5, SFRP1, SOX8, SOX9, TENM2, THBS1, UCHL1 and WFIKKN2. In addition, seven transcription factors were also associated to BCO: NFATC2, MAFB, HIF1A-ARNT, EWSR1-FLI1, NFIC, TCF3 and NF-KAPPAB. Conclusions Our data show that osteochondral downregulated genes are potential molecular causes of BCO in broilers, and the bacterial process seems to be, in fact, a secondary condition. Sixteen genes responsible for bone and cartilage formation were downregulated in BCO-affected broilers being strong candidate genes to trigger this disorder.
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Mizumoto S, Janecke AR, Sadeghpour A, Povysil G, McDonald MT, Unger S, Greber‐Platzer S, Deak KL, Katsanis N, Superti‐Furga A, Sugahara K, Davis EE, Yamada S, Vodopiutz J. CSGALNACT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation: A mild skeletal dysplasia with advanced bone age. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:655-667. [PMID: 31705726 PMCID: PMC7027858 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) comprise a large number of inherited metabolic defects that affect the biosynthesis and attachment of glycans. CDGs manifest as a broad spectrum of disease, most often including neurodevelopmental and skeletal abnormalities and skin laxity. Two patients with biallelic CSGALNACT1 variants and a mild skeletal dysplasia have been described previously. We investigated two unrelated patients presenting with short stature with advanced bone age, facial dysmorphism, and mild language delay, in whom trio-exome sequencing identified novel biallelic CSGALNACT1 variants: compound heterozygosity for c.1294G>T (p.Asp432Tyr) and the deletion of exon 4 that includes the start codon in one patient, and homozygosity for c.791A>G (p.Asn264Ser) in the other patient. CSGALNACT1 encodes CSGalNAcT-1, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. Biochemical studies demonstrated significantly reduced CSGalNAcT-1 activity of the novel missense variants, as reported previously for the p.Pro384Arg variant. Altered levels of chondroitin, dermatan, and heparan sulfate moieties were observed in patients' fibroblasts compared to controls. Our data indicate that biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CSGALNACT1 disturb glycosaminoglycan synthesis and cause a mild skeletal dysplasia with advanced bone age, CSGALNACT1-CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Clinical Genetics Group, Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Andreas R. Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics IMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Division of Human GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Azita Sadeghpour
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Gundula Povysil
- Institute of BioinformaticsJohannes Kepler UniversityLinzAustria
| | - Marie T. McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical GeneticsDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Sheila Unger
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Susanne Greber‐Platzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kristen L. Deak
- Department of PathologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine (ACT‐GeM), Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinois
| | - Andrea Superti‐Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine (ACT‐GeM), Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinois
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Mizumoto S. [Hereditary Skeletal and Skin Disorders Caused by Defects in the Biosynthesis of Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate, and Molecular Mechanisms of Pulmonary Metastasis]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:1495-1500. [PMID: 31787635 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The roles of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) have been demonstrated in various biological events such as the construction of the extracellular matrix, tissue development, and cell signaling through interactions with extracellular matrix components, morphogens, and growth factors. Human genetic diseases, including skeletal abnormalities, connective tissue diseases, and heart defects, were reported to be caused by mutations in the genes encoding glycosyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases that are responsible for the biosynthesis of CS and DS. Glycobiological approaches revealed that mutations in CS- and DS-biosynthetic enzymes led to reductions in their enzymatic activities and in the levels of CS and DS. Furthermore, CS at the surface of tumor cells plays a key role in pulmonary metastasis. A receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) was predominantly expressed in the lung, and was identified as a functional receptor for CS chains. CS and anti-RAGE antibodies inhibited the pulmonary metastasis of not only Lewis lung carcinoma but also B16 melanoma cells. Hence, RAGE and CS are potential targets of drug discovery for pulmonary metastasis and a number of other pathological conditions involving RAGE in the pathogenetic mechanism. This review provides an overview of glycobiological studies on characterized genetic disorders caused by the impaired biosynthesis of CS, as well as DS, and on the pulmonary metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma cells involving CS and RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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12
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Yang C, Pan J, Linpeng S, Li Z, Tan H, Wu L. Identification of Five Novel Mutations Causing Rare Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7634-7644. [PMID: 31603145 PMCID: PMC6800466 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), a group of rare inherited metabolic disorders, result from specific lysosomal proteins deficiencies in the degradation of biomacromolecule, including over 70 different diseases, most of which are autosomal recessive. LSDs are multisystem disorders, and the clinical manifestations are usually broad and severe, involving the skeletal system, central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular system, etc. Besides, patients with some subtypes of LSD have distinctive facial features. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed next generation sequencing on 4 suspected mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) cases to determine the genetic causes of the disease. By in vitro molecular cell assay, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot, we tested the pathogenicity of candidate variants. RESULTS We detected 5 novel mutations in 4 patients. The mutations were: c.211_214del and c.1270C>T in GUSB; c.1284+1C>A and c.2404C>T in GNPTAB; and c.717C>A in FUCA1). We identified a rare mucopolysaccharidosis VII patient, a rare fucosidosis patient, and 2 rare mucolipidosis II patients, one of which was an atypical patient. We also present a new pathogenic conjecture about a small deletion in GUSB. CONCLUSIONS Our study described rare diseases in Chinese patients and our results enrich the phenotype spectrum of related diseases, as well as mutation spectrum of related genes, which might be significant for clinical disease diagnosis and prenatal diagnosis.
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Meyer R, Schacht S, Buschmann L, Begemann M, Kraft F, Haag N, Kochs A, Schulze A, Kurth I, Elbracht M. Biallelic CSGALNACT1-mutations cause a mild skeletal dysplasia. Bone 2019; 127:446-451. [PMID: 31325655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic causes of skeletal disorders are manifold and affect, among others, enzymes of bone and connective tissue synthesis pathways. We present a twelve-year-old boy with a mild skeletal dysplasia, hypermobility of joints and axial malalignment of lower limbs and feet. Exome sequencing revealed a biallelic loss of function mutation in CSGALNACT1, which encodes chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 and plays a major role in the chondroitin sulfate chain biosynthesis and therefore in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Recently, the first case of a pediatric patient with a mild skeletal dysplasia due to a compound heterozygous large intragenic deletion and a damaging missense variant in CSGALNACT1 was reported. We here identify a second case and the first juvenile patient with a homozygous frameshift variant in CSGALNACT1 which corroborates its role in mild and non-progressive skeletal dysplasia with joint laxity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meyer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schacht
- Department for Radiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - L Buschmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Begemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - F Kraft
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - N Haag
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Kochs
- Gemeinschaftspraxis Dr. Kochs/Dr. Rode, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Schulze
- Department for Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - I Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Paganini C, Costantini R, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Bone and connective tissue disorders caused by defects in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis: a panoramic view. FEBS J 2019; 286:3008-3032. [PMID: 31286677 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides that constitute the carbohydrate moiety covalently attached to the protein core of proteoglycans, macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Several genetic disorders of bone and connective tissue are caused by mutations in genes encoding for glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases and transporters that are responsible for the synthesis of sulfated GAGs. Phenotypically, these disorders all reflect alterations in crucial biological functions of GAGs in the development, growth and homoeostasis of cartilage and bone. To date, up to 27 different skeletal phenotypes have been linked to mutations in 23 genes encoding for proteins involved in GAG biosynthesis. This review focuses on recent genetic, molecular and biochemical studies of bone and connective tissue disorders caused by GAG synthesis defects. These insights and future research in the field will provide a deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders and will pave the way for developing common therapeutic strategies that might be targeted to a range of individual phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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15
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Lin R, Xia S, Shan C, Chen D, Liu Y, Gao X, Wang M, Kang HB, Pan Y, Liu S, Chung YR, Abdel-Wahab O, Merghoub T, Rossi M, Kudchadkar RR, Lawson DH, Khuri FR, Lonial S, Chen J. The Dietary Supplement Chondroitin-4-Sulfate Exhibits Oncogene-Specific Pro-tumor Effects on BRAF V600E Melanoma Cells. Mol Cell 2019; 69:923-937.e8. [PMID: 29547721 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplements such as vitamins and minerals are widely used in the hope of improving health but may have unidentified risks and side effects. In particular, a pathogenic link between dietary supplements and specific oncogenes remains unknown. Here we report that chondroitin-4-sulfate (CHSA), a natural glycosaminoglycan approved as a dietary supplement used for osteoarthritis, selectively promotes the tumor growth potential of BRAF V600E-expressing human melanoma cells in patient- and cell line-derived xenograft mice and confers resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Mechanistically, chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase (CSGlcA-T) signals through its product CHSA to enhance casein kinase 2 (CK2)-PTEN binding and consequent phosphorylation and inhibition of PTEN, which requires CHSA chains and is essential to sustain AKT activation in BRAF V600E-expressing melanoma cells. However, this CHSA-dependent PTEN inhibition is dispensable in cancer cells expressing mutant NRAS or PI3KCA, which directly activate the PI3K-AKT pathway. These results suggest that dietary supplements may exhibit oncogene-dependent pro-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Lin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Siyuan Xia
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Changliang Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yijie Liu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hee-Bum Kang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yaozhu Pan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Region, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Shuangping Liu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pathology, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | | | | | - Taha Merghoub
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Rossi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ragini R Kudchadkar
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David H Lawson
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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16
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Craniofacial abnormality with skeletal dysplasia in mice lacking chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17134. [PMID: 30459452 PMCID: PMC6244165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays an important part in organogenesis. To elucidate the roles of CS for craniofacial development, we analyzed the craniofacial morphology in CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (T1) gene knockout (KO) mice. T1KO mice showed the impaired intramembranous ossification in the skull, and the final skull shape of adult mice included a shorter face, higher and broader calvaria. Some of T1KO mice exhibited severe facial developmental defect, such as eye defects and cleft lip and palate, causing embryonic lethality. At the postnatal stages, T1KO mice with severely reduced CS amounts showed malocclusion, general skeletal dysplasia and skin hyperextension, closely resembling Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-like connective tissue disorders. The production of collagen type 1 was significantly downregulated in T1KO mice, and the deposition of CS-binding molecules, Wnt3a, was decreased with CS in extracellular matrices. The collagen fibers were irregular and aggregated, and connective tissues were dysorganized in the skin and calvaria of T1KO mice. These results suggest that CS regulates the shape of the craniofacial skeleton by modulating connective tissue organization and that the remarkable reduction of CS induces hypoplasia of intramembranous ossification and cartilage anomaly, resulting in skeletal dysplasia.
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17
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Mizumoto S. Defects in Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans Cause Hereditary Bone, Skin, Heart, Immune, and Neurological Disorders. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1812.2j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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18
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MUW researcher of the month. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-018-1331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Shimbo M, Suzuki R, Fuseya S, Sato T, Kiyohara K, Hagiwara K, Okada R, Wakui H, Tsunakawa Y, Watanabe H, Kimata K, Narimatsu H, Kudo T, Takahashi S. Postnatal lethality and chondrodysplasia in mice lacking both chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 and -2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190333. [PMID: 29287114 PMCID: PMC5747463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain. In cartilage, CS plays important roles as the main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), existing as side chains of the major cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan. Six glycosyltransferases are known to coordinately synthesize the backbone structure of CS; however, their in vivo synthetic mechanism remains unknown. Previous studies have suggested that two glycosyltransferases, Csgalnact1 (t1) and Csgalnact2 (t2), are critical for initiation of CS synthesis in vitro. Indeed, t1 single knockout mice (t1 KO) exhibit slight dwarfism and a reduction in CS content in cartilage compared with wild-type (WT) mice. To reveal the synergetic roles of t1 and t2 in CS synthesis in vivo, we generated systemic single and double knockout (DKO) mice and cartilage-specific t1 and t2 double knockout (Col2-DKO) mice. DKO mice exhibited postnatal lethality, whereas t2 KO mice showed normal size and skeletal development. Col2-DKO mice survived to adulthood and showed severe dwarfism compared with t1 KO mice. Histological analysis of epiphyseal cartilage from Col2-DKO mice revealed disrupted endochondral ossification, characterized by drastic GAG reduction in the ECM. Moreover, DKO cartilage had reduced chondrocyte proliferation and an increased number of apoptotic chondrocytes compared with WT cartilage. Conversely, primary chondrocyte cultures from Col2-DKO knee cartilage had the same proliferation rate as WT chondrocytes and low GAG expression levels, indicating that the chondrocytes themselves had an intact proliferative ability. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of E18.5 cartilage showed that the expression levels of Col2a1 and Ptch1 transcripts tended to decrease in DKO compared with those in WT mice. The CS content in DKO cartilage was decreased compared with that in t1 KO cartilage but was not completely absent. These results suggest that aberrant ECM caused by CS reduction disrupted endochondral ossification. Overall, we propose that both t1 and t2 are necessary for CS synthesis and normal chondrocyte differentiation but are not sufficient for all CS synthesis in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Shimbo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Riku Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sayaka Fuseya
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Master’s Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsue Kiyohara
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kozue Hagiwara
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Risa Okada
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Wakui
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Master’s Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsunakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (ST)
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (ST)
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20
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Igarashi M, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama S. Roles of CSGalNAcT1, a key enzyme in regulation of CS synthesis, in neuronal regeneration and plasticity. Neurochem Int 2017; 119:77-83. [PMID: 28987564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of a long chain of repeating disaccharide units that are attached to core proteins, resulting in CS proteoglycans (CSPGs). In the mature brain, CS is concentrated in perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are extracellular structures that surround synapses and regulate synaptic plasticity. In addition, CS is rapidly synthesized after CNS injury to create a physical and chemical barrier that inhibits axon growth. Most previous studies used a bacterial CS-degrading enzyme to investigate the physiological roles of CS. Recent studies have shown that CS is synthesized by more than 15 enzymes, all of which have been characterized in vitro. Here we focus on one of those enzymes, CSGalNAcT1 (T1). We produced T1 knockout mice (KO), which show extensive axon regeneration following spinal cord injury, as well as the loss of onset of ocular dominance plasticity. These results from T1KO mice suggest important roles for extracellular CS in the brain regarding neuronal plasticity and axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Transdisciplinary Research Programs, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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